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CU TO NH DN DNG

1. CC B PHN CHNH CA NH DN DNG

Nh l do cc cu kin thng ng, cc b phn nm ngang, phng tin giao thng v cc b phn khc t hp thnh.

- Cc cu kin thng ng gm: mng, tng, ct, ca.

- Cc b phn nm ngang gm: nn, sn, mi (trong c h dm hoc dn).

- Cc phng tin giao thng nh hnh lang, cu thang.

- Cc b phn khc nh ban cng, lgia, vng, mi ht, mng nc, sn

Cn c vo tc dng c th phn thnh cc b phn nh sau (hnh 05): 1.1. Mng

Mng l cu kin di t, n chu ton b ti trng nh v truyn ti trng ny xung nn ngoi yu cu n nh v bn chc, mng cn phi c kh nng chng thm, chng m vchng n mn.

1.2. Tng v ct

Tc dng ch yu ca tng l phn nh thnh cc phng, ngoi ra cn l kt cu bao che chu c lc ca nh. Tng v ct chu ti trng ca sn gc v mi, do yu cu phi ccng ln, cng cao, bn chc v n nh. Tng ngoi phi c kh nng chng c nhhng ng ca thin nhin nh ma, nng, gi, bo; chng c nhit bc x ca mt tri vc kh nng cch, m cnh nhit nht nh.

1.3. Ca s, ca i

Tc dng ca ca s l thng gi v ly nh sng hoc ngn che. Ca i ngoi tc dng githng v ngn cch, cng c khi c mt tc dng nht nh ly nh sng v thng gi. Do din tch ca ln hay ca nh v hnh dng ca ca phi tho mn cc yu cu trn. Thit k to cn ch phng ma, gi, lau chi thun tin. Trong mt s cng trnh, ca cn phi yu cucch m, cch nhit v c kh nng phng ho cao.

1.4. Sn gc

Sn gc c cu to bi dm v bn sn chu ti trng ca ngi, vt v cc trang thit bdng. Sn gc ta ln tng hay ct thng qua dm. Sn gc phi c cng kin c bn lucch m. Mt sn phi c kh nng chng mi mn, khng sinh ra bi, d lm v sinh v h sht bi nhit nh. Ngoi ra c mt s ni yu cu sn phi c kh nng chng thm v phng

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ho tt.

1.5. Cu thang

Cu thang l phng tin giao thng theo chiu thng ng. Cu thang c kt cu chu lc bng

bn hoc bn dm. Yu cu cu to phi bn vng v kh nng phng ho cao, i li d dngthoi mi v an ton.

1.6. Mi

L b phn nm ngang hoc c t nghing theo chiu nc chy. c cu to bi h ddn, bn hoc cc tm lp. Mi va l b phn chu lc, ng thi l kt cu bao che gi ta tng hoc ct thng qua dm, dn. Do yu cu kt cu ca mi phi m bo c bn lkhng thm nc, thot nc nhanh v cch nhit tt.

1.7. Cc b phn khc

Ban cng, lgia, vng, mng nc, bp l, ng khi, toa khi, g pho ch, b nc ngm, bnc mi, b pht... tu theo v tr u phi c nhng yu cu v tc dng thch ng.

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2. H THNG KT CU CHU LC CA NH DN DNG

c im ca nh dn dng, tr loi nh cng cng c khng gian ln nh hi trng, rp hnh n v.v, cn cc nh khc th khng gian tng i nh, chiu rng ca gian nh t 3-6m; b dy ca nh t 12-15m, thng t 8-9m, nh khng cao lm. Do thng dng tng chulc l ch yu. Khi nh cao trn 5 tng hoc nhng ni t yu thng dng khung btng thp.

H thng kt cu chu lc ca nh dn dng thng c my loi: - H thng kt cu tng chu lc.

- H thng kt cu khung chu lc.

- H thng kt cu khng gian.

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2.1. H thng kt cu tng chu lc

H thng chu lc chnh ca nh l tng, xy bng gch hoc bng , cng c khi lm tnc bng btng ct thp nu l lp ghp.

2.1.1. Tng ngang chu lc Dng tng ngang ngn cch cc phng lm tng chu ton b ti trng ca sn v mi. Trocc nh c mi dc thng dng tng thu hi lm kt cu chu lc chnh; cng c khi dng hthc sn bn dm, sn gc panen, mi bng hoc mi v mng. Cn tng dc l tng t mang,do b dy ca tng ch yu do yu cu v cch nhit quyt nh, c th lm tng i mthng thng l tng mt gch (220) (hnh 06).

u im:

- Kt cu n gin, t dm, sn gc nhp nh, tn t btng v thp nn gi thnh r.

