GETTY ENST. CONSERVATİON OF ARCHEOLOGİCAL SİTES
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Transcript of GETTY ENST. CONSERVATİON OF ARCHEOLOGİCAL SİTES
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Covr Francco Barolo, View of the To of Spalatro om te South West. chng, ca. 16 Fro
Robr Aa, Ruins of the Emperor Diocetian at Spaatro in Damatia (Lonon, 16), p Rourc
Colcion, Gy Rarch Inu for h Hory of Ar an h Huanii, Lo Angl
vvy Ball, Managing EditorSylva iwl Copy Editor
Dborah Lo an Robr Ruckan, Permissions Editors
Ana Ky, Production Coordinator
Jry Con, Series Designer
Hpnhi Dign, Book Designer
Prin in h Uni Sa of Arca
1 9 8 6 5 3 2
99 ] Paul Gy ru
Gy Conrvaion Inu, an orang progra of h] Paul Gy ru, wo rk inrnaion-
ally o furr h apprciaion an prrvaion of worl' cuural hrag for h nrchn anu of rn an fuur gnraion
Library of Congr CaaogngnPubicaon Daa
h conrvaion of arcaologca n Mrranan rgon an nrnaonal confrnc
organiz by h Gy Conrvaon nu an ] Paul Gy Muu, 612 May 1995 /
by Mara la orr
p. c
Incu bibliograpical rfrnc
ISBN 89236866
. Horc Mrranan RgonConrvaon an roraonCongr.
2. Hioric bulngMrranan RgonConrvaon an roraonCongr
Mrranan RgionAnquiiColcon an prrvaionCongr Culuralropry, Procon ofMrranan RgonCongr
I Gy Conrvaion Iniu III Pau Gy Muu
DE59.5C66 99
99 9822c2
I D a orr Mara, 1 96
91911
CIP
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Miguel Angel Corzo and John Walsh
Marta de la Torre and Margaret Mac Lean
Sharon Sullivan
Christos Doumas
Hartwig Schmidt
Rene Svan
Nicholas Stanley-Prce
John K. apadopoulos
Martha Demas
Contents
v Pee
x oo o e oeee Pp
PART ONE
The Management and Presentation of
Archaeological Sites
oo o P e
5
15
27
41
51
e Aeoo ee e
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A P oe o e eme o
Aeoo e
eme oeo eee e:
Ao e
Reoo o Ae
e Peeo o Aeoo e
PAR TWO
Three Mediterranean Sites
oo o P o
5 e Rom V P Ame
93 Koo
127 Epe
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Martha Demas ppex : a o ate ea t te
aeooa Hetae
ppex : oeee Patpat
6 to
163 tato et
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Preface
v
INMAY 1 995 the et Conservation Instiue C ) and he] Paul
e Museum hosted a meeting of senor government ocias and
other speciaists in the areas of culture, archaeolog, and oursm from
seventeen naions around the Mediterranean Sea The purpose of the
meetng was o promote the proecton of the archaeologica heritage
through coordinated management of ts appropriate usesresearch, edu-
cation, and tourism
or several ears, the C has aken a leading role in advocatng
the conservaion of sites hrough balanced managemen of he nterests
and requrements of the varous concerned pares Archaeologcal stes
are of value o individuals and groups archaeoogiss, local popuaons,vstors, national authoriies, and others) for various reasons and decision
makers can protect these values once the are recognzed In its courses
and eld projects, the C has developed a methodolog for developng
ste management; t consists of a ssematic planning process that takes
into consideration man facors reang o he status of the ste, the
resources avaabe, the loca and natona laws, and he values perceived
b he various interested groups
The] Paul et Museum is commited to scholarl research on
reek and Roman antiquit and to the conservation of his heritage The
Museum and he Ctwo programs of the Paul et Trushavecomplementar inerests in archaeologcal sites, and ogeher the
endorsed the message of the conference: The archaeoogica hertage is
valuabe to professionals n archaeolog and ancien histor, and equa
vauable, for man reasons, o citizens, tourists, government ocials and
others To conserve t and proect i om damage, those responsible for ts
care must undersand all the reasons that make a sie valuable
The conference was desgned o promoe a broad, inernational,
and nterdscpnar exchange of information, deas, and vewponts abou
protecton and managemen of archaeologcal stes The organizers hoped
to expore the issues involved in the management, conservaon, and pre-sentation of ses and o encourage cooperation among the various
groups To ensure a productve exchange, nvtatons were exended to
ndviduals wth commtment, experence, and policmaking authort
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ix
Vassos Karageorghis Vassiis Lambrinoudakis, Demetrios Michaelides, and
Giora Solar, in collaboraion wih members of the Gety sta
Arriving in Athens after four days a sea, he group was welcomed
for he closing ceremonies a he Aula Magna of the University of Ahens
by the rector The organizers recognize he imporance of every singeperson's contribution, and all have our gratitude and hanks
The smooth deveopmen of our iinerary would no have been
possibe without the scrupulous atenion of Mhairi Forbes and Susan
Guerrero to he million and one details required o move a large group
smoohly hrough four countries by various modes of ransporation.
Phyli Lapin and Romany Hemy worked with Oscar Garca, Mario
Cabrera, Deak Tinner and Germn Rodrguez, security ocers of he
J Paul Getty Trus, to shepherd us safey hrough sites, docks, and airports
Final recognition mus go to the Gey sa who worked ogether
for wo years to reaize his project The Mediterranean ConferenceeamMarion True, Margaret Mac Lean, Martha Demas, Jerry Podany,
John Papadopouos, Nicholas SaneyPrice, and Susan Guerrero-were
committed coaboraors who worked closey with the conference director,
Mara de a Torre
Miguel Ange Corzo
DIRECTOR
The Gey Conservation Institute
John Wash
DRCOR
The] Pau Gety Museum
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beg wth thoough eseach ad cosutato with al those
coceed, eadg to a statemet of sgcace of the val-
ues of the site, followed b the settg of maagemet polic
ad stateges fo ts implemetatio.
4. This maagemet pocess shoud be led b specia desig-ated idividuas. Thei ole ad esposibilit must be
deed accodg to the eeds of each site, as well as to the
stuctues ad laws that gove each ste.
5 Additioal tag should be povided fo the pepaato of
specialists achaeologsts, achtects, at hstoas, ad oth-
es) who might become esposble fo the maagemet of
sites. Such tag should be eteded to those alead
esposibe fo achaeological sites b meas of couses
developed b the appopate iteatioal ad atioal
ogaizatos actg i cocet.6 The uses of a cultual site ofte evolve i the couse of tme
Theefoe the equiemets fo ts maagemet ma chage
accodg
7. The decto of a poposed ecavato should guaatee fom
the begig of eseach the pesece of vaous specalists
equed fo a tedisciplia appoach, ad ackowledge
i the pla the fa epesetatio of the teests of dieet
costitueces. The gatg of pemts fo ecavato shoud
deped o compliace wth ths equemet as wel as wth
atoa laws8. It is ecogzed that ma achaeological stes ca be mpo
tat ecoomc esouces Mass touism oes a oppotut
to utlize these stes fo ecoomic beet but at the same
tme t iceases the isk of deca ad destucto. The ma-
agemet pocess should take this ito accout.
9. Achaeologca stes ca also be educatioal esouces.
Plas fo the pesetato of such sites shoud espod to
this potetial ad ivove appopiate quaed pofessio
als Cotiuig evaluato should be a itega pat of
these pas.0 The patcipats ecommed that govemets ad othe
atoa ad teatioal ageces ecogize ad suppot ths
ew cocept of sites ad the maagemet
Athes, 2 Ma 1995
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P A R T ONE
The Management
and Presentation of
Archaeological Sites
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3
Introductin to Part One
THE MANAGEMEN T ad preseaio of archaeologica ses areopics of grea scope ad compexi Each ideed could be he
subec of a speciazed pubicaio The frs pece b Mara de la
Torre ad Margare Mac Lea, preses a overvew of he issues addressed
b he coferece The oher four papers cosder various specific issues
more deai: wo deal wih he process of maagig archaeoogcal ses,
ad wo wh mehods of preseaio These opcs were seleced order
o gve paricpas he opporui o hear he vews of several specaliss
o ssues releva o he dscussios held durig he coferece These
papers, revsed ad expaded alog wih he geera overview, are pub-
lished i he followig pagesThe essa b Mara de la Torre ad Margare Mac Lea discusses
he diverse hreas o he archaeologica herage ad preses he wde
rage of valueseducaoal, ecoomic, ad hsoricalascribed o com
plex heriage sies also addresses i geera erms he eed o baace
he eress of proecio ad visiaio
Sharo Sulivas paper expais he plag process ha has bee
developed Ausrala for he maageme of cuural sies I he coex
of pas developed b his process, he saed am of he maageme of a
cuural sie is o coserve he values ha cosue each sie's sgcace
Suva preses he varous seps required for he preparaio of heseplas; while emphaszig ha successful plas mus be approprae o he
paricuar siuaio of each se, she formuaes prciples ha are releva
o cuural sies i geera
A se o he reek slad of Thera is preseed o illusrae
he appcaio of he process preseed b Suiva o a se he
Medierraea regio ocusig o he sie of Akroir, where he has
worked as a archaeologs for ma ears, Chrisos Doumas aalzes is
sigicace ad explas he maageme decisos ha have bee made
here i rece ears o proec he sie ad ope i o vsiors
The coribuios of Harwig Schmid ad Ree Sva, mea-whe illusrae wo views cocerg he preseao of sies Schmid
focuses o he recosrucio of hisorica srucures, a approach ha i
he pas has bee used wde i he Medierraea, ad dscusses is
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eects on the authenticiy and values of sies. Sivan, a member of the new
professional group of presentation speciaiss, discusses the use of ine-
pretation echniques borrowed from such elds as education and enter-
tainmen. Some of these techniques have been introduced only ecently
ino the achaeological word and are the subject of much debate as othe appropiateness of thei use in cuura sies This new exploation
of sie inepreation and presenaion consiues an emerging aea of
heritage work, and, ike any nascent discipline, its paramees and guiding
principles ae still being explored.
