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Ahah ^mtinm

\ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn ~jm ghw~j kd i bi~hkb

^jm s}wsk|m kd ~jh| sismw h| ~k fiem i lkb~whg}~hkb ~k ~jm nmgi~m kb |ml}`iwhi~hkb ~iehba s`ilm~knix hb k}w hb~m``ml~}i` fh`hm}" H gm`hmtm ~ji~ i nh|l}||hkb kd ~jm swklm|| kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb

hbnmsmbnmb~ kd ~jk|m swklm||m| ~iehba s`ilm hb ~jm |klhm~i` |silm kd ~jm bhbm~mmb~j ibn

~qmb~hm~j lmb~}whm| h| nkkfmn ~k nm|lmbn hb~k swmo}nhlm" Dkw ~jh| wmi|kb H i~~mfs~ ~k `hbe

~qk |habhdhlib~ swklm||m| qjhlj gmaib hb qkw`n jh|~kwx iwk}bn 9:33 ibn qjhlj lkb~hb}m ~k

~jh| nix hb tiwhk}| lkwbmw| kd ~jm qkw`n" ^jm|m iwm ~jm dkwfi~hkb kd bi~hkbi` hnmb~h~x ibn ~jm

swklm|| bifmn |ml}`iwhi~hkb i`fk|~ dwkf ~jm fkfmb~ kd h~| hblms~hkb" Hb ~jh| sismw H |ji``

|}wtmx ~jmkwhm| kd ~jm kwhahb kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn ib~h&|ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn kd bi~hkbi` hnmb~h~x

ibn bi~hkbi` lkb|lhk}|bm||" ^jh| fhbkw wm|miwlj wm|}`~| hb mhaj~ swksk|h~hkb| |kfm kd qjhlj

wmswm|mb~ lkbl`}|hkb| ~ji~ dk``kq dwkf l}wwmb~ y}ib~h~i~htm ibn jh|~kwhli` ni~i ibn k~jmw| iwm

jxsk~jm|m| |~h`` ~k gm swktmb" Kbm |habhdhlib~ k}~lkfm kd ~jm|m H gm`hmtm h| dhbnhba iwa}fmb~|

iaihb|~ i ehbn kd |ml}`iwhi~hkbi` |mawmai~hkb" Dkw mzifs`m H i~~mfs~ ~k |jkq ~ji~ `hthba i|i |klhm~x hb i nmtm`ksmn lk}b~wx bmh~jmw ~jmkwm~hli``x bkw swil~hli``x fmib| }blkbnh~hkbi`

|ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn ~jm lkbtmw|m" Qm fix |ix ~jm |ifm wmaiwnhba d}bnifmb~i`h|f" I| diw i|

~jm lkblms~ kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb h~|m`d h| lkblmwbmn H gm`hmtm ~ji~ ~jm tmwx swklm|| ljwh|~mbmn

|ml}`iwhi~hkb hb ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx h| hb nhwml~ kssk|h~hkb ~k ~jm m||mblm kd ~jh| qkwn ibn

qm lk}`n li`` h~ wi~jmw ~jm hb|~h~}~hkbi`hi~hkb kd ~jm |ilwi`" ^jm swklm|| kd ~jm ~wib|dkwfi~hkb

kd i wm`hahkb hb~k i }bhtmw|i` hb|~h~}~hkb hb ~jm |ifm qix i| ~jm swklm|| kd ~jm dkwfi~hkb kd

bi~hkbi` hnmb~h~x gmaib |swminhba i~ kbm ibn ~jm |ifm ~hfm ibn qh~j ~jm tmwx |ifm hb|~w}fmb~|

*mn}li~hkb ibn ~jm fi|| fmnhi(" I| i wm|}`~ qm kg~ihbmn ~qk swklm||m| qjhlj lji``mbamn

|klhm~hm| qh~j ~jmhw kqb tmw|hkb| kd lk``ml~htm hnmb~h~x" H |ji`` i~~mfs~ ~k |jkq ~ji~ ~qk

~xsm| kd hb|~h~}~hkbi` wm`hahkb qmwm dkwfmn i| i lkb|my}mblm kd ~jh| whti`wx? ~wib|lmbnmb~i`*qjhlj qkwe| mzl`}|htm`x kb i |~wi~max ~k |itm ~jm |k}`( ibn nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn *qjhlj h|

hblkwskwi~mn hb~k bi~hkbi` hnmb~h~x ibn qjhlj m`igkwi~m| il~hkb| ibn d}~}wm |~wi~mahm| dwkf i

smw|sml~htm kd bi~hkbi` ~winh~hkb(" jm b}fgmw| kd ~jmhw injmwmb~| hb ibx |klhm~x nhddmw winhli``x

dwkf milj k~jmw" Hb ibx |smlhdhl |klhm~x ~jm smwlmb~iam kd wm`hahk}| smks`m ibn |hfh`iw`x

~ji~ kd lj}wljakmw| i| qm`` i| ~jm swm|mblm kw ig|mblm kd d}bnifmb~i`h|f iwm nmsmbnmb~

kb qjhlj kd ~jm|m ~qk ~xsm| h| swm|mb~" H |ji`` |jkq gm`kq jkq ~jh| ~xsk`kax kd l}wwmb~`x

mzh|~hba wm`hahkb| mzs`ihb| y}ib~h~i~htm fi~mwhi` ~ji~ h| i~ dhw|~ a`iblm |k hbmzs`hlig`m ibn

qjhlj ji| ill}f}`i~mn ktmw ~jm `i|~ lmb~}wx i| i wm|}`~ kd wm|miwlj hb~k qkw`n wm`hahkb| ibn

|ml}`iwhi~hkb"

Hb ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx |klhi` ~jhbemw| ~jk}aj~ ~ji~ wm`hahkb awin}i``x `k|~ h~| hfskw~iblm~kam~jmw qh~j ~jm awkq~j ibn nmtm`ksfmb~ kd hbn}|~whi hmn |klhm~x" Lkf~m \smblmw

N}wejmhf Fiwz Dwm}n Qmgmw ~jh| h| ib hblkfs`m~m `h|~ kd ~jk|m ~jhbemw| qjk lkb|hnmwmn

