Gioi Thieu Dai Cuong Ve Duy Thuc Hoc - Tue Hanh

8/3/2019 Gioi Thieu Dai Cuong Ve Duy Thuc Hoc - Tue Hanh

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GII THIUI CNG V DUY THC HC

(Tm l hc Pht gio)Tu Hnh---o0o---Ngun

http://www.thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 25-7-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcDN NHPI. CC LUN S DUY THCII. S LC V DUY THC NH THP TNG V DUY THC TAM THP TNGIII. HC THUYTPh lc

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Duy thc hc (Tm l hc Pht gio Pht trin) l mt trong nhng hthng t tng ln ca Pht gio gy s kinh ngc i vi khoa Tm lhc phng Ty hin i, c bit l chuyn ngnh Tm l hc tr liu. Tuy

nhin, khc vi Tm l hc thng thng, Duy thc hc khng phi l mtnhn thc lun n thun, cng khng nhm xin dng cho mt trit lno , m trong mc tiu cu knh ca Pht gio, Duy thc hc khai

sng mt nhn thc mi v s gic ng qua hnh trnh tm hiu Tm. y lmt vn Pht hc quan trng v rng, nhng trong gii hn dung lngca chng trnh Pht hc hm th, Ban Hng dn trn trng gii thiubi ging: "i cng v Duy thc hc" ca tc gi Tu Hnh, Ph.D.;ngoi bi ging ny, trong iu kin cho php, hc vin cn tham kho thmcc ti liu c gii thiu cui bi.

BAN HNG DN CHNG TRNH PHHT

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http://www.phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Duy%20Thuc%20Tong/Hoc%20Duy%20Thuc/http://www.phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Duy%20Thuc%20Tong/Hoc%20Duy%20Thuc/


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DN NHP

Duy thc v Trung qun l hai trng phi ln, trin khai t tng i than cc im ca trit hc Pht gio vo nhng th k II n th k VI tin . Duy thc c bit qua Phn ng bng 3 t: 1) Cittamtra, chtrng tt c u do tm, duy tm; 2) Yogacra, gm 2 t Du-gi v hnh, xng hnh tr du-gi, qun tng thin nh pht huy hnh nguynB tt; 3) Vijnanaptivda, hc thuyt cho rng tt c vn vt u do thchin khi, duy thc. C ba t ny c dng cng ngha vi nhau, tuy rngv sau, do cc b lun chuyn v "duy thc" ca Th Thn, Vijnanaptivdac ph bin hn v chp nhn nh l tn gi cho trit thuyt ca tng ny(Vijnanaptimatrtavda). Trong khi , Cittamtra hu nh khng cn cnhc ti, cn Yogcra c dng xen ln vi Vijnanaptivda nh l ngngha. Trong khi Trung qun ch trng v bin chng bng tr tu th Du-gi

t trng tm vo vic hnh tr thin nh; c hai u nhm mc ch nhnchn thc tnh ca hin hu.

Tuy rng s ra i ca trng phi Duy thc c xem l xin dng vpht huy trit l i tha n cc im, nhng cn bn t tng ca n,cng nh ca Trung qun, bt ngun t truyn thng sm nht ca Phtgio, tc ngay vo thi c Pht ti th, khi Ngi dy trong kinh Php C,rng "Tm lm ch, Tm dn u, Tm to tc tt c cc php", rng Thcvn c bn tnh thanh tnh, v.v... Tm do rt quan trng trong Pht giongay t thi nguyn thy. C th ni rng tt c cc hc phi ca Pht gio,ti n cng nh ti Trung Hoa, cng u xy dng trit thuyt trn vn hin hu hay khng hin hu ca Tm.

Du-gi [1] thc ra khng phi l mt phng php thc hnh thin qun cbit no, m l mt phng tin din t dng tm hiu ni trng cahnh gi khi hnh ng v ngh ca hnh gi khi thc hin hnh ng .Mc ch l chuyn bin thc thnh tr (tu). S ra i ca trit thuytDuy thc, theo vy, khng phi l xin dng mt trit l, m l khaisng mt nhn thc mi v s gic ng qua hnh trnh tm hiu Tm thc

bng thuyt Ba t tnh (trisvabhava) ri thit lp mt con ng thc hnh(B tt o), to nn mt trit thuyt a ni dung t tng i tha nch ton vn.

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I. CC LUN S DUY THC

Th Thn (Vasubandhu) v ngi anh l V Trc (Asanga), sng khongth k IV, c xem l hai khun mt v i, ch xng, h thng ha vxin dng trit l Duy thc khin ch trong mt thi gian ngn, hc phiny c ph bin rng ri v li cun mt s lun s ti danh khc, ngthi cng nh cc th k sau, nhp cuc v khi u cho mt s lun s, sgii, v.v..., hoc tn thnh v trin khai thm, hoc bin bc, ph quyt, v.v...vi hc thuyt ny.

Th Thn (315-395 sdl) [2] ni ting qua hai quyn lun ngn, lun thuytrng tt c u duy ch l thc [3] (Duy thc Nh thp tng v Duy thc Tamthp tng, Vimsatik- v Trimsik-vijnapti-krik) [4], cng mt quyn nhkhc, ni v ba tnh ca hin hu, tc tam t tnh (Trisvabhva-nirdesa),

hay cn gi l Tam v t tnh lun (Trinisvabhva-sstra) [5]. Truyn thuytcho rng sau khi c ngi anh khc m l V Trc thuyt phc theo itha, Th Thn mi vit cc lun trn by t quan im mi v ph nhn hng Tiu tha c bit qua b A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun (Abhidharma-kosa-bhsya) cng v cng ni ting ca ngi. Tht ra, l mt trit gia lilc, cng ln tui th kinh nghim tm linh cng thm su v t tng trit lcng cao rng, cho nn cc b lun trn ch l thnh qu trin khai ngnhin ca nh lun s ti ba ny m thi.

V Trc l tc gi ca B tt a (Bodhisattvabhmi), A-t-t-ma Tp tp

lun (Abhidharmasamuccya), v Du-gi s a lun (Yogcry-bhmi-sstra) [6], vit theo quan nim Duy thc.

Thy ca V Trc l lun s Di Lc (Maitreyantha) [7], mt nhn vt lchs, m cc hc gi ngy nay nh gio s Giuseppe Tucci c kin rngngi mi chnh l ngi xin dng v l sng t ca Duy thc tng; tinng ca ngi khng km Long Th, tuy rng tn tui v nin i ca ngili t ngi bit n [8]. Theo truyn thng Ty Tng, ngi l tc gi 5 blun, m ni ting nht l Bin trung bin lun tng (Madhynta-vibhga-krika) [9], lun gii v s phn bit gia trung o i vi cc cc oan[10]; cng vi i tha trang nghim (Mahynastra-lankra), Hin chngtrang nghim (Abhisamaylamkra) v.v...

i din trng phi Duy thc ti n c Sthiramti (An Hu, sngkhong th k VI), vn l i t ca Gunamti, c Hu, ngi sng lptrung tm Valabh, trong khi Dharmapla, Php H (530-591), ngi c


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cng xc lp v tr ca trung tm i hc Nland vi khuynh hng xindng Duy thc, l hai trung tm hc thut Pht gio ni ting ng thi.Php H ch trng Duy thc tuyt i, trong khi An Hu c mun dungha quan im "thc tng" ca Nagarjuna (Long Th) vi quan nim "nhtthit duy tm to" ca Duy thc [11]. Ngoi ra cn c t Th Thn lDignga (Trn Na), v t Trn Na l Dharmakrti (Php Xng); c haida trn quan im ni hm lun l hc ca Th Thn v tng lin gianhn thc v i tng xin dng Nhn minh hc (Hetuvidy), mt

phng php tranh lun bng l lun, logic.