The opic of site interpretation and presentation was included in
the confeence and in this volume because, regardless of the methods
used, the ways in which a site is pesented and inepreed can aect the
inegrity of its values and hus, is conservaion as well
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8 de a Torre ad Mac Lea
e features n wc tose values mgt be emboded, and e peope wo
cers te ses
Vaue can be understood more cearl f some of e possbe
meanngs of e word n s contex are enumerated Value can be
equaed wt usefess f e place can be used for productve purposessuc as te educaon of ctzens or w sigicace f e place sgnes
or smbozes sometng arger and more mporan an mere te runs
of s arctecture Te curren benet can be understood as e postve
eects on te commun, culure natona mage, and so fort tat derve
from te exsence of te place Te poenal can be understood as e
possb of furter scenc nformaon or oter benets ta te place
s perceved to be able to eld Bo benet and poenal consttute value
A cultural erage se can ave man derent values aestec
storcal socal scentc regous, economc, educaona and so on
If a pace s seen b a stakeolder as avng Siec vaue t mgbe usefu or sgncan now or n e fuure for e arcaeologcal com-
mun Ts judgmen mg be made because te ste olds mporant
evdence for some newl undersood feaure of ancen cuture and as no
et been excavated and tus no et damaged As was noted above, certan
treas can utmae destro ese vaues ne wa n wc scenc
value could be compromsed for example, woud be f a new vsors cen-
er were bul on op of a ste before arcaeologss were able o under-
stand e place troug excavaton and protecton of s unque evdence
Converse, te educaioa vaue of e same place would be compromsed
f arcaeoogsts were allowed to excavate so muc of e se tat nongwoud reman of s features for nterpretaton o e pubc
Is aesheic vaue could be endangered f, for example, new con-
strucons were to obsruct te ancent vew of a mountan n e ds-
ancepar of te meanng and beaut of te ste
Arcaeologca ses are valuable to segments of socet for var-
ous reasons, and aspects of te ses are varabl sgncan If one groups
nteress are aowed o ake precedence over e nterests of oers values
mporan o man w be sacrced Idea a welbalanced approac o
managng a ste proecs te separae values and educaes sakeolders
abou te values mportant o otersArculaton and recognon of a partcular se of vaues for a ste
s onl e rst step necessar to ensure ter proecon An reats to
ose vaues mus be undersood and a plan mus be devsed to ancpate
and mgae tem
In some cases aspecs of a ste must be developed n order to
reveal ter ful gncance For example, a vsor mg nd educaonal
value n e stor told b te pacebut onl f e stor s made legbe
A tour organzer ma nd te place valuable because of ts locaonbu
onl f tere are adequae roads o reac t and sucent amentes o
accommodae several busloads of vsors per da In purel economcerms e sze of e ste, old rees around te permeter a allow
respte from te sun, and e vew a encourage an exended sta and
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1 0 de Torre d M c Le
Achaeological Heitage as
an Economic Resouce
I recet ears some coutries aroud te Mediterraea ave begu to
use fuds derved from tourism for te stud coservatio ad preseta
to of ertage stes We some iterestig albeit cotroversal) iter-
pretato eperimets are beg udertake te Medterraea see
Sva ere) far more attetio could usefu be spet i tis areaCosteective approaces iovative metods ad plaig teciques
are beg tested ad evaluated; te dissemiatio of te resuts of suc
eperimets would be a importat cotributio to everoe i te ed.
uidebooks avalable o steparticuar at te larger sitesare
useful. Weformed gudes are ofte ecelet dpomats wo represet
te site te mportace of protectg it te discipe of arcaeoog
itself ad te ost coutr. Iterpretve paels strategic areas ca gude
visitors toward areas safe for walkig ad awa from frage areas I some
cases restorato of a feature of a site ca elp vistors visualze te org
a ature scae beaut or arragemet of a placeTere are iteratioal covetios desiged to guide te work of
arcaeoogical restorato see Apped A). We implemeted appropri-
atel ad eplaied eectivel to te visitor restoratio ca be a impor
tat educatoa too see Scmidt ere) or te maorit of cases
owever recostructio is ot approprate istead models or drawigs
ca sow te site i ts origial coguratio ad i relatio to oter suc
places regioall. cotrast to recostructo suc modes ca aso be
easl caged to reect recet researc dgs.
Vsitors ca beet from eposure to books guides paels or
models tat create a cotet for teir eperece at te ste; form temabout its features istor ad sgcace ad advise tem about wat
to epect o te tour ood terpretatio ot ol eaces te educa-
tioal value of te ste but aso as ma oter salutar eects o visitors
formed vsitors are far more kel to avoid damagg a site for te ca
quickl deveop a protective attitude about a place tat meas sometig
to tem. ood iterpretatio owever requires tougt ad plag
wic must start durig te iital pases of ecavatio
Bot atura ad cultura stes ave become importat ecoomic resourcesi ma parts of te world ad teir ecoomic potetia is amost alwas
realized troug toursm. Wile te degradato of bot atural ad cul-
tural resources i te presece of arge umbers of vstors is evitable
we te situato s umaaged tere s a stroger awareess of te da
gers tat aect te atural abtat ta of tose tat imperl arcaeoogi
ca stes. Te coservato of te values of suc atural stes as beaces
forests ad ladscapes s kow to be close tied to ter ogterm eco
omic value Tere are ma eamples o te Me dterraea coast of
dirt overcrowded overbut beac resorts tat ow attract fewer toursts
or attract a less desrable cass of tourism tat brgs fewer ecoomicbeets. Te erosio of te tegrt of tese atura stes as eroded
ter commercal vaue as we.
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1 de Torre nd Mc Len
Balancing the Interests of
Protection and Visitation
t is ot uiversal recogized that archaeoogical sites have egitimate
value to ma groups ad that the views of these costituets should be
cosidered i decisios that aect the sites This situatio is evideced b
the fact that decisios cotiue to be made uiaterall based o the iter-
est of particular groupsArchaeologists cotiue to excavate without providig for the
coservatio of their discoveries or for the presetatio ad iterpreta-
tio of the site to the public; atioa authorities decide to promote a site
without cosutig with the local popuatio tourism operators iclude
sites i their tours without coiderig the impact of the larger umber
of visitors; dams are built without a stud of their eect o the water
tabe below the archaeoogical sites hotes sprig up aroud sites ad
their water ad waste disposal cotamiates ad decas the archaeologi
cal remais The list is log ad little seems to be eared from tragic
exampesWhie ot all coicts ca be soved to everoes satisfactio
much could be advaced b a coheret plaig process ivolvig broad
cosultatio of cocered groups
As is well recogized i the eld of maagemet there is o oe
right formua applicable to al situatios This is true aso of the archaeo-
logical heritage where there are ma variaces from site to site ad
om coutr to coutr i the values admiistrative eviromet
threats to sites coditio of the remais umbers of visitors ad avail-
abe resources These diereces do ot mea that there are o solutios
but rather that specic solutios must be foud for each site or culturalheritage professioals however there ca be ol oe obective i the
maagemet of a archaeoogical site ad that is to coserve its vaues
This determiatio of the values that take priorit at a give site must be
made i cosultatio with all stakehoders ad it must reect a ogterm
view of the site ad its use
Ma coutries ad iteratioal orgaizatios have deveoped
maagemet approaches to cutura heritage which var i their
eectiveess e of the most successfu models emploed i Australia
ad embodied i the Austraia CMS Burr Chrte is preseted i this
volume (see Sulliva ad Appedix A herei) Successful cultural maagemet starts with a plaig process that resuts i a maagemet pla to
guide all major polic decisios as well as datoda operatios at a site
A maagemet pa wil ot provide aswers to ever questio
that might emerge i the future Rather its usefuless lies i articulatig
policies for dieret areas of activitiessuch as excavatio coservatio
visitor maagemet iterpretatio ad maiteacethat are i accor
dace with the sigicace of the site ad with the values to be coserved
These policies will provide the framework for decisios that must be
made ow ad i the future i each of these areas
I additio because the creatio of a maagemet pla relies ocolaboratio ad commuicatio amog the various iterest groups its
beets are derived as much from the cosutative process as from the
resultig writte documet
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1 4 de la To rre and Mac Lean
management at the level of the natonal authortes, as well as the education
of the various groups with vested nterests n the archaeologica heritage.