- Tng ngn gia cc phng tng i dy nn cch m tt.

- cng ngang ca nh ln.

- Ca s c th c kch thc ln.

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- Cu to lgia d dng.

Nhc im:

- Tng ngang dy v nhiu nn tn vt liu, chim nhiu din tch v tng ti trng ca mng.

- Kh nng chu lc ca tng dc cha c tn dng.

- B tr khng gian ca cc phng khng c linh hot, cc phng thng phi bng nhau, nkhc nhau phi lm nhiu loi panen.

Loi tng ngang chu lc thch hp vi iu kin kh hu nng, gi bo nhiu v trnh lghp cn thp. Thng p dng vi cc nh nh, t tng v cc bc gian nh hn 4000.

2.1.2. Tng dc chu lc

Kt cu chu lc ca nh l tng dc. Mi c th dng hnh thc bn v ko hoc thanh ko l mi dc.

m bo cng ngang nh, cch mt khong nht nh phi c tng ngang dy l tnn nh; thng li dng tng cu thang lm tng n nh (hnh 07).

u im:

- Tn dng c kh nng chu lc ca tng ngoi.

- Din tch tng ngang nh, tit kim c vt liu v din tch.

- B tr mt bng tng i linh hot, khng b hn ch bi panen.

Nhc im:

- Tng ngn gia cc phng tng i mng, kh nng cch m km.

- Ca s m b hn ch.

- Nu l mi dc th dng g tng i nhiu.

- Nu l mi bng th tn nhiu ximng v thp.

Loi kt cu tng dc chu lc thng p dng nhiu vi nh hnh lang gia.

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2.1.3. Tng ngang v tng dc chu lc

Mi tng u ly tng ngang v tng dc chu lc. Sn gc thng chu lc theo hai phnC khi cn dng hnh thc phn tng chu lc. Loi ny thng dng cho nh hnh lang bn.

2.2. H thng kt cu khung chu lc

2.2.1. Khung chu lc khng hon ton (khung khuyt)

Trong cc ngi nh, c bc gian tng i rng hay mt bng phn chia khng gian khng theomt quy cch nht nh, h thng kt cu ca nh c th lm hnh thc khung khng hon to chia sn v mi. Ngoi vic li dng tng ngoi chu lc c th dng tng trong hoct lm kt cu chu lc. Hnh thc ny mt bng b tr tng i linh hot, nhng dng nhi btng v thp hn so vi tng chu lc, lin kt gia tng v dm phc tp. nhng ni yu d sinh ra hin tng tng v ct ln khng u, nh hng n cht lng cng trnh(hnh 08).

2.2.2. Khu ng chu lc hon ton (khung trn)

Kt cu chu lc ca nh l dm v ct, tng ch l kt cu bao che, do tng c th dngliu nh, n nh ch yu ca nh da vo khung.

Vt liu lm khung thng lm btng ct thp v thp hoc bng g. Hnh thc kt cu ny (tr

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khung g) t dng trong cc nh dn dng bnh thng v tn nhiu ximng v thp, do chnn dng i vi nh cao tng hoc nh cng cng (hnh 09).

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2.3. H thng kt cu khng gian

Trong cc nh dn dng c yu cu khng gian ln nh rp ht, rp xic, nh n, nh th thaomi... ngoi cc phng n kt cu nu trn ra, cng c th p dng quy lut v nguyn tchnh cu trc ca cc sinh thc vt theo phng sinh hc kin trc nh:

- Sn khng gian ba chiu: phng theo cu trc ca u khp xng ng vt.

- Hnh thc mt xp: phng theo cu trc ca l bung, l da.

- Hnh thc v mng: phng theo cu trc v trng, v s, s ng vt.

- Hnh thc kt cu dy cng: phng theo cu trc ca mng nhn.

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H thng kt cu chu lc khng gian thi cng v cu to phc tp. Tm li, chn cc s clc ca nh dn dng. Ngoi vic ch n phng din chu lc, d dng thi cng v kinh tV phng din cu to cn ch tng v mi phi c kh nng cch nhit v gi nhit nhnh. Sn gc v vch ngn c kh nng cch m cao. Hnh thc cu to n gin, cc cu ki

v vt liu dng rng ri, trng lng cc cu kin khng ln qu, hp vi iu kin thi cng

Chng 1

NN MNG

1.1. V TR, TC DNG V C IM

Nn mng l phn t nm di y mng chu ton b hoc phn ln ti trng cng trnh xung, cn gi l nn t.