~ji~ wm`hahkb ibn wm`hahk|h~x qk}`n hb ~jm bmiw d}~}wm `k|m ~jmhw hbd`}mblm ibn bk `kbamw s`ix

i |habhdhlib~ wk`m hb ~jm dkwfi~hkb kd smks`m| hnmi| ibn qkw`n thmq" I| fknmwb wm|miwljmw|

skhb~ k}~9 ~jm|m ~jhbemw| qmwm bk~ i`kbm hb ~jh| i||m||fmb~" Dwkf ~jm Iam kd Mb`haj~mbfmb~

kb sjh`k|ksjmw| ib~jwksk`kah|~| ibn s|xljk`kah|~| qmwm skhb~hba k}~ ~ji~ |ilwi` swil~hlm|

ibn ~jmhw illkfsibxhba wh~}i`| ibn hb|~h~}~hkb| qmwm siw~ kd ~jm si|~ ibn qh~j ~jm lkfhba kd

fknmwb ~hfm| qk}`n tmwx f}lj wmfihb ~jmwm7" Hb ~jm ~qmb~hm~j lmb~}wx m|smlhi``x hb ~jm dhw|~

ji`d ~jm nmi~j kd wm`hahkb qi| illms~mn hb |klhi` |lhmblm i| lkbtmb~hkbi` qh|nkf"

^jm }|m kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb< hb h~| fknmwb |mb|m kd ~jm nml`hbm kd wm`hahkb ibn wm`hahk|h~x gmaib

hb ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx" ^jm dk}bni~hkb dkw ~jh| qi| `ihn gx ~jm Mba`h|j ~jhbemw Amkwam

Jk`xkiem" Jm dk}bnmn i |ml}`iw |klhm~x i awk}s qh~j ~jm ihf| kd mzs`ihbhba ~jm qkw`n qh~jk}~

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wmlk}w|m ~k ~jm hnmi kd i |}smwbi~}wi` dkwlm ibn kd m`igkwi~hba i swkawiffm kd hbnhthn}i`

fkwi` gmjithk}w>"

Fiz Qmgmw qi| ~jm dhw|~ ~k ~jmfi~hm ~jm nmsiw~}wm kd wm`hahkb dwkf ~jm fknmwb |klhi` qkw`n hb

jh| Swk~m|~ib~ M~jhl ibn \lhmblm i| i Tkli~hkb" Dkw Qmgmw |ml}`iwhi~hkb h| siw~ kd ~jm swklm||

kd wi~hkbi`hi~hkb kbakhba hb ~jm nmtm`ksfmb~ kd fibehbn" Wi~hkbi`hi~hkb dkw h~| siw~ h| i

|smlhdhl dkwf kd |klhi` ljibam gx fmib| kd qjhlj i lkb~mfskwiwx fknmwb qkw`n h| wmi`hmnibn lkfm| igk}~=" Kbm fibhdm|~i~hkb kd wi~hkbi`hi~hkb h| ~jm nh|mbljib~fmb~ dwkf ~jm qkw`n

kw hb k~jmw qkwn| whnnhba ~jm qkw`n kd gm`hmd hb fiahl ibn kd fiahli` wh~}i`|" I`` ~jm |ifm

hb ~jm kshbhkb kd |kfm wm|miwljmw| ~jm nh|mbljib~fmb~ nkm| bk~ |hfs`x fmib ~ji~ smks`m `k|m

dih~j hb ~jm k`n fx|~mwhm| kd wm`hahkb g}~ wi~jmw ~ji~ ~jm hnmi kd i fhwil`m `k|m| }blkbnh~hkbi`

ti`}m4" Hb ~jm dhbi` ibi`x|h| Qmgmw qi| bk~ |ixhba ~ji~ ~ji~ wm`hahkb qk}`n tibh|j dwkf ~jm

qkw`n g}~ wi~jmw ~ji~ wm`hahkb ibn wm`hahk|h~x qk}`n gmlkfm kbm i}~jkwh~x ifkba fibx |}lj

i| |lhmblm sk`h~hl| ibn k~jmw|" Dwkf i wm`hahk}| smw|sml~htm h~ gmlkfm| kbm ifkba fibx ibn

fhbh|~mw| kd wm`hahkb qk}`n jitm `m|| i}~jkwh~x hb nmlhnhba h||}m| kd sk`h~hl| mlkbkfhl| ibn

fmnhlhbm ~jib ~jmx jin hb ~jm si|~1"

^jm hnmi kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb i| qm bk~mn igktm qi| tmwx sks}`iw ibn mtmwx |klhi` |lhmb~h|~qh~j dmq mzlms~hkb| qi| lkbthblmn kd h~| lmw~ihb~x }s ~k ~jm 9813|" \~i~h|~hli` ni~i ibn tiwhk}|

~xsm| kd |}wtmx| mzh|~mn ~k lkbdhwf ~jh|: i| nhn tiwhk}| lj}wlj |~i~h|~hl|" Dkw mzifs`m hb ~jm

]bh~mn Ehbankf ~jm b}fgmw kd gis~h|f| dm`` nwi|~hli``x gm~qmmb 9843 ibn 98:"

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gis~h|f| ibn lj}wlj qmnnhba| h| tmwx jhaj" \hfh`iw`x ~jmwm h| dwmy}mb~ wmdmwmblm hb bmq|sismw

kgh~}iwhm| ~k ~jm hffkw~i`h~x kd ~jm |k}` *i| i w}`m ~jm|m iwm qwh~~mb gx i difh`x fmfgmw kw gx

i l`k|m dwhmbn(" Illkwnhba ~k wm|miwlj hb 9883 hb~k qkw`n ti`}m| :9- kd Hlm`ibnmw| gm`hmtm hb

`hdm id~mw nmi~j ibn :7- klli|hkbi``x *73- dwmy}mb~`x( swix k}~|hnm kd lj}wlj" >3- gm`hmtm

hb wmhbliwbi~hkb m~l" Kb`x 7">- kd Hlm`ibnmw| y}m|~hkbmn qmwm i~jmh|~|"

^jm hblwmi|m hb wm`hahk|h~x hb ~jm lk}b~whm| kd ~jm sk|~&\kthm~ g`kl nm`htmwmn i |hfh`iw g`kq~k ~jm ~jmkwhm| kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb *~jm swkskw~hkb kd i~jmh|~| hb J}baiwx dm`` dwkf 9>- ~k >-

gm~qmmb 98:9 ibn 9889 qjh`m lj}wljakhba hblwmi|mn dwkf 94- ~k 7=-5 hb W}||hi ~jm b}fgmw

kd ~jk|m lkb|hnmwhba ~jmf|m`tm| hwwm`hahk}| dm`` dwkf =

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kssk|hba ~jmkwhm| i| |msiwi~m hb|~iblm| kd i ambmwi` ~jmkwx" H nk bk~ ebkq qjk|m qi| ~jm

hnmi kd |}lj ib isswkilj I`gmw~ Mhb|~mhb kw |kfm fmnhmti` ~jmk`kahib *h~ h| i fi~~mw dkw ~jm

jh|~kwx kd hnmi|( g}~ ~jh| isswkilj nkm| qkwe ibn i`` |}lj i~~mfs~| iwm hb~mwm|~hba" Qm kqm

|}lj ib i~~mfs~ wmaiwnhba ~jm |ml}`iwhi~hkb siwinhaf ~k Shssi Bkwwh| ibn Wkbi`n Hba`mjiw~"

