Get PDF (199K)
Transcript of Get PDF (199K)
532
Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae), First Edition. Edited by I. Hodek, H.F. van Emden, A. Honek.© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
subject INDEX
Note: Page numbers in bold face refer to tables, page numbers in italic face indicate fi gures and illustrations. Abbreviations used: LDT for lower development threshold; SET for sum of effective temperatures; SCP for super cooling point;
Acyrthosiphon pisum 57, 58–65,74–75, 78, 115, 118, 120, 145, 147, 152–154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 161–163,164, 168–9, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 182, 188–195,196, 206, 208, 218, 220, 222–224, 234, 236, 237,238, 240, 297, 345, 451, 457, 469, 534
ant attendance 236, 237consumption rates 160essential prey 158, 162, 172,
188–195larval period and pupal mass, effect
on 161nutritive value 196–197pea surface wax 217–218ratio between disturbed and
consumed 240visual ability 239
Adalia bipunctata 20, 21, 23–32, 23,30, 36, 37, 39, 55–57, 58, 68, 69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 82–85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 113, 117, 119–123, 121, 126, 128, 129, 129–132, 144–146, 150, 151, 151–154, 153, 159, 162, 163–169, 165, 166, 172–174, 173,179–180, 205, 209, 211, 212, 215, 216–217, 224, 230, 231, 236, 291, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 318, 320–322, 324–326, 329,
332, 344, 356–358, 363, 376, 377, 378, 391, 392,398, 399, 407, 407, 408, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 417, 420, 422, 425, 449, 451, 454–458, 477, 498,504, 505, 508
adaptation ability 157aphid prey 153
capture of 238, 239development on different 145,
147rejected/problematic 165–168toxic, effects of 161, 162,
452augmentation 498Coccipolypus hippodamiae, infection
by 413colour pattern variation 21, 22,
23, 25assortative mating 27evolution of 26geographic variation 23–24
diapause regulation 290–291dormancy behaviour 313–314egg cannibalism 177–178, 233essential foods 188expansion in Japan 493–494inbreeding 40intraguild predation 350,
351–352, 361larval attachment ability 218larval food consumption 202,
203preference for 452–453
Aaron’s rod see Verbascum thapsusAbgrallaspis cyanophylli 60, 87, 91,
190, 204Abies balsamea 471abundance of coccinellids
absolute and relative 111and character of landscape 127on crops 129, 130and habitat fragmentation
126–127link to aphid abundance 117, 118methods of estimating 468–472reduced tillage 502, 503sampling methods 112–114transgenic crops 122–123on trees 131, 132
Abutilon theophrasti 227, 227Acacia 154, 183, 489Acalypha ostryaefolia 123, 126, 227,
227acarina
Coccipolipus 411–414phoretic mites 345, 411
accepted food/prey 143, 144, 145, 146
Aconitum 165Acraea encedon 425Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 379Acutaspis umbonifera 190Acyrthosiphon caraganae 58Acyrthosiphon ignotum 58Acyrthosiphon kondoi 476Acyrthosiphon nipponicum see
Neoaulacorthum nipponicum241
Subject index 533
Adalia bipunctata, (continued)male-killing bacteria, effect of
421, 422, 424, 424, 425, 425mtDNA and male-killing bacteria
30–31non-insect food 180, 185olfaction 225oviposition deterrence 228, 229
larval tracks, chemical composition 455
search patterns 215, 220sperm competition/paternity studies
42–43trophic egg laying 173, 177wing development 28
Adalia conglomerata 131Adalia decempunctata 21, 23, 25, 27,
30, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 59, 79, 84, 85, 100, 129,131, 136, 151, 161, 166, 189, 196, 231, 233, 236, 238, 248, 309, 339, 347, 365, 376, 377, 378, 392,399, 407, 408, 412, 413, 420, 422, 440, 452, 454, 460
Adalia defi ciens 387, 391Adalia fasciatopunctata see Adalia
bipunctataAdalia fl avomaculata see Lioadalia
fl avomaculataAdalia tetraspilota 79additional prey, aggregative response
212–213Adelges cooleyi 189Adelges laricis 188Adelges nordmannianae 189Adelges nusslini see Adelges
nordmannianaeAdelges piceae 493Adelges tsugae 66, 153, 175,
193–196, 344, 471, 493adelgids
control of 493as prey 175
Adonia arctica see Hippodamia arcticaAdonia variegata see Hippodamia
variegataAdonis ladybird see Hippodamia
variegataadult(s) 76–91
defence of 357–358fecundity 88–90longevity 90–91mating 82–85
mean SCP 96ovarioles 78–82oviposition 85–88pre-oviposition period 77–78size 78, 95teneral development 76–77wings and fl ight 77
aestivation diapause 276–277Afi denta misera 79Afi ssula rana 79, 316Afi ssula sanscrita 79Aframomum melegueta 24–26age of coccinellids
growth curves 74hatching rate 68oviposition rates 86, 87at peak oviposition 86pupal, respiration rate 75and sexual activity 91and variation in defensive chemistry
447and willingness to mate 82
Agelastica coerulea 167aggregations
chemical implicated in 451, 453, 457
dormancy 302, 305–309monospecifi c 308
aggregative numerical response 211–213, 227
Agistemus longisetus 490Agonoscena pistaciae 195Agonum dorsale 474agricultural practices
changes in, effects of 126–127habitat management 500–502
Agropyron desertorum 207Aiolocaria hexaspilota 59, 79, 82,
90, 167, 189, 197, 197, 221, 225, 259, 308, 310, 311, 311, 321, 340, 420, 426, 428, 437
dormancy sites 311Aiolocaria mirabilis see Aiolocaria
hexaspilotaair-currents, use of 302alarm pheromone 225, 239, 451,
468Alauda arvensis 379Alcaligenes paradoxus 421alder leaf beetle see Agelastica coeruleaAleurodicus cocois 169Aleurodicus dispersus 490Aleurotuba jelinekii 190Aleyrodes proletella 191
alfalfa fi eldsalternative prey 170–172, 213nutritional value 196–197strip-harvesting 501
alfalfa weevil see Hypera posticaalkaloids 376
aphid toxicity 163–164, 165egg and pupae protection 76, 456enemies and competitors 449host plant 167larvae protection 357refl ex blood 376, 377, 445–449
alkanes, larval tracks 455Allantonematidae 414allelobiosis 458allelochemicals 151, 155, 196
and aphid toxicity 158, 160–161, 164–165
DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169evolution of adaptive resistance to
166and prey rejection 165–166
allelopathy 458Alloneda dodecaspilota 79allozymes
method of analysis 34population genetics 40sperm competition 42–43
Alnus japonica 167Alternaria 180–181, 183, 184alternative foods/prey 146,
170–174, 187, 302, 344biological control 490conservation 499–500pollen 180
altruistic behaviour 451Amaranthus hybridus 227, 227Amblyseius andersoni 353Amblyseius fallacis 490Ambrosia artemisiifolia 152American hickory see Carpinus
carolinianaAminellus see CowperiaAminellus sumatraensis see Cowperia
sumatraensisAmphitetranychus viennensis 67Amplifi ed Fragment Length
Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis 34
Anagasta kuehniella see Ephestiakuehniella
Anagyrus australiensis 384Anagyrus 353, 384, 386, 471, 496Anagyrus kamali 496Anagyrus lopezi 471
534 Subject index
Anagyrus pseudococci 353Anastatus 386Anatis halonis 174Anatis labiculata 20, 132Anatis mali 122, 185, 189, 208,
306, 471Anatis ocellata 23, 56, 59, 79, 80,
85, 102, 122, 128, 131, 146, 149, 151, 151, 189, 214, 221, 223, 256, 314, 355, 389, 392, 399, 406, 407,408
Anatis quindecimpunctata 130, 132anatomical state, diapause
fat body and digestive tract 316–317
fl ight muscles 323male gonads 321–323ovary and spermatheca 317–321
Anechura harmandi 426Anegleis cardoni 59, 68, 86, 87, 91Anethum graveolens 121Angoumois grain moth see Sitotroga
cerealellaAnisolemnia dilatata see Megalocaria
dilatataAnisolemnia tetrasticta 452Anisolobus indicus 420Anisosticta bitriangularis 167, 306,
308Anisosticta novemdecimpunctata 23,
56, 79, 129, 151, 151, 233,378, 399, 422, 442
Anisosticta sibirica 392Anisotylus Timberlake see Homalotylusannual mercury see Mercurialis annuaAnopheles quadrimaculatus 474antennae
chemoreceptors on 450, 453subfamily characteristics 5–10
Anthus campestris 379Anthus pratensis 379Anthus trivialis 379antibiosis in plants 504–505antibody-based analysis of predation
474–477antipodean ladybird see Harmonia
antipodaanti-predator defences
ladybirds 376–377of prey 117–118
antsattendance on honeydew producers
236, 237, 359, 362, 379–382, 502–503
interaction with ladybirds 236–238, 359–360
semiochemical repellence 449Aonidiella aurantii 60, 190Aonidiella orientalis 60, 189Aonidimytilus albus 60apex predators, coccinellids as
354–355Aphanogmus 387aphid abundance/density 116
and age of host plant 122and climatic changes 115–116link to coccinellid abundance
117, 118and oviposition 117, 119–120,
456simulation of timing of peak
116aphid alarm pheromone 225, 239,
451, 468Aphidecta obliterata 21, 45, 52, 57,
85, 95, 108, 120, 129, 131,151, 151, 154, 189, 205,229, 230, 263, 271, 273, 308, 314, 325, 327, 328, 329, 339, 370, 399, 408, 415, 431, 443, 458, 462, 463, 493, 509
aphid parasitoidsavoidance of plants with
coccinellids 353detection of footprint
semiochemicals 455–456aphid population cycle, phases of
466–467aphid population dynamics 472
demographic-based estimates 473–474
multi-species combinations 472–473
population decline, confounding factors 466
aphid resistant cropsBt toxins, effect on ladybirds
505–506synergism with coccinellids
504–505Aphidentula bisquadripunctata 316Aphidius colemani 171, 400, 456Aphidius eadyi 455Aphidius ervi 232, 450, 455, 472Aphidoletes aphidimyza 352, 361aphids
alarm pheromone 225, 239, 451, 468
ant attendance 236–238, 502–503
biological control of 492–493, 503–504
colony age and oviposition 227–228
defensive and escape behaviour 238–241
dropping behaviour 118reduced size, effect on predation
505reproduction 492social (soldier) 382suppression of 467, 472–473toxic 157–165
Aphis carduella 192Aphis cirsiiacanthoidis see Aphis fabae
cirsiiacanthoidisAphis craccivora cowpea aphid or
groundnut aphid 59–62,64–65, 68, 74, 78, 87, 117, 118, 147, 148, 160, 161,167, 189–195, 222, 236, 237, 238, 453, 504
Aphis cytisorum cytisorum 191Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis 58Aphis fabae 58, 157, 158, 158, 159,
160, 167–168Aphis farinosa 63–66, 87, 91,
117, 144, 190–195, 222, 223, 237, 361, 469, 480, 495
Aphis glycines 59Aphis gossypii 59–65, 73, 75, 88,
91, 148, 154, 161, 162, 164, 168, 178–179, 190–196,197, 205, 210, 236, 239, 345, 469
survival, and increased CO2 levels 197
Aphis hederae 188Aphis helianthi see Aphis carduellaAphis jacobaeae 163–165, 190,
446Aphis laburni see Aphis cytisorum
cytisorumAphis nerii 61, 68, 147, 148,
161–163, 179, 190–194,446
Aphis pomi 58–65, 153–154, 155,168, 188–195
Aphis punicae 191–193Aphis sambuci 144–146, 145, 153,
158, 158–159, 160, 160,163, 164, 166, 188, 196
Subject index 535
Aphis spiraecola 63, 66, 123, 146–147, 149, 163, 176, 183, 194, 228, 236, 361–362
Aphis spiraephaga 58Aphis spiraephila 61, 64–65Aphis urticata 190Apis mellifera 174, 179, 189, 193Apolinus lividigaster 79, 97, 183,
236, 241, 243, 266, 297, 324, 333, 381, 439
diapause 297aposematic colouration 445
anti-predator defence 376chemical compounds 445–449enemies and competitors, impact on
449pupae 75toxicity warning signal 358
apple see Malus pumilaapple powdery mildew see Podosphera
sphaera leucotrichaapple sucker see Psylla maliAprostocetus esurus 388Aprostocetus neglectus 384Aprostocetus 384, 388, 409Apus apus 379Araneus diadematus 449Arctia 164Argentine ant see Linepithema humileArgentipilosini tribe 5Arion ater 477Arion hortensis 477aromatic Apiaceae, conservation
501arresting responses, plant volatiles
inducing 450, 458Artemisia tridentata 225Artemisia vulgaris 117, 121, 126,
501artifi cial diets 161, 166, 185–187
and conservation 499–500artifi cial infestations, fi eld cages 470artifi cial substrates for pupation 75Ascomycota, fungal pathogens
415–418ash-gray lady beetle see Olla v-nigrumAsian citrus psyllid see Diaphorina citriAsian multi-colored ladybeetle see
Harmonia axyridisAspidimerini tribe 10Aspidiotus destructor 192, 236, 492Aspidiotus nerii 60, 91, 163, 189,
228assemblages of coccinellids,
mechanism of 116–117
associative learning 452–453assortative mating 27Asterolecanium sp. 163Atriplex sagittata 119Atritomellus see Dendrocerusattachment ability of larvae 218augmentation of coccinellids
495–496dietary requirements 497–498life stages for release 498mealybug destruction 496redistribution 496–497source material for 497
augmentative biocontrol 362Aulacaspis tegalensis 60Aulacaspis tubercularis 60Aulacorthum magnoliae see
Neoaulacorthum magnoliaeAulacorthum solani 78, 153, 188Austroterobia 386Aximopsis 388Axinoscymnus cardilobus 59, 75, 87,
88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 101, 189,254
Azteca instabilis 237, 360, 381Azya orbigera 189, 237, 360, 381,
384, 442, 503Azya trinitatis see Pseudoazya trinitatisAzyini tribe 7, 9
Bacillus thuringiensis 122, 123, 421, 505–506
bacteriageneral pathogenic 464male-killing 349, 421–425
evolution of 38, 39and failure of egg hatching 68molecular genetic studies
29–31balsam fi r see Abies balsameabalsam woolly adelgid see Adelges
piceaebanding, chromosomes 14‘barcode’ DNA, species identifi cation
29, 36bark crevices, dormancy sites 314barn swallow see Hirundo rusticabarred warbler see Sylvia nisoriaBaryscapus 386, 409Baryscapus thanasimi 386B-chromosomes and sex-ratio
15–16Beauveria bassiana 72, 359, 415,
445, 498, 500‘beetle banks’ 500
behaviour patterns in diapause 301dormancy phases 301–309individual species 309–316
Bemisia argentifolii see Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabaci 60, 87, 172, 189,
196, 202Benthamidia fl orida 201benzaldehyde 450Berberis vulgaris 120Beta vulgaris 121Betula populifolia 152, 182Betulaphis brevipilosa 239, 239Betulaphis quadrituberculata 188Bieri model, peak oviposition rate 86big-eyed bug see Geocoris punctipesbig-headed ant see Pheidole
megacephalabiological control 150, 154, 222,
489, 524–525ancillary factors 502–509
ant-attendance 502–503pesticides, selective use
506–509plant structure and chemistry