Ti Trung Hoa, Duy thc c xin dng bi ngi Huyn Trng v t lKhuy C (K'uei-chi, 632-685), ngi c xem nh l sng t Duy thc hayPhp Tng tng (Fa-hsiang), mt trong 8 tng phi ln ca Pht gioTrung Hoa. Ngi Huyn Trng (Hsuan-tsang, 596-664) sau khi dch Duy

thc Nh thp tng v nht l Duy thc Tam thp tng, bn hi tt c mibn lun gii ca cc lun s n v Duy thc Tam thp tng vitThnh Duy thc lun (Vijnapti-mtrat-siddhi), lm cn bn trit thuyt choPhp Tng tng Trung Hoa [12]. Ngoi ra cn c i Tha ng, mt is ngi Vit Nam, cng vi Khuy C c xem nh l hai i t cng tc vi Huyn Trng trong cng trnh dch thut cc b lun v Duythc ny, cho thy ti nng ca mt i s Vit Nam m tn tui cha cgii hc thut Pht gio Vit Nam trc y ch [13].

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II. S LC V DUY THC NH THP TNG V DUY THC TAMTHP TNG

(Nh thp tng v Tam thp tng)

Vasubandhu vit Nh thp tng v t vit thm phn ch gii, trong khi Tamthp tng th c phn ch gii ca Sthiramati (An Hu). Theo hai bn luncn bn ca Duy thc tng ny [14], th tt c mi hin tng u l s binhin ca thc trong hnh vi v hot ng ni ti ca chng; nhng nhn thc

ca chng ta khng phi l do t i tng ngoi ti to thnh, nhng itng m ta tng l hin hu bn ngoi v to thnh ngh ca chng ta.Cng ging nh trong gic mng, chng ta c nhng kinh nghim v thinhnh vn trng, ngi ta, cnh vt, thi im, cm gic, v.v..., tt c u ynh tht trong gic mng . n khi tnh gic, ta cn vn cn c nhngcm gic nh tht khi tip xc v phn ng vi nhng g trong mng [15].


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y th m khi tnh gic, th chng c g. Cng vy, tt c cc i tngngoi ti chng qua ch l do thc hin khi m thi.

Do m Th Thn mi kt lun rng nhng chng c bng nhn thc vs hin hu ca th gii i tng khng th tin c. D nh, ta c th tvn , l nhng i tng ca nhn thc qua i mt, nhn thc, ch honton l mt hin th trn vn, hay nhiu thnh t nh nguyn t hp li.Chng khng th hon ton l mt, bi v nu l mt trn vn th phi baogm nhiu thnh phn trong chng; chng cng khng th c c tnh canhng nguyn t, l nhng thnh t khng cn c th chia ch phn tch rana c [16]; bi l do n gin l nu chng c th phi hp c thchng khng th c xem l nguyn t. phi hp, mt thnh t phic 6 cnh, Nam Bc ng Ty trn di [17], nh vy c ngha l nguyn t khng cn phi l nguyn t na. Li na, nu nhng i tng ca nhn

thc hon ton l mt, th s tip din v kt qu ca n khng th gii thchc v nhn thc ca ta v s vt khc bit nhau cng khng th no kn c. Do th m tuy chng khng c mt hin hu tht s l i th,nhn thc li dn dt ta n vic tin tng l chng hin hu tht s bnngoi. Nh trong gic mng, chng ta to dng mt th gii khch th mch khi no ta t c tr tu siu vit i i, nh nguyn, ta v khng-ta(lokottaranirvikalpa- jnanalabhat prabuddho bhavati), khi y chng ta mi

bit rng th gii cng gi t nh gic mng gi t vi thin hnh vntrng m thi. Theo quan im ny, th khng c mt th gii khch th bnngoi, v nhn thc ca chng ta khng phi b nh hng bi nhng itng ngoi ti.

Trong Tam thp tng ca Vasubandhu v ch gii ca Sthiramati, quan imDuy thc c qung din r rng hn. Ch th tri nhn v nhng g ctri nhn nh l tng ch th hay i tng khch th u ch l s hinhnh ca thc (vijnnnaparinma) tng tr thanh tnh. S hin hnh haychuyn bin (parinma) ca thc l s hnh thnh ca mt kt qu khc bitvi s hnh thnh ca mt gian k nhn-qu m cng lc, gian k nhn-qu cng chm dt. ni thc ny, khng c ngoi ti cng khng c ch

th, nhng chng b lm tng l c; m v b tng lm nh th cho nnphi c mt tn th no hin hu nhng b tng lm l mt ci g khc.Tn th , Th Thn nh ngha l Thc (Thc a-li-da ni trng thi thanhtnh, vijnanaptimatrta), m Th Thn v c An Hu u cho l thc ti chntht ti hu. Trong khi , kinh Lng Gi cng mt s lun s cc oan khcli ph nh lun c thc ti ca thc ny (asat).


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Thc ti hu vn hm cha tt c mi bin thi do hai thc trc gi vo,gi l layavijnanana (thc A-li-da) trong dng thc b bin thi, bi v nl ci kho cha ng (hun tp) tt c kinh nghim nhn thc. Khi tm ca

bc gic ng nh tnh (pratisthita) trn thc thanh tnh ny, th khuynhhng suy ngh nh nguyn v ch th v khch th (grahyagrahaka-anusaya) chm dt v tr v phn bit (nirvikalpa) v siu vit th gian(lokottara) hin khi. Tr ny ty sch ht tt c phin no (klesa), khngcn mt khuynh hng i i no na c, nn c gi l tr v lu(ansrava), c ngha l khng cn ri lt vo vng nh nguyn na. Nkhng th ngh bn c (bt kh t ngh), khng th din t c (bt khthuyt) v l tr t chng (pratyatmavedya) ng thi bit tt c, nht thittr tri (sarvajnanata; omniscience), v khng cn g c th hn cuc, khng gc th chng ngi (varana) c n na. Alayavijnnana trong trng thitrong sch thun ty c gi l php gii (dharmadhtu) ca mi c tnh,

v cng l ni m tt c nhng tm thc nh mt tt c nhng phin nohn cuc v c gi l Php thn (dharmakya) ca Pht

(klesajneyavarana-prahanat [...] sarvadharma-vibhutualabhata's cadharmakaya ity ucyate). y l giai on chuyn thc thnh tr.

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III. HC THUYT

1. Bn im quan yu ca hc thuyt Duy thc: l

a. tt c hin hu ch l do thc, duy thc (vijnanapti-mtrat);b. tt c do v tng thc (layavijnanana) hin khi;c. thc c ba t tnh (tri-svabhva), m sau khi phn tch, tht ra li l ba vt tnh;d. tng lin gia ba t tnh v ba thn Pht (trikya).Theo Duy thc, a-li-da hun tp cc ht ging (chng t, bja) trong qukh, t sinh khi cc hin tng tm thc do v chng t chn mui theotc ng ca nghip (nghip qu). Chng tc ng nhau to nn o nh m

chng ta cho l tht. Cm nhn ca con ngi do b nhim , khin phtsinh ra n tng v mt ci "ta". n tng ny l sai lm, v ch c s cmnhn (thc), ch khng c "ngi" cm nhn; do v sai lm bm vu vo cing cho nn phi au kh. S cm nhn, hay nhn thc ngoi cnh, c

phn tch l vn khng c t tnh (ba t tnh). khng cn b thc chuynhin, ta phi hnh tr Du-gi chuyn thc thnh tr, chuyn ba t tnhthnh ba thn Pht.


