German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne

Fundamentals

Knowledge Management

Application

Practice

Research for

E. Engelmeyer, J. Mester (Hg)

Service and Advice

An Initiative fromNorth Rhine-Westphalia

www.dshs-koeln.de/momentummomentum

German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne

German Sport University Cologne

The German Research Centre of Elite Sport (momentum)

Welcome Note

Ladies and Gentlemen,

we are happy to offer an immersed insight into the activities of the German Research Center of Elite Sport (momentum). We have consciously profi led the research areas of fundamentals, application and practice, service and advice and knowledge management. Thus we want to point out that from a university point of view a connection between fundamental research and the application of the results in practice and the feedback into fundamental research are indis-pensable. Using modern information technologies the transfer of fundamental knowledge today is much easier and faster than it had been in the past.Healthy and unsoiled performance in youth- and elite-sport can and must be supported by highest possible standards of scientifi c research. These re-sources are available in momentum and we feel an obligation to offer these possibilities for the sake of the athletes. This was and will be the central goal of the activities of momentum.The work of momentum, however, has also met a high interest from scientifi c and industrial partners from outside sport science. Clinical studies and space-related research with other universities are the consequences of this interest. The general topic of these activities is “Research for Health and Performance in Sport and Society”.We strongly believe that international competitive science is a central pre-requisite for an international competitiveness of society in general, no matter if this refers to the fi eld of elite sport or to other areas. The basic principle of science is open discourse and transparent competition for the best concepts and ideas. So the vast majority of the content of this booklet has been publis-hed and/or presented in international journals or scientifi c congresses.We are sure that momentum thus is well prepared for the great challenge to support the development of high performance in general.The government of North-Rhine Westphalia has provided momentum from the very beginning with patronage and fi nancial support. There is a fruitful co-operation with the Sport-Foundation, the Sport Federation and the Olympic Training Centers of North-Rhine Westphalia. Further sponsorship comes from industrial partners. We thank all these partners for their support and the co-operation.

Prof. Dr. Walter Tokarski Prof. Dr. Joachim MesterPresident of the Chairman of the Executive Board German Sport University of the German Research Center of Elite Sport

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Cooperations

Head of Institutes

German Research Centre of Elite Sport at the German Sport University Cologne

Institute of BiochemistryProf. Dr. Wilhelm Schänzer (Head)Prof. Dr. Mario Thevis

Institute of Biomechanics and OrthopaedicsProf. Dr. Gert-Peter Brüggemann

Institute of Training Science and Sport InformaticsProf. Dr. Joachim Mester

Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bloch (Head)Prof. Dr. Georg Predel

Institute of Psychology Prof. Dr. Jens Kleinert

Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bloch

Prof. Dr. Gert-Peter Brüggemann

Prof. Dr. Jens Kleinert

Prof. Dr. Joachim Mester

Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Predel

Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Schänzer

Prof. Dr. Mario Thevis

Polyclinic for Dental Prevention and ParadontolyUniversity Hospital of the Univer-sity of Cologne(Prof. Dr. Michael A. Baumann)

Polyclinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma SurgeryUniversity Hospital of the Univer-sity of Cologne(Prof. Dr. Peer Eysel)

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Impressum

• Ministry of the Interior ofNorth Rhine Westphalia

• Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of North Rhine Westphalia

• ARAG• IBM• RWE• TOYOTA• German Sport University Cologne

• Sport Federation North Rhine-Westphalia

• Olympic Training Centre Rheinland Rhein-Ruhr Westfalen

Sponsors

Cooperations

The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne

German Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933 Cologne

Chairman of the Execute Board:Prof. Dr. J. MesterManaging Director: E. Engelmeyer

Contact:momentumTel.: 0221 4982-6068Fax.:0221 4982-8180Email: [email protected]: www.dshs-koeln.de/momentum© DSHS Köln 2009

Publication Series of the The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne (Vol. 1) 2009 E. Engelmeyer. J. Mester (Eds.)

ISSN 1868-3215

The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne is according to § 29 HFG-NRW a Central Scientifi c Institution of the German Sport University Cologne.The German Sport University Cologne is a corporation under public law. It is represen-ted by the president.

OlympiastützpunkteRheinlandRhein-Ruhr Westfalen

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Fundamental Research • Angiogenesis Effects of High Frequency Vibration and Hypoxic Stimuli during Cy-

cling Exercise on Angiogenic Factors in Humans• Antioxidative Capacity Exercise improves the Mitochondrial Antioxidative Defence Capacity

in Adipose Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Men• Bradytrophe Tissue Vibration-Bed-Rest-Study (VBR-Study) General Study Design Adaptation of Leg Muscle Performance & volume Adaptation of Cartilage & Bone Mechanical Loading of Porcine Knee Joint Cartilage Activates the

Akt/PKB Signalling Pathway Age- and Dose-Dependent Adaptation of the Growth Plate: Mecha-

nical, morphological und biochemical alterations• Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Extracellular Matrix Processing Following Intensive Exercise in Hu-

mans• Gene Expression Human Skeletal Muscle Single Cell Fiber-Type-Specifi c Gene Expres-

sion• Hormonal Reactions Growth Hormone Variants in the Pituitary and in Plasma• Hypoxia Infl uence of Exercise under Hypoxis Conditions on Angiogenic Re-

gulators in Elite Cross-Country Skiers• Lactate Transport Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on pH and Lactate Distri-

bution in Red Blood Cells and Plasma after Short Term High Inten-sity Exercise

• Myocardial Adaptation β-Parvin Signalling is Active in Situations of Transient Cardiac Pre-

load- but not Chronic Cardiac Afterload-Elevation• Proteomic Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Analysis for the Characterization

of Exercise-Induced Modifi cations• Signaltransduction Altered AMPK Signaling through constant Endurance Training with

different functional Load and its Infl uence on VO2max• Mesenchymal Stem Cells Hypoxic Training infl uences the Migratory Activity of Mesenchymal

Stem Cells Which Infl uence do the current Status of Training and Hypoxia have

on Human MSC? Hypoxia Chances the Senescence of Endothelial Progenitor cells Is the Increase of IL-6 after Physical Exercise responsible for the

Mobilisation of MSC?• Nitrogen Isotopy Retrospective analysis of metabolic activity by nitrogen isotope ra-

tio analysis of hair

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3 Applied Research

• Doping Risks Authenticity Control and Determination of Origin of Synthetic

Creatine-Monohydrat Clenbuterol Marketed as Dietary Supplement Nutritional Supplement Use among German Elite Junior Athletes „Only the Others“-Normative and Individuell Appraisal of Re-

asons and Barriers of Doping Behavior Sibutramine found in Chinese Herbal Slimming Tea• Health of Young Athletes How Healthy do young Athletes feel? – Health Self-Estimation in

Performance Sport• Neuromuscluar Diagnosis Infl uence of Muscular Pre-Activation and Joint Angle on Shock

Transmission through the Human Knee• Physiological Profi les Methodologically Induced Variability of Haematological Parame-

ters of Elite Cross Country Skiers Effects of Hydration Status, Body Position and Altitude on Hb-

Concentration of Elite Cross Country Skiers• Physiological Profi les and Load Physiological Profi les of Young Elite Athletes of Different Sport

Disciplines Utilisation of an Armband Device for Monitoring of Energy Ex-

penditure and Activity in Running and Cycling Athletes Lactate Characteristics in Cyclists of Different Age after Maximal

