GHG ASSESSMENT: CARBON · PDF fileGHG ASSESSMENT: CARBON FOOTPRINT Program Latihan National...

GHG ASSESSMENT:

CARBON FOOTPRINT

Program Latihan

National Corporate GHG Reporting

Programme for Malaysia (MYCarbon)

Ministry of Natural Resources and

Environment

By:

Radin Diana R. Ahmad

25th May 2015

2 Copyright © 2015 TNB Research

Outline of Presentation

• Introduction

• Setting Organizational Boundaries.

• Setting Operational Boundaries.

• Calculation Approaches.

Note: The presentation slides prepared were referred to GHG Protocol , previous MYCARBON workshop and TNBR:R&D Carbon Footprint Assessment Study


• Term on man-made greenhouse gases -Anthropogenic emissions


Global GHG Emissions by Source1 Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels 1990-

20082

Source: 1. IPCC (2007) based on global emissions from 2004.

Human-Induced Greenhouse Effect

Increased emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere

Global Warming Climate Change

2. Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres (2010). Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions.

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak

Ridge, Tenn.,U.S.A. doi10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2010.


Identify Manage Reduce

• What is carbon footprint?

- The total set of GHG emissions caused by an

organisation, event, product or person.

• How can carbon footprint help?


• The carbon footprint includes main GHG’s such as CO2, N2O, CH4, HFC, PFC and SF6 in the carbon Footprint analysis according to the applicability.

•HFC and SF6 emissions are normally insignificant (1%). However, these GHG emissions are estimated in the national GHG inventory. Proper monitoring procedures should be established to identify the sources and to enable proper mitigation actions.

•The carbon footprint analysis is a subset to the comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

•The amount of carbon emissions directly relates to the level of environmental harm and fossil fuel energy use.

GHG Chemical symbol

Carbon Dioxide CO2

Methane CH4

Nitrous Oxide N2O

Hydrofluorocarbons HFC

Perflurocarbons PFC

Sulphur hexafluoride SF6

The Kyoto basket of six GHG.


• To compare emissions of various technologies, total CO2 amounts emitted throughout a system’s life must be calculated.

• Emissions can be direct (during power plant operation) and indirect (during other non-operational phases life cycle).

• Fossil fuelled technologies have the largest carbon footprints because they burn these fuels during operation.

• Furthermore, with the implementation of the carbon footprint study, a company will have a quantification of the GHG emissions which will determine where it stand in the overall context of GHG emissions.

Introduction To The Carbon Footprint – cont’


1. Our Prime Minister’s commitment to the

world at COP 15 to reduce Malaysia’s

emissions intensity by 40% per GDP by 2020.

2. Increase of regulatory policies globally.

- USEPA, the first to impose GHG limits on

power plants

3. Social awareness


• Why work out a carbon footprint?

• The increasing interest in ‘carbon footprinting’ comes as a result of growing

public awareness of global warming. The global community now recognises the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Countries, organisations and individuals alike are starting to take responsibility.

• Businesses and services that are not currently regulated under the Kyoto

protocol may wish to preempt future regulations, and may find marketing advantages in being ‘green’. Calculating a carbon footprint can be a valuable first step towards making quantifiable emissions reductions. This in turn can lead to long term financial savings as well as reducing climate-change impact (Stern 2006)


Who Has Done It So Far?


• How to determine which of your company’s operations to

include in your inventory

• Two approaches to determine a company’s

organizational boundaries

• Why an entity might choose one approach over another


• Boundaries: Imaginary lines encompassing the emissions to include

in a company’s GHG inventory

1.Organizational boundaries

• Determine which company operations to include

2.Operational boundaries

• Determine which emissions sources to include

• Determine how to categorize emissions


• Company Z participates in 3 facilities, of

which only one is fully owned and the rest

are joint operations. Its business

relationship with each of the facilities is as

follows:

Facility Financial Control (Yes/No)

Operational Control (Yes/No)

Ownership

A No No 25%

B No Yes 50%

C Yes No 100%


• In table below, apply the consolidation

approach on the total emissions of these 3

facilities:

Facility Total Facility Level Emissions

Emissions

Financial Control Approach

Operational Control Approach

Equity Share Approach

A 500

B 1000

C 1000


• Which sources of emissions to include in an inventory

• The difference between direct and indirect emissions

• How to classify emissions under Scopes 1, 2, and 3

• How to prevent double-counting emissions

• How to classify emissions from leased assets


Resource Purpose and Relevancy

Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national greenhouse gas inventory guidance manuals

Developed for national level inventories, but may be useful for company-level estimates in the absence of other data.