At this time, there seems to be little regonal experence n manag-
ing sites for the purpose of ther ongterm protecton While t can be
seen that some stes have been conserved with more success than others,there is amost no nformation about the processes that were foowed or
the decisions that were made. Research and dissemnaton of cases that
can be used as exampes of the successfu appication of welldesgned,
longterm strateges would be hghy useful to those nterested in ntro-
ducing new approaches to managng sites n the Mediterranean regon
Open, negotated management is new to many places and is often
rejected a prior as impracticable or as "not feasible in certain cultures
The shft toward a partcipatory process of systematic decison making is
never a simple step In most cases agences or interest groups need to
relinquish a degree of authority to which they have been accustomed orentited. The Mediterranean region has a long history of excavaton and
toursm at archaeoogical sites; n some cases the admnstratve structures
for cultura heritage have been in pace for generatons and are resstant to
change The mplementaton of ncusive management approaches can
take place only f policy makers see potenta advantages in such a change
and if resources are allocated to put them into place. Whe the conference
participants recognzed that t is dicult to make decsions that introduce
radcal change, they encouraged natona authorites to adopt comprehen-
sive approaches to site management to assure sgnicant longterm
benets for the conservaton of the archaeologica heritage of theMedterranean regon
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15
A Planning Model for the Management of
Archaeological Sites
hro ulliv
T O N V O N O can be acevedonl roug a compreensve approac o managemen a akes
no consderaon all of e se's values. Conservaon decsons
are mos eecve wen e are based on e nformaon gaered durng
a formal pannng process desgned o den approprae managemen
pracces and acons.
ver e ears culural erage professonas ave pu for a
number of conservaon prncples nended o gude er work. Tese
prncples and pracces ave aken e form of nernaona carers and
recommendaons see Appendx A). Te mos famous of ese s The
Veice Chre adoped b e Inernaonal Councl of Monumens andSes CMS) n 1965
In 988 Ausrala ICMS adaped e prncpes of The Veice
Chrer o local condons and pu em for as The Burr Chrer. Te
prncpes of The Burr Chrer ave been used o devse a plannng meod
a as dramacall mproved e managemen of ses as well as er
ongong conservaon Ts meod as been adaped successfu for use
n e Uned Saes and n Cna. Te process of adapaon of e
meod s essenal, snce managemen approaces mus be sued o local
condons and radons ncudng e socal, economc pocal and
pscal envronmens.Te plannng meod descrbed n s arcle consss of a seres
of nerrelaed seps underaken n a logcal order and resulng n a man-
agemen plan for e se. I provdes a srucure for approacng a com
plex suaon and for desgnng approprae soluons nended o conserve
e ses culural sgncance Plannng requres an nvesmen of bo
me and resources, and s mporan o complee e process n s og
cal order o la e foundaon for success n e managemen of e se.
Te nformaon presened ere provdes on e skelea srucure and
gudelnes for e process. For em o resul n a usefu managemen
pan, e mus be developed w nformaon relaed o e se underconsderaon.
Te prncpal obecve of a managemen plan s o conserve
e culural sgncance of a se no o mee e needs of ourss,
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27
Management Considerations at a
Mediterranean Site: Akrotiri, Thera
Christos Doums
Recording and
Documentation
T O O is locaed a e souern end of eraor Sanorini e soernmos island in e arcielago of e
Cyclades aroximaely sixy naical miles nor of Cree De
o is sraegic geograical osiion era layed an imoran role in
e isory of e Aegean e aciviy of e now dorman volcano
locaed on is island ad a maor inence on develomens on e
island and in e Aegean region in general e arcaeologis Syridon
Marinaos aribed e collase of e Minoan civilizaion on Cree o
one of e volcanos eruions a e beginning of e lae Bronze Age
(around e midseveneen cenry . . (M arinaos 939 is
eruion e magnide of wic is esimaed o ave been abo fourimes a of rakaoa sbmerged a large ar of era and buried e
remaining areas under a ick manle of volcanic as Aer a sysemaic
srvey of e island Marinaos cose o excavae close o e modern
village of Akroiri were e believed a large ciy was buriederas
e only one on e island dring e Bronze Age
From 967 unil is dea in 974 M arinaos direced a maor excavaion
a Akroiri o veri is eory (Marinaos 96773 Dring is eriod
excavaions were carried ou a a freneic ace a e exense of docmenaion and conservaion of e sie and e nds e oograic
docmenaion for wic Marinaos was ersonally resonsible could be
caracerized as adeqae However e comlee lack of lans and draw-
ings of e excavaed secors as well as e lack of deailed dayboo ks
diminises e value of e oograic arcive since i is exremely
dicul o relae i o e res of e excavaion daa
Since 975 a conscious eor as been made o ensure e flles
ossible docmenaion wic aears annually in e Proceedings of the
Archeoogc ociety in Athens (Prktik tes en Athenis Archioogkes
tireis) All e informaion from e eld is recorded on a carograicgrid wi recise geograical coordinaes n arallel all sages of e
excavaion rocess are described and drawn in deail Recenly an
AuoCAD soware sysem was inroduced o assis in e imely and
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MN N ON ON M N N S A O T 33
Figure 1 2
Cncrete replcement piernr pr-
ttn pthrn) he excavtr hve cre
te upprt r the wl bve the frme
well preerve the itrte frm f the
tructre relting m earthquke r generl amge t the bling.
Figre 1 3
Prtective cver ver the ite he exteniver ver the whe excvte prt f the te,
thugh it prtect the rin, h rwbck
Amng them re high mintennce, the cre-
atn f e thn ptiml cntn r vi
tr n ta, n intruin n the lncape
The exen of he sie esens a major challenge snce he
curenly exosed aea reresens bu onehrieh of s esmaed oal
suface The roecon of he oaly of he achaeologca aea has ce-
aed conic beween he se and he local inhabians, who have been
resained from he fu use of hei oees
The high degee of resevaion of he archiecual emainsasmenioned above u o wo or hee sores n acesaecs any lan for
her consevaion. Ye he hysica condion of he ruins s vey delicae
and he exosure o he elemens woud esul n hei oal desrucion
The oecive roof ha was bu ove he excavaed area has become an
obsacle o he fu documenaon of he se no aeal hoogahy s
ossble fo exame and disurbs he naural envionmen (Fig. 3). n
addon, mainenance of he oof in he damagng environmen of he
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34 Doums
Figure 1 4
ouriaon vitor trac. ouan of
viitor walk al troug t ruin uner
te etal roof in te av tourit aon
(Apri roug Nover) eporar walk
wa crea o prevn aage to t onu
n apr bot circulation of vior an
t gung of large group
aea (de o he acidiy of he volcaic ash ad o sal om he eaby sea
is a majo coce . The caaizaio of he qaiies of aiwae col-
eced fom he exesive oof is aohe elaed obem
Foowig he gea eio of he volcao i acie imes, o-
es of aiwae desoyed may of he bildigs ad ceaed a avieha divided he sie i wo. The maageme of he sie ms ake io
cosideaio he dyamics of his avie
The fagile codiio of idivida elemessch as was
doos widows ad saicaseseses a challege fo hei maie
ace. The ceaio of faciiies eeded fo he cosevaio ad soage
of he wide vaiey ad age qaiies of ds ieviably disbs he
immediae eviome of he sie.
The hosads of visios who come o he sie daily dig he
smme mohs have a gea imac ad ae a soce of maageme co-
ce (Fig. 14) . fasce wok, sch as he oeig of oads he ce-aio of akig los fo he eveiceasig mbe of vehicles ad he
coscio of faciliies fo he gowig mbe of visios case seios
disbaces o oly o he immediae eviome of he sie b also
o he eie islad
The cowdig ad ciclaio of visios amog he fagile is
ae oeial dages o boh visios ad maeias. The eseaio of
he sie is cosaied by he ecessiy o imi visio access o he is
ad o he movable ds ad by he limied sace available o sie fo
gahic ad ohe kids of ifomaio.
These cosais challege he decisio makes o d soiosha wil addess he oblems coseve he igicace of he sie ad
ceae bee mehods ad echiqes of cosevaio ad eseaio
as well as eable he aiig of secialiss, he edcaio of he blic
ad he ceaio of jobs
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M N N C O N O N M N N S : A O T 3 7
1 5
Pit applca f new rng pan: interna
vew f he pi rf A pilt appicat f
the new prtecve cveing ha entate
nt nl that cnitin wil ipve f pe
ple wkg r walin g ude the new f
but al hat t appearace th de a
tie will b e aeheical upei, uniing
the rken apect f the natura ancape
1 6
Plt appica f ew rg pla: exeral
vew f he pit rf (ee Fg 15 )
the denition o zones whee activities elated to touism can be deve-
oed without alteation to the community's taditional nucleus which
otunatey has emained unsoiled.
The oo coveing the site has sueed consideable damage
ove the thee decades since its constuction and its eacement isugently needed. A Euoean Union eseach oject unde the geneal
title o Achaeologica Sites otection mlementing Renewable Enegy
(ASRE has been cometed and its iot imementation has been
successully achieved Figs 1 51) The lans cal o elacing the oo
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38 Doumas
igure 1 7
Pit applcain f new rng pan Te
unbuve eign blen n the urrun-
ing envirnen ee Fg 5 16)
wth anothe that wll be adated to the natural environmet and that wll
use ecologcally sesitive oms o energy ad mateialssun, wate,
wind, ad earth The new oo will rotect monumets and visitos om
the sun and cabon dioxide while ovdg localized acodtoed areas
or visitos and excavatos The constructio o the new oo has bee
incuded among the oects o the Greek Mnstry o Cuture to be
anced by Euoean Uion ogams
The oect to elace the roo has omted the study o a sereso measues that can be taken to minimze the conlict among the site's
varous values Under the new oo, a netwok o mai and secoday
wakways wl acilitate the circulation o a lage umber o vsitos These
new ciculation modes and atters will educe the dages to both visi-
tos ad ruis Located a ew metes above the ruins and aternating with
oveasses the walkways wll oe bette ersectves over the site, and
visitors wl be able see the nteros o buildings ad view the layout o
the ancet settemet
Thematic exhibitos o nds om the site wl be aaged at
tervals along the eimeter walkwa so that the vsit to the site becomesmore tha a bre esode durg a tourists summe vacatio t s hoed
that these esetations wl ovide a substatal intoducton to the
word o the Aegea Broze Age
The ooed area will be converted into a livg" museum, whch
with moden communcation technolog w be used to educate the vs-
tor in an entertaiing way Ongoing evaluation s laed through ques-
toaes o vistos, gudes tour oeratos tave agents members o
the local commuty, and scholars The inormaton thus gatheed wl
hel i the cotnued imrovement o vistg conditios
the above goas are realized, the achaeologcal site at Akrotiiwill become a lace o educato and ecreato Howeve the achieve-
ment o these two obectves requies the governmental bodes resosible
o ducation ad toursm to articate the cost o oeration ad main
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40 Doumas
Marinatos, Spyidon
939 Th vlcaic uci f Ma Cr Antiquity 3:425-39.
1967-73 Excavations at Thra. Ah: Archagca Sci a Ah
Panagiotakopolou P. C Buckand P. M. Day, C. DomasA Sarpaki and P. Skidmoe
. Sl a c i h Aga Br Ag: A w f Thra a a rvauai
vc. Antiquit Fhcig
Sorakopoo P.