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2. A. Th no l tt c hin hu ch duy thc?

Duy thc hc hay Duy thc tng ch trng mi hin tng u ch l thc,l cm nhn ca tm, ngoi thc ang cm nhn th khng c g hin hu,khng c mt i tng khch th, c lp. Th gian ch l o nh (my),hay t cnh, bi v tt c hin th u khng bn vng, khng c t th (vng), v khng tn ti (v thng). Tm thc, b nh hng ca v minh(avidy), tin vo nhng g m n tip xc, trong c hai trng thi tnh gic vng m, cho rng i tng tht s hin hu bn ngoi n, trong khi tht ra,ch v ci tm thc phng th, hay l hin ra (tp khi), cho nn thy nhl th gian nh l hin hu, vy thi. Ch th, ci ta, do khng c tht; vkhch th, th gii bn ngoi, cng khng c tht.

KHI NIM V THC

Thc, hay thc, l s nhn bit v mt "ci ng", "ci ta". Nguyn l cnbn ca Duy thc hc l "tt c mt hin hu u do thc to tc" (nht thitduy tm to). Thc l nn tng ca tt c mi hin hnh, t khi sinh ra chon khi t gic ng; "tt c u t trn tin trnh sinh khi v dit tn ca thc, tc l s phn bit t bn trong ca tm. Thc l hnh vi, hot ngto tc phn bit ca tm, va to tc (tp khi tm) va sinh khi phn bit(t lng tm), khng ch trong trng thi tnh thc m ngay c trong trngthi v thc hay tim thc na. thc, trong khi phn bit ci ta v tt cnhng g khng phi l ta, tr thnh ch th v xem tt c nhng hin tng

bn ngoi ci ng l i tng, l khch th. thc, t n, l tht. Nhin hu nh l mt trng tip ni lin tc nhau ca tng gian k (moment)nhn bit v nhng hin tng din bin bn ngoi n (duyn l tm); miimt gian k nh th va hin khi ln th lin c thay th bi gian k ktip lin tc nhau, khng gin on (tng tc thc). thc do , khng cthc cht, n sinh khi nh nng da vo thc ca gian k hin khitrc. Do v tt c, cho n khi hnh gi t n giy pht gic ng, u ldo thc, cho nn tt c mi i tng ca th gii ngoi ti u ch l nhng

biu hin, nhng "i din", nhng biu hin ca thc (hin thc) m thi.

Do v tt c u ch l biu hin ca thc, cho nn mii mt hin tng sinhkhi u khng c t tnh ni ti ca chng. Cho nn ci m ta tng l "cita", ci ng ca ta, ch l mt o tng, khng c ci "Ng" chn tht; mivt u ch l hin tng do thc to thnh. Cui cng, khi thc dnh mcvo nhng biu hin ri pht sinh ra phn bit nh nguyn c nhndin, v chuyn thnh tr tu, th tt c mi chp trc vo ci ng v nhnghin tng ngoi ng u b dit tn, v gic ng hin tin.


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Khi cho rng "th gian ch do tm hin khi", trit thuyt Duy thc phquyt rng th gian khng phi l mt th hin hay to c ca mt ng ticao v bin hay tuyt i no . Thng , cha tri, hay thin ch, v.v...,ch l mt i tng sn xut do bi tm thc m thi.

Khng c g c th hin hu c lp hay bn ngoi thc. Th gian ch l scu to bng nhn thc ca chng ta, v nu ta phn tch ci tm cha gicng s khm ph ra c nhiu cp nhn thc khc nhau da trn thctng tr, tng thc hay a-li-da thc, thc th 8, ni cha ng cc htging, chng t (bja), nghip lc ca cc hnh vi, hot ng thuc qu kh.

2. B. Tm thc

Tm l hc phng Ty thng thng gii thch c cu ca s nhn thc

bng 6 thc, da trn 6 cn (indriyas), tc l 6 gic quan: mt (nhn,caksu-), tai (nh, srotra-), mi (t, ghrna-), li (thit, jihva-), thn (kya-)v cn (mana-indriyas). Mt, khi tip nhn i tng ca n l cnh vt

bn ngoi (trn cnh), th thy; cng vy, tai nghe, mi ngi, li nm, thnxc chm v ngh suy. Nhng nu nhn thc ca chng ta ch da trn cccn, th ch l mt m nhn thc rt ri rc, khng th gii thch c nhnghin tng tm l tng quan v thm su. Th d, t thu nh, ta quen bitmt ngi bn, cch xa nhau ba mi my nm, tnh c gp li, ta nhnc ngay l ngi bn c thu xa. Trong hn 30 nm , ta khng h nghnh n ngi y, m nay bng nhin gp, vn nhn ra ngay, vy th trong

sut thi gian ny, hnh nh ca ngi c gi u trong 6 gic quantrn khi va gp li nhn bit ra ngay? Vn ny Tm l hc phngTy khng gii thch c.

Trong khi , ngi Th Thn tin xa mt bc, v ng gp mt thnhqu ln lao cho t tng th gii, l ngh mt c cu thc gm 4thnh t: i. 5 thc trc; ii. thc th 6; iii. thc th 7, gi l mt-na thc; viv. thc th 8, tc a-li-da thc, hay tng thc. Hai thnh t sau, mt-na va-li-da thc l ng gp v i ca Th Thn i vi lch s trit l canhn loi. Thc th 8, nh tn gi, l tng thc, tc tng tr tt c nhngnhn thc ca chng ta, c th v nh b nh (memory) ca my vi tnh.Chnh ni tng thc ny m hnh nh ca ngi quen 30 nm trc c ctgi; khi gp li, th thc th 7, va tip nhn hnh nh ngi mi va gpli, va tm kim trong tn cng su thm ca thc th 8 hnh nh ngiquen c trc 30 nm, phi hp li, trong nhy mt cho ta bit ngayy l ngi quen. Thc th 7 ny l b x l (DOS) ca vi tnh.


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(subsequently-attained wisdom). Tuy A-li-da thc phi duyn vi tt c 3loi bin chuyn (parinma) chuyn thc thnh tr, nhng bn trong ncn c mt c s thng tn tr gi t tng trong sch, bt bin v vnhcu. l thc th 9, a-mt-na hay a-m-na thc (amna-vijnanana) do Phtgio Ty Tng ch trng nhng cha c bn rng su, bi v n , chcn trng thi t nhn m thi, khng cn phi nng theo nhng loi hnhngn ng thng thng.

B. ii. Thc th 7 (Mt-na thc, mano-vijnanana)

Thc th 7 che lp chn tnh ca con ngi bi quan nim v ci ng, ci ti(ng chp). y cng gi l thc truyn thng (defiling-transmitterconsciousness), bi v n l ni cht cha, hun tp nhng hin hu ca thgii khng tht bn ngoi, bin chng thnh nhng ht ging o tng, t

cho rng c mt ci ng c bit bn trong, lm cho nhim 6 thc trc.Thc th 7 ny cng lm nhim thc th 8 bng cch lin tc cung cpcho thc A-li-da mt ci ng tng rng c tht (chp ni ng, ng thttng), trong khng gian v thi gian.

Tri nhn ca thc th 7 ny l sai lm (phi lng) do v bn tnh chp trcca n, to nn 4 loi o nh: ng kin, ng i, ng si v ng mn. N cngduyn vi 8 i ty phin no, nh gii i, bt tn, v.v...

