GIS APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Melanie Tennant, Research Associate Gisela Bichler-Robertson,...
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Transcript of GIS APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Melanie Tennant, Research Associate Gisela Bichler-Robertson,...
GIS APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Melanie Tennant, Research AssociateGisela Bichler-Robertson, Director
CPAL-CSU, San Bernardino
Association for Criminal Justice Research
Oct. 18-19, 2001, San Diego
http://cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
I. What is GIS?
Geographic spatial realities
Information data and their
meaning
System computer
technology
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
The GIS Funnel
Source: Davis, B., (1996). GIS a Visual Approach. Onward Press. Pg. 26.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
GIS Analysis:
Techniques using maps to explore data and identify patterns.
• Pin Maps
• Cloropleth or Thematic Maps
• Density Maps
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Current GIS Applications inCriminal Justice
• Law Enforcement– Arson Investigation– Border Patrol– Police Departments
• Courts• Corrections• Probation/Parole
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
II. Police Use of GIS
1. Augment Traditional Functions– Crime Analysis– Information Dissemination
2. Enhance Problem Solving– Community and Problem-oriented
Policing – Task Forces
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Enhancing Traditional Crime Analysis
Strategic– Identify unusual activity
levels by time or location
– Forecast potential crime events/ concentration
CPAL- CSU San BernardinoSource: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for
Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Tactical– Day to day– For series, patterns, sprees, hot spots– Used for Deployment & Administration
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Investigative– crime scene, psychological &
forensic information
– link serial or related events
– Temporal, geographic, DAN evidence to develop trends
CPAL- CSU San BernardinoSource: Rossmo, 1999. Figure 6.1. In: K. Harries. Mapping Crime:Principle and Practice. NIJ.P.153
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Intelligence
– linkage between crime organizations & enterprises
– Relate elements such as companies, agencies, people, times, days, to crimes & places
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Operations – Assess needs (calls for service,
population of data & demographics)
– Generate projections for deployment & resource allocation
CPAL- CSU San BernardinoSource: Hayes, (2001). “Patrol Deployment/ Redistricting ®” IACA Training Conference, Long Beach Sept. 20th 2001.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Academic or Administrative – reports or statistical summaries for
grant funding, commanders & public
– Policy implications beyond law enforcement
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
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Source: Bueermann, J. (1999). Mapping for Managers. CMRC 10th Annual Conference.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
III. Challenges to Using GIS
Ethical Issues– Redlining– Privacy Issues/Liability
Technological limitations– Learning curve– Data Compatibility (format)
Data Limitations– Large scales/ detail of basemaps– Availability and Currency– Lack of micro-level data
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Making Data & Mapping Available to the Community
Advantages
Public awareness
Partnerships
Involvement/ Empowerment
Accountability
Disadvantages
Privacy
Commercialization
Redlining
Insurance rates
Misinterpretation
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
There are some important things that you needto know about before using this data!
1. ALL ASPECTS OF THE DATA PROVIDED HEREIN ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO A DEGREE OF ERROR DUE TO THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN COMPILING AND PROGRAMMING THE DATA. NO WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTY IS MADE OR IMPLIED REGARDING THE CONTENT, SEQUENCE, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS OR COMPLETENESS OF THE DATA PROVIDED HEREIN.
2. THIS VISUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA IS BEING PROVIDED STRICTLY AS A COURTESY, AND NOT AS AN OBLIGATION, TO ITS READERS. THE POLICE DEPARTMENT DOES NOT HAVE STAFF AVAILABLE TO ASSIST IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA PRESENTED HEREIN
I have read and understand the above Continue I do not wish to continue Back to main menu
Sacramento Police Department http://citymaps.sacto.org/GISAPPS2/cdisclaimer.htm
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
• Lack of micro-level data in digital form
• Aggregation of community information
Place Intensive Research
Data Limitations impact Problem Solving
LEADS TO
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
GIS Analysis – Aggregated
information – Large scale analysis – Data and
technological limitations
Place Intensive Methods
–Resource limitations–Scale & boundaries–Lost community context
SOLUTION
Blended Approach
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Blended Approach
Phase 1. Community-level Analysis
Crime Analysis provides a framework and focus.
Phase 2. Contextual-level Analysis
Abbreviated User Analysis identifies micro, community level attributes that influence crime.
CPAL- CSU San Bernardino
Copies of this Presentation are available from:
Crime Prevention Analysis Lab
California State University
San Bernardino
cjrc.csusb.edu/CPAL/CPAL.html