Cycling Effort • Psychological Diagnosis and Intervention Sportpsychological Basic-AssessmentDevelopment & Evaluation Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Mood and Physical Well-Being

of Young Elite Female Gymnastics High Performance and Pregnancy mentaltalent.de- Sportpsychological Supervision for talented

Squad Athles in North Rhine Westphalia Analysis of Cognitive Action Velocity of Female Goalkeepers Diagnosis in Biomechanics and Orthopaedics – Research, Deve-

lopment and Service • Vibration Training Effects of a Bicycle Specifi c Strength Endurance Training with

and without Vibration The Effects of Local Vibration on Traditional Strength Training

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4 Practice Research

• Alpine Ski Racing Effects of different Warm-Up Intensities on Lactate Infl ux Rates of

Erythrocytes • Badminton Segment Velocities and Ground Contact Times During Forehand

Overhead Smashs in Women‘s Badminton• Bobsled and Luge Starting and Sprintvelocity • Track and Field High Altitude Training Camp with Middle- and Long Distance Run-

ners • Cycling The Effect of an Acitive or Passive Recovery during Intense Interval

Exercise• Swimming The Effects of High Intensitive vs High Volume Training in Swim-

ming with Children Comparison of different Step Test Protocols in Swimming• Table-Tennis Energy Metabolism During Moderate and Intense Training 3D Motion Analysis in Elite Table Tennis Players • Tennis Talent Scouting• Gymnastics Diagnosis of Drop Jump Oerformance of Female Gymnasts on Sur-

face with Different Stiffness IPPOLO-Individual Performance Potential Prognosis and Perfor-

mance Optimisation• Waterpolo Strenth Tests and Electrostimulation Performance Profi le• Comprehensive Sports Effects of Oral Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance

during Wingate Anaerobic Tests Rope Forces and Descending Velocity during Fast-Roping-Maneu-

vers by Special Forces

5 Service and Advice Station Endurance Testing Station Strength Diagnostics Station Sports Medicine Station Dietary Analysis Station Dental Examination Station Function Diagnosis Station Anthropometry Station Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Station Psychological Diagnosis

6 Kownledge management Symposia Data Management Interfaces 7 Authors Index

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LowLoad

HighLoad

Space Clinic Seniors Children Amateur Elite Extreme Sport Sport Sport

1 Introduction

This booklet gives examples for the current projects of momentum. The sci-entifi c strategy is oriented to international standards of science and designed to make a contribution to the level of knowledge in the fi eld of sports. For us it is important that the results from research can be transferred to application, which is one important major goal of momentum.

“The German Research Centre of Elite Sport” stands for performance and sport on elite level. This has been the central goal in the past and it will be same goal in the future.

Besides these issues with regard to elite sport, the scientifi c expertise of mo-mentum got in closer contact with other research areas outside sport science such as space research and clinical research. The benefi t of this broad spectrum of science provides the opportunity to ob-serve and analyze the effects of micro stimuli during long-term space fl ights up to stimuli induced by long and intense exercise in extreme sports. This will help in the future to understand the stimuli which are required for functional and morphological adaptations and hence for infl uencing performance.

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The scientifi c goal of momentum here is to obtain a better understanding of these stimuli and their infl uence on different levels of the organism (body, organs, cells, molecules). One challenge thereby is to identify the signaling pathways of different stimuli. By doing so, tracking the effect of one certain stimulus on or between these levels of the organism may be possible, which would allow a new fundamental understanding of training, which widely ex-ceeds the traditional view of exercise, recovery and adaptation. The exchange of scientifi c results between momentum and the above mentioned institutions outside the fi eld of sport science has led to a fruitful exchange of ideas and new insights.

Body

Apparatus

Organ

Cells

Molecules

Profi ling the special research that is needed in this context is important and is the basic concept of momentum. It aims at creating a smooth transition bet-ween fundamental research and application of the results although scientifi c fi ndings need time to be evaluated before application. The importance of fun-damental research is indisputable, since it gives the possibility of gaining new insight into processes and adaptations which occur during exercise.

In order to address different profi les of the research this brochure is divided in following subtitles:• fundamental research,• applied research,• practice research,• service and advice,• knowledge management.

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2 Fundamental Research

The scientifi c discussion about the defi nition of fundamental research on the one side and applied research on the other side has a long tradition. Today there is simplifi ed the nomenclature of fundametal sciences and applied sci-ences. Momentum understands research as the generation of essential basic knowledge of scientifi c details, which certainly should fi nd their application within a short time period. An important criterion of this type of research is defi ned in the disposition, the verifi cation, and the discussion of principles that may support a comprehension about loading and adaptation and sub-sequently may result in a broader understanding of applied sciences. The transition between basic principles/fundamentals and application are there-fore fl uent. Today, the time offset between the fundametal research and its application is not comparable with the situation 20 years ago. The modern information technology and current techniques of knowledge management have remarkably contributed to this improvement.The creation of emphases in the basic research area follows internationally existing research requirements. Examples for such emphases and for scien-tifi c results are enclosed.

AngiogenesisTo maintain a suffi cient oxygen and nutritional support of the skeletal muscle system an effective vasculature is essential. Therefore, the investigation of stimulus qualities and quantities that support angiogenic pathways is impor-tant.

Antioxidative CapacitySo-called free radicals may induce sensitive damage of the organism at the cellular level. Endogenoues antioxidatives and antioxidative enzyme balance free radicals, this antioxidative capacity is modulated by physical activity. Antioxidatives, which counteract free radicals, are included in different nutri-tion. This research focuses on the question how physical activity can support the antioxidative capacity.

Bradytrophic TissuesBradytrophic tissues decribe special types of tissues that are extremely less supported by metabolism (e. g. cartilage). Basic knowledge about loading stimuli is important for bio-positive adaptations of these tissues.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)The ECM forms a dense sheet of proteins that are localized between different cell types. To gain a basic knowledge about impact pathways of exercise stimuli it seems to be highly important to further investigate fundamental functions of the ECM.

Gene expressionOne central goal of exercise is the activation of those genes, which constitute proteins that are important for the maintenance and increment of perfor-mance capacities. One research focus develops exercise stimuli that may lead to the formation of muscle fi bers.

Hormonal reactionsHormones are essential second messenger that induce and regulate a variety of adaptations. The differentiated exploration of growth hormones that are

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HypoxiaHypoxia is determined as reduced oxygen supply in the organism. Not simp-ly the „hypoxic training“ scheme is a scientifi c challenge. In fact, the funda-mental research of this stimulus is important to get a better understanding of tissue reactions after exercising.

Lactate TransportThe understanding of lactate has changed signifi cantly in the recent years. One important goal of exercise is the advancement of the lactate transport from its production loci to its metabolic sites.

Muscle Fiber AdaptationThe specifi c forming of muscle fi bers for a determined performance (“spee-diness” or “endurance”) is an important goal of physical training. By the help of modern methods these mechanisms can be explored at the cellular level.

Myocardial AdaptationOne of the most important tasks of research is to investigate adaptations of the heart muscle to exercise training. Molecular-biological methods approve the investigation of adaptations at different levels.

ProteomicsProteins are the central components of life. The Proteomic describes a rela-tively new fi eld of research that investigates the entity of existing proteins. Highly interesting is the infl uence of exercise stimuli.

SignaltransductionMechanical and/or metabolic stimuli during or after exercise gain biological signals that are directed downwellingly through the organism to the cellu-lar level. These signaling pathways and their regulation are focused in this subarea.