504–506seasonal cycles 503–504
ants, disruptive impact of 362and aphid population cycle 467augmentation of coccinellids
495–498coccinellid role 466, 489–491Coccipolipus species, use in
413–414Col. maculata 152conservation 498–502exotic introductions, targets of
491–495facilitation and 361–362intraguild interactions and 362intraguild predation and 361large-scale fi eld trials 477Pediobius foveolatus, use in
410–411biological invasion 360, 361bird cherry–oat aphid see
Rhopalosiphum padibird predators 377, 378, 379bitter melon see Momordica charantiabivoltinism
A. bipunctata 320C. novemnotata 289C. s. brucki 286–287, 287–288,
288, 320C. septempunctata 278, 279,
283
536 Subject index
bivoltinism, (continued)Har. axyridis 295Hip. tredecimpunctata 292
black ant or garden ant see Lasiusniger
black bean aphid see Aphis fabaeblack citrus aphid see Toxoptera
aurantiiblack nightshade see Solanum nigrumblack (or brown) mustard see Brassica
nigrablack peach aphid see Brachycaudus
persicaeblack redstart see Phoenicurus ochrurosblackcap see Sylvia atricapillablack lady beetle see Rhizobius ventralisblood-red lady beetle see Cycloneda
sanguineablue alfalfa aphid see Acyrthosiphon
kondoiblue-headed wagtail see Motacilla fl avablue tit see Cyanistes caeruleusbluethroat see Luscinia svecicabody length 78, 81body mass 73, 74, 81body size 78
defensive measure 356dietary generalists and specialists
151–152larva 73link to prey size & density
147–150niche partition 345sibling egg cannibalism 176and size of prey 119temperature affecting 95and winter survival 331–332‘body size-dietary breadth’
hypothesis 151–152body weight 78
and egg size 56and number of ovarioles 78,
79–81, 82Boettcheria latisterna 385Brachiacantha quadripunctata 380,
417, 418Brachiacantha ursina 130, 132, 306,
380, 396, 398Brachiacanthini tribe 10Brachycaudus helichrysi 153, 188,
195Brachycaudus persicae 188–189,
195, 236Brachycaudus prunicola 236Brachycaudus tragopogonis 188
Brachymeria carinatifrons 387brachypterous individuals 77Brassica campestris 207Brassica napus 58, 123, 165, 166,
225Brassica napus subsp. oleifera 58,
123, 165, 166, 225, 452Brassica nigra 166, 166, 452Brassica oleracea 217Brassica oleracea Italica group 121Brevicoryne brassicae 61–64, 88,
145, 148, 163, 165, 166, 165–166, 166, 168, 168,190, 193, 225, 451, 468, 490
aphid alarm pheromone 225control of 490release of toxic substance
451–452broad bean or faba bean see Vicia fababroccoli see Brassica oleracea Italica
groupbrown apple mite see Bryobia
rubrioculusbrown citrus aphid see Toxoptera
citricidusbrown mite see Bryobia rubrioculusbrown planthopper see Nilaparvata
lugensBrumoides septentrionis 225Brumoides suturalis 59, 99, 189,
251, 507, 508(= Scymnus suturalis 39, 81, 129,
308, 314)Brumus quadripustulatus see
Exochomus quadripustulatusBrumus suturalis see Brumoides
suturalisBrustiospora indicola 420Bryobia praetiosa Koch 167Bryobia rubrioculus 167bryony ladybird see Henosepilachna
argusBudapest slug see Tandonia
budapestensisBulaea lichatschovi 25, 142, 181,
200, 246, 313, 378bullrush see Typha latifoliabutternut see Juglans cinerea
cabbage aphid see Brevicoryne brassicaecabbage looper see Trichoplusia nicage inclusion 470–471Calandra lark see Melanocorypha
calandra
Calandrella cinerea 379California red scale see Aonidiella
aurantiiCallicaria superba 59, 71, 79Callipterinella calliptera 239Calocoris norvegicus 476Calotropis procera 163, 190Caltha palustris 313Calvia albida 79Calvia decemguttata 59, 79, 356Calvia duodecimmaculata 59Calvia muiri 174, 189, 392Calvia quatuordecimguttata 37, 79,
131, 313, 412, 455Calvia quindecimguttata 37, 39, 55,
59, 79, 93, 102, 107, 128, 131, 132, 143, 146, 151, 154, 189
essential prey 189Calvia shiva 79Calvia shiva pasupati 79Calvia shiva pinaki 79Calvia shiva trilochana 79Campylomma verbasci 350, 353,
532Cannabis sativa 152, 182cannibalism 175
non-sibling eggs 177–179sibling eggs 69, 175–177, 233,
356Capitophorus elaeagni 193carbon dioxide concentration see also
CO2 concentrationAphis gossypii survival 197and pupation timing 75
Carduus crispus 216, 217Carinodulini tribe 5Carpinus caroliniana 152, 182caryophyllene 451cassava mealybug see Phenacoccus
manihoticassava scale see Aonidimytilus albuscatch per unit effort, sampling 522Caternaultiella rugosa 452Catolaccus 388Caulophyllum robustum 199Cavariella konoi 58Centaurea jacea 216, 217Centistes scymni 384Centistes subsulcatus 384Centistina nipponicus 383, 384, 391Centrosema pubescens 198, 199Cephaloscymnini tribe 6Ceratomegilla barovskii kiritschenkoi
181
Subject index 537
Ceratomegilla notata 131, 181,181
food of 180–181Ceratomegilla undecimnotata 59, 79,
88, 90, 96, 101, 106, 117, 121, 131, 134, 146, 154, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170,174, 189, 220, 223, 229,230, 231, 249, 250, 255, 264, 266, 267, 268, 279, 292, 293, 294, 294, 295,298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 372, 378, 392,414, 415, 420, 453, 454, 455, 460, 461, 463, 500, 507, 516
confused with C. septempunctata311
diapause regulation 292–295migratory and aggregation
behaviour 309–310Ceratovacuna lanigera 241–242, 382,
498Cerchysiella 386Cervaphis quercus 205Cerylonid complex 2Chaetosiphon fragaefolii 117Chaitophorus capreae 145, 153, 153,
188–189Chaitophorus leucomelas 188Chaitophorus versicolor see
Chaitophorus leucomelasChamerion angustifolium 211Chartocerus subaeneus 389Cheilomenes lunata 189, 223, 233,
263, 389, 417Cheilomenes propinqua vicina
386Cheilomenes sexmaculata see
Menochilus sexmaculatusCheilomenes sulphurea 73, 392Cheilomenes vicina see Cheilomenes
propinqua vicinaCheiloneurus carinatus 387Cheiloneurus cyanonotus 387Cheiloneurus liorhipnusi 387Cheiloneurus orbitalis 387Cheiracanthium 478chemical cues, plants as source of
120
chemical defences 38, 76, 355, 356chemo-mechanical defences, aphids
241chemical markers, larvae 222, 226
and oviposition deterrence 228–233
chemicalssee also allelochemicals;
semiochemicalsstimulating feeding behaviour
199chemoreceptors on antennae 450,
453Chenopodium 121cherry blackfl y see Myzus cerasiChetogena claripennis 385Chilocorinae subfamily 5, 7–8, 9Chilocorini tribe 8Chilocorus baylei see Chilocorus
malasiaeChilocorus bijugus 79Chilocorus bipustulatus 60, 71, 73,
79, 93, 99, 108, 109, 122, 129, 131, 136, 138, 167, 168, 189, 220, 221, 254, 272, 273, 276, 287, 289, 298, 298, 299, 299, 300, 305, 314, 320, 322, 327, 328, 334, 336, 337, 339, 341, 386, 387, 388, 389,404, 416, 417, 421, 434, 443, 472, 485, 492, 513, 518
Chilocorus braeti 79Chilocorus cacti 384, 412Chilocorus circumdatus 189Chilocorus discoideus 384Chilocorus distigma 384Chilocorus geminus 299Chilocorus hauseri 79Chilocorus hexacyclus 14, 17Chilocorus infernalis 163Chilocorus inornatus 389Chilocorus kuwanae 180, 190, 202,
220, 258, 261, 266, 434, 486, 503, 516
Chilocorus malasiae 190Chilocorus nigripes 384Chilocorus nigritus 36, 60, 71, 78,
79, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 156, 157, 157, 190, 203, 204, 224, 228, 249, 253, 265, 267, 492, 517
Chilocorus orbus 14
Chilocorus quadrimaculatus 385Chilocorus renipustulatus 129, 190,
298, 320, 324, 325, 326, 327, 339, 389, 417
Chilocorus rubidus 15, 79, 85, 105, 190, 264, 298, 298, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,339, 420
Chilocorus similis 386, 388Chilocorus spp., diapause
298–299Chilocorus stigma 15, 16, 17, 18, 51,
132, 168, 190, 261, 306,386, 412, 417, 421, 509
B-chromosomes 16chromosomal fusion
polymorphisms 16–17speciation and cytogenetic change
18Chilocorus tricyclus 14, 17Chinese jute see Abutilon theophrastiChinese lantern see Physalis alkekengiChinese white pine see Pinus armandiiChionaspis alnus 190Chionaspis salicis 190Chnootriba similis 384, 386, 427chorion, pores in 55Choristoneura pinus 221Chromaphis juglandicola 153, 188chromatographic analysis 145,
165–166, 225chromosomal fusions 16–18
geographic distribution 17chromosome numbers & banding 14chromosomes & cytology 14
B-chromosomes 15–16cytogenetic changes 16–18sex determination 14–15
chrysanthemum aphid see Macrosiphoniella sanborni
Chrysocharis johnsoni 384Chrysomela populi 189chrysomelids (leaf beetles)
as prey 154, 167, 170–171larval mortality/pupal weight
143tritrophic food chain 197
Chrysomphalus aonidum 60, 168, 189
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus 190Chrysonotomyia appannai 384, 386Chrysopa 344, 379Chrysopa oculata 161, 352, 456Chrysopa perla 161, 252Chrysopa sinica 225
538 Subject index
Chrysoperla carnea 347, 356, 361, 480, 501
Chrysoperla plorabunda 352Chrysoperla rufi labris 75, 351, 353Chrysophtharta bimaculata 170, 495chrysopid larvae, attack by 358Chrysotachina slossonae 384–385Cinara palaestinensis 189, 195cinnabar moths see Tyriacircadian rhythms see rhythmicityCirsium arvense 120, 153, 211,
224, 236, 458Cirsium kagamontanum 198, 232Cirsium kamtschaticum 199cis-jasmone, plant volatile 447, 450citrus mealybug see Planococcus citricitrus mussel scale see Lepidosaphes
beckiiCitrus sinensis 66citrus snow scale see Unaspis citriCladosporium 180–181, 183, 184classifi cation, subfamilies
changes in 3–4future perspectives 10, 521morphologically based 3proposed 5, 6
Clematis 200Cleobora mellyi 170, 186, 392, 407,
489, 499climate
change, predictions 115–116and melanism 26microclimate, effects on host plants
124–125and voltinism 90
Clitostethus arcuatus 60, 93,103, 108, 154, 190, 244, 245
Clitostethus oculatus 56, 60, 71, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 96,102, 106, 190, 219, 258, 266, 484, 490
cloudberry beetle see Galerucella sagittariae
clover mite see Bryobia praetiosacluster size, eggs 56–57, 58–67CO2 concentration, effects of elevated
75, 197Coccidoctonus trinidadensis 387Coccidophilus citricola 385Coccidula rufa 129, 131, 378, 422,
424Coccidula scutellata 378Coccidulinae subfamily 4, 5, 8–9Coccidulini tribe 9
Coccinella algerica see Coccinellaseptempunctata algerica
Coccinella californica 130, 201, 202,209, 292, 420
Coccinella explanata 174Coccinella hieroglyphica 24, 79, 129,
143, 143, 154, 190, 253, 306, 313, 392, 399
Coccinella leonina transversalis 60,68, 69, 70, 70, 86, 117, 118, 118, 126, 146, 147, 163, 176, 178, 179, 191, 191,227, 228, 228, 229, 247, 249, 263, 297, 356, 371, 392, 405, 412, 414, 420,478, 485, 506, 510
diapause regulation 297dormancy behaviour 313
Coccinella luteopicta 79Coccinella magnifi ca 23, 38, 51, 79,
90, 151, 159, 190, 226, 269, 317, 318, 322, 367, 369, 373, 380, 392, 398, 399,408, 412, 413, 436, 441
Coccinella monticola 24Coccinella nigrovittata 183Coccinella novemnotata 24, 60, 90,
103, 152, 154, 185, 289, 289, 290, 307, 317, 318, 337, 392, 397, 420, 433, 519
diapause 289–290Coccinella quinquepunctata 16, 90,
129, 131, 151, 312, 318,378, 392, 398, 399, 420
dispersal 309hibernation sites 312testicular activity 318, 322
Coccinella reitteri 181Coccinella repanda see Coccinella leoninaCoccinella septempunctata 21, 30, 32,
39, 61, 69–70, 79, 93, 116,123, 125, 129–132, 143,147–149, 151, 155, 158,159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 166, 168, 172, 173, 180,186, 190–191, 197, 205,212, 215, 216, 217, 221,224, 225, 225, 230, 237,238, 240, 240, 276, 278, 279–282, 285–286, 287, 306, 308, 311–312, 318,321, 323, 330, 347–348,358, 376, 388–389, 392,397, 399, 407, 412, 417,
420, 422, 453, 477,507–508
aggregative numerical response 211–213
alternative prey 170, 171–172, 173, 174, 209
aphid preylarval development 158, 159,
163, 168larval survival 149, 159, 163,
166artifi cial diets 186consumption rates 160, 201,
202, 205diapause regulation 278–287dormancy behaviour 311–312essential foods 190–191exploitative competitors 348foraging behaviour 215–218
ant attendance 236, 237intensive search 220, 221sensory perception 222, 223,
224vagility 234, 235, 236
intraguild predation 210, 351–352
introduction to North America 493
larval development on aphid prey 158, 159, 163, 168
larval survival on aphid prey 149,159, 163, 166
life history as affected by aphid prey 148
non-insect food 180, 181, 184overall predator voracity 155oviposition and aphid density
226, 228oviposition deterrence 229, 230,
231, 232–233plant cues attracting 225prey capture 238, 239, 240substitute diets 185, 186, 187tritrophic studies 196–197voltinism 281, 286–287, 320
Coccinella septempunctata algerica392
Coccinella septempunctata brucki 191,221, 276, 287, 323, 392,395, 420, 422
autolysis of fl ight muscles 323bivoltine life cycle 286–287diapause regulation 287–289
Coccinella sinuatomarginata see Coccinula sinuatomarginata
Subject index 539
Coccinella transversalis see Coccinellaleonina transversalis
Coccinella transversoguttata 24, 61,122, 191, 344, 412
Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni24, 191
Coccinella trifasciata 61, 130, 306,392, 420
Coccinella undecimpunctata aegyptiacasee Coccinella undecimpunctata menetriesi
Coccinella undecimpunctata 39, 62,80, 130, 151, 154, 171, 191,205, 353, 389, 391, 392,397, 399, 412, 422,507–508
importation to New Zealand 492Coccinella undecimpunctata menetriesi
191Coccinellidae family
characteristics 3monophyly 2–3
Coccinellimermis see HexamermisCoccinellinae subfamily
characteristics of 6–7molecular analyses 4–5
coccinelline 446, 449Coccinellini tribe 6, 7Coccinula crotchi 174, 417, 422Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata 23,
25, 80, 167, 312, 378, 392,420
Coccinula redimita 80Coccinula sinensis 392, 417, 422Coccinula sinuatomarginata 25Coccipolipus 412Coccipolipus africanae 412Coccipolipus arturi 412Coccipolipus benoiti 412Coccipolipus bifasciatae 412Coccipolipus cacti 412Coccipolipus camerouni 412Coccipolipus chilocori 412Coccipolipus cooremani 412Coccipolipus epilachnae 412Coccipolipus hippodamiae 412Coccipolipus macfarlanei 412Coccipolipus micraspisi 412Coccipolipus oconnori 412Coccipolipus solanophilae 412Coccipolipus species (parasitic mite)