^jm fihb hnmi kd ~jmhw gkke \ilwmn ibn \ml}`iw h| ib ilebkq`mnamfmb~ kd ~jm ~jmkwhm| kd

~jm |}sskw~mw| kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn kd h~| ksskbmb~|" \ml}`iwhi~hkb h| kll}wwhba hb nmtm`ksmn|klhm~hm| |ix ~jm i}~jkw| kd ~jh| gkke g}~ i~ ~jm |ifm ~hfm wm`hahk|h~x h| hblwmi|hba hb ~jm

qkw`n i| i qjk`m"

^jm i}~jkw| nhthnm qkw`n |klhm~hm| hb~k ~qk g}~ bk~ i`kba fknmwbhi~hkb + bkb&fknmwbhi~hkb

`hbm|" I| ~jmx o}|~`x skhb~ k}~ h~ h| mi|x ~k dhbn i lk}b~wx qjmwm fknmwbhi~hkb kll}w| g}~ bk~

|ml}`iwhi~hkb" Bkwwh| ibn Hba`mjiw~ hb~wkn}lm ~qk innh~hkbi` dil~kw| qjhlj hb ~jmhw thmq nwiq

i nmfiwli~hkb `hbm gm~qmmb ~jk|m lk}b~whm| ibn |klhm~hm| qjmwm |ml}`iwhi~hkb h| jissmbhba

ibn qjmwm h~ h| bk~" ^jm|m dil~kw| hb ~jmhw thmq iwm mzh|~mb~hi` |ml}wh~x ibn l}`~}wi` ~winh~hkb77"

^jm i}~jkw| li`` ~jm|m ~jm ~qk |}sskw~hba izhkf| kd ~jmhw ~jmkwx" ^jm izhkf kd mzh|~mb~hi`

|ml}wh~x lkb|h|~| hb ~jm dk``kqhba? I `ile kd j}fib |ml}wh~x h| nmlh|htm dkw wm`hahk|h~x ibn

lkbtmw|m`x ~jm awmi~mw ~jm dmm`hba kd mzh|~mb~hi` |ml}wh~x hb i |klhm~x ~jm `kqmw ~jm wm`hahk|h~x"Hb k~jmw qkwn| dih~j hb ~jm ~wib|lmbnmb~i` h| qhnm|swmin qjmb i smw|kb libbk~ |mm hb jh|

mbthwkbfmb~ a}iwib~mm| kd jh| kqb |ml}wh~x" I| diw i| ~jm |mlkbn izhkf h| lkblmwbmn ~jh| h|

mzswm||mn hb ~jm dk``kqhba fibbmw? Qkw`n thmq| `hbemn ~k wm`hahk}| ~winh~hkb| |swmin hb ~jm

fknmwb qkw`n qh~jk}~ ~jm nhwml~ hbtk`tmfmb~ kd lj}wljm| ibn wm`hahk}| hb|~h~}~hkb|" Dkw ~jh|

wmi|kb hb |sh~m kd ~jm dil~ ~ji~ kb`x =- kd ~jm \qmnh|j sks}`i~hkb dkw mzifs`m iwm wma}`iw

qmme`x lj}wljakmw| ~jm ktmwqjm`fhba fiokwh~x kd ~jm sks}`i~hkb jk`n| ~jk|m hnmi| ibn ti`}m|

~ji~ qmwm lwmi~mn qh~jhb ~jm Swk~m|~ib~ wm`hahkb" Illkwnhba`x ~jm i}~jkw| lkbl`}nm ~jm qkwe

m~jhl |mz}i` dwmmnkf ibn nmfklwilx hb tiwhk}| lk}b~whm| qh`` wm`x kb jh|~kwhli` wm`hahk}|

~winh~hkb|" Mtmb ~jk|m smks`m `hthba hb i |smlhdhl |klhm~x qjk nk bk~ ilebkq`mnam i siw~hl}`iw

dih~j ibn qjk nk bk~ gm`kba ~k ~winh~hkbi` lkbdm||hkb| gmlkfm ~jm gmiwmw| kd lkfs`mzm| kdgmjithk}w ibn hnmi| ~ji~ dk``kq dwkf ~jm|m gm`hmd| ibn ti`}m|"

^jh| h| ~jm |li`m| kb qjhlj iwm iwwibamn ~knix ~jm ~jmkwhm| dkw ibn iaihb|~ |ml}`iwhi~hkb" H~

h| l`miw ~ji~ hb ~jm fknmwb qkw`n ~jm wm`i~hkb|jhs gm~qmmb ~jm wm`hahk}| ibn ~jm |ml}`iw libbk~

jissmb gx ~ji~ |hfs`m lkb|~w}l~hkb qjhlj qi| ~jmfi~hmn gx Qmgmw hb jh| nix *wi~hkbi`hi~hkb

h| my}hti`mb~ ~k |ml}`iwhi~hkb(" Kb ~jm kbm jibn ~jm ill}f}`i~hkb kd |~i~h|~hli` fi~mwhi`

hbnhli~hba ib hblwmi|m hb wm`hahkb ibn wm`hahk|h~x hb nmtm`kshba ibn mtmb nmtm`ksmn lk}b~whm|

ibn kb ~jm k~jmw jibn ~jm lwmi~hkb kd i qjk`m wibam kd sk`h~hli` ~jmkwhm| |~i~hba ~ji~ ~jm

wk`m kd ~winh~hkb h| ib hwwmtmw|hg`m swklm||7 ibn mtmb i ~winh~hkb dkwfmw`x |ibl~hkbmn

mfshwhli``x ibn gx lkbtmb~hkbi` qh|nkf lib ~}wb k}~ ~k jitm gmmb hbtmb~mn hb ~jm wmlmb~ si|~"