Mesenchymal Stem CellsThese cells play an essential role during regenerative processes of diverse tissues (e. g. heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscle). These cells can be activa-ted by physical exercise. This important fi eld of basic sciences promises new insights into the understanding of loading and adaptation.

Nitrogen IsotopyIntensive exercise may induce the metabolism of autochthonous proteins. This may imply athletes’ overreaching or overtraining. An analysis of the nitrogen isotopes ratios may discover this catabolic situation.

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IntroductionVarious stimuli are known to induce angiogenesis, e.g. mechanical forces, such as hydrodynamic induced shear forces, hypoxia and metabolites. It is well-established that these factors induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the formation of endostatin, and an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hypoxia and mechanical forces normally are present in the vasculature by an increased cardiac output, lowered oxygen supply and deformations of muscle tissue during exercise. Therefore, these factors are essential in the organ-specifi c expression of new capillaries. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological response in this area following highly intensifi ed stimuli (vibration and artifi cial normobaric hypoxia).

MethodsTwelve cyclists participated in this study. Each subject completed four training sessions (90 minutes cycling for each) at weekly inter-vals in a randomised order. The four training sessions were: normoxia without vibration (N-V), normoxia with vibration (N+V), hypoxia without vibration (H-V) and hypoxia with vibration (H+). For each subject fi ve blood samples were taken at each training session at the following terms: pre training, 0h, 0.5h, 1h and 4h post training. Hypoxia was induced by a normobaric hypoxic-chamber with an average altitude of 2500 m. The artifi cial mechanical forces (cycling with or without vibration) were induced by a cycling ergometer (a specially designed bicycle fi xed on a vibration platform with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 4 mm and a frequency 30 Hz, where the vibration could be switched on or off). The parameters VEGF, endostatin and MMPs have been measured by ELISA kits (R&D Systems GmbH, Germany).

Effects of High Frequency Vibration and Hypoxic Stimuli during Cycling Exercise on Angiogenic Factors in Humans

F. Suhr1, K. Brixius2, W. Bloch2, J. Mester1

ResultsVEGF showed a signifi cant increase at 0h post exercise when vibrations were applied (data not shown). During analysis highly inter-indi-vidual variations in the VEGF response could be observed (fi g. 1). Endostatin was signifi -cantly increased at 0h post exercise (fi g. 3). MMP-2 showed a very similar release pattern compared to endostatin (fi g. 3) and reached its maximum at 0h post training. MMP-9 rea-ched its maximal level at 4h post exercise, in-dependently of the training intervention (data not shown).

DiscussionThe results show that vibrations, to lesser extent hypoxia, might be important stimuli for the VEGF release. The results of this investigation did not show an increased VEGF protein content after H-V (data not shown). The present fi ndings show different VEGF level for higher trained (S2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11) and lesser trained (S1, 3, 6, 9, 12) subjects. Therefore, the training status seems to be important. Endostatin was increased at 0h post exercise. This result demonstrates, that physical exercise per se seems to be a suffi cient stimulus for the release of endostatin. MMP-2 facilitates the formation of endostatin from collagen XVIII. Therefore, a parallel release pattern seems be explainable. Because MMP-9 can induce enothelial cell migration, this molecule reaches its maximum time delayed at 4h post exercise.

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Depart-ment of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine

[email protected]

Fig.1: Individual VEGF response

Angi

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K. Brixius, U. Schmidt, E. Lenzen, N. Chung, R. Renner, Th. Schiffer, S. Geisler, Ch. Graf. Th. Kreutz, D. Opitz, W. Bloch

Exercise improves the Mitochondrial Antioxidative Defense Capacity in Adipose Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Men

IntroductionIntensive exercise increases the ATP-decay but also increases the intracellular ATP-production in muscle cells. Due to the elevated activity of the oxidative phosphorylation, there is an increased production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria. These reactive oxygen species contribute to an increased translocation of the GLUT4-transporter thereby promoting glucose uptake.In diabetes the reaction described above is turned to some extent bottom up. Due to malnutrition (high glucose intake) the activity of the oxidative phosphorylation is increased and reactive oxygen species are produced. However, this time the formation of reactive oxigen species results in an activation of cellular signalling pathways which induce organ damage. In the longtime, these alterations result in the development of coronary artery disease.

Aim of the studyThe superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the gluthation peroxidase are fi rst line antioxidative defense enzymes. There is evidence that exercise improves the antioxidative defense capacity thereby protecting the patients from a further progress of the diabetic disease. Previous studies have shown that the improvement of the antioxidative defense by exercise is dependent on the number of repeti-tions, i.e. a 1-time exercise did not improve the antioxidative capacity whereas regularly performed exercise was highly effective. In the resent study we investigated whether the exercise-induced antioxidative defense capacity may be also dependent on the kind of exercise performed, i.e. endurance vs. strength exercise.

Method• 29 men with non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes• Endurance exercise:Bicycle, 2x/week, intensity: 60% of maximal heart frequency• Strength training: 2x/week, 50% Fmax, 15-20 repetitions, 3 sets• Muscle biopsy of the M. vastus lateralis before and after the training period• Myosin-ATPase staining: muscle fi ber characterisation, muscle fi bre diameter• Assessment of morphometric (body mass index) and metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, cholesterin, trigycerides, HDL, LDL)• Immunohistochemical stainings (SOD, GPX, HSP70)

Conclusion• Regular exercise improves the antioxidative defense, independently from the kind of exercise. • These alterations are independent from a shift or a growth of the musle fi bres.• The upregulation of the antioxidative defense mechanisms by both, endurance and strength exercise, may improve cell survival by

increasing HSP70.

[email protected]

Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine

Antioxidative Capacity

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Vibration-Bed-rest-Study (VBR-Study) - General Study Design

[email protected]

A.M. Liphardt1, N. Baecker1, A. Muendermann1, M. Heer1, J. Mester2

1DLR-Institute for Aerospace Medicine, 2Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

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State of the artDeconditioning of the human body during long-term spacefl ightTime consuming training regimen (up to 2,5 h / day for 6 days/week) with little success

AimTo maintain bone and muscle mass as well as cardiovascular function with one single training method

Vibration Training• Intense training method• Underlying physiological processes : Tonic Vibration Refl ex / Optimized Neural Activation but: Controversial results in literature

• Walking a defi ned path to the training room • • Isometric training at knee fl exion of 30°• 2 x day for 5 x 1 minute (20 Hz / 2 - 4mm Amplitude)• 1 minute break between each repetitions in a sitting position• Additional weight of 15% Body weight• Control Intervention: identical with training protocol - except no vibration

Subjects• 8 healthy male subjects (78,11 ± 9,54 kg, 179 ± 9 cm, 26 ± 5 yrs.)

Environmental Conditions and Diet• Controlled environment• Controlled humidity (54 ± 5.7) and temperature (23 °C ± 0.9) • No daylight• Monitoring of HDT compliance• Caloric intake normalized to bodyweight• Nutrients were weighed (accuracy: 0.001g) • No caffeine and sweets• Defi ned amount of fl uids (50 ml /kgBM/d)• Consistent body mass over the study period

Methods• Blood gas analysis: Capillary blood, Acid-base-status• Bone: Bone formation and resorption; calcium absorption and excretion• Skeletal muscle: Muscle volume, muscle performance; muscle metabolism • Knee cartilage: cartilage thickness and cartilage biology• Cardio-vascular system: Extra-cellular and Plasma Volumes; Orthostatic Tolerance; VO2max• External re-searchers: Protein turn-over, Skeletal muscle perfusion and metabolism

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Bradytrophe Tissue

Vibration-Bed-rest-Study (VBR-Studie) - Adaptation of Cartilage & Bone


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Scientifi c Background and Me-

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Vibration-Bed-Rest-Study (VBR-Studie) - Adaptation of Leg Muscle Performance & Volume


Scientifi c Background and MethodsThe absence of mechanical loading e.g. in microgravi-ty leads to a decreased muscle performance. Negative effects on the muscular-skeletal system are known but training methods during space fl ight still need optimiza-tion. Vibration training (VT) has been shown to improve muscle performance with little time effort. Thus, it is hy-pothesized that VT will change the response of the body to bed rest with respect to muscle performance.