411in biological control 413–414hosts and distribution 412life cycle 412–413
negative effect on hosts 413prevalence 413
Coccus hesperidum 157, 190Coccus viridis 154, 189, 237, 360,
503coconut scale see Aspidiotus destructorCoelophora biplagiata 62, 74, 174,
192, 498Coelophora bissellata 56, 62, 80Coelophora duvaucelii 80Coelophora inaequalis 21, 62, 69,
149, 163, 392, 497Coelophora mulsanti 192Coelophora quadrivittata 21, 192Coelophora saucia 62, 68, 69, 82,
178, 192co-existence of intraguild prey
360–361cold-hardiness 328–332Coleomegilla maculata 62, 74, 152–
153, 173, 182, 313, 354, 388cannibalism, egg 177–178consumption
food deprivation and larval development 207
prey density effects on consumption 204, 207
dormancy behaviour 313egg prey 170, 173, 173essential foods 192
pollen as 152, 181–182, 233frequency of short fl ights 234laboratory diet for 185larval and adult diets 157nutrient requirements 186–187olfaction 224oviposition 227
deterrence 229, 231periodicity 218, 219
vagility 234, 235Coleomegilla maculata fuscilabris
149Coleomegilla maculata lengi 143,
182, 354, 532Coleomegilla quadrifasciata 391Colorado potato beetle see Leptinotarsa
decemlineatacolouration
aposematic 358, 376eggs 55, 56pupae 76
coloured cards, sampling 113colour pattern variation 18, 43–44
genetic determination 20–23geographic variation 23–25
nature of colour patterns 19–20signifi cance and origin 25–27temporal variation 25
colour vision 223–224commensalism 345, 347common Australian lady beetle see
Coelophora inaequaliscommon barberry see Berberis vulgariscommon chiffchaff see Phylloscopus
collybitacommon cuckoo see Cuculus canoruscommon cutworm see Spodoptera lituracommon damsel bug see Nabis
(Reduviolus) americoferuscommon froghopper see Philaenus
spumariuscommon redstart see Phoenicurus
phoenicuruscommon starling see Sturnus vulgariscommon stonechat see Saxicola
rubicolacommon swift see Apus apuscommon whitethroat see Sylvia
communiscommunity of coccinellid species
111composition of, factors determining
114dominance, diversity and niches
127–128local faunas 114–116locality determinants 116–127
habitat identifi cation 128–132competition 347–349
apparent 349exploitative 347
competitive displacement of native ladybirds 494–495
competitive IGP hypothesis 351complex communities, coccinellid
impact 472–474conditioning, colour vision 224,
226conidia (fungal spores) 183, 184conservation 360–361, 498–502,
524alternative or supplementary food
499–500biocontrol approach 362habitat management 500–502hibernation refuges 500
conspecifi c larval tracksegg clustering 454–455oviposition deterrence 222, 229–
233, 356, 456
540 Subject index
consumed food, conversion and utilization of 209–210
consumption quantity 201–202assays 467–468growth and reproduction
adult performance 208–209larval development 207–208
physical factorsdaily consumption rate 202total food consumption
202–204and prey density 204–207
Contarinia nasturtii 170, 497Conura 387Conura paranensis 387Conura petioliventris 387Conura porteri 387co-occurring prey 207Cooley spruce gall adelgid see Adelges
cooleyicoriander see Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum 121corn earworm see Helicoverpa zeacorn leaf aphid see Rhopalosiphum
maidiscorpora allata (CA) 278, 327–328Cosmos 201Cotoneaster integerrima 120Cotoneaster tomentosus 120cotton aphid see Aphis gossypiicotton bollworm see Helicoverpa
armigeracottony cushion scale see Icerya
purchasiCoturnix coturnix 449Coturnix japonicus 445couch grass see Elytrigia repenscourtship behaviour, D. coccinellae
males 394Cowperia areolata 383–384, 386–
387, 399–400Cowperia indica 401Cowperia punctata 401Cowperia sp. (parasitoid) 383, 391,
399, 401, 401Cowperia subnigra 401Cowperia sumatraensis 401Cranophorini tribe 9cream-spot ladybird see Calvia
quatuordecimguttatacream-streaked ladybird see Harmonia
quadripunctatacreeping thistle see Cirsium arvenseCrematogaster lineolata 76, 456Crematogaster 76, 381, 456
crested wheatgrass see Agropyron desertorum
critical photoperiod 276, 284, 290, 291, 298, 299
cropssee also alfalfa fi eldsagricultural practices 127aphid resistant cultivars 164,
169, 504–505coccinellid abundance 130diversifi cation 126food spray substitutes 187ladybird habitats 128–129microclimate effects 124–125sampling from 112–113strip cutting 126timing of colonization 503–504weeds in, positive effects of 126
Crotalaria striata 183crowding
and egg viability 68, 83fecundity, adverse effect on 88of larvae, effect on adult size 78and ovarian dysfunction 82and pupal development 75and take-off 77
cryptically coloured pupae 75, 76cryptic species, delimiting 41–42Cryptochaetum iceryae 172Cryptognatha nodiceps 492Cryptognatha signata 383Cryptognatha simillima 384Cryptognathini tribe 9Cryptogonus ariasi 80Cryptogonus kapuri 391, 396,
401Cryptogonus orbiculus 80Cryptogonus postmedialis Kapur 80,
316, 527–530Cryptogonus quadriguttatus 80Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 36, 167,
169, 185, 192, 218, 222, 237, 353, 383, 385–386,391, 401, 492, 496, 505
control of mealybug and scale insects 496
Cucujoidea 2Cuculus canorus 379Cucurbita maxima 126Culex quinquefasciatus 479Curinus coeruleus 174, 192, 217,
223, 362, 493, 497, 507–508
cuticular cribriform plate, ductless glands 454
C-value, genome size 14Cyanistes caeruleus 376Cycloneda ancoralis 192, 330Cycloneda limbifer 192, 223, 229,
229, 230, 231, 232, 454, 455
Cycloneda munda 120, 129, 130,132, 152, 173, 192, 305, 392, 397, 417, 418
Cycloneda polita 130, 132Cycloneda sanguinea 15, 71, 119,
149, 161, 162, 163, 174, 175, 175, 179, 185, 192,210, 224, 357, 360–361, 377, 387, 392, 407, 412,417, 507–508
development time and survival rate 162
Cydonia vicina nilotica see Cheilomenespropinqua vicina
Cymbopogon citratus 181, 183Cynegetini tribe 7cytogenetic changes 16–18, 19
Dactylopius opuntiae 178, 192daily fecundity 58–67, 86, 87, 90damson–hop aphid see Phorodon
humuliDanaus plexippus 170, 205dandelion see Taraxacum offi cinaleDeclivitata spp. 412defence(s)
ant attendance 236–238aphid 238–241plant 200
defensive mechanisms, coccinellidsagainst ants 380against intraguild predation
355–358against parasitization 394against Phalacrotophora 408aposematic colouration 358,
376morphological adaptations 377refl ex bleeding 376–377
Degeeria luctuosa see Medina luctuosaDelichon urbica 377, 379Delphastus catalinae 62, 68, 89, 91,
93, 96, 96, 192, 202, 219, 348, 353, 495
Delphastus pusillus 56, 76, 85, 172, 175, 192, 205, 361
Delphiniobium junackianum 165Dendrocalamus giganteus 163Dendrocerus 388
Subject index 541
Dendrocerus ergensis 388Dendrocopos medius 379Deroceras reticulatum 477development
embryonic 56, 85larval 72–73pupal 75temperature effects 91–97teneral 76–77
development rate isomorphy 95development rate and temperature
75, 82, 92, 93–94, 96development time
effect of CO2 on pupation 75of larvae 72–73and temperature 92
Diabrotica virgifera 32diamondback moth see Plutella
xylostelladiapause/dormancy 276
see also individual speciesanatomical/physiological changes
anatomical state 316–323metabolic changes 323–327
behaviour patterns 301dormancy phases 277,
301–309individual species 309–316
endocrinological aspects 277–278hibernation and aestivation
276–277research activity 523termination/completion 277
Diaphorina citri 174, 469Diaspidiotus perniciosus 60Dibrachys cavus 383, 385–386,
388, 405Dicranolaius bellulus 478dietary complementation across life
stages 156–157dietary generalists and specialists
150–152diet(s)
see also foodcombination and mixed 155–157and egg cluster size 57, 58–67longevity, effect on 91and reproductive output 78substitute and sprays 185–187
digestionduring dormancy 316–317extra-intestinal 241
dill see Anethum graveolensdilution effect 350, 352, 353, 357DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169
Dinocampus coccinellae (parasitoid) 383–384, 391
development 394–395fl ight performance, effect on
303–304host preferences and parasitization
rates 396–399host range and host suitability
392–393, 396ladybird fertility, effect on 88ladybird ovaries, effect on 317larval nutrition 395–396life cycle 394reproduction, mode of 391, 394semiochemical attraction 449
Dinocampus 383–384, 391Dinocampus nipponicus see Centistina
nipponicusDinocampus terminatus see Dinocampus
coccinellaeDiomus austrinus 89, 93, 95, 192Diomus hennesseyi 143, 491Diomus pumilio 384Diomus seminulus 417Diomus thoracicus 449diploid chromosome numbers 14,
15dipterans, in IGP 352–353directional selection 28direct observation 468, 469, 474,
475disc equation, functional response
206Discotomini tribe 6dispersal fl ight, dormancy 302, 309distribution 110–117, 121–128,
132vertical on host plant 122, 125
Diuraphis noxia 63, 66, 123, 146, 190, 192–195, 205, 206, 466, 504
diversity, coccinellid 114and geographical latitude
114–115studies of 127–128tropical/subtropical areas 129
DNA-based gut content analysis 144–145, 478–481
DNA sequence-based studies 36, 37–38
Dolichoderus bidens 76dominant species 127–128dormancy phases 277
aggregations 305–309emergence 309
migration 302–305pre-diapause 301–302
dormancy sites 282, 309–316emergence from 309
Doryphorophaga doryphorae see Myiopharus doryphorae
Drepanosiphum platanoidis 145, 153, 153, 188–189, 238
drone honeybee powder, substitute food 174
dropping behaviouraphid escape response 118, 238,
239, 240, 468coccinellid escape mechanism
357, 358Drosophila melanogaster 28ductless glands, pheromones released
by 454duration
fl ight 77hatching 69larval development 72, 73mating 82–83, 84pupal stage 75
dusky lady beetle see Scymnus loewiiD-Vac, vacuum sampling by 112Dysaphis crataegi 64, 194Dysaphis devecta 192Dysaphis plantaginea 62, 192Dysmicoccus 194Dytiscus sp. 241
(E)-β-farnesene (EBF) 225, 447, 451early-season predation 477Echthroplectis see HomalotylusECI (effi ciency of conversion of
ingested material) 209–210ecologically relevant temperatures 92ecophysiological regulation of
diapause 278, 300–301Adalia bipunctata 290–291Apolinus lividigaster 297Ceratomegilla undecimnotata
292–295Chilocorus species 298–299Coccinella leonina 297Coccinella novemnotata 289–290Coccinella septempunctata 278
Central Europe 278–282Mediterranean region 284–285Nearctic region 285–286Northern Europe 283–284voltinism 286–287Western Europe: France
282–283
542 Subject index
ecophysiological regulation of diapause, (continued)
Coccinella septempunctata bruckiCentral Japan 287–288Northern Honshu (Japan) 289Sapporo, Hokkaido (Japan)
288–289Harmonia axyridis 295–297Harmonia sedecimnotata 297–298Hippodamia convergens 292Hippodamia tredecimpunctata 292Illeis galbula 297Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
291Stethorus punctum picipes
299–300edelweiss see Leontopodium alpinumegg cannibalism 68, 69, 175–179,
356egg-surface chemicals 455semiochemicals, role of 456
egg production 88–90effect of food restriction 209multiple matings 82–83and ovariole number 57rate of 86
egg protection behaviouroviposition on highly pubescent
plants 227species-specifi c semiochemicals
456egg retention 84egg(s) 55
cluster size 56–68defence of 356hatching rate 68–69mean SCP 96morphology 55–56nutrient content 233size 56trophic eggs 69
egg teeth 56eighteen spot ladybird see Myrrha
octodecimguttataElasmus 388Elatobium abietinum 189, 205elder aphid see Aphis sambucielder see Sambucus nigraelectroantennograms (EAG) 224,
225, 453electrophoretic methods 327–328eleven spot ladybird see Coccinella
undecimpunctataELISA technology 474, 475, 477,
478, 479
elm leaf beetle see Xanthogaleruca luteola
elytrahydrocarbons 454inheritance studies 21–22pattern, variation in 19–20red morphs, mating disadvantage
26–27Elytrigia repens 120, 224, 458embryonic development
and egg size 56optimum microclimate for 85
emergence from dormancy 309emigration 114, 211, 235, 357Encarsia sophia 353encounter with prey, effects of
220endocrinological pathways, diapause
277–278endosymbiotic bacteria 29–31, 38,
39, 41–42, 522enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) technology 474, 475, 477, 478, 479
Eocaria muiri see Calvia muiriEphestia kuehniella 57, 58, 73, 153,
156Epidinocarsus lopezi see Anagyrus lopeziEpilachna ‘chrysomelina’ see
Henosepilachna argus or Henosepilachna elaterii or Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
Epilachna admirabilis 72, 90, 405,411, 452
Epilachna bisquadripunctata see Aphidentula bisquadripunctata
Epilachna boisduvali see Henosepilachna boisduvali
Epilachna borealis 76, 385Epilachna canina 400Epilachna cucurbitae see Henosepilachna
sumbanaEpilachna defecta 384Epilachna dregei 316, 384Epilachna dumerili 80Epilachna eckloni 384Epilachna enneasticta see
Henosepilachna enneastictaEpilachna eusema 385, 387Epilachna karisimbica 412Epilachna marginella 385Epilachna marginicollis 80Epilachna mexicana 384, 387Epilachna mystica 80
Epilachna nigrolimbata 412Epilachna niponica see Henosepilachna
niponicaEpilachna paenulata 76, 355, 447Epilachna philippinensis see
Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata
Epilachna pusillanima see Henosepilachna pusillanima
Epilachna pustulosa see Henosepilachna pustulosa
Epilachna quadricollis 384Epilachna septima see Henosepilachna
septimaEpilachna sparsa orientalis
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
Epilachna varivestis 73–74, 76, 187, 198, 200, 224, 384–389,405, 410–411
Epilachna vigintioctomaculata see Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata
Epilachna vigintisexpunctata 62, 384,411
Epilachna yasutomii see Henosepilachna yasutomii
Epilachninae subfamily 5, 7feeding stimulants 452food of 198, 200pupal defence 76
Epilachnini tribe 7Episyrphus balteatus 347, 356, 358Epiverta chelonia 7Epivertini tribe 7Eremochilini tribe 7Eretmocerus mundus 353Eriococcus coriaceus 195, 241Eriopis connexa 126, 164, 164, 205,