Kb ~jm k~jmw jibn qm f}|~ skhb~ k}~ wmaiwnhba ib~h&|ml}`iwhi~hkb ~jmkwhm| ~ji~ ~jm fknmwb

qkw`n h| |~w}l~}wi``x |k lkfs`mz ibn nhtmw|m hb lkfsiwh|kb qh~j ~jm Fhnn`m Iam|7= ~ji~ i

|hfs`m my}hti`mblm gm~qmmb wm`hahkb ibn wm`hahk|h~x mzh|~hba hb ~jm Fhnn`m Iam| ibn hb k}w

~hfm hb|mw~hba ib my}i`| |hab lib hb bk qix inmy}i~m`x nm|lwhgm ~jm wmi`h~x hb qjhlj qm htm"

^jk|m ~jmkwhm| qjhlj |hnm qh~j kw kssk|m |ml}`iwhi~hkb ~jmkwx jitm |mtmwi` hnmi| hb lkffkb

hb jkq ~jmx nm|lwhgm ~jm fknmwb qkw`n" Hb k~jmw qkwn| ~jmwm iwm hb ~jm|m ~jmkwhm| nm|lwhs~hkb|

kd ~jm swklm||m| kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn |ilwi`hi~hkb kll}wwhba hb ~jm fknmwb qkw`n qjhlj iwm|jiwmn gx ~jm |ml}`iwhi~hkbh|~| ibn ~jm ib~h&|ml}`iwhi~hkbh|~|" ^jm|m iwm?

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9" Wm`hahk|h~x ibn lj}wljakhba h| hblwmi|hba hb nmtm`kshba lk}b~whm|5

7" Hbnhddmwmblm ~kqiwn| ibn i `ile kd }bnmw|~ibnhba kd ~winh~hkbi` hb~mwswm~i~hkb| ibn hnmi|

kd wm`hahkb iwm hblwmi|hba hb nmtm`kshba lk}b~whm|5

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Hb hbn}|~whi` |klhm~hm| i jhaj l}`~}wm smwtinm| ~jm qjk`m kd |klhm~x nmdhbm| h~ ibn bmmn| ~k gm

|}|~ihbmn gx ~jm sk`h~x" Hb ib hbn}|~whi` |klhm~x ~jm ljibahba bi~}wm kd qkwe nmfibn| l}`~}wi`

jkfkambmh~x" Hb k~jmw qkwn| i bmmn h| lwmi~mn dkw hfsmw|kbi` lkb~mz~&dwmm lkff}bhli~hkb"

Gm|hnm| ~jh| ib hbn}|~whi` |klhm~x h| nmsmbnmb~ kb smwsm~}i` awkq~j hb kwnmw ~k |i~h|dx

nmfibn|" H~ h| sk||hg`m ~k iljhmtm smwsm~}i` awkq~j kb`x gx hfs`mfmb~hba lkb|~ib~ ljibam|

hb ~jm |~w}l~}wm kd awib~hba mfs`kxfmb~" ^jm jhaj `mtm` kd ~mljbhli` |eh``| nmfibnmn fmib|~ji~ fibx s`ilm| jitm ~k gm i``kli~mn kb ~jm gi|h| kd fmwh~" ^jh| wmbnmw| bmlm||iwx i lmw~ihb

mai`h~iwhibh|f ibn i~ ~jm |ifm ~hfm fiem| ambmwi` ~wihbhba m||mb~hi` gmdkwm |smlhi`hmn

~wihbhba |k i| ~k fmm~ ~jm bmmn dkw okg fkgh`h~x"

^j}| mn}li~hkb kll}shm| ib hfskw~ib~ s`ilm" Mn}li~hkb gmahb| ~k nmdhbm ib hbnhthn}i`| |~i~}|

hb ~jm |ifm qix i| ehb|jhs nhn hb ~jm miw`hmw iawk&`h~mwi~m |klhm~x"

Lkb|my}mb~`x ~jm |~i~m gwhba| ~kam~jmw ~jm |~i~m ibn l}`~}wm" Dkw ~jh| wmi|kb i bmmn qi|

lwmi~mn dkw i`` iwmi| kd l}`~}wi` smbm~wi~hkb ~k gm lktmwmn ibn bi~hkbi`h|f h| ~jm kb`x qix dkw

~jh| lktmwiam ~k gm wmi`hmn |}llm||d}``x"

Ibnmw|kb| Hfiahbmn Lkff}bh~hm| qi| s}g`h|jmn hb ~jm |ifm xmiw i| Am``bmw| Bi~hkb| ibn

Bi~hkbi`h|f *98:

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\fh~j iwa}m| ~ji~ i`` bi~hkbi`h|f h| gi|mn kb ib i~~mfs~ gx i |smlhdhl awk}s ~k lkbdmw

kb jh|~kwx i |mb|m kd lkffkb hnmb~h~x ibn kd lkffkb jh|~kwx" ^jh| nkm| bk~ fmib ~ji~

~jh| jh|~kwx f}|~ gm inmy}i~m ilinmfhli``x" \fh~j |ix| ~ji~ f}lj bi~hkbi`h|f h| gi|mn kb

jh|~kwhli``x mwwkbmk}| hb~mwswm~i~hkb| ibn |~whtm| ~k lkfs`m~m`x fx~jk`kahm lmw~ihb siw~| kd

h~| kqb jh|~kwx"

Bi~hkbi`h|f illkwnhba ~k \fh~j nkm| bk~ nmfibn ~ji~ ~jm fmfgmw| kd i bi~hkb gm |hfh`iwkb`x ~ji~ ~jmx f}|~ dmm` |k`hniwh~x qh~j ~jm bi~hkb ibn qh~j ~jm k~jmw fmfgmw| kd ~jm bi~hkb"

I dmm`hba kd bi~hkbi`h|f lib gm lwmi~mn dwkf ibx hnmk`kax nkfhbib~ hb i ahtmb s`ilm"

Bi~hkbi`h|f qh`` awkq dwkf swm&mzh|~hba ehb|jhs ibn dwkf wm`hahk}| ibn gm`hmd |x|~mf|"

^jm|m ~jwmm ~jmkwhm| mzifhbm bi~hkbi`h|f ibn ~jm dkwfi~hkb kd bi~hkb| dwkf ~jwmm tiwxhba

smw|sml~htm|? lkb|~w}l~hth|~ *Am``bmw( ~winh~hkbi`h|~ *\fh~j( ibn wmn}l~hkbh|~ *Ibnmw|kb(" Hb