• Isometric (maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and dynamic (power) muscle performance of the knee ex-tensors and knee fl exors was tested at study days -1, R1 and R5 respectively • For leg volume measurements MR images were recor-ded at 1.5 Tesla: Image parameter were: 512 x 256 pi-xels = 40,0 x 20,0 cm2, 4,0 mm slice thickness, 50 – 60 stacked slices = 20,0 – 24,0 cm. Image segmentation was performed with semi-automatic snake algorithms using the software SliceOmatic.

Results• All examined muscles except tibialis muscle

showed a sign. volume decrease after bed rest.

• The hamstrings were sign. more affected after bed rest with vibration training.

• MVC decreased sign. (p<0.001) in the knee fl exors during the bed rest -> VT failed to xounteract this effect.

• MVC did not change in the knee extensors due to bed rest or VT

• Power in both muscle groups decreased due to bed rest but the response did not change with the VT

• MVC and power did not recover to baseline after the recovery period for both muscle groups

DiscussionThe results indicate that the losses in muscle performance and volume after 14 days of immo-bilization of healthy subjects in 6°-HDT are spe-cifi c for each muscle group. The applied training protocol failed to counteract the losses in force and volume of muscle. The chosen training re-gime may not have been intense enough to cau-se changes in the response to bed rest.

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Bradytrophe Tissue

Mechanical Loading of Porcine Knee Joint Cartilage Activates the Akt/PKB Signalling Pathway

1Institute of Biomecanic and Orthopaedics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Department of Mole-cular and Cellular Sports Medicine

A. Niehoff1, M. Offermann1, J. Dargel1, A. Schmidt2, G.P. Brueggemann1, W. Bloch2

IntroductionPrevious studies have demonstrated that chondrocytes can detect and react to mechanical loading by altering their metabolism (Davisson et al. 2002, Jin et al. 2003). Thereby, stress and strain act as stimuli which initiate several signalling pathways resulting in a cartilage response. Little is known about signalling molecules like protein kinases in cartilage. The Akt/protein kinase B (Akt) is involved in a variety of cellular processes including metabolic pathways, transcription as well as cell growth and cell survival. Akt is activated (pAkt) by mechanical loading in different tissues and cell types (Boyd et al. 2003, Sakamato et al. 2003).The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of cyclic compression on Akt activation in porcine pa-tello-femoral knee joint cartilage.

MethodsFifteen 3-month-old pigs (42 ± 2 kg) were subjected to a cyclic compression protocol of the left patello-femoral joint with a custom-designed compression apparatus immediately after sacrifi ce. Compression was applied with a peak load magnitude of 500 N for 150 s. Pigs were randomly assigned to three loading groups. In groups 1 (n = 5) and 2 (n = 5) load was applied dynamically at a frequency of 12 Hz and 1 Hz, respectively, while loading in group 3 (n = 5) was performed using a static compression force. The right patello-femoral joint served as unloaded control and was treated in the same way but without loading. Full-thickness cartilage samples were excised at time point 0 (immediately after arthrotomy and 2 ± 1 min after compression), as well as 300 s and 1200 s after time point 0. Immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting with antibodies directed against Akt and pAkt (Upstate) was carried out. The immunohistochemical staining pattern of pAkt was evaluated semi-quantitatively.

ResultsAkt and pAkt were detected in chondrocytes of all zones in articular cartilage. In the Western blot signals were detected at the ex-pected size of approximately 60 kDa for both, Akt and its phosphorylated form (Fig. 1).

Akt phosphorylation in chondrocytes of unloaded cartilage remained unchanged at all time points investigated. In contrast, Akt acti-vity was decreased in the radial zone 300 s after cyclic compression as compared to unloaded tissue (Fig. 3). Under all three loading conditions, phosphorylation of Akt was signifi cantly (p<0.05) altered 300 s after loading (Fig. 4). However, 1200 s after loading the activity of Akt returned to control levels.

DiscussionOur quasi-in vivo cartilage loading model is the fi rst to assess the infl uence of cyclic compression on activation of Akt in porcine patello-femoral joint cartilage. Phosphorylation of Akt in different cartilage zones depends on loading frequency. This might be due to the morphological and compositional differences between cartilage layers resulting in distinct strain patterns that are induced by mechanical loading. We conclude that Akt might play a crucial role in cartilage mechanotransduction.

[email protected]

Fig. 1. Akt and pAkt were detected in cartilage tissue at an expec-ted size of approximately 60 kDa by Western blot..

Fig. 2. Immunohistological staining of pAkt in the upper (u) and lower (l) radial zone of porcine patello-femoral joint cartilage loaded either dynamically at a frequency of 12 Hz or 1 Hz or statically in comparison to unloaded cartilage. Bar presents 100 μm.

Fig. 3. Akt activation was evaluated by semi-quantitative analysis of immu-nostaining. Values are means±SE. *Signifi cantly different versus unloaded cartilage at P<0.05, **Signifi cantly different versus unloaded cartilage at P< 0.01 (paired t-test).

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Age- and Dose-Dependent Adaptation of the Growth Plate: Mechanical, Morphological und Biochemical Alterations

Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics

A. Niehoff, U.G. Kersting, F. Zaucke, M.M. Morlock, G.P. Brueggemann

IntroductionThe adaptation of the growth plate in response to physical loading was investigated in previous studies with clinical intention in bone elongation (Alberty et al., 1993) or correction of bone deformities (Mente et al., 1999). Nevertheless, only limited informations exist about the effect of mechanical loading through exercise on the growth plate. There are occasional studies which demonstrated morphological adaptations (Huang et al., 2002; Swissa-Sivan et al., 1989) and changes in the longitudinal bone growth (Kiuchi, et al., 1998) in reaction to exercise. Alterations of the mechanical properties of the growth plate and the relation between mechanical, morphological and biochemical parameters are not yet described.The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of age- and dose-dependent mechanical loading on mechanical, morphological and biochemical properties of the distal femoral growth plate in the rat model.

MethodsNinety 3 weeks old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a high trained exercise (HT; n = 30), a low trained exercise (LT; n = 30) and a non-active control group (CON; n = 30). The exercise groups were trained in a running wheel with vo-luntary exercise (for LT: the running wheel was closed every second day). Ten animals of each group were sacrifi ced after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The femora of the left hindlimb were frozen at –80 °C until mechanical testing on a material test machine (Zwick Z2.5/TN 1S). The femur was placed horizontally so that the distal growth plate was loaded in shear direction (A and C). The load was applied by a c-formed stamp adapted individually to the form of the plate from lateral to medial to the whole epiphysis using a 100 N load cell (B). The specimen were preloaded with 0.5 N and three cycles of a load-relaxation series began. For each cycle a shear load of 6 N was applied fi rst, followed by a relaxation at that strain for 500 s. Then load was reduced to 0.5 N for 500 s. After the three cycles there was a total relaxation for 15 min. Then the three load-relaxation cycles were repeated. Finally, the specimen were loaded to failure at a rate of 15N/min (D).

