GIS For Location Based Services Shashika Biyanwila Independent Study Presentation As partial...

GIS For Location Based Services

Shashika Biyanwila

Independent Study Presentation

As partial fulfillment of M. Sc. Degree

GIS for Location Based Services

Outline

What is LBS?

What is GIS?

Desktop GIS

Web GIS

Mobile GIS

Summary


What is LBS ?

Provide personalized services to mobile users based on their current location

Where am I?

What is the nearest restaurant, cinema ect.

Monitoring

Tracking Assistance

Information

Range of applications

Operator services


What is LBS ?

Mobile Devices

http://www.geo.unizh.ch/


What is LBS ? …

Definition 1 (Virrantaus et al. 2001)

LBSs are information services accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the location of the mobile device.

Definition 2 (OGC, 2005 )

A wireless-IP service that uses geographic information to serve a mobile user. Any application service that exploits the position of a mobile terminal.


What is LBS ? …

http://www.geo.unizh.ch/publications/cartouche/lbs_lecturenotes_steinigeretal2006.pdf

LBS as an intersection of three technologies

LBS need to deal with GIS …


What is GIS ?

“A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, methods, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information” [ESRI,1996].

GIS services (OpenGIS Guide [Buehler & McKee, 1998])

Geodata Services

Geoprocessing Services


Key Features of GIS

Information from different sources

Computer databases

Digital maps

GPS receiver

Satellite image

Data integration

http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/


Key Features of GIS …

Projection

Information retrieval

Data output

Overlay

Topological modeling

http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/


Data Representation

Raster Data

Represent images as a collection of pixels

A grid of cells covering an image / area

Higher data volume

Example of raster formats GeoTiff ARC/INFO ASCII Grid ARC/INFO GRID ECW IMG


Data Representation…

Vector Data

Use geometrical shapes (Lines, Points, Polygons)

Low data volume

Example of vector formats

Shape files

MapInfo TAB

NTF

TIGER


Types of GIS

GIS is moving from Desktop systems to Distributed system

OpenGIS concept Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) [http://www.opengeospatial.org]

Develop specifications to increase the interoperability of geospatial data and geoprocessing software components

GIS

Desktop GIS Web GIS Mobile GIS


Desktop GIS

Represents the real world on a computer

Limited to the desktop Computer

Not everyone can access the applications

Desktop GIS Functionalities

View data on a map

Analyze data Create publication quality, professional maps


Desktop GIS Software

GIS Software

Proprietary Software

- ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)

- Envision (Autodesk)

- MapInfo Professional

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)

- GRASS GIS

- Quantum GIS (QGIS)



1. ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI)

Includes four software components.

ArcReader

ArcView

ArcEditor

ArcInfo

http://www.esri.com/products.html



1. ArcGIS Desktop …

ArcReader

-An easy-to-use desktop mapping application

- Allow users to view, explore and print maps

ArcView

- A full featured GIS software

- Allow users to view, analyze, manage and create geographic data



1. ArcGIS Desktop …

ArcEditor

- A powerful GIS desktop system

- Provide all the functionality of ArcView

- Provide data edit capability

- Supports single user editing OR collaborative process



1. ArcGIS Desktop…

ArcInfo

- The most complete GIS

- Includes all the functionality of ArcEditor, ArcView, and ArcReader

- Provide advanced spatial analysis, extensive data manipulation, and high-end cartography tools



2. Envision (Autodesk)

Integrates GIS spatial data and AutoCad design data

Perform civil engineering tasks such as

- calculating elevations

- cut/fill volumes

-running flood analyses

AutoDesk Raster Design is used to edit, modify, and enhance raster data



3. MapInfo Professional

A full featured Desktop geospatial solution

Comes with easy-to-use software and a powerful software tool

Vertical Mapper third party add-on for raster data


FOSS Software

1. GRASS GIS

GRASS - Geographic Resources Analysis Support System

Supports various platforms

Supports for both raster & vector formats


FOSS Software

1. GRASS GIS…

Functionalities

- geospatial data management and analysis

- image processing

- graphics/maps production

- spatial modeling

- visualization


FOSS Software

2. Quantum GIS (QGIS)

Support multiple platforms

- Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, and Windows

Support multiple data formats

-vector, raster, database formats

-GRASS layers

Extendable functionality using plug-ins

http://qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdf


Applicability for LBS

Issues…

Limited to a Desktop PC

Cannot access remotely

LBS deals with mobile users

Need remote access to GIS

Transfer information between user and the GIS

Desktop GIS not suitable for LBS


Web GIS

“Web GIS is a Geographic Information System distributed across a networked computer environment to integrate, disseminate, and communicate geographic information visually on the World Wide Web over the Internet.” [Gillavry, 2000]

Disseminate geospatial data and processing tools

Possible to Process geo-related information with no location restrictions.