The GHG Protocol (WRI/WBCSD) - A corporate accounting and reporting standard

Standardized, international, GHG emissions reporting protocol.

Provides more detailed explainations and examples than the ISO standard but does not provide much detail on making calculations.

ISO 14064 standards for greenhouse gas accounting and verification

Covers only procedures for conducting the inventory but provides little guidance in actually calculating emissions.


Resource Purpose and Relevancy

U.S. EPA Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories

Provide guidance to states on estimating emissions of each of the Kyoto GHGs

UK Department of Environment, Transport and Regions Guidelines for Company Reporting on GHG Emissions

Provides guidance on boundary questions as well as emissions estimation for fossil fuel combustion

California Climate Registry It served as a voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) registry to protect and promote early actions to reduce GHG emissions by organizations. California Registry provided leadership on climate change by developing credible, accurate, and consistent GHG reporting standards and building tools for organizations to measure, monitor, third-party verify and reduce their GHG emissions consistently across industry sectors and geographical borders.


– The GHG Protocol is a multi-stakeholder partnership of

businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

governments, and others convened by the World

Resources Institute (WRI), a U.S. – based

environmental NGO, and the WBCSD, a Geneva-based

coalition of 170 international companies.

– The tools are consistent with those proposed by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for

compilation of emissions at the national level.

– GHG Protocol provides 3 scopes (scope 1, scope 2 and

scope 3) are defined for GHG accounting and reporting

purposes.


• From sources that are owned or controlled

by the company


• From the use of import energy


• Emissions that are a consequence of the company’s

activities, but occur from sources not owned or controlled

by the company


Identification of the main types of

emission sources under each scope


Methodological

Approach


• How to identify and calculate emissions

• Where to find helpful calculation tools

• How to combine emissions from all of your

organization’s facilities


Identifying sources

Select calculation approach

Collect data and choose emission factors

Apply calculation tools

Roll-up data to company level


2006 IPCC Guidelines

for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• Revised 1996 Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty

Management in National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories


GHG Accounting and Reporting shall be based on the following principles: • Relevance

– Reflects the GHG emissions of the company and serves the decision making needs of users – both internal and external to the company

• Completeness – Account and report on all GHG emission sources and activities within the

chosen inventory boundary

• Consistency – Use consistent methodologies to allow for meaningful comparisons of

emissions over time

• Transparency – Address all relevant issues in a factual and coherent manner, based on clear

audit trail

• Accuracy – Ensure that the quantification of GHG emissions is systematically neither over

nor under actual emissions and uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable


Direct measurement CEMS - Monitor concentration, flow rate

Mass Balance

Emissions are calculated based on mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to a

faculty or process.

Generic Emission Factor The most common approach. Emissions are

calculated by applying documented emission factors.

Site Specific Emission Factor Emission factors are derived from carbon

content of the fuel.

Companies should use the most accurate calculation approach available to them and is appropriate for their reporting context.

Refer to questionnaire


• Activity data is information used to calculate GHG emissions from combustion and other processes, for example, this could be litres of fuel consumed

• Most activity data is easy to obtain, relatively accurate and can be found on bills, invoices and receipts

• It is best to collect activity data by volume or mass (e.g. litres of petrol used) as emissions can be calculated more accurately

• If it is not possible to calculate emissions from unknown activity data, estimated values can be used provided the basis of the estimation should be clearly described.

Sample of Activity Data


• Information include fuel properties, carbon content, and etc…

• 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories can be used as a reference to derive emission factors if local carbon emission factors are not available


Assessment

Approach


• The IPCC categorises its calculation

methods into ‘tiers’ based on the level of

methodological complexity i.e.