The distal epiphysis of the right femur was stained with Mas-son-Goldner´s Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was carried out with antibodies directed against collagen type II (Calbio-chem, Germany) and matrilin-3 (Klatt et al., 2000). The total height of the growth plate, the height of the proliferation and hypertrophic zone, and the height of the matrilin-3 staining was analysed.

[email protected]

The results demonstrate that there is an age- and dose-depen-dent adaptation of the mechanical, morphological and biochemi-cal properties of the rat growth plate to the running exercise.

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Extracellular Matrix

1Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine,2Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

F. Suhr1,2,3, Ch. Rosenwick1, W. Bloch1,3, K. Brixius1,3

Extracellular Matrix Processing Following Intensive Exercise in Humans

IntroductionThe extracellular matrix (ECM) forms a dense sheet of different proteins that function as structural barriers separating endothelial and epithelial cells as well as other cell types. We recently demonstrated that the protein turnover and protease activity in the ECM is increased in terms of high intensity exercise within 4 hours post exercise. The present aimed to investigate endostatin and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) turnover induced by two incremental running step tests until exhaustion. The tests were separated by six month.

[email protected]

Methods13 male athletes participated in this stu-dy. They were divided into two groups re-garding their preferred running distances: “Short-Track” (n = 6), “Long-Track” (n = 7). The fi rst test (“Primary Status”) was car-ried out during the winter training phase. The second test (“Secondary Status”) was carried out in summer, six month after the fi rst one. In the meantime, the athletes performed normal training sessions. Blood samples were taken before training (pre), directly following (0h post), and 1h follo-wing (1h post) exercise. Endostatin and MMP-2 were measured by ELISA (R&D Sys-tems, Germany).

ResultsEndostatin: Neither in the Short-Track group nor in the Long-Track group the endosta-tin levels were signifi cantly increased post exercise at both time points. Interestingly, a signifi cant drop in circulating endostatin level was observed after the second test compared to the fi rst test (§, p<0.05).MMP-9: Only the Short-Track group showed signifi cantly increased MMP-9 levels at the second test 0h post exercise (*, p < 0.05). Interestingly, the MMP-9 activity was decre-ased in the Short-Track group at the second test (4h post exercise) compared to the fi rst test (§, p < 0.05).

ConclusionIn contrast to our previous work no incre-ases in endostatin were observed directly post exercise. But this study is the fi rst that in trained athletes the circulating endosta-tin level is dependent on the training status and the time. These coherences were re-cently observed in diabetic patients. Com-parable to endostatin the observed results are in contrast to our previous work. The present results offer new insights in ECM processing in trained athletes.

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S. Frese, B. Boelck, W. Bloch


Human Skeletal Muscle Single Cell Fiber-Type-Specifi c Gene Expression

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Horm

onal Reactions

Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research

Growth Hormone Variants in the Pituitary and in Plasma

M. Kohler, K. Pueschel, W. Schaenzer, M. Thevis

[email protected]

• The identifi cation and characterization of different growth hormone isoforms is essential for clinical analysis and doping control• The separation and detection of different endogenous variants allows a discrimination of endogenous and recombinant growth

hormone

IntroductionThe main variant of endogenous growth hormone (GH) has 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22 kDa. Other variants such as phosphorylated1, glycosylated2 or acetylated variants as well as dimers or protolytic fragments were described earlier and increase the heterogeneity of endogenous GH. Recombinant growth hormone consists of the unmodifi ed 22 kDa variant only. The Identifi cation of further endogenous variants enables a better characterization and can be of medicinal interest. The hetereogeneity of endogenous growth hormone and the homogeneity of the recombinant protein could enable their differentiation in plasma and provide a basis for a doping control method5.

Identifi cation of growth hormone variants in pituitary extracts

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Infl uence of Exercise under Hypoxis Conditions on Angiogenic Regulators in Elite Cross-Country Skiers

IntroductionVarious stimuli are known to induce angiogenesis, e.g. mecha-nical forces, such as hydrodynamic induced shear forces, hyp-oxia and metabolites1. It is well-established that these factors induce the expression of erythropoietin (EPO), the formation of endostatin, increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, VEGF-Receptor 2 (VEGF-R2). Hy-poxia is a well-established training stimulus in elite endurance sports to increase the aerobic capacity. The present study aims to evaluate the angiogenic effect of physical exercise under nor-moxic (NC) and under hypoxic (HC) conditions in elite cross-country skiers.

MethodsEight members of the German National Cross-Country Skiing Team participated in this study. Under both NC and HC the ath-letes carried out their normal training schedule for at least three hours per day. The training period under NC was carried out in summer 2006, the training phase under HC was dated to winter 2006. For each subject four blood samples were taken at the following terms: pre training, 0.5h, 1h and 24h post training. The parameters EPO, endostatin, VEGF, and VEGF-R2 have been measured by ELISA (R&D Systems GmbH, Germany).

ResultsUnder HC at 1h post exercise VEGF showed a signifi cant decre-ase compared to NC (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1). VEGF-R2 did not show any differences under NC as well as under HC (Fig.2 ). EPO was signifi cantly decreased under NC compared to HC at the follo-wing terms: pre (NC) vs. pre (HC) (p < 0.05), 1h post (NC) vs. 1h post (HC) (p < 0.05), and 24h post (NC) vs. 24h post (HC) (p < 0.05) (Fig. 3). Endostatin showed a signifi cant increase at 1h post exercise compared to 0.5h post exercise at NC (Fig. 4).

DiscussionVEGF showed decreased levels in hypoxia. This result is very interesting, because it might be well-established that hypoxic conditions lead to increases in VEGF. VEGF-R2 did not show any differences at all. This result may refl ect that the training sti-mulus itself and combined with hypoxia was to weak to induce increases in VEGF-R2. Regarding EPO hypoxic training seemed to be reasonable, because of its increase under hypoxic conditi-ons. Endostatin did not show any reactions upon hypoxic stimu-li. Endostatin was elevated at 1h post exercise under NC. This observation might describe a delayed elevated matrix turnover. This results are in line with Suhr et al. (2007).

M. de Marées1, S. Achtzehn1, P. Wahl1,2, F. Suhr1, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Depart-ment of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine

[email protected]

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Lactate Transport

Introduction Ingestion of an alkaline solution such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 1–3 h before exercise results in an increase in plasma HCO3- concentration [HCO3-] and a decrease in plasma hydro-gen ion [H+] at the start of exercise. An increase of extracellular HCO3- buffer capacity is a way to facilitate the effl ux of H+ and lactate (La) from the muscle cell and thereby delay the critical decrease in intracellular pH and performance during high-inten-sity exercise. In erythrocytes (RBC) La and H+ ions are transpor-ted (symport) by the monocarboxylate-transporter-1 (MCT-1). La and H+ ions equilibrate according to an electrochemical equi-librium (Donnan equilibrium). Under resting conditions plasma [La] is approximately twice that of RBC. This ratio may be alte-red under exercise conditions. As erythrocyte volume represents 40-45% of the whole blood volume, it may act as an important dilution space and may play an important role in pH regulation. Ingestions of HCO3- may change the RBC membrane potential and/or the transmembrane concentrations of HCO3-, Cl-, K+ or Na+ leading to a different equilibration under resting conditions as well as to different reactions under exercise. Therefore we investigated effects of HCO3- ingestion on pH and La distributi-on in RBC and plasma after short term high intensity exercise.