224, 330, 391, 392, 417,505
Eriosoma lanigerum 193, 205,285
Erysiphe cichoracearum 66, 91Erysiphe polygoni 124Erythrina corallodendron 167essential foods/prey 146, 187, 196
list of 188–196psyllids 174
Eucallipterus tiliae 58, 153, 153,157, 177, 188–189, 195,238–239
eucalyptus leaf beetle see Chrysophtharta bimaculata
Euceraphis betulae 58, 238, 239
Subject index 543
Euceraphis punctipennis 153,188–189
eugregarines, protozoan pathogens 419–421
Eulecanium caraganae 190Euonymus japonicus 202Eupelmus 385–386, 388Eupelmus urozonus 386Eupelmus vermai 385Euphorbia 200Eupteromalus Kurdjumov see
Trichomalopsis CrawfordEurasian blackbird see Turdus merulaEuropean black slug see Arion aterEuropean corn borer see Ostrinia
nubilalisEuropean earwig see Forfi cula
auriculariaEuropean honey bee see Apis
melliferaEuropean red mite see Panonychus
ulmiEuropean red wood ant see Formica
polyctenaEurotia ceratoides 200euryphagous species see generalist
species 150–152Euthelyconychia epilachnae 384,
387–388evolutionary history studies
phylogenetics 37–38phylogeographic studies 38–42population genetics 38–41sequence evolution 29–33techniques 33–37
exclusion cages, predator impact study 469–470
Exochomus childreni 174, 192,361
Exochomus concavus see Parexochomus troberti concavus
Exochomus fl avipes 85, 178, 192,313, 384, 387, 389
Exochomus fl aviventris 143, 169, 169, 222, 384, 404
Exochomus fulvimanus 412Exochomus lituratus see Priscibrumus
lituratusExochomus melanocephalus see
Parexochomus melanocephalusExochomus nigromaculatus see
Parexochomus nigromaculatusExochomus quadripustulatus 16, 27,
32, 57, 62, 74, 80, 86, 87,87, 96, 131–132, 161, 164,
168, 192, 313–314, 329, 377, 389, 393, 420
Exochomus troberti see Parexochomus troberti
Exoplectrinae subfamily 7Exoplectrini tribe 7Exoristoides slossonae see Chrysotachina
slossonaeextinction 115extrafl oral nectaries 183, 499,
504eyed ladybird see Anatis ocellataeyespotted lady beetle see Anatis mali
facilitation, predator 361–362facultative diapause 276, 281, 292,
293, 316faeces, oviposition deterrence 231,
232fall webworm see Hyphantria cuneafat body
diapause 316–317site of synthesis of aposematic
substances 445fat reserves during diapause
323–325faunas of coccinellid communities
114climatic changes, effects of
115–116geographic differences 114–115invasion & extinction 115
fecundity 87, 88–90daily and lifetime 58–67diet affecting 88, 91oviposition rate 86temperature, effect of 96
feeding habits 2feeding studies, laboratory 467–468females
fi nding oviposition site 226–232food consumption, effect on
reproduction 208–209preference for melanic morphs
27, 83–85size/weight 75, 78
Ferrisia virgata 59, 189fertilization success 42–43fescue aphid see Metopolophium
festucaeFicedula parva 379fi eld cages, predator impact studies
469–470fi fteen spotted lady beetle see Anatis
labiculata
fi rebug see Pyrrhocoris apterusfi rethorn see Pyracantha coccineafi reweed see Chamerion angustifoliumfi rst ribosomal internal transcribed
spacer (ITS1) region 31–33fi tness 56, 86
adaptive food preferences 452–453
cannibalism 176fi tness compensation 424fi ve spot ladybird see Coccinella
quinquepunctataFlavobacterium 68, 176, 422–423fl ies, dipteran parasitoids 406–408fl ight 77
frequency of short 234habitat switching 127in the landscape 234–235migratory 303–305
fl ightlessness 77fl ightless mutants, release of 498
fl ight muscles, diapause 304, 321,323
fl oral nectar, sugar as substitute 187Florida red scale see Chrysomphalus
aonidumfl uorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
techniques 15follicles, ovarioles 57, 78, 82food
egg cluster size 57, 58–67fecundity link 88larval instars 73longevity link 91and oviposition period 88preferences, evolution of 38and pre-oviposition period 78
food consumptionfunctional response 204–207growth and reproduction
207–209physical factors 202–204
food conversion 209–210food intake 241–242food range 142–144
methods for detection of 144–145food-related behaviour
food intake 241–242foraging behaviour 213–238prey capture 238–241
food-related semiochemicals 449–452
associative learning 452–453phagostimulants 452plant volatiles 449–451
544 Subject index
food-related semiochemicals,(continued)
prey alarm pheromones 451toxic substances in prey
451–452food relationships 142
food-related behaviour 213–242quantitative aspects 201–213summary 242
food specifi city 142–201, 146, 171,214, 242, 523
alternative food 146, 147, 150, 170–174, 171, 180, 187, 214, 242, 302, 344
cannibalism 175–179essential foods 187–196food range 142–145generalist vs. specialist species
150–155lower quality prey 157–169mixed and combined diet
155–157mycophagous Coccinellidae, food of
200–201non-aphid prey 169–175non-insect food 180–185nutritional suitability 145–147phytophagous Coccinellidae, food of
198–200prey size-density hypotheses
147–150substitute diets and supplements
185–187tritrophic studies 196–198
food sprays 187footprint semiochemicals, aphid
parasitoid response to 455–456
foraging behaviour 213–214ants, interaction with 236–238fi rst instars 233indirect factors 215–218
diurnal periodicity 218plant structure 215–217plant surface 217–218
larger scale 234–236oviposition site, fi nding 226–233research progress 520–525senses, role of 218–226
Forfi cula auricularia 472Formica 379Formica obscuripes 380Formica polyctena 221, 380, 449Formica rufa 449Formica rufi barbis 236
fourteen spot ladybird see Propylea quatuordecimpunctata
foxglove aphid see Aulacorthum solaniFrench bean see Phaseolus vulgarisfruit, damaged, food source 123fruit tree spider mite see
Amphitetranychus viennensisfunctional response 204–207,
471fungal pathogens
Hesperomyces species 308–309, 416–418
Hypocreales 415–416Nosematidae 418–419
fungal spores, food source 180–184
Galeruca interrupta arminiaca 167Galerucella lineola 195Galerucella pusilla 152garden pea see Pisum sativumgarden slug see Arion hortensisgarden warbler see Sylvia borinGalerucella sagittariae 143, 190Galleria mellonella 328gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) 448, 456
gean or wild cherry see Prunus aviumgel electrophoresis 34, 145, 478, 480Gelis agilis 388Gelis instabilis see Gelis agilisGelis melanocephalus 388Gelis 388generalist (euryphagous) species
150–152Adalia bipunctata 153Coleomegilla maculata 152–153Harmonia axyridis 153Hippodamia species 154other generalists 154role in biological control 489, 490
genetically modifi ed (GM) crops 122–123, 505–506
genetic correlations between traits 28–29
genetic markers see molecular genetic markers 29
genetic studies 14, 43–44chromosomes & cytology 14–18colour pattern variation 18–27future research 521–522host plant use by phytophagous
species 198–199inheritance of other traits 27–29molecular genetics 29–43
Genista 167genome size 4, 14Geocoris punctipes 118geographic variation
in colour patterns 23–25diapause expression 332latitude and ladybird diversity
114–115giant bamboo see Dendrocalamus
giganteus‘gin traps’ 357, 377glacial lady beetle see Hippodamia
glacialisglasshouse potato aphid see
Aulacorthum solaniglasshouse whitefl y see Trialeurodes
vaporariorumglassy-winged sharpshooter see
Homalodisca vitripennisGlochidion ferdinandi 183glossy leaves, biocontrol 504glucosinolates 165–166, 451–452glycogen reserves, diapause
325–326glycosides 160, 162, 169, 241golden-eyed lacewing see Chrysopa
oculatagolden loosestrife beetle see Galerucella
pusillagonads, diapause/dormancy 317,
321–322gorse spider mite see Tetranychus
linteariusgrain aphid see Sitobion avenaegrains of paradise see Aframomum
meleguetagreen apple aphid see Aphis pomigreen citrus aphid see Aphis spiraecolagreen coffee scale see Coccus viridisgreen lacewing see Chrysoperla carneagreen shield scale see Pulvinaria psidiigreenbug see Schizaphis graminumGregarina barbarara 420, 421Gregarina californica 420Gregarina chilocori 420Gregarina coccinellae 420Gregarina dasguptai 420Gregarina 419, 420, 421Gregarina fragilis 420Gregarina hyashii 420Gregarina katherina 420Gregarina ruszkowskii 420Gregarina straeleni 420gregariousness, defensive mechanism
307–308, 357
Subject index 545
grey fi eld slug see Deroceras reticulatumgrey garden slug see Deroceras
reticulatumguilds 344
spatial 344, 352, 363temporal 344–345, 352, 361,
363thermal 344
gustatory sense 142, 226, 242gut content analysis 144–145,
180–181, 478–481
habitat management 500–501, 524fl oral diversity, non-crop plants
501intercropping 501–502reduced tillage 502strip-harvesting 501
habitat preferences and semiochemicals 457–458
attractive plants 458avoided plants 458plant-plant interactions 458plant stand traits 457–458role of plant volatiles 457
habitats 110–132artifi cial substrates as 75crops 126, 128–129, 130fragmentation 126–127, 234movement among 234–236niches 128sampling methods 111–114spatial guild partition 344switching between 127trade-off in selection of 357trees 129, 131, 132tropics 129, 132wild herbs 129, 131
hairs, pupal defence 76, 357, 456Halmus chalybeus 57Halyzia hauseri see Macroilleis hauseriHalyzia sanscrita 80Halyzia sedecimguttata 39, 131,
392, 399Halyzia straminea 80Halyzia tschitscherini 314Halyziini tribe 6, 7hand-picking/hand-shaking, sampling
methods 112haricot bean see Phaseolus vulgarisharlequin ladybird see Harmonia
axyridisHarmonia antipoda 392Harmonia axyridis 21, 22, 32, 41,
63, 80, 87, 93, 123,
122–123, 129, 130, 132,149, 153, 155, 160, 161,168, 170, 171, 173,173–174, 175, 177, 182,185, 186, 193, 203, 205,207, 208, 209, 212, 223,228, 232, 295, 296–297,306, 310, 331, 349, 350,352, 354, 377, 386, 389,392, 397, 407, 412, 417,422, 457, 494, 495, 507–508, 532, 535
alternative food, effect on egg laying 171
artifi cial diet 185, 186colour pattern variation 21–22,
22, 23–24, 25, 27diapause regulation 295–297displacing native ladybirds
494–495dormancy behaviour 310–311essential foods 193fl ightless strain 498food consumption, effect on growth
207–208intraguild predation 210, 350,
351–352introduction of 494invasion, genetic studies 40–41
routes 41olfaction 222, 223, 224–225overall predator voracity 155oviposition deterrence 229,
231–232pest status 495sperm competition/paternity studies
42, 43survival rates of larvae fed on
aphids 147, 149top predator 354trophic egg laying 173, 177unsuitable aphid diet 160–161vagility 234, 235vision 223–224wing polymorphism 28
Harmonia breiti see Harmonia expalliata
Harmonia conformis 154, 193, 205,311, 393, 407
dormancy behaviour 311Harmonia dimidiata 80, 162, 193,
205, 229, 230, 393Harmonia eucharis 80, 407Harmonia expalliata 407Harmonia octomaculata 393
Harmonia quadripunctata 80, 151,393, 399, 412, 420, 423
Harmonia sedecimnotata 80, 193,297
diapause 297–298Harmonia yedoensis 63Harpalus pennsylvanicus 345, 347,
472hatching rate 68–69
and lifetime fecundity 69and mating duration 82and multiple matings 82–83and polyandry 83
hatching synchrony 56, 68–69hawthorn–parsnip aphid see Dysaphis
crataegihawthorn spider mite see
Amphitetranychus viennensishazel aphid or fi lbert aphid see
Myzocallis coryliheather ladybird see Chilocorus
bipustulatusHelianthus annuus 499, 499, 535Helicobia rapax 385Helicoverpa armigera 170, 478,
202Helicoverpa zea 170, 182, 202, 477,
502Heliothis virescens 152, 477helmet scale see Saissetia coffeaeHemaenasioidea see HomalotylusHemberlesia lataniae 60hemipterans (non-aphid) as prey
174–175hemiptera-tending ants 379–382Hemisarcoptes 411Hemisarcoptes cooremani 347, 412hemlock woolly adelgid see Adelges
tsugaeHenosepilachna argus 56Henosepilachna bifasciata 412Henosepilachna boisduvali 76Henosepilachna dodecastigma 80Henosepilachna elaterii 21, 22, 198,
387, 412Henosepilachna guttatopustulata 400Henosepilachna indica 80Henosepilachna niponica 85–86, 232,
332, 404, 405, 427Henosepilachna ocellata 80, 400Henosepilachna processa 80Henosepilachna pusillanima 76, 80Henosepilachna pustulosa 42, 405,
420, 427Henosepilachna septima 427
546 Subject index
Henosepilachna species 198, 199Henosepilachna sumbana 64Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata
19, 19, 80, 85, 400, 404, 405, 416, 421, 427, 427
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata64, 80, 80, 199, 384, 386,388, 399, 400, 405, 410, 412, 427, 427
Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata384, 411
Henosepilachna yasutomii 85, 198, 427
herbaceous stands 128sampling from 112wild herbs 129, 131
herbivore-stressed plants, volatiles released from 450, 459
heritability studies 28–29Hesperomyces chilomenis 417Hesperomyces coccinelloides 418Hesperomyces hyperaspidis 402–403,
417Hesperomyces species 84, 308,
416–418, 417, 418Hesperomyces virescens 84, 308,
416Heteropsylla cubana 192, 217, 223heterospecifi c aggregations 308Hexamermis 415hibernation 276
see also diapause/dormancymating frequency and longevity
91movements prior to 127mycophagous and phytophagous
species 316refuges 500second 90
Hibiscus 345, 496hieroglyphic ladybird see Coccinella
hieroglyphicaHippodamia arctica 393Hippodamia caseyi 316Hippodamia convergens 22, 29, 64,
93, 123–125, 130, 132, 149,156, 173–174, 186, 193,207, 231, 234, 292, 303,305, 306–308, 314–315, 316, 387, 393, 396, 397,412, 417, 420, 491, 499,503, 507–508, 535
aggregation, olfactory cues 307artifi cial diet 186assassin bug preying on 491
biological control, use in 490, 492, 497
consumption of mummies 173diapause regulation 292drinking extra-fl oral nectar 499egg masses laid 231essential foods 193food deprivation 207frequency of short fl ights 234migration and aggregation
314–316redistribution of overwintering
496–497survival rates of larvae fed on
aphids 147, 149total egg production as function of
food provisioning 156Hippodamia glacialis 130Hippodamia parenthesis 130, 132,
193, 306, 308, 393,397
Hippodamia quinquesignata 22, 193,316, 422, 423
diapause behaviour 316subnivean hibernator 329
