Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865
Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865 Chapter 20.
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Transcript of Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865 Chapter 20.
Girding for War: The North and the South
1861-1865
Chapter 20
Menace of SecessionLincoln
“No conflict unless the South provokes it”“Physically speaking, we cannot separate”
DebtNew Territories
North Offensive
South Defensive
Fort Sumter = South CarolinaApril 12, 1861
Lincoln’s inauguration = only 2 significant forts in South remained in Union handsFort Sumter --- Charleston Harbor
Fewer than 100 menDecided to neither abandon nor reinforce
o Only send in food
Fall of Fort Sumter united the NorthLincoln called for volunteer troops
o 75,000 militiao Response overwhelming
Border Blood
Richmond, Virginia = Capital
Boarder States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, & W. VirginiaLincoln = Publicly announced not fighting to free blacks
Save the Union at all costs
5 Civilized Tribes = Sided with Confederacy
Plain Indians = Union
Brothers War
Balance of forcesUnion and Confederacy were unevenly
matchedUnion
More people = 22 millionMore factoriesGreater food productionMore extensive railroad system = ¾ Economy = Greatest strength = ¾ nations wealthControlled Sea = Blockade
Confederacy“King Cotton”First-rate Generals
Calvary / Foot soldiersMotivated SoldiersEconomy = Greatest weakness
King Cotton
British depended on South 75% of cotton supplies
1857 – 1860Enormous exports of cotton =
surplus in British warehouses
Pinch did not come until mid warAmericans sent over cargoes of
foodNorth captured / bought supplies
of cotton and sent to Britain
War Industries = relieved unemployment
King Wheat – King CornReaperNorth – export huge
quantities of grain
Decisiveness of DiplomacyTrent Affair = 1861
British mail steamer stoppedRemoved 2 Confederate diplomats bound for
EuropeReluctantly released
Britain = Chief naval base of ConfederacyAlabama
Confederate commerce-raiders“British Pirate”Captures 60 Yankee Ships
Laird Rams = 2 Metal shipsNot released by Brits
Limitation on Wartime Liberties
Neither side was completely unifiedNorth = Harbored thousands of Confederate
sympathizersSouth = Had thousands of Union
sympathizers
Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and dissentSuspended the writ of Habeas Corpus
Holds citizens without formally charging them with crimes
Jefferson Davis also adopted practice
Neither followed Constitution
Volunteers and Draftees1863 = Conscription
Draft – forced men to serve in the army
North = Led to draft riotsNew York Pay your way out = $300
“Three-hundred dollars or you life”
90% of Union Troops were volunteersBounties for enlistments = $1,000Bounty BrokersDeserters
Cont.
South“Cradle and Grave”Rich man could hire a sub = purchase
exemptionSlave owners = 20+ = exemption“Rich man’s war but a poor man’s
fight”Conscription Agents
Sharp shooting mountain whites = Traitors “Yankee lovers”
Economic Stress
NorthExcise Tax
Tobacco and AlcoholIncome Tax Morrill Tariff Act
5 to 10% higherGreenbacks
Inadequately supported by goldValue dropped = inflation
BondsNational Banking system=
1863BondsStandard bank-note currency
SouthIncreased taxesPrint blue backed
paper moneyRunaway inflation
North’s Economic Boom
North prospers during warManufacturers / Businessmen
Millionaire class
Laborsaving machinerySewing machineSizes
Mechanical reapers
Petroleum“Fifty-Niners” = Pennsylvania“Coal Oil Johnnies”
Homestead Act of 1862
Women’s war Industrial employmentU.S. Sanitary
Commission Trained nurses
Clara Barton = Red Cross
Dorothea Dix
Crushed Cotton Kingdom
SouthFought to the point of exhaustionSqueezed the average income Transportation collapsed
Economic cannibalismResourcefulness / Spirit
“Northern Captains of Industry conquered the Southern Lords of the Manor”