Methods 10 healthy male subjects participated in this study. Subjects performed a 15-18 s lasting maximal exercise in judo. Sub-jects were instructed to perform the test in maximal effort.

P. Wahl1,2, M. Mueller2, Ch. Zinner1, O. Heine3, E. Lenzen2, J. Mester1, W. Bloch2

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on pH and Lactate Distribution in Red Blood Cells and Plasma after Short Term High Intensity Exercise.

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Depart-ment of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, 3Olympic Training Center Rheinland

2 h before exercise subjects ingested HCO3- or a placebo. Blood samples were taken pre ingestion, pre exercise (R), 0 min, 1 min, ..., 10 min after exercise to determine [La] in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes and blood gas parameters (pH, HCO3-). For lactate determination in plasma and RBC 115 μL of blood were withdrawn from the earlobe and directly centri-fuged. Afterwards 20 μL of plasma or erythrocytes were ana-lysed respectively. After the test subjects stayed in a sedentary position on a chair to keep La elimination as low as possible.

Results The [HCO3-] and the pH in plasma were signifi cantly increased after HCO3- ingestion at all time points compared to the place-bo ingestion (Fig. 1;2;3). Increased [HCO3-] in plasma had no infl uence on blood [La] in both compartments at any time point (Fig. 4&5). It also had no infl uence on the lactate distribution between plasma and RBC. The mean ratio between RBC [La] and plasma [La] under resting conditions did not differ between both conditions (0.49 ± 0.03 (HCO3) vs. 0.49 ± 0.05 (Place-bo)) showing a plasma [La] approximately twice as high as in RBC. The ratio between RBC [La] and plasma [La] signifi cantly decreased (0.34 ± 0.05 (HCO3-) vs. 0.33 ± 0.05 (Placebo)) 0 min post exercise, in both situations, showing a faster relative or proportional increase in plasma [La] compared to RBC [La]. The ratio returned to its initial values within 4-5 min after exer-cise. No signifi cant differences in the RBC-to-plasma [La] ratio were found between both conditions at all time points (Fig. 6).

Discussion This is the fi rst study which describes the effects of HCO3--ingestion on maximal lactate transport capacity in erythrocytes after short term high intensity exercise. The decrease in ratio is the consequence of a delayed La transport across RBC membrane caused by the saturation of the transport systems (MCT-1). The fast congestion of lactate in plasma exceeds the transport capacity of the RBC mem-brane. The magnitude of the decrease in [La] ratio between RBC and plasma is therefore dependent on the increase (mmol*L-1*min-1) in plasma [La] and on the transport capacity of RBC membrane. But it should be considered that the total driving force for the (co-)transport of La and H+ by MCT-1 is composed of both the La and the proton gradients. Several studies showed that the extracellular [H+] has an infl uence on the La transport across the RBC membrane. Higher extracellular [H+] increase the La infl ux into RBC. In the present study the HCO3--ingestion and therefore the decrease in extracellular [H+] had no infl uence on the transportation of La across RBC and the muscle membrane. It seems that the decrease in pH caused by exercise was no high enough to infl uence transportation. An increased La/H+ transport capacity in RBC/muscle may reduce the half equilibration time during intense exercise. The HCO3--in-gestion may therefore not only increase the in vitro buffer capacity, but also the ability of a cell to remove H+, mediated by transport systems, which is defi ned as the in vivo buffer capacity. In this context RBC might be used as a model for La/H+ transport capacities.

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K. Brixius, W. Bloch

β-Parvin Signalling is Active in Situations of Transient Cardiac Preload- but not in Chronic Cardiac After-load-Elevation

IntroductionThe type of mechanical load experienced by cardiomyocytes critically determines the hypertrophic response of the heart. An overload in blood volume can drive reversible, physiologi-cal heart growth via insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)/phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt-signalling. Pressure-overload usually results in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by increased recruitment of mitogen activated kinases and protein kinase C as well as calcineurin/NFAT-activation via G-protein-coupled re-ceptors (Gαq/11) (for review see Dorn and Force 2005). To date it remains unclear how volume and pressure load differentially modulate these signalling cascades in cardiomyocytes. Costameres are integrin-rich adhesive structures which connect sarcolemmal Z-discs to the lateral cardiomyocyte-ECM and are supposed to mediate “outside-in” directed mechanotransduction processes in myocytes (Hoshijima, 2006; Pardo et al., 1983). ß-Parvins is an essential binding partner for the mediation of mechanotransduction signalling by connectin actin with the ex-tracellular matrix.

Aim of the studyTo investigate the role of β-parvin in the development of phy-siological or pathological cardiac hypertrophy, we investigated cardiac morphology, function and signaling cascades in wild-type and ß-parvin knockout mice under sedentary and exercise conditions as well as after transaortic stenosis.

MethodsMiceWild-type mice and homogenous transgenic β-parvin knock-out mice (complete knock-out in all tissue).Training protocol4 weeks, 5 days/week, 1 h/day, 10° incline, 18m/minEchocardiographic measurementHigh resolution mouse echocardiography was performed using a commercially available ultrasound system equipped with a linear array transducer operating at an emission frequency of 15 MHz (harmonic-mode) with frame rates up to 280 Hz (HDI-5000, Phi-lips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA) as described previously (Tiemann et al. 2002). Histological analysisDissected hearts were either frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane or tissue was kept in 4% PFA for 6 h and then rinsed in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 24 h. Tissues were then stored for 12 h in PBS solution.Electron MicroscopyPFA (4%) fi xed heart muscle samples were prepared as de-scribed previously (Strassburger et al. 2005). From these pre-parations, semithin and ultrathin sections (30 to 60 nm) were prepared. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was perfor-med using a 902A electron microscope from Zeiss (Oberkochen, Germany).Western BlotLiquid nitrogen-frozen or fresh tissue samples were prepared according to Lorenz et al. 2007.

[email protected]


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Akt/PKB expression was similar in wild-type and ß-parvin knockout ani-mals. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB was signifi -cantly increased in both groups following trans-aortic constrictions, i.e. after cardiac pressure loading. Exercise, i.e. an increase in cardiac volume loading induced an increase in Akt/PKB phosphorylation of wild-type but not of ß-parvin knockout heart.

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Proteomic

Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Analysis for the Characterization of Exercise-Induced Modifi cations

M. Thevis

• Modern analytical strategies allow the sensitive and specifi c analysis of peptides and proteins using proteomics

• 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins employing isoelectric focusing (horizontal) and size (vertical)

• Application: Analysis of muscle biopsy specimens before and after endurance exercise:

Spots represent proteins, isoforms and degradation products. These are identifi ed using mass spectrome-try: e.g.,A H+-transporting two-sector ATPase (ec 3.6.3.14, mitochondrial)B albuminC heat shock protein 27D fatty acid binding protein E troponin cG myosin light chain 1H fatty acid binding protein (P05413) 1 Tropomyosin2 a-Actin (skeletal muscle)3 Hb (a+b) / myoglobin ?4 Myosin alkali light chain 3/myosin light chain 15 Myosin regulatory light chain 2 (slow)6 Myosin regulatory light chain 2I Myosin light chain 1W Troponin TZ creatin kinase M-chain (KCRM_human)

III myosin light chain 2 (fragment C-term)IV myosin light chain 2 (fragment C-term)V myosin light chain 2 (fragment C-term)VI myosin light chain 2 (fragment C-term)VII myosin light chain 2 (fragment N-term)

Fig. 1: Separation of muscle proteins using 2D-gel electrophoresis. top: BEFORE exercise, bottom: AFTER exercise

After exercise, protein spots are detected in addition to those mapped in pre-exercise specimens (lower image, circled spots). After excision, these extra-proteins were identifi ed by mass spectrometry to be composed by degradation products of myosin light chain 2. Such unknown fragments might provide future targets for performance diagnostics.

