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![Page 1: Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110322/56649d045503460f949d714f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.
• The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.
Life in Ancient Rome
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Roman Culture
• The Romans admired the Greeks and copied some of their ideas, though they often changed what they borrowed.
• Roman statues and art portrayed people with flaws, whereas Greek art and statues portrayed ideal people.
(pages 303–305)
• Romans incorporated Greek ideas in their architecture, such as columns and porches.
Life in Ancient Rome
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• They also used their own ideas, such as arches, domes, and vaults, which are curved ceilings.
• Two famous buildings still stand today: the Colosseum, which is a large arena, and the Pantheon, which is a temple built in honor of Rome’s gods. (pages 303–305)
Life in Ancient Rome
Roman Culture (cont.)
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• The Roman writer Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which tells the story of the Trojan prince Aeneas and his followers.
• The poet Horace wrote satires, which are works that poke fun at human weaknesses, and odes, which express strong emotions about life.
• The writers Ovid and Catullus were inspired by Greek writing and myths.
(pages 303–305)
Life in Ancient Rome
Roman Culture (cont.)
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• Livy, one of Rome’s most famous historians, wrote the History of Rome.
• Many modern European languages spoken today are based on Latin, the language of Rome.
• The Greek doctor Galen brought Greek medical ideas to Rome.
(pages 303–305)
Life in Ancient Rome
Roman Culture (cont.)
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• Ptolemy was a famous scientist who studied and mapped the stars.
• Engineers created an advanced road system and aqueducts that provided water.
(pages 303–305)
Life in Ancient Rome
Roman Culture (cont.)
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Daily Life in Rome
• Rome was one of the largest cities in the ancient world.
(pages 306–310)
• The Forum was in the center of Rome and served as a marketplace and public square.
• Wealthy Romans lived in large, fine homes.
• Poorer people lived in apartment buildings of stone and wood.
Life in Ancient Rome
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Daily Life in Rome (cont.)
• Because of high rent, most people could not afford large homes.
• The government provided free grain and sporting shows, such as chariot races and gladiator contests.
• Gladiators were men who fought animals and each other.
• Roman families were large, including young and married children, other relatives, and enslaved servants.
(pages 306–310)
Life in Ancient Rome
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Daily Life in Rome (cont.)
• The paterfamilias was the man who headed the family.
• Wealthy children—boys and girls—received an education through hired tutors.
• Some boys went to school.
• A boy became a man between ages 14 and 16 years.
(pages 306–310)
Life in Ancient Rome
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Daily Life in Rome (cont.)
• Girls became adults when they married.
• Women had few rights but were influential in the family.
(pages 306–310)
Life in Ancient Rome
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Daily Life in Rome (cont.)
• Wealthy women had more freedom than poor women.
• Slaves were not uncommon in the Roman Empire.
• Slaves suffered many hardships and were treated poorly.
• Sometimes slaves revolted against the Romans.
(pages 306–310)
Life in Ancient Rome
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Daily Life in Rome (cont.)
• Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt.
• Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses.
• As the Roman Empire grew, the Romans conquered people of other religions.
• They were allowed to worship freely as long as they did not threaten the Roman government.
(pages 306–310)
Life in Ancient Rome
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s.
• Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire.
• Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.
The Fall of Rome
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The Decline of Rome
• After the Severans ended, Rome’s leadership grew weak, and the government grew corrupt.
• With a weak government, the economy worsened.
• After Aurelius’s death, Commodus and the Severans ruled Rome.
(pages 318–320)
• A plague, or a disease that spreads widely, broke out and killed many people.
The Fall of Rome
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The Decline of Rome (cont.)
• Invaders began pushing into the empire’s territory, and the Roman government could not pay Roman soldiers.
• Emperor Diocletian tried to establish reforms that would improve the political situation.
• Inflation, or rapidly increasing prices, occurred because money became less valuable.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 318–320)
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The Decline of Rome (cont.)
• He moved the capital city to Byzantium, and the city later became known as Constantinople.
• Emperor Constantine tried to stop the empire’s decline.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 318–320)
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Rome Falls
• Theodosius became emperor after Constantine’s death.
(pages 322–324)
• Theodosius split the empire into two separate empires: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
• The Visigoths feared the Huns and asked Rome for protection.
• In exchange, Rome required the Visigoths to be loyal to them.
The Fall of Rome
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Rome Falls (cont.)
• The Visigoths rebelled against the Romans and beat the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople.
• More Germanic groups invaded Roman territory.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 322–324)
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Rome Falls (cont.)
• The Visigoth leader Alaric and his soldiers captured the city of Rome and burned it.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 322–324)
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Rome Falls (cont.)