996 a Nlhic pr fr Akrir hra: I rla a h cqu
ipica I Di gisch Frhzit, Alra Sr 58 1-60. Via:
Orricich Akai r Wichaf.
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2 chmidt
Figr 1
Gioann Batsa Panesi Vew of th Arch of
Titus, ca 10. Eching, 4 X 71 m Resouce
Collecons, Gety Reseach Institute fo he
Hisoy of At and the Humantes, Los
Angees Ths mage of the uned Ach of
Ttus ges an dea of how dicut must
hae een to magne, fom he state of he
ancien uins the fome ntact appeaance
On the left s he enance o the Fanese
Gadens, n he backgound the uins of theRoman Foum. The emans of the umpha
ach had aleady been feed fom the
medeal supestuctue and buttessed y
masony on the left
elemens were of course created to the orgnal scale they were rendered
as smled shaes and roduced in a maerial derent from the orgnal.
Desie he atination of he new ars since the reconstrucon is
stll ossble to dstingush between original and sulemental elemens
Fig 2a b. Of course t s much easier for a vistor to comrehend a
comlete sructure than a buildng in a runed state. Archaeologsts
however are only ineresed n he original arts.
he condition of the Roman Forum oday illustraes another
roblem inherent in all reconsrucon Archaeological ruins once corresonded to and harmonized wth their orignal surroundings When
reconsruced however hese comlete new structures are ofen dicul
o inegrate into the existing seng his roblem s very evdent n he
case of the Stoa of Aalos on the Athenian Agora rebul by the American
School of Classical Sudies in Ahens beween 1953 and 1956. he large
size of the newly erected comlee hall resens a jarrng contrast to the
low runs of he ancien strucures that surround it Fig. 3
he Stoa of Aalos a resen of Attalos r. 15938 BCE.), king
of Pergamon to he cty of Athens was erected in the second cenury
B.C.E. Only small fragmens of he buldng have survived he ravages oftime Fig . he skllful reconstruction carried out by the Amercan
School used building maerials available in ancient imes. Since the new
buildng had to accommodate sorerooms a museum and workrooms for
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gu 2, bAch of Ts, Roe. Fo a dsance (a) he
arch loos oday as f has sed nac
hogh e A closer ew (b eeas, how
ee, consdeabe daage n he cenral as
whch can be clealy deenaed fro he
newe reconsced as n he oe areas
The new eleens were consrced n
sled shaes as seen n he Cornhan
caas and n he ned con n he
gh corne. The new eleens were aso ren-
deed n deren aeraso exale
aene has been sbsed o he orgnal
arble Whle s sl ossble oday o ds-
ngsh beween he orgnal as and he
econscons, o he ncrca obseer he
ach aeas nac
R A B 43
b
archaeoogiss modern insallaions o wae gas and eeciciy wererovided or saey he resoes sed concree n he celings raher han
eodcng he oiginal woodenbeam conscion The rooms o
ancien shos on he bilding's grond evel were adaed o hose a
msem Gven he general condon o he bilding as well as he mod-
ern insalaions vsiors shold ndersand ha he srce s no n
ac ahenicaly ancen Even so or gdes eor ha i is oen
dic o rd oiss o heir romanic noion ha Socaes once ralied
hs sdens arond him on he very ses on which he modern vsiors
are sanding (Fig 5
Hisorc bildings are invalable sorces o hisoic reseach oonly do hey embody daa b hey ae aso ahenic angble remains o
he as ha have svved hogh hisor Ths hsory is maniesed in
he signs o aging and he inries le by se aleaion and desrcion
evidence ha docmens he assage o ime Some o he damage can be
reaied and os ars can be elaced The res howeve is no a moe
comlee ancen bldng b nsead a moden creaion
Towad he end o he nineeenh ceny archaeologss began
o ormlae rles o ense h ahenicy o rns and even hei
alsicaon icoaos Balanos ( 1 8601942, who led he eerecon o he
Acrool n Ahens rom 1895 o 1 940 described hs workng mehodwhich he caed styosis, as he reassemby o exisng b dismembered
as (Baanos 938 He conased hs mehod wh ecostuctio-
ecreaon wh new maerals o as ha no longer exis His conce
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44 Schmid
Fiue 3
Th costct Stoa o Attalos i th
Athia Agoa. Th Stoa of Attaos og
aly blt ao 1 50 BCE was co-
stct btw 953 a 956 Th blg
appas omos i lato to th sog smal wlligs a spas mas of
oth acit bigs Th stct has
mo wat gas a lctical istalatios
so it ca s ts ct fctio as oc,
stoag a msm spac fo th Amica
Schoo of Cassica Sts i Aths
Fie 4
Act foatios of th Stoa o Attalos
pio to costctio. I 1952, wh th st
was xcaat, th foatios of th act
stct w ps o th who
gth of th blg, a th wals stoo at
thi l hight i two pacs
Fire 5
ot o th costct Stoa of Attalos
Th stas of th crepidoma a s as a st-
ig plac y mo sitos Athogh th
mposg lig is obosly a mo
costcto, to gs pot that
toists commoy hol th aachostc
otio that th stoa s athtically acit
of anatylo wa etablihed n 931 in te Recommendaions of he AhensConference; later it wa alo embodied n The Venice Chare whc lad
down binding principle for the conervation and retoraton o monu-
ment (COMOS 96 96 5 ee Appendx A) The Venice Charer tate that
ruin mut be mantaned and meaure neceary for the permanent con
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46 Schmid
Fiu 8
T Lbay of Css n Epss ng t
excaatons n 90 Actects pt togete
t eanng actectal lents to gt an
dea of te appaance of t ognal Roan
bng So of tese elents a today n
ss n Vnna and Istanbl; tey aeete ssng n te oen constcton
o plac by cops
Tere is a serious danger tat through ignorance or te applica-
ion of unsound metods of restoration and anastyosis restorers can
distor ruins and destroy heir integriy as documents Suc erroneous
intervenions resut in a loss of vaue To safeguard against tese risks
The Venice Charer rejecs reconstruction on excavaion sites consideringanastylosis as te only permiible type of intervention
A reerection wen done strictly as anastylosis, diers visuay
from a reconstruction tat introduces new materials The Library of
Celsus in Epesus is a good example of anastyosis While Friedmund
Hueber wo reerected te sructure from 970 o 97, adhered to te
principles of The Venice Charer, e found it necessary to stabiize the
building wit reinforced concrete and some new columns Te building
does not look like a istorica forgery neverteless i is, in fact a
recenty created, modern ruin (Figs 1 1) .
Visitors close to he monumen can easiy detect tat it is onya paria reerection consisting mainly of the magnicent facade of
columns Tere as be en no aemp to reconstruct the whole building,
as in te case of te Soa of Aalos Te work was imited to assembling
te marble elements wen teir origina positions could be deermined
The rough sone masonry a he back was not reconstructed, and the
buiding remains in a partiay ruined condiion (Fig 12)
Fu 9
T bay of Clss sn at t n o te
Steet of te Cetes T agncnt able
aca was esto btwn 90 and 1978 by
Fdn Heb an V M. Stoca, wo
ncopoat ogna stons fond on te
ste cops o actctal ebes tat abeen oe nto s colectons and
new pcs ne fo stctal staby. T
senteentg aca donates t
sonng ns an attacts t attenton
of tosts
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Figre 1 0, above
Th Lay of Css and s immda s-onds Ev af h 1980-89 consco
of h Ga of Mazs and Mhidas (on
h igh ad h Tagonos Agoa (no
visb h bay domnas h si
Figure I I , abve right
Th Libay of Css viwd om bow A
cos oo vas h s of oigia o
ms as w as h am of w
aas Th mssion cad is ha of a
ind bidng.
Fgure 1 2
Th bay of Css vwd fom h
sd Th cosco focsd maiy on
h facad; h s of h sc mas
in ins
R A B 47
Even so, the reerection of the seventeenmeterhigh facade
changed the character of the entire archaeological site, and the Libraryof Celsus has become the most prominent ruin of Ephesus: it towers over
the remains of all other structures, and since they are lower, their apparent
importance is diminished Although the intent and methods of reconstruc-
tion dier from those of the Stoa of Attalos the reconstruction has cre-
ated the same probema misleadingly dominant structural presence
In this light, it is logica to ask if there are valid reasons for
reconstruction and whether reconstructed ruins can have a viable exis-
tence here are good reasons to reconstruct structures but none of
them are justied within a true archaeologica site In contrast in an
approach known as "experimental archaeoogy, reconstruction is occasionally employed to test archaeoogical theories. he Lejre Historical-
Archaeoogical Research Center, founded in 1964 by Hansle Hansen in
Lejre near Roskilde Denmark, is a weknown interpretation of this idea
(Hansen 1 982). In ejre various excavations yielded data about materials
and their use; this information was used as a basis for the reconstruction
of three prehistoric vilages (Fig 1).