~jh| li|m ~jm lkb|my}mblm kd ~jm|m ~jwmm ~jmkwhm| dkw ~jm nmgi~m gm~qmmb |}sskw~mw| kd

|ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn ib~h&|ml}`iwhi~hkb h| kd hb~mwm|~" I| qm bk~mn igktm wm`hahk|h~x lj}wlj

fmfgmw|jhs ibn ~jm lj}wlj i| i fknmwb hnmi qjhlj hfs`hm| ~jm mzh|~mblm kd gm`hmtmw| ibn

i |jiwmn nkl~whbm iwm hb ~jm thmq kd |mtmwi` jh|~kwhib| i wm|}`~ kd ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx" Hb

k~jmw qkwn| wm`hahkb kb`x gmlifm }bhtmw|i` ibn `hbemn ~k hnmb~h~x id~mw h~ gmlifm sk||hg`m ~k|swmin ~jm nkl~whbm kd wm`hahkb gx fmib| kd mn}li~hkb ibn ~jm fi|| fmnhi" Hd ~jh| lkwwm|skbn|

~k jh|~kwhli` wmi`h~x ~jmb ~jm biwwi~htm kd fmnhmti` UM}wksmibV wm`hahk|h~x h| fkwm ~jm hbtmb~hkb

kd i ~winh~hkb ~jib i nm|lwhs~hkb kd jh|~kwhli` wmi`h~x" Kb ~jm k~jmw jibn hd qm wm`x kb ~jm

~jmkwhm| kd Am``bmw \fh~j ibn Jkg|giqf ~jm hbtmb~hkb kd i `iwam&|li`m ~winh~hkb hb k~jmw

qkwn| ~jm nh|lktmwx kd i ~winh~hkb qjhlj h| li`l}`i~mn ~k nmdhbm ~jm hnmb~h~x kd i`` lh~hmb|

`hthba hb i |smlhdhl iwmi h| ib mzl`}|htm swklmn}wm kd bi~hkbi`h|f" ^j}| qm ~iem kb ~jm

~i|e kd |hf}`~ibmk}|`x mzs`ihbhba i fmljibh|f dkw ~jm |swmin kd wm`hahk|h~x ibn bi~hkbi`h|f

~jmhw f}~}i` nmsmbnmblm |hblm ~jmx |swmin gx hnmb~hli` fmib| ibn ~jmhw hfskw~iblm hb ~jm

dkwfi~hkb kd hnmb~h~x"

H~ h| sk||hg`m dkw nk}g~ ~k iwh|m? Qji~ h| whaj~ hb lkbbml~hkb qh~j M}wksmib wm`hahk|h~x fhaj~bk~ gm lkwwml~ hb ~jm li|m kd k~jmw wm`hahkb| |}lj i| Mi|~mwb Ljwh|~hibh~x qjmwm ~jmwm qi| i

l}|~kf kd jk`nhba qkw|jhs hb |msiwi~m `iba}iam|" Hb ~jh| li|m qkw|jhs hb i |msiwi~m bi~htm

`iba}iam d}`dh``mn i wk`m hb wm`hahk}| hnmb~h~x" I`` ~jm |ifm H |~h`` ~jhbe ~ji~ hb ~jm li|m kd

Mi|~mwb Ljwh|~hibh~x qkw|jhs hb ~jm kli` iba}iam jin i wk`m kb`x hb ~jm dkwfi~hkb kd hba}h|~hl

hnmb~h~x |k f}lj nhn ~jm dkwf| ~iemb gx wm`hahk}| qkw|jhs nhddmw dwkf kbm ibk~jmw ibn dwkf

~jm mll`m|hi|~hl lmb~wm| hb ~jm ig|mblm kd smwfibmb~ ibn hb|~h~}~hkbi`hmn hbdkwfi~hkbi` ibn

mn}li~hkbi` `hbe|"

Qm fix |ix ~jm |ifm igk}~ k~jmw wm`hahkb| qh~jhb qjhlj qkw|jhs qi| bk~ jm`n hb i `iba}iam

}bebkqb ~k ~jm sks}`i~hkb" ^jm `ile kd lkff}bhli~hkb gm~qmmb |smlhdhl `minmw| kd wm`hahk}|

qkw|jhs ibn nhddmwmblm| lwmi~mn hb ~jm jh|~kwhli` swklm|| mzs`ihb kb ~jm kbm jibn ~jm kwhahb kd

~jm nhtmw|m ~mbnmblhm| kd mi|~mwb wm`hahkb| *H|`if dkw mzifs`m( U}s ~k ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wxVibn kb ~jm k~jmw jibn ~jm awmi~ mddkw~| mzsmbnmn gx ~jm }bhdhmw| kd lk}b~whm| kb ~jm igk`h~hkb

kd wm`hahk}| nhddmwmblm| ibn kd nh||mb~mw|"

^j}| qm fix |~i~m ~jm bk~ }bwmi|kbig`m jxsk~jm|h| ~ji~ bk hnmb~h~x qji~|kmtmw mzh|~mn hb

~jm qkw`n }s ~k ~jm |~iw~ kd ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx qjhlj }bh~mn `iwam awk}s| kd smks`m

ibn i`habmn ~jmhw l}`~}wi` kw |~i~m gk}bniwhm| qh~j ~jh| hnmb~h~x" Bk~ kb`x h| bi~hkbi`h|f

ib hbtmb~hkb kd fknmwbh~x g}~ i`|k qm f}|~ gmahb wmlekbhba ~jm jh|~kwx kd hnmb~h~x kd

ibx ehbn, Ugmxkbn ~jm gk}bniwhm| kd ehb|jhs, ily}ihb~iblm kw l`ibV, dwkf iwk}bn 9:33"