B. iii. Thc th 6 (manaskra)

Tri kin v nhn thc hin hnh ni thc th 6, thc. Thc ny, cng 5thc trc, "nhn thy" th gii hin tng bn ngoi. Thc ny chp mcvo nhng hin hnh ca 5 un nh l i tng v ny sinh nhng nimkhng ngng ngh v ci ta nh l ch th, trong tin trnh tng duyn 51

php vi tm. Thc ny l thc phn bit nh nguyn, phi tri, trng en,lnh nng, v.v..., v t chuyn ph phn, phn bit, tnh ton, so lng trncn bn o c (duyn l tm) nhng g m 5 thc trc thu nhp vo.Phn bit (vikalpavasana), gm c 3:

i. t tnh phn bit;ii. k phn bit, phn bit do tnh ton khin to nghip trong tng lai;iii. tu nim phn bit, phn bit do hi tng nhng kinh nghim qu kh.Thc ny cng duyn vi cc tm s cn bn v ty phin no ng thi vitam tnh v tam tr khi cc tnh tr ny xm nhp vo ba trng hung bnngoi (tam cnh). Trong tin trnh , thc th 6 to nn nghip bi do phn

bit, suy on, v quyt nh a n th hin nhng hnh ng c th bng


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iii. Nhn thc tng tng, o gic, khng ph hp vi gi tr chn tht cathc ti (phi lng). Th d: Qu cam ny chc s c nhiu ngi ginhmua.

b. Ba cnh (Tam cnh)

Ba tr phn bit th duyn vi ch th, n phn hai ca s phn bit thduyn vi i tng hay khch th ca nhn thc.

i. Khi nhng phng din ca cnh gii t nhin bn ngoi (tnh cnh) cthc tip nhn, chng cha b mo m bi dnh mc vo ng v php. Tnhcnh ny cha b iu kin ca nhn qu chen vo, tng ng vi nhnthc a/i. ca tam tr k trn. Th d: ta thy mt a hoa mc bn v ng.

ii. Nhng n tng do tr suy on v tng tng a/ii. & a/iii. ca thc th6 to thnh (i cht cnh) khin ta li suy on. Th d: a hoa ny pqu.

iii. Quan nim v ci ng khin ta suy ngh sai lc v bp mo thc cht cai tng, to nn mt nh tng khng c tht (c nh cnh). Th d: ahoa ny chc chn l v ta m n y.

c. Ba loi cm th (Tam th)

Tt c nhng kinh nghim tnh cm hay tm linh ca chng ta, do 6 cnduyn hp vi 6 trn, sinh ra 6 thc, c phn tch thnh 3 loi: i. vui v(lc), ii. khng c nh (kh), iii. khng kh khng vui (v k). Mi mtkinh nghim u phi thuc mt trong 3 loi ny.

d. Ba [c] tnh

phn bit vi Tam t tnh l 3 c thi thuc v hin tng ca thc, tagi c thi thuc v o c l 3 c tnh, phn tch theo hnh hot nhnqu ca thc m din t. Ba tnh ny, theo khi nim o c, thay i

tng giy pht mt, v gm 3 loi:

i. Tt, thin (wholesome); khi mt hnh ng mang li li ch, l kt qu canhng nghip chng t nhng hnh hot thin trong qu kh. Hnh hotthin ny duyn vi 11 thin php.


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ii. Khng tt, bt thin (unwholesome); hnh ng tri vi thin l bt thin,to thnh nhng nghip chng xu. Tnh ny duyn vi cc tm s ty phinno.

iii. V k, nhng hnh ng khng thin khng c. Tnh ny duyn vi 5thc trc.

B. vi. Php

Duy thc tng, cng nh cc tng phi khc trong o Pht, c mc ch tihu l dit tn ci tm thc nh nguyn (pratisamkhy-nirodha) , bng

phng php phn tch tm hay thc, a n kt lun rng chng vn ch lthnh t ca cc php (bch php) cho nn v ng, v ch l mt phi hpca ng un. Do vy khng c mt bn th (dravya) c th tm thy c;

cho nn khi ni rng mt ci tm hay mt ngi c ngh l v tm thc(vijnanana) ch l mt dng lu chuyn ca nhng ngh (vijnanapti) mthi.

Php l nhng yu t ti hu cng c v duy tr s hin hu ca vn vt.Trong truyn thng trit hc n , trong c Pht gio, quan nim tt cmi hin hu u l php. Con ngi l mt php; con ngi gm c u,thn, tay chn, v.v..., th u l mt php; u gm c mt, mi, ming, tc,chn my, v.v., th mt l mt php, tai l mt php; mt gm c vnh mi,trng trng, trng en, lng nheo, v.v..., th trng trng, lng nheo, v.v..., li

cng l php, v.v... V c th m chia ch ra cho n tn cng, n chkhng cn c th chia ch c na, m khoa hc gi l nguyn t. Nhngnguyn t ny l nhng thc th hin hu lin i nhau, to nn bn tnhca thc ti. Do m Th Thn nu ln vn , ngay c nguyn t cngkhng phi l khng chia ch c, bi v chng phi lin hp nhau, m khic lin hp th phi c cht th, gm 6 mt, ng, Ty, Nam, Bc, trn,di, khng phi l khng c g ht khng cn chia ch c na. Chonn, mi mt php l do tm thc to thnh theo mt chui cc s c linhp theo gian k. T , nhng g hin hu cng ch l s dnh mc chptrc vo mt thc ti huyn ha do thc to tc m thi. Trong tin trnhcc s c hin hnh, th cc php u nh hng v b nh hng (tng tc)

bi 8 thc.

Duy thc hc k 100 php thuc v tm thc, vn c th xp lm nhiu loida trn 3 tnh (thin, bt thin v v k, k trn) ca chng, bi v cc

php u khng hin hu thc s. C 5 loi php (ng v):


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a. Tm php, gm c 8, th hin 8 thc;

b. Tm s hu php, gm 51, lin i hin hnh (tng ng) vi 8 tm php.51 tm s hu php ny li c chia lm 6 loi ph: i. lin i hot ng

ph qut, c 5 (5 tm s bin hnh); ii. 5 trng thi c bit ( 5 bit cnh);iii. 11 php hon ton tt (11 tm s thin: tin tng, bit h thn, v.v.); iv. 6cn bn phin no: tham, sn, si, mn, nghi, c kin; v. 20 tm s ty phinno: tro c, hn trm, bt tn, gii i, phng dt, tht nim, bt chnh tri,v tm, v qu, v.v...; v vi. 4 tm s bt nh (hi, min, v.v...).

c. Sc php, gm c 11: 5 cn (mt, tai, mi, li, thn) v 6 trn (sc,thanh, hng, v, xc, php); cc php ny l hnh bng ca hai loi trn;

d. Bt tng ng hnh php, gm c 24 php khng tng ng vi 3 loi

trn, d nh thi gian, sinh dit, phn bit, v.v...;e. V vi php, gm c 6, l nhng php khng b iu kin, nh h khng,s suy ngh, v.v..., do 4 loi trn hin by.

Nhn din c ng v trm php ny khi chng tng ng hay cu sinh vicc thc, l bc u cn bn trn ng gic ng, cho n khi t n ivin cnh tr, khi hnh gi khng cn phn bit v ng v ng s na.

2. C. Ba t tnh hay ba v t tnh

Lun Trisvabhavanirdesa c bit xin dng ba t tnh, phn tch tng tncc c thi ca chng v s lin h gia 3 tnh ny vi nhau. Trong Nhthp tng, ngi Th Thn bo v thuyt Duy thc v kch cc ch trngchng i bi bc Duy thc, nhng cha ni r vai tr v cu trc ca batnh trong hc thuyt Duy thc ca mnh. Trong Tam thp tng, ngi ThThn bn n s lin h gia ba tnh vn tr thnh l ba "v t tnh", khi

phn tch theo c tnh v tng trng ca chng (laksana-nihsvabhavata),khi phn tch v s to tc ca chng (utpatti-nihsvabhavat), v cui cng lv t tnh chn tht ca chng (paramartha-nihsvabhavata). Kinh Gii Thm

Mt (Samdhinirmocana -stra) c bn n Ba t tnh ny, nhng khng cp n lin h ca chng vi quan im Duy thc, cng khng i su vonhng lin h gia chng vi nhau.

