Gis Application in Geology
Transcript of Gis Application in Geology
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INTRODUCTION GIS & GEOLOGICAL MAPS
OBJECTIVE
METHODOLOGY
APPLICATION
BENEFITS OF GIS
CONCLUSION
GLOSSARY
REFERENCE
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The basic tool for geologists in all disciplines is a map
depicting the distribution and identity of rock units exposed
at the earths surface. Using these maps, economic
geologists search for metal and petroleum deposits;
hydrogeologists look for ground water; structural geologistsclassify faults.
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GIS is very good tool to evaluate the potential for oil in promising
locations. Usually oil exploration need analysis of satellite imagery,
digital aerial photomosaics, seismic surveys, surface geology
studies, subsurface and cross section interpretations and images,well locations, and existing infrastructure information (see Figure1).
GIS can allow us to overlay, view, and manipulate the data to
analyze and understand the possibility to find oil and gas.
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Register and Cadastre of Prospecting and/or
Exploration Permits
Maps of Mineral Deposits
Exploration Works
Geochemical and Geophysical Anomalies Maps
Geological Maps
Topographic Maps
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Figure.1: Uses of GIS in oil and gas exploration (Take from GIS Best Practices Poster, GIS forPetroleum.
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Geological Map, Scale -1:500000,1:100000,1:25000 in GIS
format - different layers of information:
Geological boundaries
Stratigraphy
Lithology
Tectonics
Rivers Infrastructure - towns, roads, railway
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GIS-based (ArcGIS) portfolio management tools can apply in
the exploration workflow and it represented be a funnel, starting
from play mapping through early lead identification, maturation
into prospects, subsequent drilling and discovery with finallybooking and handover to production.
Key datasets stored via ArcGIS or made available within it. This
data includes play, lead and prospect, well, geophysical and
geological data.
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A play is a group of reservoirs genetically related by
depositional origin, structural style or trap type, source
rocks, and seals. Plays are determined on the basis of
correlation of chronozones, identification of structural
and depositional styles, construction of composite type
logs of fields, organization of geological data (such as
maps and cross sections of type reservoirs), and
compilation of geologic and reservoir attribute data on all
reservoirs.
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Exploration requires the analysis of a lot of different types of
data such as satellite imagery, digital aerial photo mosaics,
seismic surveys, surface geology studies, subsurface and
cross section interpretations and images, well locations, and
existing infrastructure information. A GIS can tie these data
together to the location in question and allow you to
overlay, view, and manipulate the data in the form of a map
to thoroughly analyze the potential for finding new or
extending play potential. Geologists, geophysicists,engineers and petro-physicists usually perform exploration
evaluation.
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Saving time for designing seismic survey by low safety risk byselecting the best routes for seismic acquisition by usingtopographical evaluation from satellite images and topographicalmaps.
Saving costs.
Use input data from different softwares by different formats.
Data visualization through the use of symbology.
Mapping of digital databases.
Data representation in different forms such as maps, charts, datatables and query results.
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The Geological Survey brings GIS in the heart of the
geological data management process.
GIS allows the integration of technologies and
interpretations - a whole range of ideas, data andanalyses can be brought to problem solving that we have
not seen before.
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Lead: Subsurface feature with the potential to have entrappedoil or gas, and which is constrained by at least two intersectingtraverses (e.g. seismic lines).
Play: A set of common ingredients related to trap, charge,
reservoir, seal, and timing that conspire to form similar types ofhydrocarbon accumulation.
Portfolio Management: Process by which the (exploration)portfolio is managed to achieve multiple and conflictingobjectives. Involves continually testing scenarios for futureproduction growth whilst trying to balance long term and short
term requirements, the need to deliver both value and volume,meet cost targets, deliver robust projects with a suitable balanceof risk and reward whilst keeping within spending limits.
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Prospect: Subsurface feature with the potential to have entrapped oilor gas, and which has a relatively well-defined geometry from available
data based on several traverses (e.g. seismic lines).
Seal: Rock layer impermeable to hydrocarbons which either overlies(top seal) or underlies (seat seal) or laterally seals (sealing fault, salt
diapir) a reservoir rock.
Trap: Structure composed of reservoir rock enclosed in sealing rock
capable of retaining hydrocarbons.
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1.http://www.crealp.ch/fr/accueil/ressources/documents-a-
telecharger/category/138-publications.html?download=105:sion-method-
abstract.
2.http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/crp/bramadan/crp514/Termpapers/Term102/7%20-
%20Term102%20-%20Report%20-%20Mohammed%20Yasin.pdf.
3.http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/Teaching/EES6513/Projects/Mineral%20Exploration%
20using%20GIS%20Final.pdf.