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Transcript of German VSTOL Rotorcraft - Popular Rotorcraft Association General/germanvstolrotorcraft.pdf ·...
German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft Designs of the Twentieth Century
Mike HirschbergCENTRA Technology, Inc.
11 May 2001
www.vstol.org
AHS Forum 57STOVL Technology Session
www.vstol.orgwww.vtol.org
IVHS
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IVHSBackground
• Second in a series of papers that will form the basis for the V/STOL Encyclopedia series
• Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts– German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000
(65 concepts)→German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57,
May 2001 (75 concepts)– German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001 (?? concepts)
• Vol 1 to be published in 2002• Future volumes in the planning stages
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Dawn of Vertical Flight• World War II Designs • Post-War Designs
– Messerschmitt– MBB– Bölkow– VFW– Eurocopter
• Summary
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IVHSV/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune
www.vstol.org
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IVHS
2 4 M AY 63V
Curtiss-Wright X-100
Short SC.1
EWR VJ 101 CDornie r Do 31
Lockheed XV-4B VFW VAK 191 BMcDonnell XV-1
Vanguard 2C Omniplane
Lockheed AH-56
Combined Power Plant for Hover
Augmented Power Plant for Hover
Separate Power Plant for Hover
Same PropulsionSystem for
Hover and ForwardFlight
Doak 16 VZ-4
Bell XV-3
Bell X-22A
Vertol 76 VZ-2
Hille r X-18 LTV-Hil le r-Ryan XC-142
Transce ndental 1G
Canadair CL-84
Bell XV-15
Bell 65 ATVRobertson VTOL
Ryan VZ-3
Bell X-14Hawker P.1127 Kestrel
Yakovle v Yak-36BAe / Boeing Harrier
Lockheed XFV-1
Convair XF Y-1
Ryan X-13SNECMA C450 Coléoptère
V
MAR 54
THV
T
3 M AY 77
24 JUL 77
THV
DEC 5420 J UL 55
25 FEB 58
6 J UL 54
V
V
V V
TH
AUG 5525 OCT 56
MAR 60
APR 60
2 0 NOV 63
18 DE C 58TH
VTH 25 JUN 64
25 AUG 65
8 AUG 66
MAR 66
H
TH
T
JUN 67
23 J UL 68 All f lights t ethered
29 DE C 64
29 M AY 81
VH
VNord 500 Cadet
VTH
7 JAN 58
1 3 APR 57 15 J UL 58
V
TH 24 NOV 59
8 J AN 1957T et her ed Fl ig ht
H V
TH
11 J AN 6529 SEP 64
M AY 65
1 959 T et her ed Fl igh ts
17 FEB 57
21 JAN 59
V DE C 65
VFairchild 224 VZ-5
HFE B 60
1966
13 JUN 90
21 SEP 67Helicopter
Mode
1978Tethered T rials
H24 MAY 58
19 NOV 60
V T1957 V T
H
21 SEP 61
9 J AN 63
7 J UL 61
VTH AUG 66
V5 MAY 59
16 SE P 63TH
19 NOV 54
1955
VH
H T
VTH
AUG 54
1 AUG 54V2 NOV 54
10 DEC 55
28 MAY 56
2 APR 57
11 APR 57
V
6 APR 6018 M AR 63T
H 1 MAR 63
VDassaul t Mirage Balzac V
18 OCT 62
8 SE P 6527 JAN 64
H 24 JUL 6512 FEB 65
25 OCT 582 OCT 63
V
TV
2 8 NOV 66M AR 66
Dassault Mirage III-VH T
VTH
10 APR 63 20 SE P 63
31 AUG 6314 SEP 64
H
T
V
HVT
22 NOV 67
16 DEC 6710 FE B 67
14 M AR 69 THV10 SEP 71
26 OCT 72
V
VTH 1 1 F EB 54
6 NOV 57VH10 APR 58
Fairey RotodyneYakovlev Yak-38
V T26 SEP 71 20 M AR 72
15 JAN 71HYakovle v Yak-141
29 DEC 89
8 NOV 63
17 MAY 61
TLoc kheed XV-4A
7 J UL 62HV1 0 J UN 64
H 25 MAY 64 NOV 64
5 DEC 59T ethered Flight Rockwell XF V-12A
TJUN 64
APR 65 GE-Ryan XV-5AOCT 66
19641 960
Kamov Ka-22 VintokrylFE B 62Helicopter Mode
Piasecki 16H-1
VTH
VTHVTH
12 MAR 69
5 OCT 91
Bell Boeing V-22TH
V 19 M AR 89
14 SEP 89
H 9 M AR 87
Curtiss-Wright X-19
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19851950 1990 1995 2000
V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000
Boeing X-32
Lockheed X-35
Bell Boeing V-22
Bell BA609
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IVHS“The V/STOL Pyramid”• Harrier• ForgerOperational V/STOL Systems:
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
Design Concepts /Small-Scale Testing
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IVHSPre-Historical V/STOL Concepts
1910 Mees
• 1909 Boris Loutsky, Berlin– biplane helicopter (flown?)