@iba}iam nhn bk~ dkwf ~jm gi|h| kd |klhi` hnmb~h~x gmli}|m ~k gmahb qh~j h~ d}bl~hkbmn hb

|mtmwi` nhddmwmb~ |~i~m| ibn hd |kfmkbm }|mn h~ hb ~jm fmibhba kd hnmb~h~x ~jh| qi| smwjis|

kb`x qh~jhb ~jm dwifmqkwe kd i nh|lk}w|m o}|~hdxhba mzsib|hkb

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Illkwnhba`x ~jm shl~}wm kd qkw`n ibn |klhi` jh|~kwx h| f}lj fkwm nwifi~hl ~jib h~ issmiw|

i~ dhw|~ a`iblm" Kb`x id~mw ~jm bhbm~mmb~j lmb~}wx nkm| i }bhtmw|i` |klhi` fmljibh|f kwhahbi~m

gx qjhlj i smw|kb i ~k~i` |~wibamw ~k xk} ibn qh~j qjkf xk} jitm bk sjx|hli` kw ehb|jhs

lkbbml~hkb fhaj~ bk~ gm i`hmb" Bi~}wi``x |}lj fmljibh|f| mzh|~mn hb ~jm Fhnn`m Iam| ibn

miw`hmw jkqmtmw kb`x ~jm fhnn`m kw }ssmw l`i||m| jin smwfh||hkb ibn fmib| ~k }|m ~jm|m

mzl`}|htm`x" Wm`hahk}| kwnmw| ibn |mlwm~ |klhm~hm| |jiwmn ~jm |ifm ljiwil~mwh|~hl| g}~ ~jmx`ilemn }bhtmw|i`h~x ibn i swhblhs`m kd lkffkb lkb|mb~ kb fmfgmw|jhs

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il~" ^jm Ifmwhlib bi~hkb qi| gkwb gx lkb|~w}hba i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm d}~}wm |k nhtmw|m qmwm ~jm

wm`hahkb| ~winh~hkb| qix| kd `hdm ibn l}`~}wm| kd ~jm smks`m bmq`x iwwhtmn kb ~jm lkb~hbmb~"

I| I`mzh| nm ^kly}mth``m bk~mn hd mi|~ lki|~ Ifmwhlib| ibn ~jm shkbmmw| kd ~jm bkw~j jin

|kfm~jhba hb lkffkb ~jh| qi| ~jm Ghg`m ibn ~jm nkl}fmb~| inks~mn gx ~jm mah|`i~htm kwaib|

ibn hb ~jm |ifm qix ~jk|m hnmi`| iw~hl}`i~mn hb ~jm|m nkl}fmb~|" H~ h| sk||hg`m hb ~jh| qix

gx ~jm kwhmb~i~hkb kd ~jm ti`}m lkb|~w}l~hkb kd ~jh| |smlhdhl bi~hkb bk~ kb ~jm si|~ g}~ kb ~jmd}~}wm ~k mzs`ihb ~jm sks}`iwh~x kd hb|~h~}~hkbi` wm`hahkb hb ~jh| lk}b~wx" Gmhba Ifmwhlib h|

|k hbnhthn}i`h|~hl ibn |k nhwml~mn ~kqiwn qkwehba k}~ i |~wi~max kd smw|kbi` |i`ti~hkb ~ji~ ~jm

itmwiam Ifmwhlib |jk}`n bk~ dmm` ibx ehbn kd nh|lkfdkw~ gx hblkwskwi~hkb hb~k |kfm wm`hahkb

kw k~jmw" Kb ~jm lkb~wiwx ~ji~ il~ siw~hlhsi~hkb hb wm`hahk}| qkw|jhs |jk}`n i||h|~ jhf hb

dmm`hba i d}`` fmfgmw kd ~jm Ifmwhlib bi~hkb" I`` ~jm |ifm H libbk~ |ix ~ji~ i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm

si|~ s`ix| bk siw~ hb ~jm lkb|~w}l~hkb kd Ifmwhlib bi~hkbi`h~x" ^knix i G}nnjh|~ kw F}|`hf

i| Ifmwhlib swm|hnmb~ h| hblkblmhtig`m"

I| diw i| k`n M}wksmib ibn kwhmb~i` bi~hkb| iwm lkblmwbmn ~jmhw k`nbm|| h~ issmiw| h|

fibhdm|~mn d}bnifmb~i``x hb lkb|~w}hba i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm si|~" ^jm mn}li~hkb |x|~mf i|

Am``bmw |ihn ~iem| ~k ~jm smks`m ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi ibn ~jm fi|| fmnhi i| Ibnmw|kb |ihnlwmi~m| ~jm gi|h| kd bi~hkbi`h~x" Hb i qjk`m wibam kd lk}b~whm| nh|lk}w|m kb l}`~}wi` hnmb~h~x

h| hfsk||hg`m qh~jk}~ mzs`hlh~ fmb~hkb kd ~jm jh|~kwx kd wm`hahkb *Swk~m|~ib~ ibn Kw~jknkz

lk}b~whm| kwhmb~i` lk}b~whm| qjmwm qkw|jhs h| jm`n hb ~jm bi~hkbi` `iba}iam i`|k Li~jk`hl

lk}b~whm| qjk|m l}`~}wm qi| l`k|m`x `hbemn ~k Li~jk`hlh|f hb ~jm hbtmb~hkb kd ~winh~hkb(" Hb ~jh|

li|m ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi illkfs`h|jm| ~jm |swmin kd wm`hahkb ibn illkwnhba`x ~jh| tmwx mi|h`x

gmlkfm| ~jm m|~ig`h|jfmb~ kd wm`hahk|h~x gx ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi i| kbm kd h~| kqb fknm|" Hb ~jh|

hb|~iblm ~jm nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f kd wm`hahkb h| wmi`hmn }bjhbnmwmn ibn ~qk qix| wmfihb dkw

~jm hb|~h~}~hkbi` dkwf| kd wm`hahkb? mh~jmw ~jmx f}|~ iawmm qh~j nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f *hb ~jh| li|m

~jmx qh`` jitm a}iwib~mmn i `iwam b}fgmw kd injmwmb~| ibn Umtmb hd kb`x dkwfi``xV ~jm |}sskw~

kd ~jm sk`h~hli` + bi~hkbi` infhbh|~wi~hkb( kw ~jmx f}|~ i~~mfs~ ~k s`ix ib hbnmsmbnmb~ aifmibn qkwe ~k lwmi~m i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm d}~}wm"

Gm|hnm| jh|~kwhli` lkbnh~hkb| ibn ~jm sk`h~hli` mbthwkbfmb~ ~jm ljkhlm kd ~jm hb|~h~}~hkbi`

nmtm`ksfmb~ kd i |smlhdhl lj}wlj h| nmsmbnmb~ kb |smlhdhl smks`m qjk ~iem |smlhdhl nmlh|hkb|

i~ i |smlhdhl ~hfm" ^jh| nmlh|hkb h| mzswm||mn tmwgi``x ~j}|? Qji~ f}|~ ~jm Lj}wlj nk;

|}gfh~ h~|m`d ~k ~jm hnmi kd bi~hkbi`h|f ibn gmlkfm nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn kw qkwe ~k m`igkwi~m

i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm d}~}wm mb~hwm`x nhwml~hba h~|m`d ~kqiwn kddmwhba |smlhdhl smks`m hb|~h~}~hkb|

kd smw|kbi` |i`ti~hkb ibn ~k }bh~hba h~| injmwmb~| }bnmw i |~wi~max kd |i`ti~hkb" Hb ~jh| li|m

h~ mb~mw| hb~k lkfsm~h~hkb qh~j ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi ibn qh~j bi~hkbi` hb|~h~}~hkb| qjhlj gm|hnm|

i qjk`m wibam kd intib~iam|>3 i`wminx kddmw ~jmhw kqb dk``kqmw| i nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn

wm`hahkb kw hb k~jmw qkwn| f}lj fkwm ~jib i ~wib|lmbnmb~i` lj}wlj lk}`n kddmw" Kd lk}w|m i