Hippodamia septemmaculata 80Hippodamia sinuata 22, 130, 132,
193, 420Hippodamia tredecimpunctata 25, 26,
64, 80, 125, 129–130, 151,193, 292, 306, 308, 378,389, 393, 420
diapause regulation 292Hippodamia variegata 20, 23, 24, 25,
33, 36, 40, 64, 77, 80, 87,90, 117, 121, 121, 126–129, 129, 130–131, 145, 146, 151, 162, 170, 177, 194,211, 235, 307, 309, 312, 330, 353, 360, 377, 378,386, 389, 393, 398–399,414, 415, 420, 423, 478, 493
hippodamine 448, 449, 456Hippolais icterina 379Hirundo rustica 379hogbrake see Ambrosia artemisiifoliaHomalodisca vitripennis 480Homalotyloidea dahlbomii 387Homalotylus affi nis 383–384, 386–
387, 399–400Homalotylus africanus 383–384,
386–387, 399–400Homalotylus agarwali 383–384,
386–387, 399–400
Homalotylus albiclavatus 383–384,386–387, 399–400
Homalotylus albifrons 383–384,386–387, 399–400
Homalotylus albitarsus 383–384,386–387, 399–400
Homalotylus aligarhensis 383–384,386–387, 399–400
Homalotylus balchanensis 383–384,387, 399–400
Homalotylus brevicauda 391, 396, 400, 402–403
Homalotylus californicus see Homalotylus terminalis
Homalotylus cockerelli 391, 396, 400, 402–403
Homalotylus ephippium 383–384,387, 399–400
Homalotylus eytelweinii 383–384,387, 399–400
Homalotylus ferrierei 399–400Homalotylus fl aminius 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus formosus 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus hemipterinus 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus himalayensis 469Homalotylus hybridus 400Homalotylus hyperaspicola 406Homalotylus hyperaspidis 391, 396,
400, 402–403Homalotylus hypnos 388–389,
391, 400–401, 402–404,428
Homalotylus indicus 399–400Homalotylus latipes 399, 400,
409Homalotylus longicaudus 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus longipedicellus 402Homalotylus 383–384, 386–387,
399–400Homalotylus mexicanus 391, 396,
400, 402–403Homalotylus mirabilis 400Homalotylus mundus 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus nigricornis 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus oculatus 399–400,
409Homalotylus pallentipes 391, 396,
400, 402–403Homalotylus platynaspidis 400
Subject index 547
Homalotylus punctifrons 391, 396, 400, 402–403
Homalotylus quaylei 391, 396, 400, 402–403
Homalotylus rubricatus 383–384,387, 399–400
Homalotylus scutellaris 383–384,387, 399–400
Homalotylus scymnivorus 406Homalotylus shuvakhinae 400–401,
402Homalotylus similis 405Homalotylus sinensis 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus singularis 400Homalotylus sp. 400–401,
402–403, 404Homalotylus terminalis 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus trisubalbus 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus turkmenicus 401Homalotylus vicinus 381Homalotylus yunnanensis 383–384,
387, 399–400Homalotylus zhaoi 383–384, 387,
399–400honeydew
arrestant effects 120, 222cardenolides in 162and old prey colony 227–228
honeydew producers, ant attendance 236, 237, 359, 362, 379–382, 502–503
honeysuckle see Lonicera periclymenum
hop powdery mildew see Sphaerotheca castagnei
host plantsage, effects of 122, 228, 294chemical cues/stimuli 120,
199–200, 224–226co-existence of several ladybird
species 121–122food of herbivorous Coccinellidae
198–200genetically modifi ed 122–123microclimate effect 124–125preference for type 120–121resistance 169, 200, 524–525structure 215–217surface 123–124, 217–218
house martin see Delichon urbicahouse sparrow see Passer domesticusHowardula 414
humidityand food consumption
203–204and hatching rate 68longevity effect 91
hump earwig see Anechura harmandiHyaliodes vitripennis 207, 353Hyalopterus pruni 58–59, 63, 66,
91, 147, 147, 153, 165–168, 188, 190–191, 193, 236, 241, 252, 267
hybridization 85hybrid sterility 17–18hydrocarbons on elytra 454hydroxamic acid DIMBOA 164Hypera postica 170, 171–172, 210,
315, 490Hyperaspidini tribe 10Hyperaspis aestimabilis 387Hyperaspis bigeminata 306Hyperaspis binotata 132Hyperaspis campestris 71, 80Hyperaspis congressis see Hyperaspis
convivaHyperaspis conviva 380Hyperaspis desertorum 194Hyperaspis lateralis 194, 384Hyperaspis notata 143, 194,
491Hyperaspis pantherina 194Hyperaspis raynevali 143, 194Hyperaspis reppensis 80, 378, 380Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta
143, 194Hyperaspis senegalensis 143, 194,
389Hyperaspis sphaeridioides 126Hyperaspis undulata 132, 306Hyperomyzus carduellinus 63, 193Hyperomyzus lactucae 154, 190hyperparasitoids 387–389Hyphantria cunea 178, 197Hypocreales, fungal pathogens
415–416hypsotactic orientation/responses
302, 303, 305, 310hypsotactic species 310–311
Icerya purchasi 165, 167, 172control of 491, 509
icterine warbler see Hippolais icterinaIlleis bielawskii 405Illeis cincta 80, 393, 405Illeis galbula 155, 183, 297, 324
diapause 297
Illeis koebelei 200, 201diet of 200, 201
immigration 114, 115, 117, 211, 235
immunolabelling 477–478impaction traps 113inbreeding studies 40Indian hemp see Cannabis sativaIndian Mallow see Abutilon theophrastiIndian ricegrass see Oryzopsis
hymenoidesinduction of diapause 280–281,
282–283, 287critical photoperiod 290, 291, 299lack of food 293stage sensitivity 289, 290
industrial melanism 25, 26inheritance
colour patterns 20–23experimental evidence 21–22
life history characters 28–29wing polymorphism 27–28
Inkaka quadridentata 385innate capacity for increase,
temperature dependent 96insect growth regulators (IGRs) 509insecticides 506–509insidious fl ower bug see Orius
insidiosusinstars 71–72
and body size 73, 74, 150food consumption 159foraging of fi rst 233survival when fed B. brassicae 166tolerance to extreme temperatures
96–97integrated pest management (IPM)
programmes 506insecticides used in 507–508
integumentary systempheromone release 454pupal defence 76
intercropping, ladybird diversity 501–502
interguild effects 362–363inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)
analysis 35, 41–42interspecifi c mating 85intraguild interactions 344, 346
ant-ladybird interactions 359–360
biological control 361–362commensalism 345, 347competition 347–349conservation 360–361
548 Subject index
intraguild interactions, (continued)interguild effects 362–363male-killing bacteria 349mutualism 345–347niche partitioning 344–345
intraguild predation (IGP) 172, 349and biocontrol 361and biocontrol limits 490–491on coccinellids 355, 358–359
defensive mechanisms 355–358
coccinellids as predatorsbenefi ts to coccinellids 350of coccinellids 351–352general rules 349–350hypotheses 350–351on intraguild parasitoids 353on intraguild pathogens 354of non-coccinellids 352–353top predators 354–355
defi nition of 349nitrogen shortage hypothesis 210vulnerability to 350–351, 355
intrinsic rate of population increase 89
food and humidity affecting 91temperature sensitivity 96
introductions of coccinellid species 115, 362
aphidophagous 492–493coccidophagous 491–492competitive displacement
494–495invasive species 493–494
inundative biological control 362, 498
invasive species 115, 360, 493–494genetic diversity studies 40–41
invertebrate predators 377–379Iridomyrmex 381Isaria farinosa 415Isaria fumosorosea 415–416Isodromus niger 386isothiocyanates 165–166, 225, 452isozymes analysis 34, 41Italian rye grass see Lolium
multifl orumITS-1 (fi rst ribosomal internal
transcribed spacer) region, gene sequencing 31–33
jack pine budworm see Choristoneura pinus
Japanese ant see Lasius japonicusJapanese quail see Coturnix japonicusJauravia quadrinotata 80
Juglans cinerea 152Juniperus virginiana 120juvenile hormone (JH) 327–328
kairomones 451kidney-spot ladybird see Chilocorus
renipustulatuskin recognition, semiochemicals
448
labial palp, chemoreception 223lacewings, IGP 349, 352Laingia psammae 191landscapes
diversity and character 125–127landscape scale 211larger scale foraging 234–236
Lapsana communis 180, 180larch adelgid see Adelges laricislarch ladybird see Aphidecta obliterataLaricobius nigrinus 353, 358larva(e) 71–73
attachment ability 218body size 73consumption of 178–179defence 356–357development 72–73instars 71–72mean SCP 96morphology 71parasitization of 391response to semiochemicals
450–451larval development
aphid prey 158, 159, 163, 168food consumption/deprivation
207–208larval tracks, oviposition deterrence
222, 229–233, 356, 454, 456
active substances in 455Lasius claviger 380Lasius japonicus 237Lasius niger 85, 236, 380–381,
404, 449, 503Lasius umbratus 380leaf-curling plum aphid see
Brachycaudus helichrysilearned response
colour perception 224, 226intensive search 220prey selection 452–453
leavesand biological control 504feeding on 184–185, 197
Lecanicillium lecanii 415
Lecanicillium longisporum see Lecanicillium lecanii
Leis dimidiata see Harmonia dimidiataLeis see HarmoniaLemnia biplagiata see Coelophora
biplagiatalemon grass see Cymbopogon citratusLeontopodium alpinum 181Lepidaphycus see Homalotyluslepidopterans as prey 169–170Lepidosaphes beckii 168Lepidosaphes cornutus 60Lepidosaphes ulmi 167Leptinotarsa decemlineata 62, 144,
152, 170, 192, 202, 205,326, 490
Leptothea galbula see Illeis galbulaLeptus ignotus 411lesser whitethroat see Sylvia currucaLeucaena 217life history characters 55
adult 76–91aphid prey effects 148egg 55–70inheritance of 28–29larva 71–73pupa 73–76
life span see longevitylife tables 471–472lifetime fecundity 58–67, 88
and egg hatching rate 68, 69higher for once-mated females 83temperature effects 89
light traps, sampling 114Ligustrum 183lime aphid see Eucallipterus tiliaeLindorus lophanthae 36, 81, 94, 492Linepithema humile 162, 237, 237Lioadalia fl avomaculata 194, 393Liosomaphis berberidis 58Lipaphis pseudobrassicae 59, 61, 68,
88, 91, 147, 164, 168, 190–195, 207
lipids, diapause 323–325little black ant see Monomorium
minimumlocal faunas 114
climatic changes 115–116geographic differences 114–115invasion and extinction 115
location of communities, determinants of 116
host plant 120–124landscape 125–127microclimate 124–125prey 116–120
Subject index 549
Lolium multifl orum 183Lolium perenne 123, 183, 183–184longevity
food affecting 91sexual activity affecting 83, 91temperature effects 88, 89,
90–91, 96voltinism 90
Longiunguis donacis see Melanaphis donacis
Lonicera periclymenum 120lower development threshold (LDT)
92for pre-imaginal development 92,
93–94relationship with SET 92, 95thermal window 95
lupin aphid see Macrosiphum albifrons
Lupinus luteus 163Lupinus mutabilis 163Luscinia luscinia 379Luscinia svecica 379luteolin 7-0-glucoside 199–200Lydinolydella metallica 385, 387Lygocerus see DendrocerusLygus 475, 477, 504Lygus hesperus 477Lygus lineolaris 475Lypha slossonae see Chrysotachina
slossonaeLysiphlebus fabarum 171, 353Lysiphlebus testaceipes 173, 353,
504
Maconellicoccus hirsutus 192, 496Macroilleis hauseri 194Macronaemia hauseri 393Macrosiphoniella artemisiae 58, 191,
194Macrosiphoniella sanborni 191Macrosiphum albifrons 163
toxicity 163Macrosiphum euphorbiae 118, 174,
205, 224, 468Macrosiphum ibarae see Sitobion ibaraeMacrosiphum rosae 153, 188, 193,
497maize (corn in USA) see Zea maysmalaise traps 113–114male gonads, diapause 321–323male-killing bacteria 349, 421
diversity of 421, 422–423evolutionary dynamics 423–424evolutionary implications
424–425
evolutionary rationale 423molecular genetic studies 29–31phylogenetic studies 38, 39and sibling cannibalism 176
male size 78and female mating preference
84–85pupal stage 75
Malus pumila 120mandibles 241
Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata 183, 200
Manihot esculenta 169, 169Manikara zapota 496mark-recapture method, sampling
114, 522marmalade hover fl y see Episyrphus
balteatusmating(s)
duration 82–83, 84frequency 82–83
and fecundity 88and longevity 91
genetic studies 42–43hybridization 85male selection 83–85inbreeding studies 40and melanism 83–85
advantage for melanic morphs 26–27
female choice 83–85multiple 68preference 84prior to dispersal 309, 322refractory periods 77refusal to mate 83semiochemicals implicated in
antennae chemoreceptors 453
glands, pheromone release 454
hydrocarbons on elytra 454sex pheromones 453
sperm competition 83willingness 82
Matsucoccus feytaudi 222Matsucoccus josephi 189Matsucoccus matsumurae 222, 451maxillary palps
perception of larval chemical marker 222, 223, 226
prey contact and recognition 223
meadow pipit see Anthus pratensismeadow spittlebug see Philaenus
spumarius
mealy plum aphid see Hyalopterus pruni
mealybug destroyer see Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) 169, 222, 237
biological control of 496, 503Medicago sativa alfalfa (or often
lucerne in UK) 197, 501Medina collaris 384–385Medina funebris 384–385Medina luctuosa 386Medina melania 384–385Medina separata 384–385Mediterranean fl our moth see Ephestia
kuehniellaMegalocaria dilatata 57, 64, 80, 85,
194, 382Megaselia 385Megoura viciae 119, 145, 161,
162–163, 164, 168, 191,193
Melanaphis donacis 191Melanaspis glomerata 60melanic (dark) morphs
environmental conditions 23–27
inheritance 19–23mating advantage 26–27, 42
melanismand mate preference 83–85melanization extent, pupae 76winter survival, effect on
331–332Melanocorypha calandra 379Melasoma populi see Chrysomela populimelegueta pepper see Aframomum
meleguetaMelolontha sp. 302melon aphid see Aphis gossypiiMendozaniella see HomalotylusMenochilus quadriplagiatus see
Menochilus sexmaculatusMenochilus sexmaculatus 64, 68, 70,
75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 117, 118, 123, 146, 147, 163, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 186, 210, 215, 228,229, 231, 356, 389, 393,405, 405, 405, 410, 414, 421, 423, 424, 425, 446, 455, 507, 508
essential foods 194and fi rst chemically defi ned ODS
231, 232oviposition 228–229
550 Subject index
Mercurialis annua 183Merismoclea rojasi 385, 405Mermis 414, 415Mermithidae 415meroistic telotrophic ovarioles 78Mesopolobus secundus 406Mesopolobus 385–386, 406Mestocharis lividus see Pediobius