Web GIS Architecture

Web GIS

Client-Server Architecture Distributed Architecture


1. Client – Server Architecture

Geoprocessing Server side & Client side tasks

Typical three tier architecture

1. Presentation tier

- Contains user interface

2. Application logic tier

- Model & process GIS data

3. Storage tier

- Databases that store GIS data


Web Browser

Client

Web Server

Internet Map Server (IMS)

GIS software GIS

database

Server

Internet

Middle Ware

Spatial request

HTML,Image,Map..

1. Client – Server Architecture …

A typical client-server architecture

Two types

- Thin client architecture

- Thick client architecture


2. Distributed Architecture

Both data and processing components are distributed

The client and server do not refer to a specific machine

“Geodata anywhere, Geoprocessing anywhere” model

Distributed object architectures

- Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)

- Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

- Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI)


IMS Software

Allow users to access spatial data via a web browser interface

Interact with web server and spatial database

Proprietary software- ArcView IMS (ESRI)

- MapObjects IMS (ESRI)

- ArcIMS (ESRI)

- MapGuide (Autodesk)

FOSS software

- Minnesota Map Server

- Open-GIS Multiviewer

- GIS Viewer


Proprietary software

1. ArcView IMS (ESRI)

Extension of ESRI's Desktop-GIS application- ArcView

One of the first available Map Server systems

Requires an open session of ArcView running on the Web server with IMS ArcView middleware

Client cannot change the composition of the received map



2. MapObjects IMS (ESRI)

Integrate three applications :MapObjects IMS, MapObjects Professional, and ArcExplorer

Can consider as a programming platform

For GIS applications - Visual Basic, Visual C + +, Delphi

For client applications - HTML (JavaScript), ActiveX

Supports Windows or UNIX-based Web servers

Uses modern three-tier architecture



3. ArcIMS (ESRI)

Most widely used Proprietary IMS software

A three tier architecture

http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/ims-technology-esri.htm



3. ArcIMS …

The components of the ArcIMS server :

- Spatial Server

- Applications Server

- Connectors to the Applications Server [Servelets, ColdFusion, ActiveX ]

- Administrator

Tool for designing map services need not to program client

Client receives instructions suitable for processing



4. MapGuide (Autodesk)

Similar capacities to those of ArcIMS

Provide tools for basic geographical operations

Own data format –SDF

Extensions required to convert other formats to SDF format


FOSS software

1. Minnesota Map Server

World’s leading open source Web-Mapping tool

Originally developed for the University of Minnesota (UMN)

Supported platforms : Linux/Apache, Windows NT/98/95

A CGI program that sits inactive on a Web Server

Uses information passed in the URL and the Map File to process the request


FOSS software

1. Minnesota Map Server…

The MapServer architecture Client - Web browser Server

- HTTP Server (Apache, IIS)

- MapServer CGI (mapserve.exe)

- Map Files

- Geographic Data [ESRI Shape files, GeoTIFF]

Illustrated according to diagram from http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users/msappdiagram/


FOSS software


How MapServer works?

Web Server

Mapserver

(CGI)

Mapfiles

http:// <location of the mapserver program> <location of the mapfile> <other parameters>

http://192.8.10.52/cgi-bin/mapserve.exe? map=/ms4w/apps/app1/htdocs/test.map

Request Request

test.map

ResultWeb

Browser


FOSS software


Advantages of using MapServer

- Comes as a standard package which bundles MapServer and many required supporting tools

- No dedicated hardware is required

- Client is only a web browser

- Not bounded to any specific language

- Compliant to the OGC Specification

- Support for database access (PostGIS, MySql)


FOSS software

2. GIS VIEWER

Developed by the University of California, Berkeley at "UC Berkeley Digital Library Project”

Supported platforms : Unix, Linux, Windows NT

Display geographical information by means of a window (viewfinder)



Key features of web GIS:

- Distribute geospatial data over the Internet or an Intranet

- Limited to hardwired networks

Features of Mobile devices:

- Use wireless Internet (low bandwidth, low connection speed)

- Limited processing power

- Diversity nature

Web GIS not suitable for LBS


Mobile GIS

“Mobile GIS is an integrated software/hardware framework for the access of geospatial data and services through mobile devices via wireline or wireless networks.” [http://map.sdsu.edu/publications/Tsou2-CaGIS-final-short.pdf]

Mobile GIS can be taken as a sub new research area in Web GIS

Address issues such as….