Cn c vo cc lp t trong tng khu vc xy dng cng trnh, ngi ta c cc phng n xnn mng khc nhau.

Trc khi xy dng phi tin hnh iu tra thm d, kho st, phn tch c th v cht t. Tihnh th nghim xc nh cng chu nn ca nn t. m bo cho cng trnh khng b bin dng, ln, nt th phi tho mn iu kin sau: ng sut y mng (m) do ti trngcng trnh sinh ra nh hn hoc bng cng chu nn ca nn t (Rn- Kg/cm2).

1.2. PHN LOI

C 2 loi nn mng:

- Nn mng t nhin.

- Nn mng gia c (nhn to).

1.3. CU TO

1.3.1. Nn mng t nhin

L nn mng m bn thn n kh nng chu lc cho cng trnh. Khi ng sut y mng(m) do ti trng cng trnh sinh ra nh hn hoc bng cng chu nn ca nn t (RnNu iu kin a cht thu vn m bo, th ta c th xy dng mng trn nn t y m khcn gia c (hnh 1.01).

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1.3.2. Nn mng gia c (nhn to)

L nn mng m bn thn n khng kh nng chu lc cho cng trnh, lc ny ta cn gia ccho nn mng tng kh nng chu nn ca nn t. C nhiu cch gia c, nhng thng thhay dng kiu nn t v nn cc.

1.3.2.1. Nn t: c hai bin php x l nn t.

Khi cng chu nn ca t xp x bng ng sut y mng, ta tin hnh m cht t v cth cho thm , si, dm ri m cht li, sau xy mng ln trn.

Khi t qu xu c th thay lp t xu bng lp t khc, c kh nng lm vic tt hn. Thl ct to, t c hoc si m k.

1.3.2.2. Nn cc

Tc dng ca cc l lm tng sc chu lc cho nn t. C nhng lc tng cng ch yu nh - Lc ma st quanh thn cc.

- Lc nn ca t tng ln do t b nm cht.

- Phn lc sinh ra mi cc.

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Tu theo cch lm vic ca mi loi cc m phn ra:

Cc chng (cc ct).

L loi cc ng xuyn qua lp t xu trn ti lp t tt, truyn ti trng trc tip n l

t ny. Sc chng chnh ca loi cc ny l phn lc mi cc. Cc ct p dng trong trng hp lp t pha trn dy khong 4-10m. Vt liu lm cc ctthng l g v btng ct thp (hnh 1.02).

Cc nm (cc treo)

L loi cc ng lng chng trong lp t xu, sc chng chnh l lc ma st quanh thn cv c tc dng nm cht t.

Dng trong trng hp lp t pha trn dy hn 10m. Loi cc ny thi cng phc tp, gi thnhcao hn cc ct. Vt liu thng dng l tre, g, ct, btng ct thp (hnh 1.03).

1.3.3. Gii thiu mt s loi cc thng dng

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1.2.3.1. Cc tre

L loi cc nm, thng dng cho nh dn dng t tn (hnh 1.04).

Dng loi tre ti, gi, loi tre c, chn on gc c ng knh 70-100, di 1500- 2500, chtvt mi cc. Thng thng ng 20-25 cc/m2.

Cc tre phi ng trong t m, di mc ngm. Nu nn t kh, tre s mau b ph hu.

1.3.3.2. Cc g

L loi cc ct hay cc nm, thng dng cho nh dn dng ln hay nh cng nghip.

Dng g nhm 4 hoc 5 nh d, mung, trm... tit din 150150, 200200 hay g trn 160-320. C th ni cc bng bulng hoc inh a. u cc bc bng ai thp, mi cc c bt bthp nhn. Cc g ng ni m t khi mc (hnh 1.05).

1.3.3.3. Cc btng ct thp

L loi cc chng, thng dng cho nh dn dng nhiu tng hoc nh cng nghip c ti trln. Cc btng ct thp bn vng chng c s xm thc ca cc ha cht ho tan trong n

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di nn.

Kch thc cc tu theo yu cu tnh ton, tit din c th hnh vung hoc tam gic, di t 6-20m v hn na. C th ni cc btng ct thp ph hp vi phng tin vn chuyn v ng cc (hnh 1.06).

1.3.3.4. Cc ct

L loi cc nm, thng dng cho nh dn dng t tng v khu vc khng c nc ngm.

Thng dng g, ng thp c phn m mi cc. Nhi ct tng lp t 500-700 ri ti ncm cht bng chy hoc m rung. Cc ct c ng knh t 300-500, chiu di 1000 (hnh1.07).

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