– Tier 1: Basic method. Usually involves

the use of default emission factors

– Tier 2: Intermediate

– Tier 3: Most demanding in terms of

complexity and data requirements


Stationary Combustion

• Tier 1/Tier 3. Fuel Use x Emission Factor

• Required Data for Each Fuel Type

– Fuel Consumption Data (e.g. in kg, litres)

– Fuel Density (kg/L)

– Net Calorific Value (TJ/kg)

– Basic Technology and Configuration



Fuel Use (Volume) Density Fuel Use (Mass)

Litres kg/Litres kg

Fuel Use (Mass) NCV Fuel Use (Energy)

kg TJ/kg TJ

Fuel Use (Energy) Emission Factor Fuel Use (Emissions)

TJ kg GHG/TJ kg GHG


Calculation for Stationary Combustion


Mobile Combustion

• Tier 1. Fuel Use x Emission Factor

• Required Data for Each Vehicle

– Fuel Purchase Records (RM)

– Fuel Price (RM/Litre)

– Fuel Type (e.g. Petrol)

– Vehicle Type (e.g. 4WD)


Mobile Combustion

Fuel Use (Volume) Density Fuel Use (Mass)

Litres kg/Litres kg

Fuel Use (Mass) NCV Fuel Use (Energy)

kg TJ/kg TJ

Fuel Use (Energy) Emission Factor Fuel Use (Emissions)

TJ kg GHG/TJ kg GHG

Fuel Use (Purchase) Fuel Price Fuel Use (Volume)

RM RM/Litre Litre

Calculation for Mobile Combustion


• Tier 3. Mass Balance

• Required Data for Each Equipment

– Year of Installation

– Amount of SF6 gas refilled (kg)

– Nameplate capacity of SF6 gas in the equipment

– Designed leakage rate

– Pressure (Full and Alarm)

SF6 Emissions


Refrigerant Emissions

• Tier 2a. Emission Factor x Refrigerant

Capacity

• Required Data for Each Equipment

– Refrigerant nameplate capacity (kg)

– Residual amount of HFC in retired equipment

(kg)

– Recovery efficiency at disposal (%)


CO2 Emissions

• Mass balance

• Required Data

– Amount of CO2 cylinders discharged (nos.)

– Capacity of CO2 cylinders discharged (kg)


CO2 Emissions

CO2 Cylinders Used Capacity of CO2 Cylinders Fuel Use (Emissions)

No. of Cylinders kg/Cylinder kg CO2


Indirect Emissions from Import Energy

• Emission Factor x Import Energy

Consumption

• Required Data

– Import Energy Consumption (kWh)


Indirect Emissions from Import Energy

Import Energy Use National Grid Emission Factor*

Fuel Use (Emissions)

kWh kg CO2/kWh kg CO2

*Green Tech Malaysia CDM Baseline 2009


CARBON FOOTPRINT: Summary


Key Steps in Developing an

Organizational Carbon Footprint

Carbon Footprint


• Organizational Boundaries: The inventory needs to clearly identify “organizational boundaries” and also account for generating stations in which the utility has a partial ownership position.

• Organizational boundaries for facilities become a complex issue in the case of multiple owners and/or separate owner/operators.

• Operational Boundaries: Operational boundaries define the scope of emissions that will be addressed in the GHG inventory.

Setting Boundaries


Scopes and Emissions Across a Value Chain

Reporting Scope 1 and 2-type emissions is mandatory under the industry standards; reporting Scope 3 emissions is optional as it allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions should be reported separately to avoid double counting.


Setting Organizational Boundary

Setting Operational Boundary

Identifying & Calculating GHG Emissions

Managing GHG Inventory Quality

Verifying GHG Emissions

Reporting GHG Emissions

CF Accounting Approach


THANK YOU

Prepared by :

[RADIN DIANA R. AHMAD]

Office address:

TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.

No. 1, Lorong Air Hitam

Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan

43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan

MALAYSIA

Tel: +603-8922 5000 Ext 5185 / Fax: +603-8926 8828/9

Email: [email protected] / Website: www.tnbr.com.my


Disclaimer. All information contained herein are solely for

the purpose of this presentation only and cannot be used or

referred to by any party for other purposes without prior

written consent from TNB. Information contained herein is

the property of TNB and it is protected and confidential

information. TNB has exclusive copyright over the

information and you are prohibited from disseminating,

distributing, copying, reproducing, using and /or disclosing

this information.

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