• The Vandals overpowered Rome’s territories in Spain and northern Africa.
• Then they entered Rome and destroyed buildings.
• Odoacer was a Germanic leader who took control of Rome’s government from the emperor Romulus Augustulus.
• This event marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 322–324)
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Rome Falls (cont.)
• A band of Visigoths killed Odoacer and set up a kingdom in Italy.
• The Eastern Roman Empire continued to prosper after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
• It became known as the Byzantine Empire.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 322–324)
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The Legacy of Rome
• The law and government of the United States today is influenced by the laws and government of the ancient Romans.
(pages 325–326)
• The alphabet of the Latin language is used through the Western world today.
• Many European languages stemmed from Latin.
• Many English words come from Latin.
The Fall of Rome
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The Legacy of Rome (cont.)
• Western architecture uses styles of the Romans, such as domes and arches.
• Christianity began in the Roman Empire.
The Fall of Rome
(pages 325–326)
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Get Ready to Read (cont.)
The Byzantine Empire
• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.
• The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong.
• The Byzantine developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.
Focusing on the Main Ideas
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The Rise of the Byzantines
• The Eastern Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire.
• It included Greeks, Egyptians, Arabs, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks.
• Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
(pages 328–329)
The Byzantine Empire
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The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.)
• Constantinople was located between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, at the crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia.
• People of early Constantinople initially followed Roman ways.
• They spoke Latin and enforced Roman laws.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 328–329)
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The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.)
• Eventually, the Byzantine Empire became more influenced by Greece.
• People spoke Greek and drew upon Greek culture.
• Some ideas from the Slavs, Egyptians, and Persians also mixed in with the Greek influences.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 328–329)
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Emperor Justinian
• Empress Theodora, Justinian’s wife, helped her husband rule Byzantine.
• Justinian was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from A.D. 527 until A.D. 565.
(pages 329–330)
• She gave him advice and advocated more rights for Byzantine women.
• Justinian tried to restore the Roman Empire by invading Western Europe and northern Africa.
The Byzantine Empire
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Emperor Justinian (cont.)
• Tribonian was a legal scholar who worked with his colleagues to simplify the law code, so it could be more easily understood.
• Belisarius was a general who helped lead the Byzantine army.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 329–330)
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Byzantine Civilization
• Constantinople was its largest and wealthiest city.
• The Byzantine Empire lasted for about 1,000 years.
(pages 332–334)
The Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Civilization (cont.)
• It was the center of trade between Europe and Asia.
• The Byzantine Empire depended on trade.
(pages 332–334)
• Silk weaving was a major industry.
• Byzantine emperors supported artists and architects.
The Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Civilization (cont.)
• Hagia Sophia was the religious center of the Byzantine Empire and was a great architectural accomplishment.
• Mosaics are pictures made from many bits of colored glass or stone.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 332–334)
• Marriage and family were very important in the Byzantine way of life.
• Most mosaics showed saints, or Christian holy people.
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Byzantine Civilization (cont.)
• Byzantine women obtained some rights.
• They became educated, and some served as regents, or people who stand in for rulers who are too young or too ill to govern.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 332–334)
• The Byzantine government supported education.
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Byzantine Civilization (cont.)
• Boys studied academic subjects in Byzantine schools.
• Girls did not attend school but were taught at home.
• Most written literature was religious.
The Byzantine Empire
(pages 332–334)
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Section 1: Life in Ancient Rome
Focusing on the Main Ideas
Roman Civilization
• In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.
• The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.
![Page 36: Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110322/56649d045503460f949d714f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Section 2: The Fall of Rome
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire.
• Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s.
Roman Civilization
• Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.
![Page 37: Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110322/56649d045503460f949d714f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.
• The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong.
Section 3: The Byzantine Empire
• The Byzantines developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.
Roman Civilization
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__ 1. pictures made of many bits of colored glass or stone
__ 2. rapidly increasing prices__ 3. father of a family__ 4. emotional poem about
life’s ups and downs
Review Vocabulary
A. odeB. inflationC. anatomyD. mosaicE. plagueF. paterfamiliasG. gladiatorH. regent
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
D
B
A
Roman Civilization
F
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__ 5. a disease that spreads widely
__ 6. a person who stands in for a ruler who cannot govern
__ 7. a warrior who fought animals and people in public arenas
__ 8. study of the body’s structure
Review Vocabulary
A. odeB. inflationC. anatomyD. mosaicE. plagueF. paterfamiliasG. gladiatorH. regent
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
E
H
G
C
Roman Civilization