Duy ch c ngi Th Thn trong lun Tam t tnh ny mi phn tch t m vtrit l Duy thc khi bn n ba t tnh v gii thch chng tng lin svn hnh v hot ng cng nhau nh th no. An Hu, khi ch gii Tam


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thp tng (Trimsik-krika), ng nht Ba t tnh vi ba v t tnh theotrong kinh Gii Thm Mt. Quan im ny ca An Hu c cc lun sTy Tng nh Tsong-Khapa v MKhas Grub tuyt i chp nhn khngtranh ci thm. Bi v:

a. Mt i tng khi hin hu, mang nhiu ngha cho nhiu ch th khinhn thy i tng . Th d: i. Mt c gi p c th khin nhiu thanhnin ham mun nhc dc, m cng l ming mi ngon cho con cp trongrng, hay ch l mt y tht thi i vi v La hn gic ng; ii. mt lyru, i vi ngi ghin l "nc cam l", vi ngi bnh gan l thucc, v.v...

b. Duy thc thng dng th d v gic mng ch s khng c tht cthc ti. iu thch th l, ngy nay, khoa hc nht l phn tm hc, cng

tin n trnh chng minh nhng sai lm v thiu st ca cc cn thc.Th d nh mt ngi, sau khi dng cc ngn tay bt kn i mt v itai, sau mt lc s thy mt chi la v tai lng bng, tip n s sinh ranhng o gic nh t bay c ln my, ln tri, vo thin nh nghe Ngchong Thng sai phn, v.v... Ngi t to mt th gian y bachiu (3 dimensions) y nh tht. T d vi nhng hin tng xy ra tronggic mng cng th, i vi phn tm hc v tm l hc phng Ty ngycng c c s chng thc v c chp nhn hc tp cng nh ng dng tr bnh [18].

c. Duy thc ph bc s hin hu c lp ca cc i tng bng dn chngl ngay c nguyn t cng vn cn c th b chia ch n v cng v tn.Thuyt ny nay cng c tn vt l hc phng Ty chp nhn, khi khm

ph ra rng, cng nh ngi Th Thn xng gn hai ngn nm vtrc, l nguyn t (atom) - mt n v cht th khng cn b chia ch rac na- l bt kh th. Bi v sau atom cn c thm mt lot nhng n vchi li hn atom na, no l proton, neutron, negatron, v.v...

Sau khi ph bc s hin hu chn tht ca i tng vt cht, cc lun sDuy thc bn xng lp thuyt tng i gia ch th v khch th, ni ngv ngoi ti, nhn din i tng ca thc trong tng lin vi chnh ccthc t n/chng. Thuyt ny rt quan trng trong Duy thc hc, tc lthuyt ba t tnh ca thc ti. Ni cch khc, ba t tnh l 3 c tnh camt php, c nhn din qua kinh nghim ca hnh gi. C ba tnh nyu trc tip c mt khi nhn thc hin khi.


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a. Tnh bin k s chp, l tnh chp trc vo nhng bin hin bn ngoim cho l thc (bin k s chp tnh, parikalpita). Tht ra, tt c nhng hinhu trong th gian u ch l o nh (my), hay t cnh, bi v chngkhng bn vng, khng chc tht c khng t th (v ng), v khng tn ti(v thng). y l tnh tng tng do phn bit ch th-khch th tothnh; l tnh chp nhn thc ti ca "ci ng", chp nhn gi tr ca stng tng cho l tht. Th d, khi i trn sa mc kh khan v nng

bng, ta thy c nc lp lnh, th lin cho l c nc tht, nhng tht ra chl o nh, l bng nc m thi.

b. Tnh y tha khi, l tnh nng da vo nhng yu t khc c th sinhkhi c (y tha khi tnh, paratantra). Tnh ny l c s cho tnh bin k

pht sinh, v cho tnh vin thnh tht xut hin. Tnh ny da theo ccnguyn nhn v iu kin bn ngoi m to hnh thnh, cho nn nhng hnh

nh m ta nhn thc u b mo m theo nhng nguyn nhn v iu kinkia. T , ta au kh, bi v nhng hnh nh khng duyn hp vi thcti c nhn thc. Th d: Thy bng nc, ng l s c ht kht; nchng khm ph ra bng nc khng c, ta tht vng, au kh. Tnh y thakhi ny, t n cng chnh l mt bng nc m thi.

c. Tnh vin thnh tht, l tnh trn y, chn tht (vin thnh tht tnh,parinispanna). y l tnh y , chn tht v hon ton, l tnh ti hu,tnh duy nht c tht. Tnh ny khng cn phn bit nh nguyn, nhn thgii nh l nhng biu hin m thi. Do v lc no tnh ny cng nh th,

khng b nh hng bi iu kin, cho nn tnh ny l nh vy, l "nhtht" ca tt c. Tnh ny khi nhn thy bng nc, bit l ang nhn thy

bng nc.

Khi ta kinh nghim s tng duyn trong tin trnh ca tm, bit l thc ytha hin khi khng c nhng c tnh i th ngoi ti ca thc bin k schp, khi ta cn c thc vin thnh tht; mi khi nim v "ci ta", v"i tng" u on dit, th kt qu l "s vt nh l t n", l gic ng.T ng Pha din t kinh nghim ny qua hai cu sau vit v L Sn:

"... i ri v li khng g l, L Sn m ta khi triu dng".(L Sn yn ta Trit giang triuV o bnh sinh hn bt tiuo c hon lai v bit sL Sn yn ta Trit giang triu).Trong 3 tnh trn, Y tha khi tnh gi vai tr ht sc quan trng, lm trngtm cho trit thuyt Duy thc, bi v tnh ny, mt mt c th to nn o


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gic lm ta phi ln ln trong sinh t lun hi; mt khc, cng tnh ny, ckh nng a ta n gic ng, Nit bn. Khi tm thc phn bit mt itng ngoi ti, khin tnh y tha khi ny nhn thc l c ch th v khchth, to nn tnh bin k s chp, ri ta chp mc vo , th l lun hi.

Nhng cng tnh y tha khi ny, mt khi thanh tnh, siu vit nhng ngh c tnh cch phn bit, khi Tnh Khng ca ch th v khch th cnhn din, th cng c th duyn vi tng thc (thc th 8, hay cn bn thc,theo Ty Tng), khin thc ny thanh tnh, siu vit nh nguyn, th hnh git gii thot. Nh th, tnh y tha khi ny ng gia hai l trnh ca tmthc, hoc to tc o tng khin i vo sinh t lun hi, hoc duyn vitnh chn tht trn y do tr tu bt nh iu hnh, th l Nit bn.