• 1909 M. Sagert, Magdeburg – biplane helicopter (flown?)
• 1910 Gustave Mees, Charlottenburg– twin tilted rotors (design)
• 1925 Jacob Nöggerath, Berlin– first tilt-wing? (design)
• 1925 Rudolph Chillingsworth – compound quad stopped rotor (built?)
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IVHSWorld War II Designs
• Weserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing (design)
• Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 Convertible Helicopter (mock-up/component tests)
• Flettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro (flown)
• Flettner Fl 201 Dual Rotor Powered Autogyro (design)
• WNF Wn 342 V3 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown)
• WNF Wn 342 V4 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown)
• Focke Rochen (design, later component tests)
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IVHSWeserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing
• Weser founded in 1933
• P 1003 begun in 1938
• 900 hp Daimler Benz DB 600
• 4 m propellers• 650 kt• 2000 kg• Model testing
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IVHSFocke-Achgelis Fa 269 Verwandlungshubschrauber
• Focke study began in 1938. Received contract in 1940.• Vertical take-off and landing fighter• Design speed: 0 - 325 kt• 4 m propellers, tilting to 85°• Initially used two DB 601 or 605 engines in the wings; later
changed to a single air-cooled BMW 132 K in the fuselage• Expected to have a 13° AOA nose bias during level flight• Mock-up and designs destroyed during Allied raids in July 1942
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IVHSFlettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro
• Prior to building successful Fl 282 Kolibri with intermeshing rotors, Fletter built autogyros
• Fl 185 was a powered autogyro with a pusher and tractor propeller
• Gross weight 900 kg (1,985 lb)• In 1938, encouraging flights were
conducted at low altitude
• In forward flight, both propellers provided thrust.• In some flight conditions, however, the machine had problems with vibrations.• Fw 61 had much better performance, so design was abandoned
• Larger, proposed Fl 201 “heligiro” used twin rotors augmented by twin turboprops• 30-40 troops, 80-90 ft diameter rotors, 140 mph
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IVHSWNF Wn 342 Tip Jet Autogyros• Wiener Neustadter Flugzeugwerke (WNF) • Design led by Dr. Friedrich von Doblhoff• Used tip jets for rotor power• Intended for deployment from U-boats• First prototype (V1) tested in Oct 1942• V3 & V4 used tip jets only for take-off/hover• Clutch transmitted power to propeller for forward flight• Vienna was overrun before flight testing the V4; later tested in the U.S.
V3
V4
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IVHSDoblhoff Tip Jet Rotor Head
• Fuel consumption was 9 times higher than conventional helicopter!• 109 dB noise 3 m from the rotor tips!
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IVHSFocke Rochen
• 1944 design• Two counter-rotating propellers• Vectored downwash via louvers• Louvers could be closed for
gliding if engine was lost• Engine exhaust ducted for yaw
and roll control
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IVHSFocke Rochen
• After the War, Focke filed a patent in September 1957• Model tests conducted in Bremen in mid-1950s
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IVHSDSH J-62
• Deutsche StudiengemeinschaftHubschrauber (DSH = German Society for the Study of the Helicopter)
• Led by Dr. Walter Just• 1953 design • 1,800 kg touring helicopter
with 4 to 5 seats• Powered by twin turboprop engines • The 12 m tip jets rotor • Cruising speed 108 kt• Maximum speed 130 kt• Range 378 nm
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IVHSFocke-Wulf Buried Propeller Designs
December 1962
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IVHSMesserschmitt Me 408 Rotor-Jet• Between 1962 and ~1972,
Messerschmitt studied a number of designs adding folding rotors to otherwise conventional transport aircraft
• Cruise thrust via shaft and gas-powered fans
• Extensive rotor tests conducted
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IVHSMe 508 Demonstrator
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IVHSRotor-Jet Folding Rotors
• 1968 test stand trials with 2 m diameter• 1968/69 full-scale wind tunnel tests at transition
speeds (135 kt)
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IVHSRotor-Jet Propulsion System
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IVHSRefined Me 408 Concept
• 6-8 pax; 2 crew• Cruise speed at 29,500 ft was 405 kt• Range:
– 920 nm with 1,590 lb payload – 1,650 nm with no payload
Wing span 34.5 ftLength 35.5 ftRotor diameter 19.7 ftCargo volume 277 ft3
Empty weight 6,762 lbGross weight 11,023 lb
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IVHSMe 2020-4 Transport
Wing span 76.4 ftLength 70.4 ftRotor diameter 44.3 ftVTOL payload 19,975 lbEmpty weight 37,345 lbVTOL weight 57,320 lbSTOL weight 66,140 lb
Passengers 55Payload 13,225 lbRange 650 kmCruise speed 390 ktMax speed 470 kt
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IVHSBölkow/Heidelberg Hubstrahler
• Research began in 1956 under Götz Heidelberg • Significant testing on low pressure reaction ‘rotors’ (Hubstrahler)• Captive hovering testbed, called a Flying Jeep was tested in 1961• Supplied air by a ground based compressor• Basis for a turboshaft powered military version
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IVHSBölkow/Stöckel Stopped Rotor
P 109: 1954-58
Rotor diameter from 5.6 ft to 9.8 ft
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IVHSBölkow/Derschmidt Compounds
• July 1955, Hans Derschmidt filed a patent for a swiveling rotor:– lead-lag hinge at about the 40% span of each rotor– outer span of the rotor could pivot 40º backwards – reducing the tip speed of the advancing blade– very high rotational speeds by the retreating blade
• Initially called P 87, received the designation Bo 46
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IVHSBo 46 (P 87) Design Studies
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IVHSDual Derschmidt Rotors
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IVHSMBB BBH 1 & 2
• MBB = Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm • BBH = Bewaffneter Begleithubschrauber (armed escort helicopter)• 1968 RFP• BBH 1 = 12,600 lb, 6 bladed rotor, small wing• BBH 2 = 13,000 lb, 4 bladed hingless rotor, large wing, prop• 1979 Franco-German MOA led to Eurocopter Tiger today!