foveolatusmetabolic changes related to diapause
glycogen 325–326lipids 323–325metabolic rate 326–327water 326
metallic blue lady beetle see Curinus coeruleus
Metarhizium anisopliae 415, 498Metastenus caliginosus 406Metastenus concinnus 383, 405–406Metastenus indicus 402, 406Metastenus species (parasitoids)
405–406Metastenus sulcatus 405Metastenus townsendi 384, 405–406Metastenus 405Metatetranychus ulmi see Panonychus
ulmimethionine 155methylalkylpyrazines, refl ex blood
377methyl linolenate 452methyl salicylate 225, 448, 450methyl tricosane 448, 454Metopolophium dirhodum 147, 156,
159, 191, 195Metopolophium festucae 475, 475mexican bean beetle see Epilachna
varivestisMicraspis allardi 80Micraspis discolor 64, 68, 88, 147,
194, 393, 507microarray chips, species
identifi cation 36microclimate 124–125Microctonus 394microhabitats 233Microlophium carnosum 58, 145,
150, 153, 153, 188,190–191, 213, 238
micropyles, egg 55, 55microsatellite analysis 35, 36, 40, 43Microsphaera alphitoides 184, 200Microsphaera pulchra 201microsporidia 418–419Microweisea sp. 384
Microweiseinae basal subfamily 4, 5Microweiseini tribe 5middle spotted woodpecker see
Dendrocopos mediusmigration 302–303Mindarus abietinus 189, 471Misumenops tricuspidatus 358, 361mites
Coccipolipus 411–414commensalism 345intraguild predators 353phoretic 411
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 29–31, 36, 37
mixed and combined diets 155–157complementation across life stages
156–157prey specialization through
selection 157prey switching 157
mixed plant stands, arresting effect 458
modifi er genes, colour pattern variation 22–23
molecular genetic markers 29isozymes for delimiting cryptic
species 41ISSR, sperm competition 41–42mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
29–31species-specifi c 33–37studies using 34–35
molecular genetic studies 4–5, 29future research in 521–522gut-content analyses 144–145,
358, 478–481, 524paternity and sperm competition
42–43phylogenetic studies 37–38population genetic &
phylogeographic studies 38–42
sequence evolution 29–33species identifi cation 33–37
Momordica charantia 410monarch butterfl y see Danaus
plexippusMonocorynini tribe 9Monomorium minimum 237Monophlebulus pilosior 195, 242monophyly
Coccinellidae family 2–3other subfamilies 4of six subfamilies 3rejection of 5
morello cherry or amarelle cherry see Prunus cerasus
morphologyegg 55–56inheritance
colour patterns 19–27wing polymorphism 27–28
larva 71pupa 74–75
mortalityafter consumption of sinigrin 166eggs used as diet 170, 173embryonic 85larvae fed on aphids 143, 145risk in newly hatched fi rst instars
233stage specifi c 72temperature extremes 96–97toxic and rejected prey 158–167unsuitable host plants 200
Morus australis 201‘mosaic dominance’ hypothesis 23Motacilla fl ava 379moulting of larva 70, 71, 72mullein bug see Campylomma verbasciMullerian mimicry 27Mulsantina hudsonica 306Mulsantina picta 122, 130, 132,
344, 423multiple allele effect 22multi-species aggregations/
combinations 308aphid suppression 472–473
multivoltinism 276A. bipunctata 290, 314C. septempunctata 281, 283, 284,
286, 320Har. axyridis 295Hip. convergens 292potential multivoltinism 286–287
mummies, feeding on 171–172, 173Muscicapa striata 379mussel scale see Lepidosaphes ulmimustard aphid see Lipaphis
pseudobrassicaemutual interference 207mutualism 345–347, 350, 351
ant attendance 236–238, 379–382
ants and honeydew producers 359, 362
lacewings 352mycophagous Coccinellidae
food of 200–201hibernation 316
Subject index 551
Myiopharus doryphorae 385myrmecophilous ladybirds 360,
380–382myrmecophily 449Myrmica ruginodis 236Myrmica rugulosa 381Myrrha octodecimguttata 80, 122,
128, 149, 151, 194, 304, 308, 393, 399, 419, 420,421, 449
dormancy, responses 307hibernation sites 314
Myzia oblongoguttata 80, 129, 129,131, 151, 151, 314, 389,393, 399, 408
Myzia subvittata 132Myzocallis boerneri 153, 188–189Myzocallis carpini 188Myzocallis castanicola 153, 188Myzocallis coryli 153, 188–189Myzus cerasi 147, 153, 153, 188,
191Myzus persicae 58, 61–65, 68, 76,
78, 87, 91, 117, 120, 143,145, 148, 156, 159, 162–163, 165, 165–166, 166,168, 168, 170–171, 179, 188–194, 202, 205, 207, 210, 222, 224, 236, 238, 293, 450–451, 467–490, 498
Myzus persicae nicotianae 120, 191,202, 450
Nabis (Reduviolus) americoferus 472natality 86, 87native ladybirds, competitive
displacement of 115, 171, 493, 494–495
natural enemies 376–428impact on populations 425–428parasites and pathogens 411–425parasitoids 383–411predation 376–382
nectar, feeding on 180, 183, 215, 499–500
Neda marginalis 407nematodes 414
Allantonematidae 414Mermithidae 415
Neoaenasioidea see HomalotylusNeoaulacorthum magnoliae 160, 160,
196Neoaulacorthum nipponicum 241Neocalvia anastomozans 407
Neomyzus circumfl exus 145, 188,238
neonicotinoids, insecticides 506–509
Neophyllaphis podocarpi 191, 193Neotainania see UgaNeotyphodium lolii 123Nephaspis oculatus see Clitostethus
oculatusNephus bilucernarius 194, 503Nephus bisignatus 89, 94, 96Nephus fl avifrons 132Nephus guttulatus 384Nephus includens 65, 89, 94,
194Nephus kiesenwetteri 389Nephus ornatus 389Nephus quadrimaculatus 314, 385,
474Nephus redtenbacheri 80Nephus soudanensis 389Nerium oleander 161–162, 446neuropterans, IGP 352n-heptacosane 456ni moth see Trichoplusia niniche differentiation 128niche overlap 229, 231niche partitioning 344–345, 472Nilaparvata lugens 195nine-spotted lady beetle see Coccinella
novemnotatanipplewort see Lapsana communisNitraria 200Nobrimus see Homalotylus 400non-fertile/non-hatching eggs 68,
69non-melanic (light) morphs 19
balanced selection 26female preference 27paternity and sperm competition
studies 42non-myrmecophilous coccinellid
species, ant interaction 359–360
non-sibling cannibalism 175egg consumption 177–178kin recognition 179larvae consumption 178–179population consequences 179
northern wheatear see Oenantheoenanthe
Nosema coccinellae 418–419Nosema epilachnae 418Nosema henosepilachnae 418Nosema hippodamiae 419
Nosema tracheophila 419Nosema varivestis 418Nosematidae (fungal pathogens)
418–419Nothoserphus admirabilis 405Nothoserphus aequalis 405Nothoserphus afi ssae 404, 405Nothoserphus boops 404, 405Nothoserphus debilis 405Nothoserphus epilachnae 418Nothoserphus fuscipes 405Nothoserphus mirabilis 404–405Nothoserphus partitus 405Nothoserphus scymni 384, 405Nothoserphus species (parasitoid)
404, 405, 405Nothoserphus townesi 405‘no-till’ agriculture 502, 503Noviini tribe 8N-oxides, Aphis jacobaeae 163–164n-pentacosane 448, 455, 456n-tricosane 456numerical response 88, 466, 471
aggregative 204, 227, 347–348
additional prey, importance of 212–213
modelling of 211temporal and spatial patterns
211vegetation infl uence 211–213
nutritionfood suitability 145–147food unsuitability 164intraguild predation 210non-abundant nutrient concept
154–155nutrients in egg yolk 55plants providing 196–197
nutritional IGP hypothesis 351nutritional induction of diapause
292, 293–294Nysius huttoni 476
obligatory diapause 276Oenanthe oenanthe 379Oenopia billieti 80Oenopia conglobata 23, 65, 80, 131,
154, 195, 308, 314, 330,378, 393, 412, 413, 414, 420
Oenopia kirbyi 80Oenopia lyncea 65Oenopia sexareata 81Oidium monilioides 183, 200
552 Subject index
oil seed rape see Brassica napus subsp. oleifera
oleander aphid see Aphis neriioleander aphids, toxicity 162–163oleander see Nerium oleanderolfaction 224–226
early studies 220–222host plant odours 120olfactory cues, larval response to
451–452perception distance 222prey odour detection 119, 120receptors in aphidophagous species
223olfactometers 222, 223, 224, 225
experiments 120, 450, 453, 458olive scale see Saissetia oleaeOlla abdominalis see Olla v-nigrumOlla v-nigrum 15, 20, 22, 65, 90,
94, 96, 130, 132, 143, 149,163, 172, 173, 174–175, 179, 185, 195, 235, 361, 391, 393, 407, 408, 416, 417, 507–508
Omphale epilachni see Chrysonotomyia appannai
Omphale 386onion thrips or tobacco thrips see
Thrips tabaciOnoclea sensibilis 313oocytes 57, 82, 317–320Ooencyrtus azul 384Ooencyrtus bedfordi 384Ooencyrtus camerounensis 384, 426Ooencyrtus distatus 387Ooencyrtus epilachnae 384Ooencyrtus epulus see Ooencyrtus
camerounensisOoencyrtus polyphagus 387Ooencyrtus puparum 384Ooencyrtus sinis 384Oomyzus 409Oomyzus mashhoodi 384Oomyzus scaposus 384, 388–389,
391, 408–409, 428Oomyzus sempronius 386oosorption 82, 317
food restriction, effect of 209Ophelosia bifasciata 385Ophelosia crawfordi 388opportunistic IGP hypothesis 351optimum temperature
development rate 92, 97hatching rate 68thermal window 95
orange ladybird see Halyzia sedecimguttata
Orcus australasiae 205, 384Orcus chalybeus see Halmus chalybeusOricoruna 385Oricoruna orientalis 385Orius insidiosus 118, 358, 480Ortaliinae subfamily 5, 8, 8–9Ortaliini tribe 8, 9Orthezia urticae 194Oryzopsis hymenoides 206Ostrinia nubilalis 152, 207, 358,
480, 490Ouchterlony plate approach, antibody
analysis 476ovarian development 82,
317–321ovarioles 78–82
and cluster size 57, 82and egg weight 56and female weight & size 78,
79–81, 81overwintering survival 308,
328–331oviposition 85–88, 119
alternative foods, effects on 171animal protein, importance of
156deterrence 228–233, 454–456diurnal periodicity 218, 219effect of food restriction 209essential foods, effect on 146,
187, 196period 86, 88
place 85–86and prey stage 156, 157rate 86, 87
peak of 86rhythmicity 86sites, search for 226–228stimulated by host plant odours
120substitute diets 185–186substrates 85–86termination of 117toxic aphid, negative effect on
162trophic egg laying 177
oviposition deterrence pheromones/semiochemicals 117, 229, 231, 356, 358, 454
active substances in larval tracks 455
aphid abundance 456species-specifi city 454–455
oxygen consumption, diapause 326–327
oystershell scale see Lepidosaphes ulmi
Pachyneuron albutius 389Pachyneuron altiscuta 389Pachyneuron chilocori 389Pachyneuron concolor see Pachyneuron
muscarumPachyneuron muscarum 389Pachyneuron siculum seePachyneuron solitarium 389Pachyneuron syrphi see Pachyneuron
albutiusPachyneuron 389Paecilomyces farinosus see Isaria
farinosaPaecilomyces fumosoroseus see Isaria
fumosoroseaPaederia foetida 241pair formation 84Palaeoneda auriculata 81Paleoneda miniata see Palaeoneda
auriculataPandora neoaphidis 354Pania luteopustulata 81Panonychus mori 67Panonychus ulmi 152, 167Parachrysocharis 386Paradexodes epilachnae see
Euthelyconychia epilachnaeParanaemia vittigera 195parasitic mites, Coccipolipus
411–414Parasitilenchus coccinellinae 414parasitization 390–391
population impact of 426–428parasitized aphids, inferior prey
171–172, 173, 353parasitoids 88, 383
ant behaviour towards 237, 360avoidance of coccinellid tracks
232general characteristics 390–391intraguild
ants attacking 360coccinellids preying on 353predation on coccinellids by
358primary 383–386review of important parasitoids
391–411Cowperia 399, 401, 401Dinocampus coccinellae 391–399Homalotylus 400–404
Subject index 553
review of important parasitoids,(continued)
Metastenus 405–406Nothoserphus 404–405Oomyzus scaposus 408–409Pediobius foveolatus 409–411Phalacrotophora 406–408Uga species 399, 400
secondary 387–389semiochemical attraction 449
Parastethorus nigripes 195Paratrechina 381parenthesis lady beetle see Hippodamia
parenthesisParexochomus melanocephalus 313Parexochomus nigromaculatus 89, 94,
167Parexochomus troberti 393, 412, 471Parexochomus troberti concavus 393,
412Parlatoria blanchardi 60, 195parsnip see Pastinaca sativaParus major 376Passer domesticus 377Passer montanus 377, 379Pastinaca sativa 126paternity studies 42–43pathogens
bacteria 421–425fungal 415–419intraguild
coccinellids preying on 354commensalism 345predation on coccinellids by
359nematodes 414–415protozoan 419–421
PCR see polymerase chain reaction 29, 145
pea aphid see Acyrthosiphon pisumpeach or nectarine see Prunus persicapeach–potato aphid see Myzus persicaePectinophora gossypiella 63, 477Pediobius amaurocoelus 388Pediobius epilachnae see Pediobius
foveolatusPediobius foveolatus 384, 388–389,
391, 409–411, 418, 426Pediobius mediopunctata see Pediobius
foveolatusPediobius nishidai 384Pediobius simiolus see Pediobius
foveolatusPediobius 409pentatomids, IGP 358
Pentilia insidiosa 384Pentiliini tribe 10percentage fertility 68–69Perilitus americanus see Dinocampus
coccinellaePerilitus coccinellae see Dinocampus
coccinellaePerilitus rutilus 394Perilitus stuardoi 387, 391Perilitus terminatus see Dinocampus
coccinellaeperiodicity see rhythmicityPeriphyllus californiensis 193Periphyllus lyropictus 188Periphyllus testudinaceus 153pest control
augmentation 495–498pesticides, selective use 506–509
phagostimulants 452Phalacrotophora berolinensis
384–385, 406Phalacrotophora beuki 384–385, 406Phalacrotophora decimaculata
384–385, 406Phalacrotophora delageae 384–385,
406Phalacrotophora 75, 384, 391, 406,
407, 408, 426, 428Phalacrotophora fasciata 391Phalacrotophora indiana 384–385,
406Phalacrotophora nedae 384–385,
406Phalacrotophora philaxyridis
384–385, 406Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata
384–385, 406Pharoscymnus anchorago 420,
421Pharoscymnus numidicus 388Pharoscymnus ovoideus 388Phaseolus vulgaris 126Pheidole megacephala 362, 503Phenacoccus herreni 194Phenacoccus madeirensis 192Phenacoccus manihoti 169, 194,
222, 404, 471phenotypic plasticity 522pheromones 117, 222, 224, 225,
239, 240, 241, 454Philaenus spumarius 476Phoenicococcus marlatti 194Phoenicurus ochruros 379Phoenicurus phoenicurus 379phoretic mites 345, 411
Phorodon humuli 58, 188, 191photoperiodic activation 277, 281,
282precocious 295
photoperiodic response 276, 283, 288–289, 295, 300
photoperiodssee also diapause/dormancycritical 276, 284, 290, 291, 298,
299egg cluster size 57hatching rate 68longevity effects 90–91