D. Ba thn Pht

Tuy rng tm gic ng th bt nh, nhng cn bn Duy thc th li l mtphng php din t v phn tch, cho nn ta cn bit n s phn loi hottrnh ca tm thc trong tng quan vi 4 bc tm gic ng (c gi l tr,tc tr tu). l s chuyn bin 8 thc thnh 4 tr, khi tnh Y tha khiduyn vi tnh chn tht trn y, khi hnh gi t gic ng.

i. Nm thc trc (tin ng thc: mt, tai, mi, li, thn) tr thnh tr thnhcng trong hnh hot, tc Thnh s tc tr (wisdom of successful

performance). c tnh ca tr ny l thanh tnh v khng cn b vng mckhi tip xc vi cc cn v i tng ca chng, tc cc trn.

ii. Thc th 6, tr thnh tr qun st tuyt vi, tc Diu quan st tr(wonderful contemplation wisdom). c tnh ca tr ny l bit tng tn vci hon ton khng ca ng (ci ta) v ca php (vn vt bn ngoi), tcng khng v php khng. Vi tr ny, c Pht bit r cc php nh thtkhng b bp mo, khng b ngn tr, t , Ngi bit r tt c cc iu kinthuc tm v thn ca vn vt, hu tnh cng nh v tnh, cho nn c th ty

phng tin gio ha chng.

iii. Thc th 7 tr thnh tr c tnh bnh ng, Bnh ng tnh tr (wisom ofequality), vi c tnh l nhn bit tn tng bn tnh bnh ng gia citng l ta v nhng hin hu khng phi ta.

iv. Thc th 8 tr nn tr sng soi nh tm gng trn ln, tc i vin cnhtr (Great mirror wisdom), phn chiu ton th v tr mt cch nh tht,khng sai tri, mo m.


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Tuy rng 4 tr ny ch hin hnh sau khi con ngi t c gic ng,nhng mt vi kha cnh ca Diu quan st tr v i vin cnh tr cng

bt u hot ng trong mt cng yu km hn trc khi bc n cnhgii gic ng.

Trc khi gic ng, s hiu bit ca chng ta ch l m kin thc thu thpqua kinh nghim, c sch, hc hi khi giao tip vi th gii hng ngy cachng ta m tp thnh. Mt khi tri kin tp trung vo ni gic ng, th trikin ny bt u chun b tip nhn tr cn bn (Cn bn tr). Cn nhcli, tr tu l s hiu bit nht nguyn, nhn bit s vt l nh tht, nh lchnh n, khng c phn bit ch th v i th, khng ph phn, khng cnhn thc nh nguyn chen vo. Tr tu ny siu vit ngn t, vn c, khinim; hon ton l s bit thanh tnh rng Chn nh l cn bn ca thc ti.Tr cn bn ny ny sinh Tr hu c (Hu c tr: subsequently-attained

wisdom) l mt hnh thc thanh tnh ca tr tu pht sinh khi khng cnphn bit, nhng cha t n gic ng gii thot, cho nn gi l "tr thgian thanh tnh". y l tr cn thit phi c c th phn bit tt c cc

php, m khng vng mc dnh chp vo chng hay bi chng, nn c thloi b mi m lm v hin tng gi t do thc to thnh. c Pht dng trhu c ny thuyt php sinh m khng thy c ngi c , chonn thong dong t ti, i li khng cn buc rng, l bc Nh Lai. Tr huc ny gii thch hnh vi, hot ng ca bc sau khi gic ng, vn c thi din vi tt c nhng hnh danh sc tng ca ngoi ti trong th gianhuyn ha ny.

Pht c ba thn: Php thn, Bo thn v Ha (hay ng) thn. Ch c thnth 3, Php thn (Dharmakya) l chn tht. Bo thn (Sambhogakya,Enjoyment body) v Ha thn (Nirmnakya, Transformation body) ch lnhng biu hin ca Php thn, v l nhng hin th dng lm phng tintng i tng ng vi thc cn m mui, cha gic ng.

a. Ha thn, ni n thn th vt cht trong th gii hin tng ny. Hathn ny cn thit c Pht gio ha chng sinh, a h n con ng

gic ng. Thnh s tc tr hin hu ni Ha thn ny c Pht c thhnh vi, hot ng bng nhn thc, nh ngi bnh thng trong chng ta. l c Pht lch s, c Thch Ca Mu Ni, th hin ni ci Ta b ny thuyt ging gio l vn php duy thc.

b. Bo thn l mt hin th v hn, diu dng m c Pht dng gio habc B tt, nhng ng hu tnh trc giai on cui cng ca gic ng. C


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rt nhiu Bo thn, mi Bo thn c mt ci tri, hay mt tnh ring, siuvit ngoi h thng mt tri ca th gii chng ta, ni rt d dng cnghe v thc tp php. Bnh ng tnh tr tng ng vi Bo thn ny.

c. Php thn Pht c 2 tng:

i. Tng tng, l ci Nht siu vit c mt v nhiu, l chn th tuyt i, lbn tnh ni ti m tt c ch Pht u c, th hin nh l tr vn ton, honho, tuyt nh; l bn tnh ti thng ca thc ti, ca chn nh, nh th,khng;

ii. Bit tng, l Sai bit, l hot trnh hin tng, l hnh thc c th caPhp; l thc th 8, tng thc, hay a-li-da thc chuyn bin v l Phpthn c trc nhn th hin ngay khi t gic ng. Php thn ny tng

ng vi i vin cnh tr.L tng v mc ch ca con ngi theo Pht gio l t n gic ng. Duythc quan nim gic ng l thc trng ca Chn nh (True Suchness, hocThusness), l bn tnh ti thng ca vn vt. Chn nh l trng thi hinhu duy nht ca thc ti. Khi khng cn phn bit gia ni ti v ngoigii, th hnh gi t gic ng, trc nhn mt s tht bt nh tuyt i, siuvit thc v mt "ci ta" phn bit, chp trc, dnh mc. Trong nghany, ta thy Duy thc hc khng phi l thun ty mt trit l dng binlun sung. Khi gic ng, tin trnh i tm kim i tng bn ngoi ca tm

chm dt, cng nh tin trnh lin tc phng th nng lc ca thc vo thgii ngoi ti vn b iu kin rng buc cng on dit. Khi , tm thc trong trng thi nh tnh, tip thu nng lc ngoi ti cng c v tngtrng tm thc khng cn phn bit , ging nh cnh hoa cc tip nhnnng lng nh sng mt tri rng r.

E. Phn ca Ba thn Pht

on trn, ta ni n chuyn thc thnh tr, do t ni tnh y tha khi.Cng tnh ny, khi tm thc phn bit mt i tng ngoi ti, khin tnh y

tha khi nhn thc l c ch th v khch th, to nn tnh bin k s chp,ri ta chp mc vo , to nhn a n qu, gy thnh nghip, th llun hi.

a. Nghip


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Kt qu ca nhng hnh ng to tc, c hay v tnh, ca chng ta, gi lnghip. Hu qu ca nhng hnh ng li du vt hay l ht ginggieo trng trong tng thc. Nhng ht ging ny ny mm theo thi gian vny sinh thm nhng ht ging mi. T , nhng cuc i ca chng ta,trong qu kh, hin ti cng nh tng lai, u b dn dt bi nhng hnhng trong qu kh kt thnh ni hin ti (d thc, vipaka) v a y nnhng hnh ng trong tng lai. Nghip chu trch nhim cho s tip dinlin tc ca c tnh mi hin th, thng qua s cht hoc v thc. Sau khimt ht ging kt tri, th n xong trch v. Tuy nhin, nhng ht gingmi cng theo m sinh khi ngay, trong mi gian k nhanh hn nhymt. V c th m chng ta c b dn dt mi trong vng o nh ca hintng ngoi ti, vn c mi tin tng vo s tht b bp mo trong khunkh ca nhn thc nh nguyn, cho n khi no m ta t n giy pht gicng mi thi.

Bi v gia cc chng t ca nghip v nhng o tng m chng to tcging nhau, cho nn s nhn thc ca mi ngi v th gian bn ngoi utng t vi nhau. Cho nn, chng ta thng ng vi mi ngi v cith gii ngoi ti m chng ta ang m chm trong vng sinh t lun hitrong . ng thi, chng ta cng kinh nghim nhng nh hng t bnngoi theo dng hin tng tm thc, bi v nhng th hin ca ring mnhcng nh hng n th gii bn ngoi, trong c nhng ngi khc.