• speed 200 kt• climb rate 65.6 ft/s• load factor 3-4 g• endurance 2.5 h • OGE hover 8,200 ft• 2 seat, armored • all-weather capable
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IVHSMBB Bo 120 X1 and X2• High Speed Helicopter Program• Intended to use Bo 46 as demonstrator
– hingeless Bo 105 rotor system– wings + lift engine!
• Demonstrator was to provide data for future high speed helicopter programs
• 245 kt planned• In early 1975, Bo 105 + wings reached 220 kt• Tilt-rotor and other designs also studied
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IVHSDornier Designs
P 407 • Four seats• twin engine compound
P 410• Tail rotor could swivel 35º• Max speed = 230 kt• Cruise speed = 200 kt• twin engine (T53) compound
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IVHSMerckel Designs
E 130 • Used automatic blade angle
reduction at positive flapping angle• Max speed = 315 kt• Each engine also drove an aft fan
M-133• Demonstrator to prove E 130 concept• To use Bo 46 fuselage• Max speed = 295 kt
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IVHSWeser Tiltpropellers
WPG P 16• 1963 research design• Anti-helicopter fighter• Tail fans for control thrust• Gross weight = 4,075 lb• Max speed = 362 kt
WPG P 23• 1963 design• civil/transport roles• Tail fans for control thrust• Gross weight = 9,700 lb• Max speed = 351 kt
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IVHSVFW Compound Helicopters• VFW = Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (United Aeronautical Factory)• Combined Weser and Focke-Wulf (plus Heinkel, Rhein, and Henschel)• Studied a number of compound helicopters (H2, H3, H5, H7, H8, H9)
• Used cold compressed air to power rotor• Used blade tip burners for hover & take-off• Ground testing began in March 1964 (110 hr)• First flight April 1965• 36 flight hours by Sept 1966• 140 dBA measured at 11.5 ft
Rotor diameter 20.3 ftEmpty weight 335 lbFlying weight 595 lbMaximum speed 70.1 ktCruising speed 56.7 kt
H2 H2
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IVHSVFW H3 “Sprinter”
• Design begun in 1966 as prototype • Rotor powered by compressed air• Yaw control by engine exhaust vanes• Three prototypes• First flight (E1) May 1970• Second aircraft (E2) January 1971• 75 hours of flight testing
Rotor diameter 28.5 ftEmpty weight 1,091 lbFlying weight 2,134 lbMaximum speed 162 ktCruising speed 135 ktRange 270 nm
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IVHSVFW H3 “Sprinter”
• Final design with shrouded propellers was never tested
• Intended to divert air from rotors to propellers for high speed cruise
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IVHSVFW Follow-On DesignsH5 Mock-Up
• H5 intended for 5 seats and higher speed• H7 intended for 7-8 seats• H8 refined combat H7• H9 armed escort helicopter
H9 Concepts
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IVHSEurocopter Eurotilt Design
• MBB + VFW + many others = Eurocopter• Early 1990s, Eurofar - 30 pax, 14 ton commuter tiltrotor• Currently, Eurotilt - 12-19 seat executive transport, SAR, offshore
– 10 tons, 330+ kt, 750 nm range
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IVHS“The V/STOL Pyramid”• Harrier• ForgerOperational V/STOL Systems:
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
Designs Concepts /Small-scale Testing
40
www.vstol.orgwww.vtol.org
IVHSSummary
• About 75 different German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft documented• Most were design studies only• Some achieved significant component testing• 4 conducted limited V/STOL flight testing• None were tested extensively or reached production (less than 100 hours total!)