Phthorimaea operculella 59Phygadeuon subfuscus 388Phyllactinia moricola 201Phyllaphis fagi 153, 188Phylloscopus collybita 379Phylloscopus trochilus 379Phylloxera glabra 146, 195phylogenetic studies 37–38phylogeny 5–10phylogeographic studies 38–42Phymatosternus lewisii 360, 381Physalis alkekengi 199phytophagous Coccinellidae
food of 198–200hibernation 316population impact of natural
enemies 426–428Picea schrenkiana 314Pieris rapae 170pine ladybird see Exochomus
quadripustulatusPineus pini 188pink bollworm see Pectinophora
gossypiellapink hibiscus mealybug see
Maconellicoccus hirsutusPinnaspis buxi 190Pinus armandii 132Pinus sylvestris 153, 449Pisonia 496Pisum sativum 124, 124Pittosporum tobira 227, 228Plagiodera versicolora 197, 197Planococcus citri 65, 167, 192, 222,
496Planococcus minor 59, 189plant antibiosis 504–505plants
see also crops; host plantsspatial guild partition 344
plant stress 457, 458plant structure 215–217, 504
554 Subject index
plant surfaces 123–124, 217–218plant volatiles
avoidance of 458conservation 499herbivore-induced 449–450larval response 450–451link to patch preference 457receptors for food-related 450related to aphid density 456
Platynaspidini tribe 8, 9, 10Platynaspis luteorubra 55, 81, 131,
237, 241, 381, 404Platynus dorsalis 404Pleurotropis see Pediobiusplum powdery mildew see Podosphaera
tridactylaPlutella xylostella 124, 170, 504Pnigalio agraules 386Podisus maculiventris 145, 354, 354,
532Podosphaera leucotricha 194, 200Podosphaera tridactyla 201poisoning by toxic aphids
157–165Policheta unicolor 385polished lady beetle see Cycloneda
mundapollen, supplementary/alternative
food 123, 180–184pollinivory 152, 180–182, 185,
200, 282pollution and melanic morphs 24,
25, 26polyandry 93polyazamacrolide alkaloids 456
pupal defence 76polyclonal antibodies, trophic
relationships 474–477polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 29,
145gut-content analysis 478–481species identifi cation 35, 36
polyphagous (euryphagous) species see generalist species 150–154
polyvoltine (multivoltine) species 90poplar leaf beetle see Chrysomela
populipopulation density
and fecundity 88and larval development 73
population genetic studies 38–42populations of ladybirds, impact of
natural enemies 425–428Populus 313
Poriini tribe 9post-mortem analysis of predation
474antibody-based 474–477prey-specifi c DNA detection
478–481protein marking 477–478
post-oviposition period 86potato aphid see Macrosiphum
euphorbiaepotato ladybird see Epilachna dregeipotato see Solanum tuberosumpotato tuber moth see Phthorimaea
operculellapowdered food, preference for 152powdery mildew see Erysiphe polygoniPraon volucre 455–456precipitin test, predation analysis
474, 475precoccinelline 446, 449predation 376–382
see also intraguild predation (IGP)anti-predator defences 376–377chemical protection against 56,
76hemiptera-tending ants 379–382
post-mortem analysis 474antibody-based 474–477prey-specifi c DNA detection
478–481protein marking 477–478
social aphids with a soldier caste 382
studies quantifying 524traditional study of impact
468–469cage inclusion 470–471fi eld cages 469–470manual removal 471selective exclusion 469
predator facilitation 345and biocontrol 361–362
predators of coccinellidsants 379invertebrate 377vertebrate 377
pre-diapause phase 301–302preferential mating 83–85pre-oviposition period 77–78prepupal stage 73–74prey 116
see also food, see also aphidsage, effect on oviposition
227–228
alternative 146, 147, 150, 171,180, 187, 214, 242
ant-attended 360anti-predator defences 117–118essential 146, 158, 162, 172,
188–195preference 118–119quantifying coccinellid impact
466–467assays of consumption
467–468complex communities
472–474indirect impacts 468post-mortem analysis 474–481statistical approaches 471–472traditional approaches
468–471prey abundance see aphid abundance/
densityprey alarm pheromones 451prey capture 238–241prey choice niches 128prey contact
approach direction 239intensive search behaviour 220,
221by maxillary palps 223
prey densityaggregative numerical response
211aphid infestation 227–228effect on fecundity 88functional response, consumption
204–207and ladybird vagility 234–236minimum threshold 117and oviposition activity 456prey size-density hypothesis
147–150risk to larvae of low 233
prey discovery, quantifying 471prey handling, associative learning
452–453prey-induced plant chemicals,
attraction to 120, 218–226prey preference 118–119prey quality
benefi cial effects of 119and larval development 207–208‘problematic’ prey 167–169rejected prey 146, 165–168toxic prey 146, 157–165, 452
prey selection 153, 207
Subject index 555
prey sex pheromones 451prey size-density hypothesis
147–151prey specialization through selection
157prey specifi city 489–490, 523prey substitutes 169–175prey suitability 144, 145–147,
173prey switching 157, 204, 206prey toxicity 157–165, 451–452primary parasitoids 383–386, 390Priscibrumus lituratus 393Priscibrumus uropygialis 81, 393Pristomyrmex pungens 380, 419‘problematic’ prey 167–169Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus 387Prochiloneurus nigrifl agellum 384prolegs, prey detection 223promiscuity 82Propylea dissecta 65, 70, 70, 72, 94,
148, 195, 205, 291Propylea japonica 22, 39, 65–66,
144, 158, 174, 195, 228,232, 393, 423
Propylea quatuordecimpunctata 151,180, 184, 195, 355
diapause regulation 291dispersal from dormancy site
309hibernation behaviour 313, 321movement on plant surfaces
217seasonal distribution of fl ights
306protandry 77protection
eggs 56, 85pupae 74, 76
protective IGP hypothesis 350–351protein marking, post-mortem
predation analysis 477–478protein supplements 187protogyny 77protozoan pathogens 419–421Prunus avium 120Prunus cerasus 153Prunus persica 226Pseudebenia epilachnae 384Pseudoazya trinitatis 236, 384Pseudocatolaccus 386Pseudochermes fraxini 192Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) 169,
222, 237
Pseudococcus cryptus 503Pseudococcus maritimus 237Pseudococcus viburni 237Pseudoregma alexanderi 196Pseudoregma bambucicola 194, 196,
382Pseudoscymnus kurohime see
Sasajiscymnus kurohimePseudoscymnus tsugae see
Sasajiscymnus tsugaePsylla alni 59Psylla jucunda 154, 193Psylla mali 59, 154, 189Psylla ulmi 59Psylla uncatoides 195psyllids 174Psyllobora confl uens 66, 91Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata 25, 81,
131, 201, 312, 316, 393,399, 417
Psyllobora vigintimaculata 132, 200, 306, 417, 418
Pterocallis alni 153, 188Pterostichus melanarius 479Pterostyrax hispidus 198Puccinia 180, 183Pullus auritus see Scymnus auritusPullus mediterraneus see Scymnus
marinusPullus subvillosus see Scymnus
subvillosusPulvinaria psidii 192, 496Pulvinaria urbicola 496Pulvinaria vitis 152pupa(e)
colouration 76defence 76, 357mean SCP 96morphology 74–75prepupal stage 73–74protection, chemical defence 456thermal melanism 76timing of pupation 75
pupation place 75–76Pyracantha coccinea 201pyrazines 377, 455Pyrrhalta luteola see Xanthogaleruca
luteolaPyrrhocoris apterus 327pyrrolizidine alkaloids 163–164,
165, 445, 446
Quadrastichus ovulorum 385quail see Coturnix coturnix
quantitative aspects, food relations 201
aggregative numerical response 211–213
food consumptionconsumed food, conversion and
utilization of 209–210effect of physical factors
202–204effect of prey density: functional
response 204–207effects on growth and
reproduction 207–209Quercus rubra 152quiescence 276, 277, 295quinolizidine alkaloids 163
radioimmunoassay, vitellogenin synthesis 328
radish see Raphanus sativusragwort see Senecio jacobaeaRandom Amplifi cation of Polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) 33, 34, 36Raphanus sativus 121Rastrococcus invadens 496Ravinia errabunda 385red cedar see Juniperus virginianared imported fi re ant see Solenopsis
invictared oak see Quercus rubrared spider mite see Panonychus ulmired-barbed ant see Formica rufi barbisred-capped lark see Calandrella cinereared-headed fl ycatcher see Ficedula
parvaredistribution of ladybirds, biological
control 496–497refl ex bleeding 376–377, 445
chemical substances 445–449enemies and competitors 449molecular genetic studies 29, 42
refractory period, mating 77refuges
hibernation 500landscape-scale 127
regression models 471rejected prey 165–167relative growth rate (RGR) 73release of coccinellids, augmentation
495–498reproduction
and food consumption 208–209interaction of larval and adult diet
156–157
556 Subject index
reproduction, (continued)interspecifi c 85and longevity 91net reproduction rate 89, 96temperature, effects on 96
reproductive isolationcytogenetic changes 16, 18hybridization 85
reproductive output 90larval diet linked to 78
reproductive rate 86, 87net reproductive rate 89, 91,
96reproductive success 42–43research, future trends 521–525resilience, univoltinism 300resistant host plants 91, 164,
200and biocontrol 504–506DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169effect of prey feeding on 169GM crops 122–123
respiration rate 75, 287, 304, 326, 327
Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphism (RFLP) analysis 33, 34, 36
Rhopalosiphum maidis 148, 154, 168, 188, 212, 212,225–226
Rhopalosiphum padi 188rhythmicity
eclosion 70hatching 69, 70mating 70, 82moulting 70oviposition 70, 86, 219pupation 70, 75
Rhyzobius litura 155, 183, 195,313, 387, 423, 424
Rhyzobius lophanthae see Lindorus lophanthae
Rhyzobius ventralis 195, 241ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene
association with sex chromosomes 15
ITS1 region 32Rickettsia 30–31, 30, 38, 39, 68,
176, 421, 422–423, 424, 424, 534
Robinia pseudoacacia 160Rodatus major 195, 242, 381Rodolia cardinalis 94, 154, 164, 167,
172, 466, 491, 491, 508,509, 535
Rodolia fumida 385Rodolia guerini 81Rodolia iceryae 143, 386Rodolia occidentalis 385Rosa multifl ora 201rose aphid see Macrosiphum rosaerose–grain aphid see Metopolophium
dirhodumrose powdery mildew see Sphaerotheca
pannosarosy apple aphid see Dysaphis
plantaginearosy leaf-curling aphid see Dysaphis
devectaRubus occidentalis 313Russian wheat aphid see Diuraphis
noxiarye grass see Lolium perenne
Saccharomyces fragilis 120sagebrush see Artemisia tridentataSaissetia coffeae 190Saissetia oleae 168, 192, 472Salix 153Sambucus nigra 153, 158, 160Sambucus racemosa subsp. sieboldiana
160sameness
rule of 154–155sampling methods 111–114, 469,
471, 522non-destructive 29quadrat sampling 112
sapodilla see Manikara zapotaSarcophaga helicis see Helicobia rapaxSarcophaga latisterna see Boettcheria
latisternaSarcophaga reinhardii see Ravinia
errabundaSasajiscymnus kurohime 241–242,
382Sasajiscymnus ningshanensis see
Scymnus ningshanensisSasajiscymnus tsugae 66, 77, 94,
195, 358, 471, 493Saxicola rubicola 379scale insects, biocontrol 491–492,
496scarce seven spot ladybird see
Coccinella magnifi caSchizaphis graminum 157, 497, 501,
504Schizolachnus pineti 189Schizolachnus piniradiatae 122, 167Schizopepon bryoniaefolius 198
scotophaselife events 70oviposition 86, 299pupation 75
Scots pine see Pinus sylvestrisSCP see supercooling pointScymnillini tribe 10Scymninae subfamily 5, 9–10Scymnini tribe 9, 10Scymnodes lividigaster see Apolinus
lividigasterScymnophagus see MetastenusScymnophagus mesnili see Metastenus
concinnusScymnus (Nephus) quadrimaculatus see
Nephus quadrimaculatusScymnus abietis 72, 131Scymnus aeneipennis see Zagloba
aeneipennisScymnus apetzi 131, 383, 401,
420Scymnus ater 81Scymnus auritus 128, 131, 146,
195Scymnus coccivora 195Scymnus creperus 205Scymnus dorcatomoides 405Scymnus fl avifrons Blackburn
(Australia) 132Scymnus fl avifrons Melsheimer (North
America) see Nephus fl avifronsScymnus frontalis 66, 77, 81, 128,
129, 131, 195, 330, 330,378, 505
Scymnus guttulatus see Nephus guttulatus
Scymnus haemorrhoidalis 81, 129Scymnus hilaris 174Scymnus hoffmanni 66, 85Scymnus impexus 383Scymnus interruptus 66, 81, 131,
236, 380Scymnus kiesenwetteri see Nephus
kiesenwetteriScymnus lacustris 122, 344Scymnus levaillanti 66, 71, 88, 89,
94, 195, 210Scymnus loewii 130Scymnus louisianae 55–56, 66,
85–86, 87Scymnus marginicollis 66, 121Scymnus marinus 66, 94, 97, 195Scymnus mediterraneus see Scymnus
marinusScymnus morelleti 387
Subject index 557
Scymnus nigrinus 81, 122, 314, 380, 405
Scymnus ningshanensis 471, 493Scymnus ornatus see Nephus ornatusScymnus otohime 384Scymnus posticalis 196, 228, 228,
360Scymnus pyrocheilus 228, 229,
356Scymnus quadrillum 389Scymnus rubromaculatus 81, 131Scymnus sinuanodulus 55, 55, 66,
71, 74, 76, 90, 94, 196diapause 300
Scymnus smithianus 399, 401Scymnus soudanensis 389Scymnus subvillosus 66, 88, 89, 89,
91, 94, 96, 131, 159, 196,241
Scymnus suturalis 81, 129, 308, 314
Scymnus syriacus 66, 94Scymnus tardus 417searching (foraging) behaviour
213–236intensive 211, 214, 220
seasonal changesin frequency of colour morphs 25,
83–84and thermal properties of morphs
26–27and habitat switching 127
seasonal cycles of crop colonization by coccinellids 503–504
second hibernation 90, 321sedge warbler see Acrocephalus
schoenobaenusselection
directional 28selective exclusion, predation impact
measure 469self-selection model, optimal diets
155Selvadiini tribe 9, 10Semiadalia undecimnotata see
Ceratomegilla undecimnotatasemiochemicals 214, 445
aggregation 307aposematism and refl ex bleeding
445–449egg and pupa protection 456food-related 449–453future challenges 459–460future research 523–524habitat preferences 457–458
hibernation and aggregation 457mating and sex pheromones
453–454olfactory response to 224–226oviposition 454–456oviposition-deterring 229, 231
Senecio jacobaea 165, 446sensitive stage, pupal melanization
76sensory orientation/perception
218–220, 226earlier observations 220–222effect of encounter 220honeydew, arrestant 222olfaction 224–226sensory receptors 223vision 223–224
septate eugregarines 419–421sequence evolution 29–33
ITS-1 region 31–33mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