Another exampe of experimental archaeoogy carried out in
the 190 is the reconstruction of a Bronze Age settement in
Unteruhldingen, on Lake Constance in Germany (Fig 14) (Reinerth
1 980 12). he fuscale modes are based on the interpretation of datafrom excavations at various sites Although many of the archaeoogica
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n:m l
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Fe 6
Wie cela cave, Avdat Cemet eicas
smaig otey ae sed i aces whee
aciet jas wee od dg excavaio
Fie 7
Evometal eseato at the we me-
chats hose Avda I some istaces, thee
was scet matea evdece o tel a
gve soy Oly lieay soces ad some-
tmes aachosic oes wee available o
the ealy eod o he Naateas A atist
was commissoed to ceate iteetive
hmoistic sces
Fe 8
Eviometa eseaio a Avda deic-
ig a goathed ad his chages
A L L S 5 7
Dioama o multimdia prntation can alo provid anw
to th many ution that pul viito to archaologcal t ot al
vito a nttd in phyical atur mthod of contruction orarchtctura tyl in fact many want to know th oiginal unction o
th tuctur and how th ancint dnt wnt about thr daily liv
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58 v
ure 9
nteetie anel at the man gate Tel Dan,
sael This anaanie oyal ciy was one of
the st saelte settements n anaan i
see as an imoan ceemonia site fom
he nnth to he seenth centy CE The
only infomation aailae to assst n inte-
etaion of he ste consists o naatie as-
sages om the Ble The anel, mae o
meal inco oaes elean bbical texs
iure 0
Stainless see econstucton of he alta,
Te Dan
Ater all human lke o learn about ther own kind rather than commune
with mue tone
nerpretive preentaton degned primarily to lumnae he
actvite o he ancent nhabitant can be een at Tel Dan, a biblcal
archaeoogcal te ocated n pper alilee (Fig 91 1 ) ther pobilitieare preened when ie are hetered n uch ntance, obect or repli-
ca can be ued particularly eectively However, while t true that more
techniue can be ued on hee te han in openair one, uch preenta-
tion mut tl be careully panned and degned Diplayng obect in
he prece locaion in whch hey were dicovered can ilutrae the
proce o excavaon, bu the practice i not an eectve way o inerpre
he pa bec or repca can inead be ued o hin at the orignal
unction or character o the pace (Fig 6 12) However, he preenaion
o nd in dplay cae end to tranorm a te nto an exhibiion hall
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Fgue
ousing for holograms Tel Dan. The relevan
biblica narrative passages (see Fig 9) were
not considered sucien o explain o visiors
the imporance of a site hat does not have
any prominent archaeological features other
han a arge stone ema hat was used forsacrice. Th;s insalaion, ocated next o
he altar, houses a hoogram that ilustrates
he ries hough o have been performed at
the alar
T H P R O O F A R H O O S 59
and te mateial emans unintepetedcan convey ttle stocal
nomaton.
Sites oten ave lage spaces wt ew o no emains tese places
ae paticulaly suited o moe ceative actvities. Some activtes include
oppotuntes o visitos to ty tei ands at ancient cat o poductiontecnues assocated wit te ste
In spite o te wealt o tecniues available today, tee ae sites
tat do not end temselves easily to ntepetationand yet tey mgt
ave an mpotant stoy to tell. In suc instances, teatical gides can be
eective. Guides can epesent te stocal peiod pesented in ote
cases goups o actos can be stationed along vaous pats o te visitos
oute eenactng events elated to te site. In contast to taditional tou
gudes teatcal guides do not ecount te stoy o a site o exp ain
uns nstead tey geneally speak om ancent texts o delve addesses
tat evoke ancient times.e metods discussed above ae just a ew exampes o te possi-
bites o pesentng and intepetng an acaeological ste Te available
solutons ae as wideanging as uman imagination and ceativity and
new tecnologes ae contnuay nceasng te coices. Even so, egad-
less o tecnol ogy ceativty and innovation, a pesentation sould not
mpnge upon te integty o a ste. It is impotant not only to ntepet
te past but also to potect te acaeologcal eitage, eaving t intact
o te benet o utue geneatons.
Figure 1 2
Restored room in he Herodian Quarter o
he Od City Jerusalem. This Od ity site
encompasses a residential quarter rom the
Herodian period, which extended from the
rst century SCE o the rs cenury CE. In
addition to the origina mosaic oor therestored room contains some reconstruced
furniture and objecs ha were found in situ
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P A R T W O
Three
Mediterranean
Sites
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6
Introduction to Part Two
D O o h conrnc h organizr arrangd
vii o hr archaological i h wr chon o giv h
paricipan opporunii o conidr pcic iu raing o
h challng o managmn and conrvaion a complx hriag i
h plac lcdiazza Armrina, noo, and Ephurprn
a rang o cinic ahic hiorical, and ocia valu All hr loca-
ion hav acuird conidrabl conomic vau by aracing larg num-
br o viior Dciion mad ovr im hav innionaly or no givn
prioriy o crain vau and h rul o h dciion ar rcd in
many aur o h i a hy ar now prnd o viior Durin g
h conrnc h i wr no hld up or vauaion bu rvd inad
a xampl o provok hough and dicuion abou variou way o
rolv ignican iu
A h conrnc progrd and a h group ravld rom
iazza Armrina o noo o Ephu h iu undr dicuion
bcom mor numrou and inrica rlcing h incraing complxiy
o h i iazza Armrina i h locaion o an imporan Roman via,
whr h conrvaion and prnaion o h magnicn moaic hav
bn givn prioriy in many managmn dciion ohr aur hr-
or hav payd a prominn ro in h prnaion. noo pr-
n an inring ca o a i rconrucd according o h viion o
on archaologi I i now rcognizd ha om o h conjcur ha
guidd ha work arly in h cnury wr rronou and ha om o
h inrvnion ar advrly acing h condiion o h original
rmain h rconrucion il howvr, ha acuird hiorical valu
and now rank a an lmn o ignicanc in h managmn o h
i h urban i o Ephu i among h mo imporan in h
Mdirranan rgion a uch i ignicanc i drmind by a va
array o vaucinic and ahic a wl a ocial Sil undr xca-
vaion i i viid by mor han on milion ouri vry yar h
managmn o a i o hi magniud i a complicad undraking ha
mu addr in a baancd way h prrvaion o all h lmn ha
mak h i imporan
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64
Beore ea c site vist during te conerence, particpants prepared
or te experence by attendng an ustrated presentaton by an arcaeoo
gist on te etty sta Eac presentaton ncluded an account o te man
values o te ste, a brie story o modern interventions, and a dscus-
son o some o te management ssues created by current conditons Ineac case partcular ssues were selected to ustrate some o te most
common callenges aced by site managers ese presentatons are repre-
sented by te olowng artcles
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65
The Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily
Nicholas Stanley-Price
T L ON L of Piazza Amrna in Sicily particu-ary nown for t outanding moac oor Fw gnal uvy
of Roman art and achtctur pubhd in th pa hirty ya
fa o mntion th vlla A gudbook to Sicily and much of th
promoona maia for h land' ourm dirct th vitor oward
h aacon
h t a h ocality nown a Caa n cnral outhn
Sicy, om four kilomtr ouhwt of h htorc town of Piazza
Amrina At an lvaon of 550 mtr abov a lvl, h Villa d
Caal l at h foot of low hll that ar immdiatly o i north and
a o th north, h vally of h ociaa Riv povd om latlandwh i mg from th hill, bu only o h outh and outhwt do
th landcap opn ou ino xtniv vta of good aab land
Mot of h rmain vibl oday a h Caa t blong to a
lat Roman villa conucd probably dung h priod of 300330
(Ampolo t al 197 ; Khlr 197) h vla had bn prcdd by an
alr va (known a th Vla Rutica) of h t and cond
cntur Rmain hav cntly bn found tha indica an int-
mda pha bwn th two htorical pod, dad o a prod
btwn th cond and fouh cnu (D Mio 988 )
Phoogical vidnc appa to lnk h Roman town i ofPhiloophiana, mnond n h Antonin Itinay a a way ation on h
CatanaAgrignto road, and th Roman rman found a h ocaliy til
nown a Soana, locatd ix kilomt outh of th vlla (Adamtanu
988) h Vla dl Caa ha bn linkd in turn to th xnc of thi
way aion on th pincpa Roman oad n h ara
t no known how long th Roman villa of th fouh cntury
rmaind in u Cramc of th Byzann, Arab, and orman prod
hav bn found on th , ogh wh in plac, aociatd building
rman Sinc th man xcavation (by V ntil) hav nvr bn
fully pubhd and inc th xcavato dvotd mot of hi attnton toth Roman moaic, it ha bn ncary o rcontuct th natur of
potRoman occupaton on h t from th fw rpo avalabl and
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66 ey-Prie
Signicance the Villa at
Piazza Armerina
rom more recent, limited excavation (Ampolo et al. 197 1 Wilon 98
De Miro 988)
Some reue o the Roman building eem to be atteted or the
Araboorman period (eleventh to thirteenth centurie), and tray nd
ugget activity at the ite in the Aragon period (eenth to eventeenthcenturie). ther nd date rom the eighteenth century by which time
the Roman remain are being reported by antiuarian (e.g, Leanti 1761).