Tin trnh ca nghip c 3 giai on:

i. o tng hin khi bt ngun t ni thc th 6, l thc to tc nn hnhng dn a n nghip (dn nghip);

ii. Nghip to tc do v gy ging (chng t) ni thc th 8, l ni chang tt c mi tm thc (tng thc). Vng sinh t v lun hi trong tnglai dn a tng thc ny ti sinh vo trong 6 ci (lc o lun hi, 6 levelsof existence);

iii. Cui cng, th nhn nghip bo l s ny n ca cc ht ging nghip(mn nghip); chng ta gt hi nhng g chng ta gieo trng, gieo gi gt

bo.

b. Nghip bo lun hi dn dt chng ta trong 3 ci (tam gii: dc, sc v vsc gii). Ba ci ny, bc pht tm B tt hnh tr Du-gi, ln lt kinhnghim qua, tri qua 9 vng (cu a), trc khi gic ng vin mn, bi v,


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tuy ni l t gic ng, nhng y ch l mt kinh nghim chp nhong, lmt "satori", ch cha phi thc chng Nit bn.

Cu a trong tam gii gm c:

b-1. Dc gii : a th nht, th gii ca i dc, ni ca 6 no lun hi, ni 5loi chng sinh ng sng ln ln chung nhau (ng th tp c a);

b-2. Sc gii: 4 tng thin:

i. S thin ly sinh, h lc a (Joyful stage of leaving production);ii. Nh thin nh, sinh h lc a (Joyful stage of the arising of samdhi);iii. Tam thin ly h, diu lc a (Stage of wonderful bliss of being apartfrom joy);iv. T thin x nim, thanh tnh a (Stage of renouncing thought);

b-3. V sc gii: 4 bc thin:i. Khng v bin x a (Infinite Space);ii. Thc v bin x a (Infinite Consciousness); bc thin ny, thc th 7khng cn cu sinh vi thc th 8, ph chp ng v tr thnh Bnh ng tnhtr;iii. V s hu x a (Unmoving Ground or Nothing Whatsoever); tt cthc th 6 v 7 u dit tn, tr thnh Diu quan st tr;iv. Phi tng phi phi tng x a (Neither Cognition nor Non-cognition).

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KT LUN

Mt ln na, cn nhn nh rng Duy thc hay Du-gi khng phi l mttrng phi nhn thc lun, thit lp c cu thc 4 nhnh ch bin lunsung. Trong khi Duy thc, nh tn gi, ch trng n lun l suy din vthc, th Du-gi, cng theo tn gi, ch trng n s thc hnh tm linh chuyn thc thnh tr.

Ta cng nn ghi nhn y nhng im tng t gia hai trit l TnhKhng v Duy thc. Quan nim v lun hi v Nit bn ca Duy thc tnglin vi quan nim Tc v Chn ca Trung qun. Nhn duyn(prattyasamutpda, interdependent origination) l nguyn l ni lin Tc v Chn , ni lin lun hi v Nit bn, sinh t v gic ng. Nh LongTh xng, nu ta xem nhn duyn nh l mc ni gia nhn v qu, tac lun hi (samsara), nhng nu ta dng nhn duyn nh Tnh Khng, ta


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c Nit bn. iu lm mc ni gia nhn v qu, gia nghip v nhng huqu ca nghip lc, l khi nim, l nhn thc, l tng tng. Tc ca Trung qun nh th tng hp vi tnh bin k s chp ca Duy thc,

bi v c hai u lun v nhn v qu, v ch-khch, v ni-ngoi; trong lcChn cng l tnh vin thnh tht, v c hai l thc tnh, l khng, btnh, v-nhn (duyn).

Nguyn l v nhn duyn ca Trung qun l nguyn l v tnh y tha khica Duy thc. C s cho c hai thuyt ny l Tm (hay Thc); tm rt quanyu trong c hai, nhn duyn v y tha khi. Gia hai trit thuyt, ta c mt

bn l tng i, thc ti gi t, i i nh nguyn; mt bn l tuyt i,chn nh, tnh vin thnh tht; v mc ni gia hai cc oan l nguynl tng i (ca Trung qun), hay nguyn l y tha khi (ca Duy thc), vnl cn bn ca Tm.

Tm li, tt c cc trit thuyt ca Pht gio u xoay quanh vn Tm(Thc) v, bng bin lun hay bng hnh tr, cng u t c s trn Tm t gic ng. Gic ng l mc ch ti hu ca hnh gi; ngoi gii thot vgic ng, khng cn mc ch no khc. B tt phi t gic ng xong mic th hong ha m khng phi b trm lun trong lun hi sinh t.

---o0o---

Ph lc

CC TC PHM CHNH TRONG DUY THC TNG

1. Kinh:

i. Lankvatra-stra: Lng gi kinh; Suzuki Daisetz Taitero dch ra Anh vn,mt nguyn bn kinh v mt tp lun gii, gi l Studies in the Lankavatara-stra;

ii. Mahvaipulya-Buddha-Avatamsaka-stra: i phng qung Pht Hoa

Nghim kinh, cn gi l Bt thp [chng] Hoa Nghim; Anh dch: FlowerOrnament stra. Ngoi ra cn c Gandavyuha-stra, Lc thp Hoa Nghim,Garland stra;

iii. Sandhinirmocana-stra: Gii thm mt kinh;


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iv. Mahyna-Abhidharma-stra, i tha A-t-t-ma, thng c ccbn vn Nhip i tha lun, Dugi s a lun..., nhc n, nhng naykhng cn tn bn no.

2. Lun:

i. Vimsika-vijnaptimtrat-krika: Duy thc Nh thp tng. Th Thn son,Huyn Trng dch, 1q.;

ii. Trimsika-vijnaptimtrat-krika: Duy thc Tam thp tng. Th Thnson, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.;

iii. Yogcryabhmi-sstra; Du Gi s a lun. V Trc son, HuynTrng dch, 100q.;

iv. Trisvabhva-nirdesa: Tam t tnh hay Trinisvabhva-sstra: Tam v ttnh lun. Th Thn son, Chn dch, 2 q.;

v. Mahynasatadharma-vidyvra-sstra: i tha Bch php minh mnlun. Th Thn son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.;

vi. Abhisamaylankra: Hin chng trang nghim.

vii. Mahyna-samparigraha-sstra: Nhip i tha lun. V Trc son;Chn (Paramrtha) dch, 3q.; Huyn Trng trng dch, 3q.;

viii. Abhidharma-samuccaya-sstra: A-t-t-ma Tp tp lun. V Trcson; Simhabodhi (S T Tr) ch thch, Sthiramati (An Hu) tp; HuynTrng dch, 16q.;

ix. Madhynta-vibhga-krika-sstra: Bin trung bin lun. Di Lc i s,Maitreyanrtha, thuyt; Huyn Trng dch, 3q.;

x. Mahyna-pancaskandhakaprakarana: i tha ng un lun. Th Thn

son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.;xi. rya-ssana-prakarana-sstra: Hin dng thnh gio lun. V Trcson, Huyn Trng dch; 20q.;

xii. Mahynastra-alankra-sstra: i tha trang nghim kinh lun. VTrc son, Ba-la-ph Mt-a (Prabhkrnamitra) dch, 13 q.;


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3. Cc lun khc: do An Hu (Sthiramati, th k VI) v cc lun s khc,vit:i. Abhidharmakosa-bhsya-tk-tattvrtha-nma: A-t-t-ma Cu-x lunthut ngha s;

ii. Vijnptimtratsiddhi-trimsik-bhsya: Duy thc Tam thp tng thchlun;

iii. Abhidharmasamuccaya-bhsya-trka: A-t-t-ma Tp tp lun thch;

iv. Mahynastralankrawrtti-bhsya-trka: i tha Trang nghim lunngha thch;

v. Mahynaratnakta-dharma-paryya: i bo tch kinh lun;

3. Th mc v Duy thc tng (Anh ng)

Vasubandhu. Basic Teachings of Consciusness (Yogacara) Only; compiledby Ron Epstein. New Delhi: Karmasiddhiprakarana, 1992.