• high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry

Institute of Biochemistry

Fig. 3: Product ion mass spectrum of a doubly-charged molecule providing amino acid sequence information.


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Altered AMPK Signaling through constant Endurance Training with different functional Load and its In-fl uence on VO2max


[email protected]

S. Gehlert, I. Heinzelmann, M. Tillmann, A. Olbrich, S. Weber, W. Bloch

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IntroductionPhysical activity causes, under specifi c conditions, tissue damage. Consequently the body starts adaptive strategies to repair these defects. The adaptation processes which occur during a physical training period leads to tissue remodelling and both are strongly connected to the activity of stem and progenitor cells. It is evident that on the one hand endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) play an important roll by the repair of endothelial tissues, on the other hand mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) could differentiate into muscle (heart), bone and cartilage tissues. Some studies displayed the infl uence of physical activity to EPC [1] and MSC [2]. The aim of the study was to highlight the infl uence of hypoxic training on the migratory activity of MSC.

Hypoxic Training infl uences the Migratory Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

M. de Marées1, P. Wahl1, S. Knuth1, S. Buitrago1, F. Suhr1, S. Tandi1, S. Achtzehn1, A. Schmidt2, W. Bloch2, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - De-partment of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine

MethodsHighly trained junior swimmers (8 subjects each experimental (EG) and control group (CG)) participated in the study. The athletes of the EG underwent a three week altitude training camp at 2300 meters above see level following the “living high training high” design while the CG remain under sea level conditions. Before the training camp, two incremental tests on a cycle ergometer under sea level conditions and under artifi cial hypoxic conditions with 2 blood samples (before and after, respectively) were carried out. Incremental tests were repeated twice during the training period and in the fi rst and second week after the training camp. The same protocol was carried out in both groups. Chemokines like basic fi broblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by ELISA. The blood samples were also used for migration assay of MSCs.

ResultsCompared to pre-test values the concentration of VEGF was higher after each incremental test, but there was no additional effect after the hypoxia training. For bFGF no acute changes were induced by physical activity, but we observed the highest values in the altitude group during and after the training camp. The migratory activity was higher after each incremental test, the EG displayed a higher increase compared to the CG.

DiscussionOur results display a strong effect of physical activity on the migratory activity of MSC and a minimal additional effect of the altitude training.

[email protected]

bFGF(mean±standardeviation

Migratory Activity of MSC(mean±standardeviation

pre test:DSHS Cologne

Trainingscamp Sierra Nevada

post test:DSHS Cologne

Hypoxia

Hypoxic group Hypoxic groupControl group Control group

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A. Schmidt1, E. Meinecke1, P. Wahl2, M. de Mareés2, J. Mester2, W. Bloch1

Which Infl uence has the current Status of Training and Hypoxia have on Human MSC?

IntroductionGenerally bone marrow standing mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) feature by their ability to differentiate into muscle, cartilage and bone tissue. Therefore it can be assumed that these cells play an important role for the regeneration as well as for the assembling of tissue. By numerous studies in the past stem cells could be characterized more precisely. Also it was shown in the past that after physical exercise stem cells are increased in the circulation. We were able to show that a short intensive physical exercise leads to an increased mobility of MSC. However unclear is which effect hypoxia and the current status of training have on MSC. Therefore during this study the effects on MSC were analysed after exposure under hypoxia. Therefore fore we isolate human MSC from bone marrow of patients that undergo a hip operation. Following the MSC were cultured and were treated with sera of the volunteers (5 athletes/3

[email protected]

1Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, 2Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

non-athletes) 3 days before, 4 days after and 5 weeks after training in hypoxia and residence under hypoxia respectively. All in all 5 volunteers performed training under hypoxia whereas the control group only stayed under hypoxia. After the treatment of MSC with sera the migration behaviour as well as proliferation and apoptosis was analysed. As result we observed a signifi cant increase in the migration of MSC for the athletes compared to the non-athletes. Whereas for the non-athle-tes a signifi cant increase in proliferation was observable. In addition a signifi cant increased apoptosis was seen for MSC treated with sera of athletes after training under hypoxia. Also 5 weeks after training under hypoxia the athletes showed a signifi cant higher apoptosis compared to the non-athletes. Summarising it can be reason that the sera of the athletes induce a higher mobility of MSC. But training under hypoxia has a negative effect on the apoptosis of MSC.

Material and MethodsMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone mar-row of patients that undergo hip operation. Here fore the cell suspen-sion was (70 μm mesh). Following the cells were enriched by a fi coll gradient centrifugation and than selected by their ability to adhere to plastic.Migration: For the migration assay of MSCs a modifi ed Boyden-Cham-ber system was used. Here for MSCs were incubated on a fi lter in an amount of 104 cells for 8 h. Following the membrane was embedded with DAPI on a slice. In the next step a microscopic analysis was done to count the migrated cells.During the migration assay the MSCs were treated with sera of the ath-letes and the non-athletes respectively for various time points.Aopotosis and Proliferation: For the apoptosis and proliferation expe-riments MSCs were treated with the various sera of athletes and non-athletes for 24h, than fi xed with 4 % PFA and following stained by im-munohistochemistry with antibodies against Ki67 and PARP. Following the cells were analysed microscopically.

Conclusion• The residence under hypoxic conditions itself leads to an increased migration of MSCs for non-athletes. • Under normal conditions the migration of MSCs is much higher for athletes than for non-athletes.• Training under hypoxia has a negative effect on the apoptosis of MSC.

ResultsA: Data‘s of the athletes at the beginning of the experiments under hypoxic conditions. Shown are the size, the body weight, the age and the Vmax (on 2700 m hypo bar Hypoxia).B: Migration of MSCs, shown as MW±SD during the research progres-sion (3 days before, 4 days after and 5 weeks after hypoxia) for both groups (athletes and non-athletes). Data‘s marked with a * show signi-fi cant differences between the group of athletes and the group of non-athletes (p<0,05). For the non-athletes an increased migration of MSCs was observable after residence under hypoxic conditions. Whereas for the athletes no changes were observable in migration of the MSCs.C: Relative amount of proliferation in MSCs. Overall no signifi cant chan-ges were observable in the proliferation of MSCs for athletes and non-athletes during and after hypoxic conditions.D: Relative amount of apoptosis in MSCs. Data‘s marked with a * show signifi cant differences between the group of athletes and the group of non-athletes (p<0,05). The rate of apoptosis is the same for the athle-tes and the non-athletes without hypoxic exposition. After the hypoxic exposition the apoptosis increased for the athletes compared to the non-athletes. Also 5 weeks after the hypoxic exposition the apoptosis in MCSs is signifi cantly increased.

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Hypoxia Changes the Senescence of Endothelial Progenitor Cells

IntroductionPhysical activity as well as hypoxia are the major stimuli for processes which support angiogenisis as well as vascular reparation. Increasing evidence suggests that endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) play an important role for both of these processes. To examine the effects of hypoxia on the senescence of EPC we set up two different studies. In study one, we investigated the acute effect of hypoxia, was revered to the long-term effects of hypoxic exposure.