Some o the Roman via wall urvive today up t o a height o about
eight meter, and they have probably away been expoed, even i
obcured by woodland and vegetation
he nonorthogonal plan o the vila i not unuual or large
Roman via (Fig. 1 ) . I t ha been explained a the reult o a ingle concep-
tion with a vanihing point oite to the north (Ampolo et al. 97 1 :
plan B) o r a the reult o organization, intentional or not, around a
generalized radial compoition o trongly ocal character (MacDonad 986 274 ) he ground rie gradualy rom wet to eat the bailica i at
the highet point o the excavated area (Fig 1 , no 58 ).
he ocial viitor woud preumaby have arrived at the monu-
mental entrance o three arche (no. a) and gradually acending, would
have paed through the courtyard (no. 1 1b), the entrance vetibue (no
a ), the main perityle (no. 9) , and the great corridor (no. 6b), nally
reaching the bailica (no 58) (Setti 1975).
he vila, built a a ingletory building, wa contructed
primarily o mortared rubbe wall aced with irregular piece o local
browntone. he great maority o excavated oor urace conited omoaic pavement, hal o them gured. he loor o the bailica, in
contrat had a magnicent decoration in opu ectile, while the open
courtyard were oten paved with brick (ee Carandini Ricci and De Vo
982:p. 2, or the ditribution o dierent type o loor urace through-
out the ite) It i etimated that ome thirtyvehundred uare meter
o moaic have been uncovered at the ite. n addition, although carcely
mentioned by the main excavator, almot a room in the vila building
had either marble acing or painted recoe on their wa Marble
tatuary woud have erved a additiona decorative element but ittle
ha urvived
he ite o iazza Armerina ha been and continue to be the ubject o
numerou cholarly tudie becaue o the many unanwered uetion
about it original owner and precie unction. Moreover, with the maive
increae in tourim ince the Second World War, the ite o iazza
Armerina ha become widely known to a ay audience. Becaue o it con-
tinuing acination or cholar and the teadiy increaing ow o viitor
that it receive, iazza Armerina preent a number o iue o general
relevance or the conervation and management o ancient ite.he vila ha a number o vaue that together contitute it wider
ignicance hee vaue can be broady claied into the categorie o
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"
:''. .:.. .
.." - '"'" : .:.-,
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igr 4
Sng of h a an s poc nco-
ss, sn fom h sohws. Th ocaon
of h a a h foo of woo hs s an
mpoan ashc au of h s
RO VL L P ZZ A S LY 69
owepwa pevouy uupected ad t dcovey a eued a
etepetato of e toy of povce ad pace e Roma
Empe of te me
Alo of tocal mpotace e poogca evdece fo co-
ecg e Roma etleme at te localty called Soaa out of evlla w te loopaa of te Aoe eay f t lk vald
ad f te vlla at azza Amea ca be elated te ame way a
Caad udy Flosoana popoe te te va' extece
gouded toca ecod (Caad, Rcc, ad De Vo 19 82)
Aesthetic value
e vlla of azza Amea a tog aetec value tat deve fom
locato ad fom te beauy of e moa c oo e mmedae ev-
ome of e va uexpectedy vedat eve umme, fo aea
of lad Scly (Fg 4) e tat e above e te fom e o-
eat to e otwet fom pat of e oute exemty of e Heaea
age wc atuy wa coveed oak foet a wa oed by te
cacal auo Dodou Sculu (484 1) oday e ae coveed wt
pe ad cype oak, eucalypu ade, ad azel pece ae commo
aoud e e e etg w wooded ll aded vaey, ad
c aable lad to e out ed Ceae Bad o wte of cada
beauty" emce moe of ucay a of Scly (Bad 956)
e vlla be kow fo t beaufu moac loo (Fg 2 3
Foud eavly good codo may loo ave bee fed ad eet
ad lacuae ave bee egated wt acet eeae A a eu fo
te mo pat te oo peet complee mage fo te vo to
appecate ad ejoy
e potectve ecloue eected ove te u of e vlla wee
deged ot oly to potect te moac oo bu alo o eace te
aetetc appea w a ecoed pace e ecloue becaue tey
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6 Stanley-Prce
gure
Pocti oof (in acgond constctd
o th thapsd ha n 9 4 42 y Pio
Gaoa Th oof was at dmoishd whn
Mnssis potct ncosus w t n
th at 90 Th mosaic oos a cod
wh sand o potcton.
oten ound to be nadeuate, t s nevertheless necessary to understand
the clate o thought regardng scholarshp and preservaton that
prevaled at the te. t s also portant to retreve as uch noraton
as possble that was overooked n the past because o research prortes
that dered ro those o today; Carandn and coworkers have doneths or the vla (Carandn, Rcc and De Vos 182. Snce knowledge
about stes and hstorcal noraton evolve over te vstors to
ancent stes ust be tod how noraton about the s acured
and how the vsble reans ght present a pcture that does not
relect past realtes.
Protection of mosaics in situ through roong
The roo erected over the threeapsed hall n 1442 conssted o a
wooden rae covered wth clay tles supported by assve brck pllars
(Fg. 8 (Gentl 166:pl. 1; Carandn Rcc, and D e Vos 182:endpapers
Th e curvnear wals o the buldng were restored n part to hep
support the new pllars. The desgn was later crtczed by Cesare rand
who thought t ade what shoud be a suptuous roo ook lke a
hayot. The vstors could see the osacs only by walkng on the or
by clbng a wooden observaton tower bult at the entrance to the
shelter (rand 156. Gazzola's roo covered the outstandng osacs o
the threeapsed hall but wth the contnuaton o excavatons any
ore osacs were exposed and reured protecton.
The constructon o Gazzolas roo n the 40s rases
portant uestons concernng the protecton o oor osacs n stu.
How can protectve roos or shel ters be desgned to protect osacs ro
the weather whe aso allowng the to b e eas ly seen? Can a new roo
be desgned that does not have an adverse aesthetc pact on the ste
by donatng the landscape, or nstance?
Furtherore when contnued excavaton reveals any
addtona areas reurng protecton the rst roo erected ay need
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gure 9
Proecie encosre o he esible seen
from he norhwes. Wal panels of shee
glass whch hae replace he origina corr
gae pasic sheahng maerial, hae encor
age hea bip
gure 1 0
Proece encosre oer he hreeapse
hal The origina corrgae plasc sheahing
maeral has been replace wh shee glass.
The false ceng can be ceay seen (c Fg 2
T RO VL PZZ A S Y
o be reconsdered o even deoshed (as was he case wh Gazzolas
roof. Should rs" oos be delberaely desgned o be low n cos and
easly dsanled?
Design of translucent enclosure buildings
for ancient remains
The proecve enclosure buldngs desgned by Mnss were nended
o poec he osacs whle also aowng vsos opal vewng
(Fgs. 10 (SaneyPrce and Pon 16. These sepaae as reuedsoe coposes n he desgn ha allowed he econcaon of ech
nca conservaon reueens and aeshec consderaons.
n he consevaon sde n orde o avod he poena hea prob-
le (a geenhouse eec" posed by a ansucen srucue n he Sclan
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80 Stanley-Prce
Figure 1 5
Supports o the protectve encosures
designed to suggest the nterior oumes o
the ogina buidng (see also Fig 14) Hee
at the nothwest ange of the man peristye,
the suppot also represents the om o a col-umn captal Minssis am was "to form anew
not econstuct) the oomaeas corespond-
ing to the dieent mosaics (Mnissi
9 6 : 13 1
ot o ese goals ueced Msss orgal desg. Wt te beet
o dsg ad wt oday's cagg perspectves e soluo adopted
te 1950s rases a uber o ssues cocerg vstor access ad
terpretato.
Te oder vsor ca vew al te preserved oors ta ave
bee ucoveredore, act a a Roa vstor o te va would
probably ave see However, te aesec presetato o e
outsadg oor osacs s aceved at e expese o a accurate
storcal erpretao o ow a Roa vla uctoed. Te xedvsor route olows te wal ops o a seres o roos owever by
so dOg, t caot suae orga paers o ovee te
acet vlla.
I recet years vsors, stead o arrvg roug te
ouetal etrace o te vlla (Fg. 1 o a , ave arrved ro te
ort o a route tat takes te pas e uraces o e bat copex
ad a lare (o. 14)ardy e approac a a dstgused Roa
vstor would ave ake. Te perstyle, aroud wc Roa abtas
ad vstors would ave walked ca be vewed oy ro aar by te
vstor; so oo e portat bascaTo uderstad e vla, vstors ust deped o orao
ro a gudebook or ro te tour gudes wo escort groups. (Te ocal
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Figure 1 6
Crows of mmorning isitors he i
n My 99 The xe nerry cree by
he wwys i n he 90s s no onger
eqte t o sere e nmber o f stors
s mny s two tosn per y t peperos
T H R O N V L P ZZ A N , S C Y 81
nglianguage gideboo i Gentil' [1 966]. ) Tere i amot n o written
or vual normaton provded on te iteinformaton tat mgt, or
intance, luminate te functon of te room.