Vasubandhu's 'Treatise on the Three Natures' translated from the Tibetanedition with a commentary by Garfield, Jay L. Asian Philosophy 6 No.2,

July 1997.Vasubandhu. A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience : a New Translation andInterpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin, by Thomas A.Kochumutt. Boston: Shambala, 1996.

Vasubandhu. The Trisvabhvanirdesa of Vasubandhu. Tr. and edited by S.Mukhopadhyaya. New Delhi: Visvabharati, 1939.

Madhyanta-vibhga : discourse on discrimination between middle and

extremes ascribed to Boddhisattve Maitreya and commented by Vasubandhuand Sthiramati. Benares: Motilal Banarsidass, 1948.

Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun; the Doctrine of Mere-Consciousness by HsuanTsang. Tr. by Wei Tat. Hongkong: The Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun PublicationCommittee, 1973. Dch Thnh Duy thc lun ca Huyn Trng.


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La Siddhi de Hiuan-Tsang; Louis de la Valle-Poussin dch gii Thnh Duythc lun ca Huyn Trang. Bruselles: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises,1928-1948.

Deux traits de Vasubandhu: Vimsatika et Trimsik. Sylvain Lvi dch Nhthp v Tam thp tng. Paris: 1925.

Madhyntavibhga-krik-bhsya. Theodore Stcherbatsky dch Bin trungbin bin lun tng. St. Petersburg: Academie, 1936.

The Seven Works of Vasubandhu. Stefan Anacker dch v ph bnh 7 tcphm ca Th Thn., trong c Nh thp v Tam thp tng. Delhi: M.Banarsidass, 1984.

The Tattvasangraha of Sntaraksita, with the Commentary of Kamalasla.Tr. into English by Ganganatha Jha. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986. 2vols.

Anacker, Stefan. Vasubandhu: Three Aspects; a Study of a BuddhistPhilosopher. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1970.

Beyer, Steven. The Twenty Verses by Vasubandhu with an anonymouscommentary. Typescript.

Chatterjee, A. K. The Yogcra Idealism. New rev. ed. Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass, 1975.

Clark, Joseph and Paul Panish. Remarks on Vasubandhu's "Thirty VersesProving the Doctrine of Mind Only. Typescript. 1974.

Das Gupta, Surendra Nath. Philosophy of Vasubandhu in Vimsatika andTrimsika, in The Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 4:1 (March, 1928): 36-43.

de Silva, M. W. Buddhist and Freudian Psychology. Colombo: Lake House,

1973.Dch Trimsika t Phn ng v so snh vi Duy thc Tam thp tng doHuyn Trng dch vi ch gii ca Dharmapla (Php H).

Epstein, Ronald. General Pathways of Discrimination/Differentiation;


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Interrelation of the Eight Consciousnesses; Levels of Meditation Prior toEnlightenment. Charts. Cc hnh trn Internet.

Epstein, Ronald. Tranformation of Consciousness into Wisdom in theChinese Consciousness-Only School according to Cheng Wei-Shr Lun.Vajra Bodhi Sea Journal. January-March, 1985.

Epstein, Ronald. Verse Delineating the Eight Consciousnesses.

Dch Bt thc quy c tng ca Huyn Trng ra Anh vn. Internet.

Ganguli, Swat. Treatise on Groups of Elements; Abhidharmadhtu-kyapdasstra (Gii thn tc lun), based on Sanskrit & Pali Sources onBuddhism. Delhi, M. Banarsidass, 1994.

Ganguli, Swati. Treatise in Thirty-verses on Mere-Consciousness. Delhi: M.Banarsidass, 1992.

Guenther, Herbert V. & Leslie S. Kawamura. Mind in Buddhist Psychology.Emeryville: Dharma Pub., 1975.

Huntington, C.W. The Emptiness of Emptiness. Honolulu: University ofHawaii. 1989.

Jha, Subhadra. The Abhidharmakosa of Vasubandhu: with commentary.Patna: TSWS, 1983

Katsura Shoryu. "Dharmakirti's Theory of Truth" in Journal of IndianPhilosophy 12: 215-235

L MnhTht. The Philosophy of Vasubandhu. Ph. D. thesis. University ofWisconsin-Madison. 1974.

MacLeod, D. N. G. A Study of Yogcra Thought : the Integral Philosophy

of Buddhism. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Dundee, 1978. Nagao, G. M. Madhyamika and Yogacara. Trans. by L. S. Kawamura.Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991.

Paul, Diana Y. Philosophy of Mind in Sixth Century China. Ph.D.Dissertation. Stanford University, 1984.


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Pradhan, Prahlad. Abhiharmakosabhsyam of Vasubandhu; deciphered andedited by P. Pradhan. Rev. with introd. & indexes by Aruna Haldar. Patna:1978.

Sharma, Ramesh Kumar. "Dharmakirti on the Existence of Other Minds" inJournal of Indian Philosophy 13: 55-71

Sutton, Florin G. Existence and Enlightenment in the Lankavatara- sutra; aStudy in the Ontology & Epistemology of the Yogacara School. New York:State Univ. of New York Press, 1995. (SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies).

Tucci, Giuseppe. On Some Aspects of the Doctrine of Maitreyantha andAsanga. Roma: IIMEO, 1938

Verdu, Alfonso. The Philosophy of Buddhism: A "Totalistic" Synthesis.Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. 1981.

Willis, Janice D. On Knowing Reality. Tr. with introd., commentary andnotes. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Wood, Thomas A. Mind-Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis ofthe Vijnnavda. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. (Society forAsian and Comparative Philosophy, Monograph no. 9).

Ch thch:[1] y l Du Gi tng, mt tn khc ca Duy Thc tng. Khng nn nhmln vi phng php tu tp Du Gi ca n gio.

[2] Theo L Mnh Tht, The Philosophy of Vasubandhu, Ph.D. dissertation .University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1974, p.71.

[3] Cognition-Only, Mind-Only

[4] Do Chn (th k VI) dch v sau, Huyn Trng trng dch, t Phnbn Vimsatik v Trimsik, .T.1586, 1587, 1588, 1589

[5] .T.1617

[6] Asanga, Bodhisattvabhmi. Ed. by H. Ui. Tokyo: Suzuki Gakuju Saipan,1961; Asanga, Abhidharma-samuccaya. Ed. by Pralhad Pradhan.


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[14] Vijnanaptimatratasiddhi do Louis de la Valle-Poussin tp thnh nm1925, Paris.

[15] L Mnh Tht trong Philosophy of Vasubandhu, tr. 12, note 22, dnchng mt th d ca Th Thn trong Nh thp tng, ch gii 3a-4a.

[16] Napi te samhata visayibhavanti, yasmat paramanurekam dravyam nasidhyati. Nh thp tng ch gii, tr. 7.

[17] L Mnh Tht, The Philosophy of Vasubandhu, tr. 236-237, dn chngtheo Nh thp tng, 12a-d & 13a-d.

[18] Xem mc Sch Pht. The Authority of Experience: Essays onBuddhism and Psychology. Edited by John Pickering. London: CurzonPress, 1997.

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