- moving client side

- wireless internet

- limited hardware resources in moving client side


Mobile GIS Architecture

Similar to the traditional client/server architecture in Web GIS

Use “ Thin Client” structure

Client:

- Mobile GIS receiver

- Positioning System

- Mobile GIS software

Server :

- Geospatial data

- GIS content server

http://map.sdsu.edu/publications/Tsou2-CaGIS-final-short.pdf


Mobile GIS Applications

Two major application areas:

1. Location Based Services

2. Field based GIS


Mobile GIS Technologies for LBS

Integrate the wireless Internet with GIS

Two main technologies:

1. WAP

2. JAVA

LBS deals with cellular phones and vehicle based computers Very diverse in nature


Proposed by Wang Fangxiong and Jian Zhiyong Use WAP along with J2EE

1. WAP based Mobile GIS

Four tier architecture

1. Presentation tier - UI

2. WAP service tier - WAP gateway +Web server

3. Application tier – Application server

4. Data service tier – Spatial database

WAP microbrowser /

J2ME application

Wireless network

WAP gateway

Internet

Web Server

Application Server

Mobile Position Center

Spatial Database

WAP HTTP

MLP

Mobile Client

RMI

Server


2. JAVA based Mobile GIS

Proposed by Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan and Zhongping Wang

Client side – J2ME

Server side – J2EE

Three tier architecture

1. Client tier

2. Web service tier

3. Data tier


Mobile GIS Technologies for Field applications

Need computationally intensive devices with large display screens.

Ex : Pocket & Tablet PCs

Available Software :

- Cross platform

- Independent of hardware devices

ArcGIS Mobile (ESRI)

ArcPad (ESRI)

MapInfo MapXtend

IntelliWhere (Intergraph )

Onsite



Mobile GIS developed for LBS !


Summary

Introduction to LBS

Introduction to GIS Different types of GIS (Desktop GIS, Web GIS, Mobile GIS)

- Overview

- Available Architectures

- Available software / technologies

- Applicability for LBS


References

Stefan Steiniger, Moritz Neun and Alistair Edwardes, Foundations of Location Based Services, CartouCHe1 - Lecture Notes on LBS, V. 1.0

Geographic information system [online]. Available from:

Wikipedia < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system>

Geographic information system (GIS) poster. Available from :

< http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ >

Product overview [online]. Available from: < http://www.esri.com/products.html>

Desktop GIS software for Hydrological Application [online]. Available from :

< http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V3_N3/featurette2.pdf>

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System [online]. Available from:< http://grass.itc.it/>

QGIS brochure [online]. Available from : < http://qgis.org/brochure/qgis_brochure_en.pdf>

A.A. Alesheikh, H.Helali, H.A.Behroz, Web GIS: Technologies and Its Applications, Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing and Applications, Ottawa 2002

Hussein Helali, Design and Implementation of a Web GIS for the City of Tehran, Master’s Thesis, Department Of Geodesy And Geomatics Engineering, K.N.Toosi University Of Technology, September 2001


References Internet Map Services [online]. Available from : <http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/internet-map-services.htm> Map Object Internet Map Server version 2 brochure [online]. Available from < http://www.esri.com> MapServer New Users [online]. Available from http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/new_users Nimalika Fernando, Web GIS based Post -Tsunami Recovery Management tool for Sri

Lanka, Master’s Thesis, Keele University, September 2006 Li Luqun, Li Minglu, A Research on Development of Mobile GIS Architecture,

Environmental Infomatics Archives, ISEIS 2004 Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Integrated Mobile GIS and Wireless Internet Map Servers for

Environmental Monitoring and Management,2004 Ye Lei, Lin Hui, Which One Should be Chosen for the Mobile Geographic Information

Service Now, WAP vs. i-mode vs. J2ME?, Springer Science, 2006 Wang Fangxiong , Jiang Zhiyong, Research on A Distributed Architecture of Mobile

GIS Based on Wap Xiaoqing Zhou, Xinming Tang, Zhao Fan, Zhongping Wang, Research of LBS Based

on Java and An Application Solution ArcGIS Mobile brochure [online]. Available from: http://www.esri.com/arcgismobile ArcPad: Mobile GIS, An ESRI White Paper , September 2004


QUESTIONS ???

THANK YOU !!!

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