Te priority gven to aetetic preentation of te moaic over
te imulaton o orginal route o movement troug te villa under
tandabe given Min' aim to create a "pecal ind of mueum round
exibit wc were already n pace (Minii 1961:131). Moreover, many
itorica quetoneven te functon of evera roomreman unre-
olved, and o relatvey lttle nformaton can be preented to te viitor
it condence. Anoter ue raied by te xed vtor route witnte main encloureone tat could not be oreeen by te decion maer
of te 1950i te carryng capacity o te walway. A a reult o
te advent o ma tourm (Fg. 16), at pea period, te opportunity to
experience te moaccareuly deigned by Minii and i
colleague at r o being lot in a ingele ma urge o
viitor toward te only ext.
n ummary, te protective encloure contructed at te va
orty year ago raie ome general ue or ite management today.
Foremot of tee i te reconciliation of conervation and preentation
objective in a te management plan. Bot aetetc and itorcal valueneed to be incorporated into te preentation of oor moac (or any dec-
orative urace) pen queton are weter te deign of modern vi
tor tinerare ould mmic te probable acce pattern o te orgnal
occupant o te ite, and weter te viewing condition o, for example,
ancient moaic ould attempt to imitate origna condition or oud
intead be optimized or te convenience of te modernday vitor.
Fnally, te need to accommodate to day' ma torm empaze te
neceity o upgradng vitor aciltie degned everal decade ago.
ter ave argued tat te protective encoure and vitor tin-
erary degned forty year ago ould now be condered obolete, incetey caue damage to te ite' remain and provde an unatiactory
vitor experience. I o, te many ue tat ti oution attempted to
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82 tey-Price
Acknowledgments
Note
References
resolve in te 150s ae no less edae odaybot for Piazza
Arena and for ancent sites n geneal.
Te autor owes a pacuar debt to D. Gianni Pon wo reseacede isory of inervenons at te vlla faciliaed oca aison in tay and
accopanied te autor on esearc vsis o Piazza Areina fo te
prepaation of tis sdy Te auto is aso ndebed to Dr. Ganllipo
Var sopritedete of e Sopinendenza ai en Cultura e Abienta
di Enna for uc elp and for allowing access o unpblsed epos n
e soprntendenza's arcves and to oter ebers of te sa wo
elped povide infoation abot te va: Dr. Enza Ca Paaone e
arciect Rosa lva Dr. Anna obaci te arciec Claudo Meraga
and te srveyo Lborio elone n Roe te actect Franco Mnssi
was vey elpful n dscussing s work at te villa as was ProfessorAndea Caandn Te auor s gaefl to al l tose enoned fo
elping ake tis sudy possible.
Pspx mnufctu by ICI of nt Kngom
88
Amstnu,
Son: Sc, 14 161. In a villa maa del Caale di Piazza Ameia A i della IV
Riuie Siea della Sla di Peeziame i Aelgia Claia dell'Uieri diCaaia . So Go 7483 Conc Acoog o 3. Cn:
Isttuo Acoog, ns Cn
Apolo C, A Cnn ucc, n P Pnsbn
171 L Vl l Cs P Amn: Poblm sgg sgc cc.
Mage de lEle Faaie de Rme, Aiqui 834181
Boot A n Cuo
1 Pzz Amnll omn Cs: Ingn mcoclmc Lbotoo
Fsc, Cnto Rgonl p Pogttzon l Rsuo, Plmo.
Bnb B 4 7 P Amn: Rsu mosc omn l Csl izie degli Savi di
Aii 3.
Bn C
1 6 Acolog scln Bllei dellIiu Ceale del Reaur 783100
Cnn, A A Rc n M . Vos
18 Filaa Te a f Piaza Ameria. ols Plmo: S F Fccoo
Ct,
3 6 Sc scop stu monumnt ntc n Sc n qunqunno 1 3 1 13
Ai della Sie aliaa per il Prge delle Sieze 36
10 Scl Pzz Amn: oto sc scopt, su l l'[mpo Romno
Bllei Cmuale di Rma 6830
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T RO V L P ZZ A S Y 8
De Mr E
19 88 La la de l Casale di Piazza Areria: Nuoe rcerche I La villa romana del Casale di
Piazza Armerina: Ai della IV Riunione Scientica della Scuola d i Peezionamento in
Archeologia Classica dell'Universit d i Catania, ed Salatore Garrao, 5872 Croache d i
Archeooia o. 23. Cataia: Istituto di Archeooa, Uersit di Cataa
De M E d E F Miss
1972 Proetto per i Museo d Pazza Areria Musei e gallere d'Italia 17
Gr S ed
988 La villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina. Atti della IV Riunione Scientca della Scuola
di Peezionamento in A rcheologia Classica dell Universit di Catania Croache d
Archeoloia ol 23 Cataia: Istituto di Archeooa, Uiersit di Cataa
Get G V
950 Pazza Areria: Gradiosa lla roaa i cotrada Casale Notizie degli Scavi di
Antichit, 291335.
92a
192
1956
1966
a la roaa del Casae d Piazza Arera. I Atti del I Congresso Nazionale di
Archeologia Cristiana Siracusa, settemre 7 182 Roe: L'Era" di
Bretscheder
I osaci dela la roaa del Casae d Piazza Arera Bollettino dArte 37:3346
La ila iperiae di Piazza Areria I Atti del VII Congresso Nazionale di Storia
dellArchitettura settemre 2470 Paero I Cotato
The Imperial Villa of Piazza Armerina Guidebooks to the Museus Galeries, ad
Mouets of Itay o 87 3d Elish editio Roe: Istituto Poliraco delo Stato
Lbreria delo Stato.
Ke
1973 Die a des Maxentius ei Piazza Armerina Moueta Artis Roaae, ol 12 Berli:
Ma
et, A
176 1 Lo stato presente della Sicilia Paero: Fracesco Valeza Ipressore della Ss Crociata
McDld W
986 The Pazza Areria la Appedix to Th e Architecture of th e Roman Empire Vo 2,
An Uran Appraisal 27483 New Hae, Co Yale Uiersty Press
Mss F
19 6 Protectio of the osac paeets of the Roa ila at Piazza Areria Museum
14 : 13132
si P
93 Roat e aaz roa i Sicla Piazza Areria Roma 12 :255
ppld
188 Le recenti scoperte in contrada Casale presso Piazza Armerna Np.
992a
1992b
S M
Eerecy tereto o oo ded osaics at Piazza Areria. International
Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics Newsletter 9: 1 78
Pazza Areria: Vlla roaa del Casa e. Cetro Reoae per la Proettazoe e l
Restauro Palero
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la
Ib
85
Pates a-d
Roma vila o Paa Armea, Sicly Itay.
he geeral view o the bath (a how the
ecloe erected to potect the ite moac
loor, which ae amog the mot comete
a late Roma vila he Great Hut moaic
(b, c protected by roog ad viewed
both om god level ad from a eevated
walkway he Lab f Heue moaic
how i detail (d), aother o the vlla
mot mpotat artwok
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86
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8
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88
a
Pate a-d
e palace of osso Cree, reee, exca
vaed ad reosruced y rhur va
egiig i 19 00 e Norh Lusra Basi
(a) ad i reoed ieral coum () show
ow mode srucures ow domiae he
sie. e oigia r Fresco vey ie o
whh wa acualy preseved, wa resoed
i 193, ad hree cope () were laer added
aroud he hroe Room. hese rescoe
ie e opy of he Cueare Feo (d) i
he Souh Popyaeum, a wel as he re of
e palace, ae argey mode ceaios
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89
z
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0
3a
Pate a
hesus, ukey The reoRoman iy o
hesus (a), seen om Mount Coessus; nenter oeground is the uer anent iy;
the modern town o Seluk is seen in the
dstane hesus retans its ntegriy as an
anent andsae and as an exame o
Hellenisti and Roman ahiteture and urban
lannng The estored Lbray o Celsus (b
is the site's most rominent strutue other
remains () evoke the romanti astoral
uaiy o ruins overgrown by nature. The
engmat tumbe o arhitetua ees n
Domitian Squae d) both onuses and
ntigues visitos whle the monumental
theater (e), reenty restoed today oasion-
ally seves as an entertanment venue, end-
ing a ina desion on ts onsevation and
uture use
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9 1
3b
3c
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92
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Kossos
Joh K. Papadopouos
IN 100 JO N N ebaed on a ullscale excavaiona e peisoic se on e Kepaa Hill a Knossos and ediaey
cae acoss e eains o e buidng e was o call e Palace
o Minos (Fgs. 14) Te dscovey lae eed o as e nd o a
lieie (Howz 181; Evans 14; Haden 18) boug o ig a
ieounnown cvilizaon dubbed e Mnoan. Ealy n s cenuy
Evans no ony excavaed e sie bu boldly ansoed e onuen
oug esoaon econsucon and enoced conceeino one
o e os eueny visied acaeoogical sies n e ld Wod.
Te ognal eoliic seeen pobably dang o beoe
000 BC.E, as wel as e lae palace a nossos ae suaed on e lowill o Kepala appoxaely ve iloees soueas o Healon
(Candia). Te geae acaeological aea o Knossos (Fig. 2) as dened
by Hood and Sy 8 1 ) is sgncanly lage an e iedae
palace sie i coves an aea o soe en suae oees being us
unde ve iloees no o sou w a axiu wid o ee
iloees eas o wes. Tis aea includes e seleen sie o Knossos
n is vaious pases as well as os o e ceeeies o all peiods. nly
a sall poon o is aea is exposed oday as pa o e acaeologcal
se s poon includes in addon o pvaely owned plos o agicu
ual land sx oden villages. nensve building n ecen yeas asansoed e noen pa o e aea ino a subub o Heaion.
eveeless i as been eaed a peaps no oe egon o
ancen seleen n Geece as been so oougly exploed as is aea
o soe en suae iloees" (Hood and Sy 1 8 1 : 1)
As a lage seeen and ceeey sie o any peiods nossos
aises a vaey o issues and saes any o e pobles ineen a all
sies wi a long and coninuous occupaon soy. A e sae ie
despie alos a cenuy o excavaion and sudy e se s bes nown
aong bo specialss and e boade publc o s eaable cenal
building convenionally called a palace (Fg. ) (Gaa 162; Cadogan16; Hgg and Mainaos 18; c Casleden 0) Tis buildng discov-
eed eay n e isoy o invesgaions a e sie and exensively
exploed is one o e ealies ancen buldngs o ave been esoed o
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Lato Mirabell o
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96 Papadopou lo s
'Roman amphiteater\\} ,. , C \ Roman basilIca \'. -- % . ' ,-- Villa
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A-C-XVll
5 .