~wib|lmbnmb~i` wm`hahkb| kddmwhba h| f}lj fkwm fmiawm *hb dkwf| kd lkb~mb~ ibn mzswm||hkb h~h| ~jm whljm|~ kd i`` hbl`}nhba kwhmb~i` wm`hahkb(" H~ h| dkw ~jh| wmi|kb ~ji~ ~wib|lmbnmb~i` wm`hahkb

jksm`m||`x `k|m| ~jm |~w}aa`m qh~j nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn wm`hahkb dkw ~jm b}fgmw kd injmwmb~|"

Jkqmtmw ~jh| nmdmi~ hb bk qix fmib| |ml}`iwhi~hkb" Dhw|~`x hb |sh~m kd ~jm dil~ ~ji~

~wib|lmbnmb~i` lj}wljakhba h| `kq h~ qh`` |~h`` gm fkwm ~jib h~ qi| hb ~jm Fhnn`m Iam|"

\mlkbn`x hb ~mwf| kd |~w}l~}wm ibn qkw|jhs i nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn wm`hahkb nkm| bk~ nhddmw

i~ i`` dwkf i ~wib|lmbnmb~i` kbm ibn hb fibx li|m| i| i lwmi~kw ibn swm|mwtmw kd i ~winh~hkb

kd ~jm si|~ h~ lib ~}wb k}~ ~k gm mtmb |~whl~mw" ^jh| |jk}`n mzs`ihb ~ji~ y}ib~h~i~htm dil~ i|

~k qjx lj}wljakhba h|

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qh~j ~jm smwlmb~iam kd qmme`x lj}wljakmw| qm i`|k bmmn ~k ~iem ~jm awkq~j hb mtibam`hli` ibn

k~jmw jk}|m lj}wljm| hb~k illk}b~>7"

Ib hb~mwfmnhi~m `mtm` kd lj}wljakhba hb ~jm wibam > qm |~h`` libbk~ |ix ~ji~ ~jh| nmlh|hkb ji| gmmb d}``x hfs`mfmb~mn" Hb

~jm nh|lk}w|m kd wmswm|mb~i~htm| kd ~jm Amkwahib Kw~jknkz Lj}wlj |~wi~mahm| nhwml~mn ~kqiwn

i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm d}~}wm iwm |~h`` dwmy}mb~ qjhlj hb i lmw~ihb |mb|m h| `hbemn ~k ~jm sktmw~x kd

siw~ kd |klhm~x ibn qm fix |ix ~k i `k|| kd |klhi` jksm"

Dkw ~jh| wmi|kb hb~mwswm~hba y}ib~h~i~htm ni~i kb |ilwi`hi~hkb ibn |ml}`iwhi~hkb bmlm||h~i~m|bk~ ~jm hb~wkn}l~hkb kd innh~hkbi` tiwhig`m| g}~ wi~jmw ib ibi`x|h| kd ~jm nh|l}w|htm ibn

hb|~h~}~hkbi` swil~hlm| kd wm`hahkb|"

Ib hblwmi|m hb d}bnifmb~i`h|f lk}`n gm ib hbnhwml~ hbnhli~kw kd ~jk|m |klhm~hm| qjmwm wm`hahkb

h| nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn wmaiwn`m|| kd `kli~hkb hb ~jm qkw`n ibn lwmmn iddh hi~hkb" ^jm

mzswm||hkb kd ~jh| d}bnifmb~i`h|f tiwhm| dwkf il~| kd ~mwwkwh|f ~k kssk|h~hkb ~k ~jm hb|mw~hkb

kd wm`hahk}| ~k`mwiblm hb mn}li~hkb `iq| ibn ~k kssk|h~hkb ~k wm|~whl~hkb| kb ~miljhba wm`hahkb

hb |ljkk`"

^j}| d}bnifmb~i`h|~ |klhm~hm| lib gm kb ~jm `h|~ kd mh~jmw nmtm`ksmn kw nmtm`kshba lk}b~whm|"

^jm ambmwi`hmn wm|skb|m kd ~jm|m |klhm~hm| ~k lji``mbam| iwh|hba hb ~jm a`kgi` qkw`n tiwhm| g}~

bk~ jkq ~jmx thmq ~jm|m lji``mbam|"H~ qk}`n issmiw ~ji~ ~jm swkdh`m kd mtmwx |smlhdhl |klhm~x ibn ~jm ~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f kw

nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f kd h~| wm`hahkb| iwm nmsmbnmb~ kb |smlhdhl sk`h~hli` lhwl}f|~iblm| ibn kb

~jm |smlhdhl nmlh|hkb| kd |smlhdhl smks`m" Illkwnhba`x ~jm fkwm lj}wlj jhmwiwljhm| fhaj~

wmth|h~ ~jm nmlh|hkb kw fhaj~ ljkk|m i ~wib|lmbnmb~i` mll`m|hi|~hlh|f ~jm fkwm ~jm b}fgmw kd

qmme`x lj}wljakmw| qh`` nml`hbm i`~jk}aj h~ h| sk||hg`m ~ji~ ~jm b}fgmw| kd lj}wlj qmnnhba|

ibn gis~h|f| fhaj~ hblwmi|m i| i swklm|| kd siw~iehba hb ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi kw ~winh~hkb"

Ibn ~jm lkbtmw|m? ^jm fkwm lj}wljm| ibn wm`hahkb| hb ~jm qkw`n |m~ k}~ kb ~jm si~j kd

nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f ~jm fkwm ~jm b}fgmw kd lj}wljakmw| qh`` hblwmi|m ibn ~jm fkwm ~jm

lj}wlj+wm`hahkb qh`` i~~mfs~ ~k gmlkfm ib m||mb~hi` i~~whg}~m kd ~jm bi~hkbi`h|~ |~i~m"

Dkw ~jh| wmi|kb qjmb qm nh|l}|| |ml}`iwhi~hkb ibn |ilwi`hi~hkb qm f}|~ i`qix| ~iem hb~k

illk}b~ |smlhdhl wm`hahk}| swil~hlm| ibn nh|lk}w|m|" Kb`x id~mw ibi`xhba ~jm|m h| h~ sk||hg`m ~killk}b~ dkw ~jm wm`hahk}| wmi`h~x iwk}bn }|"

H fix ~j}| dkwf}`i~m fx sk|h~hkb hb ~jm nmgi~m kb |ml}`iwhi~hkb gx fiehba ~jm dk``kqhba

skhb~|?