29–31Serangiini tribe 5Serangium parcesetosum 66, 72, 91,
155, 196, 353, 416serological assays 144, 145
predator-prey research 474–477seven spot ladybird see Coccinella
septempunctatasex determination 14–15sex differences, antennal receptors
453sex pheromones
prey attractant 222, 224of prey, response to 451promoting coccinellid mating
453sex ratio 77sexual activity
longevity, effect on 91of melanic forms 84
sexual maturation 76–77sexual selection 27shifting habitat hypothesis 360Shirozuellini tribe 6shrubs, sampling from 113sibling egg cannibalism 175–177,
233Sidis see NephusSidnia kinbergi 476Sigmoepilachna indica 385–386Sinapis alba 58, 123, 165, 165–166,
225, 452Singhikaliini tribe 6sinigrin 451–452
Siphoninus phillyreae 60, 190Sitobion akebiae 78Sitobion avenae 61, 77, 88, 116Sitobion ibarae 193, 222, 451Sitona discoideus 393Sitotroga cerealella 63, 169Sitta europaea 153sixteen spot ladybird see Tytthaspis
sedecimpunctatasize
see also body sizeegg 56egg clusters 56–68larval instar 73
sky lark see Alauda arvensissmall cabbage white butterfl y see
Pieris rapaesmoke pollution and melanism 26social aphids, soldier caste 382soft brown scale see Coccus hesperidumsoft green scale see Coccus viridisSolanum japonense 198Solanum nigrum 198, 199Solanum tuberosum 198, 452Solenopsis invicta 236, 502Solidago canadensis 126song thrush see Turdus philomelosSospita vigintiguttata 407southern house mosquito see Culex
quinquefasciatussowthistle aphid see Hyperomyzus
lactucaesoybean aphid see Aphis glycinesSpanish broom see Spartium junceumspartein 163, 167Spartium junceum 167spatial guild partition 344spatial matching, predator-prey
211spatial niches 128specialist species 142–143,
150–152, 154non-abundant nutrient concept
154–155role in biological control 490
speciation 16–18species identifi cation
molecular genetic studies 33–37pupal colouration providing 76
species specifi c chemistryoviposition deterrence substances
454–455refl ex bleeding substances
448–449spermatheca 296, 318, 320
558 Subject index
spermatophores 425nuptial gift 83protein source 173–174
sperm competition 42–43, 83Sphaerotheca castagnei 184, 200Sphaerotheca cucurbitae 200, 201Sphaerotheca pannosa 200, 201spider-mite destroyer see Stethorus
punctumspiders 354, 358, 377–378, 449Spiladelpha barovskii kiritschenkoi see
Ceratomegilla barovskii kiritschenkoi
spined soldier bug see Podisus maculiventris
Spiraea 66spiraea aphid see Aphis spiraecolaspiralling whitefl y see Aleurodicus
dispersusSpiroplasmataceae 30, 30, 68, 176,
421, 422, 424–425Spodoptera litura 379spores, fungal 180
collection of by larvae 183found in gut 180
spot pattern, variation in 19–20, 20, 21–22, 22, 24, 25
spotted alfalfa aphid see Therioaphis trifolii
spotted fl ycatcher see Muscicapa striata
spotted lady beetle see Coleomegilla maculata
sprays of food substitutes 187, 222, 499
spruce aphid see Elatobium abietinumsquash beetle see Epilachna borealissquash or pumpkin see Cucurbita
maximastarvation 202
aphid defensive measures causing 241
foraging activity, effect on 218, 221
and ovarian development 78, 82pollen feeding preventing 181temporary, effect on reproduction
209statistical approaches, predation
471–472steelblue lady beetle see Halmus
chalybeusstenophagous species see specialist
species 154
Stenotarsus rotundus (Endomychidae)276
Stethorini tribe 9–10Stethorus bifi dus 66, 196, 206, 206Stethorus gilvifrons 67, 90, 96, 167,
196, 498Stethorus japonicus 67, 94, 187,
196, 300diapause 300
Stethorus loxtoni see Parastethorus nigripes
Stethorus madecassus 143Stethorus picipes see Stethorus punctum
picipesStethorus punctillum see Stethorus
pusillusStethorus punctum 145, 196, 218,
224, 493Stethorus punctum picipes 143, 221,
299, 450, 499diapause 299–300
Stethorus pusillus 56, 81, 82, 89,90, 94, 96, 131, 143, 167 ,183, 196, 217, 218, 299, 313–314, 322, 353, 378,417, 418, 490, 493, 533
Stethorus species, biocontrol 490Stethorus tridens 196, 205Stethorus vegans 490Sticholotidinae subfamily
characteristics 5–6division of 3–4
sticky cards, sampling 113stinging nettle see Urtica dioicastrawberry aphid see Chaetosiphon
fragaefoliistrawberry bug see Calocoris
norvegicusstrip cutting/harvesting 126, 501striped ladybird see Myzia
oblongoguttatastriped mealybug see Ferrisia virgataStrongygaster triangulifera 386Sturnus vulgaris 379Styrax 382Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata
28, 39, 67, 76, 81, 312, 378,385–386, 389, 456
subfamilies (of Coccinellidae)characteristics of 5–10classifi cation changes 3–5parasitoids of 390proposed classifi cation 5, 6
subnivean hibernators 328, 329
substitute diets 185–187substitute prey 169–185substrates
foraging (host plant) 206–207oviposition 85–86, 119–120pupation 75–76
sucrose, alternative diet 169–170, 185, 222
sugar beet and garden beet see Betavulgaris
sugar cane scale see Aulacaspis tegalensis
sugar cane woolly aphid see Ceratovacuna lanigera
sugar spraying 187, 222suitability of food/prey 144, 145–
147, 173food combinations 155, 156
Sukunahikonini tribe 5sulphur dioxide pollution 26sum of effective temperatures (SET)
92relationship with LDT 92, 93–94,
95teneral pre-oviposition period 96
sunfl ower see Helianthus annuussunshine hours and melanism 26supercooling point (SCP) 96,
328–329outdoor and indoor overwintering
331supergenes 22supernumerary (B) chromosomes
15–16supplementary food 123supranivean hibernators 328,
329–330survival
on aphid prey 149, 162on artifi cial diets 186hibernating on higher ground
305overwintering 308, 312,
328–330, 331on plant foods 199and temperature extremes
96–97swarms 235–236sweeping, sampling method 112sweet orange see Citrus sinensisswede midge see Contarinia nasturtiisycamore aphid see Drepanosiphum
platanoidisSylvia atricapilla 379
Subject index 559
Sylvia borin 379Sylvia communis 379Sylvia curruca 379Sylvia nisoria 379Symphoricarpos rivularis 120Symydobius oblongus 143synchronization of hatching 56,
68–69Synharmonia conglobata see Oenopia
conglobataSynona obscura 405Synonycha grandis 57, 67, 163, 196,
382, 498Syntomosphyrus taprobanes see
Oomyzus scaposussyrphid larvae, attack by 358Syrphoctonus tarsatorius 388
Tachyporus sp. 277, 288take-off, fl ight behaviour 77, 304Talinum triangulare 169Tamarix 200, 361, 470Tamarixia radiata 361, 470Tanacetum vulgare 126Tandonia budapestensis 477tansy see Tanacetum vulgareTapinoma nigerrimum 380Taraxacum offi cinale 501tarnished plant bug see Lygus
lineolarisTasmanian ladybird see Cleobora mellyitawny pipit see Anthus campestristea aphid see Toxoptera aurantiiTelsimiini tribe 5, 8temperature
adult size 78and development 91–97
determining course of events in adult life 95–96
relationship between LDT and SET 92–95
and diapause 276–279, 280,285, 289
effects of low 328–332extremes, tolerance to 96–97fecundity 88, 89, 90, 96and food consumption 202–203and frequency of short fl ights 234hatching rate varying with 68life span decrease with 90–91and melanism 26
mating advantage 26–27and oviposition 233oviposition period 88
pupal colouration 76pupal size 74pupation timing and 75and rate of natural increase 143reproduction, effect on 96storage, developmental stages 332tolerance to extreme 96–97
temporal guild partition 344temporal niches 128temporal patterns, prey density 211temporal variation, colour pattern
polymorphism 25ten spot ladybird see Adalia
decempunctatateneral development 76–77
thermal requirements 95–96terpenoids, coccinellid avoidance of
458testicular follicles, diapause 283,
310, 318, 321–323tethered fl ight 303, 315–316Tetrabrachini tribe 9Tetramorium caespitum 381Tetranychus evansi 119, 196, 205,
224Tetranychus lintearius 119, 200,
224, 299, 498, 506Tetranychus mcdanieli 196, 490Tetranychus telarius see Tetranychus
urticaeTetranychus urticae 67, 152, 187,
196, 354, 532Tetrastichus coccinellae see Oomyzus
scaposusTetrastichus cydoniae 386Tetrastichus decrescens 385Tetrastichus epilachnae 385Tetrastichus 409Tetrastichus orissaensis 386Tetrastichus melanis see Oomyzus
scaposusTetrastichus sexmaculatus see Oomyzus
scaposusThalassa saginata 76Thanatus 354, 532Thea vigintiduopunctata see Psyllobora
vigintiduopunctataThelaxes dryophila 189thelytokous parthenogenesis 391,
406Therioaphis maculata see Therioaphis
trifoliiTherioaphis trifolii 193, 211thermal constants 92
thermal guild partition 344–345thermal melanism, pupae 76thermal microhabitats 75thermal window 95thermoregulatory basking 125thirteen spot ladybird see Hippodamia
tredecimpunctataThomsonina see Nothoserphusthree-banded lady beetle see Coccinella
trifasciatathree-striped lady beetle see Brumoides
suturalisThrips tabaci 75, 174thrush nightingale see Luscinia
lusciniatiger moths see Arctiatillage, reduction of 502, 503tobacco budworm see Heliothis
virescenstop predators, coccinellids as
354–355total food consumption 202–204toxicity, pesticides 506–509toxic prey 146, 157–165toxic substances in prey 451–452toxins, insect-resistant GM crops
505–506Toxoptera aurantii 225, 450Toxoptera citricidus 146, 163, 196
control of 494Toxoptera graminum see Schizaphis
graminumtracks, larval, oviposition deterrence
229–233trade-offs, genetic 28–29transgenic plants 122–123transverse lady beetle see Coccinella
transversoguttatatraps for sampling 113–114tree pipit see Anthus trivialistree sparrow see Passer montanustrees
age of 122and coccinnelid abundance 131,
132habitats 129sampling from 113
Trialeurodes vaporariorum 66, 174, 195
triangular fecundity function 86, 87
Trichogramma evanescens 170, 353Trichogramma 358, 363, 386Trichomalopsis acuminata 386
560 Subject index
Trichomalopsis 386, 389Trichomalopsis dubia 389trichomes 200, 217, 227, 353, 504Trichoplusia ni 170, 353, 479Trichosanthes kirilowii 201Tripleurospermum maritimum 117,
121Tripolycystus see MetastenusTriticum 153tritrophic studies 196–198trophic eggs 69, 177trophic pathway 475, 476, 477,
481Tsuga 153, 175Tuberculatus annulatus 58, 153,
158Tuberolachnus salignus 153, 188Tubulinosema hippodamiae 418–419Turdus merula 379Turdus philomelos 379turnip aphid see Lipaphis
pseudobrassicaetwelve spotted ladybeetle see
Coleomegilla maculata lengitwenty four spot ladybird see
Subcoccinellavigintiquatuorpunctata
twenty-spotted lady beetle see Psyllobora vigintimaculata
twenty two spot ladybird see Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata
twice-stabbed lady beetle see Chilocorus stigma
two spot ladybird see Adalia bipunctatatwo-spotted spider mite see
Tetranychus urticaeTypha latifolia 152Tyria 164Tytthaspidini tribe 6–7Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata 81, 131,
142, 155, 183, 184, 200, 241, 309, 312, 378, 393,399, 420
diet of 200–201dormancy behaviour 312–313mandible 183
Tytthaspis trilineata see Coccinellanigrovittata
Uga colliscutellum 400Uga coriacea 400Uga digitata 400Uga hemicarinata 400Uga javanica 400Uga menoni 400
Uga sinensis 400Uga species 399, 400, 400Ulmus 314Unaspis citri 492Unaspis euonymi 190, 202Unaspis yanonensis 190univoltine species 90univoltinism
Chilocorus spp. 298C. septempunctata 279, 280, 281,
283, 284, 285Hip. convergens 292potential multivoltines 286–287resilience 300
upper temperature threshold 92Uroleucon aeneum 158, 191Uroleucon ambrosiae 163Uroleucon cichorii 217, 238Uroleucon cirsii 153, 188, 191,
195Uroleucon compositae 61, 148, 195Uroleucon formosanum 195Uroleucon jaceae 195, 217Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum 126Uroleucon species 148, 216, 217,
238Urtica dioica 117, 121, 126, 150,
153, 501
vacuum sampling, D-Vac 112vagility, interspecifi c differences in
234variegated lady beetle see Hippodamia
variegatavedalia beetle see Rodolia cardinalisvegetation diversity and aggregative
numerical response 213Verania see MicraspisVerbascum thapsus 312vertebrate predators 377vertical distribution of coccinellids on
host plant 122, 125Verticillium lecanii see Lecanicillium
lecaniiVesiculaphis caricis 191vetch aphid see Megoura viciaevetch or tare see Vicia sativaVibidia duodecimguttata 81, 313,
316, 378Vicia faba 58, 88, 91, 123, 160–
161, 165, 169, 196, 197,210, 225, 237, 452
Vicia sativa 160Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica
160
Virginian pencil cedar see Juniperus virginiana
vision 222, 223–224, 239visual counting, sampling method
112vitellogenin synthesis 327–328volatiles, plant 200, 224–226,
449–451link to aphid density 456link to patch preference 457
voltinism 90, 300–301, 301see also bivoltinism; multivoltinism;
univoltinismvoracity 155, 489
quantifying 467–468
walnut aphid see Chromaphis juglandicola
warm acclimation 326Wasmannia auropunctata 449Watanabeia see Nothoserphus 404water content, diapause 326water ladybird see Anisosticta
novemdecimpunctatawax moth see Galleria mellonellawaxy surfaces
aphid prey 165, 166and biological control 504host plants 124, 206, 217–218larval protection 236, 237,
241weeds, positive effect of 120, 121,
126weight
adults 78–82egg clusters 57eggs 56larvae 73pupae 74–75
western corn rootworm see Diabrotica virgifera
western plant bug see Lygus hesperuswheat bug see Nysius huttoniwheat see Triticumwhite (or yellow) mustard see Sinapis
albawild herb habitats 127, 128, 129,
131willow aphid see Tuberolachnus
salignuswillow warbler see Phylloscopus
trochiluswindow traps 113, 305wing polymorphism 27–28wings and winglessness 77
Subject index 561
Withania somnifera 410Wolbachia 30, 30, 38, 39, 68, 176,
349, 421, 422–423,424–425
wood ant see Formica rufawood nuthatch see Sitta europaeawoolly apple aphid see Eriosoma
lanigerum
woolly vine scale see Pulvinaria vitiswormwood see Artemisia vulgaris
Xanthogaleruca luteola 170Xy parachute (Xyp) system 14–15
yellow lupin see Lupinus luteusyolk, eggs 55, 56, 82
Y-tube olfactometers 222, 223, 224, 225
(Z)-jasmone 450(Z)-pentacos-12-ene, in larval tracks
231, 455Zagloba aeneipennis 236Zea mays 152, 182, 182, 227