7.
IISte of 1
orthwest \House
West Court
Wes MagaznesWest MagazinesoulouesAltarsWes PorhCoido of he PoessonSouhwes PohSepped PortioSouth TeaeSouth PopylaeumSouth CorrdoSouth PohPiest ing RelefSite of the Geek tempe
athub with Linear B TaetsLong Coidor of the WesMagaznesDeposi of Heogyphi ablesCordo of he Stone asinAnteoom of he Throne Room
Fgure 3
Plan of t paac of noso afte A.
33.
34.
35 .
37 .
Evas)
Thone Roomnne SantuaySepped PorhTipatte Shrne
Conjectual wals
_Aua certain was
Loby of he Sone SeatTempe ReposoiesPa CypsGrand StaaseHa of he Double Axes (ng's Hall)Queen's HaQueens Dessing RoomCou of he DistasServe SaiaseSouheast BahoomShrne of he Doue AxesSoutheast ustra asinLobby of he Wooden PossEast PooLapdays WokshopShoooom
K N O S S O S 97
-
Chane Seen
38 Cout of the Stone Spout39 . Magazines of he Gant Phoi40 Eas Baston Corrdor o f the Daughboard oheast al. ortheast Magazines Room of the Sone Drainhead45 Magazne of he Medaion Pitho46 Cordo of the Bays Ealy eep orth Entane Passage orth Pillar Ha orth Gae5 1 . oh Lustral Basin and Intiatoy Aea ohwes Poo heaal Aea54. Roya Road orhwest Entane?
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8 Ppdopouos
Figure 4
oo viewed om the ea i 1902, wo
yea afte Eva taed hi excavatio The
oi dum o the eae loe o the ite,
which wee vile 90 1 , have ee moved
The Thoe Room ha ee ooed (ee
Fig , a etaiig wal o he Cea Couha ee uit, ad vaiou at of he
Dometic Quate have ee aally
eoed o cooidated.
prolic scholarly research in any areasincuding archaeological
hisorical, phiologica arhisorical anhropological, and scienicboh
for he ronze Age and for earlier and laer periods
Symbolic and associative values
Cree is he seing for nuerous Greek yhs and of hese any are
enaced agains he elaborae backdrop of he palace of ossos The
sybolic and associaive values of he sie have deed he passage of ie
o such an exen ha ahough Minoan nossos was los fro huan
view, i was never los fro huan eory The legendary Minos son of
Zeus and uropa feaured proineny in laer Greek accouns as he rs
person o organize a navy, hrough which he conrolled he greaer par
of he Aegean where he also esablished he rs coonies he lived on
even in deah as one of he grea judges of he underworld (aan
12 : 7074) Pasipha, he Minoaur and Daidalos's any devices and
creaionsincluding he abyrinh and his subsequen huanpowered
ligh fro Cree wih his son karoswere well own in Classical Greek
ragedy, as well as in Greek Roan, and even odern radiion and
iconography (Morris 12; Farnoux 13) So oo were Theseus and his
slaying of he Minoaur, aided by Minos's daugher Ariadne Alhough
ahisorica or yhhisorica hese radiions add o he alure and
signicance of he sie is perhaps no coincidence ha soe of he earli
es odern raveers o Cree were os ineresed in he legendary
labyrinh of Daidalos
Aesthetic value
Modern aciviies on he sie have enhanced he aesheic vaue of
nossos which aracs os curren visiors o he sie Whaever is
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Tabl 5 Nmer o vitor to noo and
Phato the two motvited arhaeoogial
ite on Crete 198789
Year noo Phaito
987 67 97 160,160
1988 675,600 69,980
989 652,895 170960
Sources S n o b 2
Tab 7 Montly tket ale at noo 98794
1987 1988
Janary 1,700
Ferary 200
March 1 , 4 1 7 4554
April 72800 66900
May 83900 84300
ne 81 100 86300
Jly 09200 105,300
Agt 88,400 128200
eptemer 86,80096,400
ctober 74300 75600
oember 8000 9950
Deemer 2,200 4,040
Tota 6 8 1 7 675344
Tabl 6 Qarterly nmer o vitor to
noo and Phaito 99
Qarter ( 199 ) noo Phato
JanaryMarch 1 778 4,362ArlJne 69953 33 9 1
Jlyeptemer 285949 5,357
toerDeemer 76077 17700
Sources S 2
1989 990 1991
4,310 2344 847
3 ,153 2690 ,043
22,846 10300 8,888
53300 68,780 25862
87700 89400 59262
77700 89200 84829
92,700 05947 1 16,492
11 700 132,598 84,829
01900 10 85 84628
83,800 77701 67746
9700 12,863 6,827
4186 3630 1503
652995 706304 543756
1992
1,784
1522
5 36
73,884
94,048
86613
06500
122,699
108,994
79675
5643
2,377
689,055
K O O 0
1993 1994
1 , 6 1 7 2644
1 182 1724
7602 15,609
60,925 67,314
7692 94087
79156 91899
02952 112 ,96
124,668 129,517
106355 10089
35696 53407
10,654 10,459
2788 2612
60 ,5 16 691557
Soure: S o Tl (Fgs pri o Mh 987 r o vlbl.)
886 Evans 89 Kalokairinos canced upon several nscrbed sybos
on gypsu blocks now referred to as asons' arks"; it was tese
arks peraps ore tan anytng ese tat drew Evans to te ste He
rst vsited te site in 894, quickly purcased te land and set about
pannng its excavation for a varety o political and econoic reasons
owever e was not able to begin unt 1900 (Evans 899900:45; Hood
and Tayor 98 2 .
Excavations and activities of Arthur Evans,
phase 1 (circa 1900-1913)Apart fro a nineyear gap brdgng te First World War and severa
sorter perods of iatus Evans excavated te ste ro 900 to 190.
Fro te pont of vew of restoraton and conservation is activites ay
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6
Tre Rm vewed fm te ea 1900
afte e year f excava T e dcv-
ery f ar f e gym lr ad
wall frece made evdet ta me frm
f mmedae rtec frm e eemewa eceary Eva ad frt f te
e te acgrd
7
F rtecve f ver te Te Rm,
vewed fm te eat, 90 Te lat f
wa rted y ck lar alg e de
ad y terr cm a were made f
wde a, cvered w later, ad
aed Te er clm, wc
rted a mer famewr, wee ted
t cced y e gal Ma
clm Fr rec, e eclre wa
tted w wg r ralg ad r
gate Te ectve rce cveed ly
te Te Rm; m f e exeve exca-
va wa exed e eleme
K O O 10 3
were dscovered it was cear tat soe sort of protective cover for te
Trone Roo was urgenty needed. Te rst roong soution was co
peted in 90 . t conssted of a at roof supported by bric piars aong
te sides Counsconstructed of wooden sats covered wit paster,
and pantedwere tted into postons forery occupied by Mnoan
couns were tey supported a tiber fraewor Te structure wasfurter protected by wrougt iron rangs and iron gates Fig 7) n 904
te at roof was repaced by a ore peranent structure wt a ptced
roof supported by eta girders (Fig 8). Te oft of te buding was tted
wit sevng and used as a nd of reference useu" (Brown 983:2);
it saw service for uite a nuber of years before being repaced n 930
by a assve structure of renforced concrete wic attepted to convey
an dea of te origna (Fgs 9, 2) Atoug providing a soution for te
Trone Roo, te various structures of ts pase protected ony a sa
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04 Ppdopouos
Figure
Seod oof ove he hoe Room vewed
fom he ouhea, 1904 he eae la oof
Fg 7) wa elaed by a moe emae
uue wh a hed oof uoed by
mea gde he lo wa ed wh helv-
g ad eved a a efeee mueum
Figure 9
hoe Room vewed fom he ouhea
930 he fuoa eod hee fo he
hoe Room (Fg. 8 wa elaed by a ma
ve uue of efoed oee baed o
Eva' dea of he ogal Moa buldg.
h uded he ouo of he eely
mode ue oy, ued a a ue
galey fo oe of feoe fom vaou
a of he alae. he ewly eoed
Seed Poo, hoe Room omlex, ad
We Poo of he oh Eae Paage
a be ee
Figure 1 0
hoe Room, Aeoom ad Seed
Poo afe exavao 1900 he fagy of
he ogal fab of he moume a be
ee he eeoao ae of he hoe
Room ad mmedae uoud
Figure 1 1
Ieo of he hoe Room a eoed
93 0 hee oe of he Feo wee
added o he oga, fagmeay g d-
oveed u 1 900. he eoao da-
ma he degee o whh afomed
he exavaed ema of he aea (Fg 5 )
(ee oo lae 2)
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0 Ppdopouos
igure 1 4 above
Dmst Qarr vwd m th as 19 01
Frm ft rgh ar h Hal f h Dubl
Axs part f h stars ladig t h uppr
EasWs Crrid