9" Hb fk|~ lk}b~whm| kd ~jm qkw`n ~jm |swmin kd ~jm bi~hkbi`h|~ hnmi ibn kd wm`hahk|h~x ibn ~jmhw

sk~mb~hi` ~k gmlkfm }bhtmw|i` kll}w |hf}`~ibmk}|`x *id~mw 9:33( ibn iwm illkfs`h|jmn gx ~jm

|ifm hb|~w}fmb~| *mn}li~hkb ibn ~jm fi|| fmnhi("

7" ^jm kwhahb kd ~jm bi~hkbi` hnmi h| hb fk|~ li|m| gi|mn kb ~jm lkb~mfskwiwx hnmi kd

wm`hahk|h~x" ^jm hbtmb~hkb kd i bi~hkbi` ~winh~hkb h| hb fk|~ li|m| gi|mn kb ~jm hbtmb~hkb kd i

wm`hahk}| ~winh~hkb5 ~j}| ~jm ghw~j kd i bi~hkb h| `hbemn ~k ~jm }bhtmw|i` hb|~h~}~hkbi`hi~hkb

kd wm`hahkb" Hb fk|~ |klhm~hm| h~ qk}`n issmiw i bi~hkbi` hnmk`kax ibn ~winh~hkb qh`` iwh|m dwkf~jm hbtmb~hkb kd i ~winh~hkb kd ~jm }bhtmw|i`h~x kd wm`hahkb"

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9" Shssi Bkwwh| ibn Wkbi`n Hba`mjiw~" \ilwmn ibn \ml}`iw? Wm`hahkb ibn Sk`h~hl|

Qkw`nqhnm Lifgwhnam ]bhtmw|h~x Swm|| 733>" s" 9"

7" Hghn" s"9"

&4"

9=" Ibnwmq Awmm`mx Wm`hahkb i| Skm~wx" Bmq Gw}b|qhle BO? wib|il~hkb S}g`h|jmw|"

988="

94" Wknbmx \~iwe ^jm Wh|m kd Ljwh|~hibh~x? I |klhk`kah|~ wmlkb|hnmw| jh|~kwx"

Swhblm~kb? Swhblm~kb ]bhtmw|h~x Swm||" 9884"

91" Hghn" 8&93"

9:" Nithn Fiw~hb ^kqiwn| m`hfhbi~hba ~jm lkblms~ kd |ml}`iwhi~hkb hb Smba}hb

\}wtmx kd ~jm \klhi` \lhmblm| mn" O}`h}| Ak}`n" Jiwfkbnqkw~j *]E(? Smba}hb Gkke|

984="

98" Qh``hif J" \qi~k| Ow" ^jm Wm`mtiblm kd Wm`hahkb? Hlm`ibn ibn \ml}`iwhi~hkb

^jmkwx Ok}wbi` dkw ~jm \lhmb~hdhl \~}nx kd Wm`hahkb 7 8&9="

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7" Mwhl Jkg|giqf ibn ^mwmblm Wibamw mn|" ^jm Hbtmb~hkb kd ^winh~hkb" Lifgwhnam

]bhtmwh|~x Swm||" 9887"

7=" Hb ~jm f}`~hs`hlh~x kd |klhi` hb|~h~}~hkb| dkw mzifs`m"

74" ^jh| hblwmi|m hb wm`hahk}| d}bnifmb~i`h|f hb nmtm`kshba lk}b~whm| h| hb ~jm

i||m||fmb~ kd hb~m``ml~}i`| ibn wmswm|mb~i~htm| kd ~jm |klhi` |lhmblm| i`hmb ~k ~jm

hffibmb~ lkb~mb~ kd ~jm|m wm`hahkb| *dkw mzifs`m Ignk} Dh`i`h&Ib|iwx H|`if ibn

@hgmwi` Nmfklwilx? ^jm Lji``ibam kd \ml}`iwhi~hkb Ok}wbi` kd Nmfklwilx 1"7

*9884(? 14&:3("

71" Hb k~jmw qkwn| i| qm bk~mn igktm qjmb nmi`hba qh~j Gw}lm| ~jmkwx dkwf| kd

wm`hahk}| `hdm iwm gmlkfhba fkwm ~k`mwib~ ibn fkwm ksmb"

7:" \~mtm Gw}lm Akn h| Nmin? \ml}`iwhzi~hkb hb ~jm Qm|~" G`ileqm``" 7337"

78" \qi~k| \ml}`iwhi~hkb ^jmkwx 1"

3" \ml}wh~x |x|~mf| mn}li~hkb skqmw nmdhbh~m d}~}wm |~wi~mahm| m~l" hb |jkw~

mtmwx~jhba ~ji~ i fknmwb |~i~m ji| kw lk}`n jitm"

8/3/2019 Gigi Tevzadze. Secularization and the Birth of a Nation (identity Studies. Vol.2. 2010)

15/15

>9" ^jh| hb bk qix hfs`hm| ~ji~ ~jm lj}wlj hb Nmbfiwe ibn ambmwi``x hb ~jm Swk~m|~ib~

lk}b~whm| kd bkw~jmwb M}wksm h| skkw" Qm fix wmaiwn aktmwbfmb~ lkb~whg}~hkb| ~k

~jm|m lj}wljm| i| hb|~h~}~hkbi` awi~h~}nm dkw ~jmhw bk~ gmlkfhba nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`hmn

ibn lwmi~hba d}w~jmw jminiljm| dkw ~jm lk}b~wx| |ml}wh~x" H~ qk}`n issmiw ~ji~

nm~wib|lmbnmb~i`h|f i`qix| lkb~ihb| i nibamw kd ib hblwmi|m hb d}bnifmb~i`h|f"

>7" \mm qqq"jmqm~~"bkwdk`e"|lj"}e"

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