MethodsAthletes performed an incremental cycling ergometer test to individual exhaustion under normoxia and normobaric hypoxic conditions (12,5% pO2). Before, 0, 10 and 240 min after the test blood samples were taken. The second study investigates the infl uence of chronic hypoxia. Members of the national track and fi eld team underwent a hypoxic (15,6% pO2) training camp (28 d) according to the live high-train high (LH-TH) design, while the control group underwent a training camp under sea level conditions. Before and after the training camp incremental running tests under normoxic conditions were carried out and additional blood samples were taken. To characterize the senescence of EPC, the ß-galactosidase assay was used.

Results Study 1The preconditioned serum in study one induced a signifi cant decrease in senescence of EPC for time point 0, 10, 240 min (Fig.3). Markers of proliferation and apoptose remained unchanged (Fig.1,2).

M. de Marées1, D. Nebe2, T. Weber2, J. Kolling2, B. Bölck2, K. Brixius2, J. Mester1, W. Bloch2

Fig. 1.: Proliferation- anti Ki67 positiv cells Fig 2.: Apoptose- anti caspase 3 positiv Fig 3.: Senescens- β-Galactosidase positiv

Results Study 2The results of the second study showed an increase of the senescence of EPC after the LH-TH training camp compared to the values before. The control group did not show such a huge increase in the senescence of EPC compared to the altitude group although it was signifi -cant increased to the values before the camp (Fig.4)

DiscussionThe decrease in EPC-senescence caused by acute hypo-xia indicates an increasing capacity of the regeneration potential of EPC. While the increased senescence of EPC induced by the chronic hypoxia may lead to a more inac-tive state of EPC.

Fig 4.: Senesces- β-Galactosidase positiv altitude group v.controll group

1 Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Depart-ment of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine

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A. Schmidt, St. Bierwirth, S. Weber, P. Platen, W. Bloch

Department for Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine

Is the Increase of IL-6 after Physical Exercise Responsible for the Mobilisation of MSC?

IntroductionIt is known that exercises increase the number of stem cells within the circulation. Until now it is not known which cellu-lar processes are responsible for this increase. To answer this question, we analyzed the infl uence of blood sera provided by athletes onto human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Sera were taken before and after a short intensive exercise. As cellular pa-rameters of MSCs proliferation, apoptosis and migratory activity were analyzed. After exercise we did not observed a change in stimulation of proliferation or apoptosis. In contrast, the migratory activity of MSC was signifi cantly increased after exercises. To fi nd potenti-al factors that could be responsible for this effect, we also ana-lyzed the semi-quantitative sera concentration of 120 cytokines. Of these factors BDNF, CTACK, EGF-R, GITR-Ligand, GRO-alpha, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, PARC and sTNF RII showed a signifi cant increase whereas in case of MIF, a decrease in concentration after exercise was observed. IL-6 is known to stimulate migration in MSC. It is recognized that contracting skeletal muscle synthesize and release IL-6 into the systemic circulation in response to exercise. We therefore hypothesize that there is a direct relationship between exercise, IL-6 release and stem cell recruitment.

Material and MethodsCell culture and manipulation. MSC of human origin were ob-tained from bone marrow of femur and hip head. Bone marrow was fi ltered through a 70 μm mesh prior to preparation of Fi-coll-PaqueTM PLUS density gradient centrifugation (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). The medium (alpha-MEM, 20% (v/v) FCS, 200 μM L-Glutamin, 100 U/ml Penicillin, 100 U/ml Streptomycin) was changed after two days of cultu-ring (95% humidity, 5% CO2). Cells thus maintained were used for 3 passages. For every passage or experiment, cells were plated at 2000 cells/cm² and the medium was changed twice a week. The study was approved by the local ethics committee and conforms to the declaration of Helsinki.Immunohistochemistry. Cells were treated with 0.25% Triton-X 100 and 0.5 M NH4Cl in 0.05 M TBS, for cell membrane permea-bilisation. Blocking was performed with 5% BSA in TBS (1 hour, room temperature). The primary antibodies were diluted in 0.8% BSA and incubated overnight at 4°C. Primary antibodies: Anti-active-caspase-3 (1:500, pAb, Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) and anti-Ki67 (1:150, pAb, Dianova, Hamburg, Germa-ny). The secondary antibody: Goat-anti-rabbit conjugated Cy2 (1:200, Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) was incubated for 1 h at room temerature.Migration/Boyden-Chamber. To analyze the migration of MSC, a modifi ed Boyden-Chamber with 24-well HTS Fluoro BlokTM insert system containing 8 μm pores (Falcon Becton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was used. 104 cells were used per insert. After incubation for 8 hours, the cells were fi xed using 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde. Adjacent the membrane was transferred onto a cover-slide, cells were stained using mounting medium containing DAPI (Vectashield, Vector Labo-ratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). The total number of migrated cells was counted.Serum Analysis of Cytokines and Chemokines. A cytokine/che-mokine array kit (Ray Biotech Inc., Norcross, GA) was used to detect a panel of 120 secreted cytokines and chemokines in the serum from healthy patients and those with breast cancer. The manufacturer’s recommended protocol was used. Densitometry. For densitometry analysis the gray scale values were measured using the computer based system ImageJ Ver-sion 1.33 from the NIH [15]. All values were converted into relative intensity with respect to the range between positive and negative control.Statistical analysis. All data are presented as mean ± SD. Data analysis were performed using analysis of variance with Bon-

SummaryThe present work suggests a new relationship, wherein increa-sed levels of IL-6 have a positive effect on performance. IL-6 is produced and secreted from contractile active muscle cells. IL-6 itself is a chemotactic cytokine which attracts mesenchymal stem cells. Attraction of stem cells is a requisite to build-up new tissu-es. This relationship might be be a key player for the improved performance.

ferroni post hoc test and/or Student`s test for unpaired data. Signifi cance was considered at a p value < 0.05.

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Retrospective Analysis of Metabolic Activity by Nitrogen Isotope Ratio Analysis of Hair

F. Hülsemann1, U. Flenker1, K. Köhler1, H. Braun1, W. Schänzer1, J. Mester2

1Insitute of Biochemistry, 2Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

IntroductionNatural abundance stable isotope ratios of organic nitrogen (δ15N) can be used for the determination of metabolic states of any animal organism including humans. Isotopic fractiona-tion during amino acid metabolism results in differences of stable isotope ratios between dietary, excreted and body nitro-gen. Thus, changes in the metabolised proportion of dietary or body protein yield in different isotope ratios in different body compartments. Due to its structure and stability hair is an ideal specimen for retrospective analysis. Stable isotope ratio ana-lysis of hair can provide information about an athlete’s protein metabolism for the last twelve months. With knowledge of the athlete’s dietary habits potential catabolic or anabolic conditi-ons of the metabolism can be identifi ed, as physical exercise is associated with both increased protein synthesis and protein breakdown.

MethodsNitrogen isotope ratios of hair (δ15NHAIR) were obtained by ele-mental analyzer - isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) expressed as:

with R is the 15N/14N ratio.Hair samples were obtained by cutting about 20 to 30 hairs near the scalp. Pairs of about 5 to 10 hairs were parallelised, cleaned and cut in 2.5 mm long segments, enclosed in tin capsules and analysed by EA-IRMS. Energy expenditure of the athlete’s training (EETraining) was cal-culated with reference equations on the basis of the recorded amount of training. Training protocols were obtained from the athletes or coaches.

Results & DiscussionNitrogen isotope ratios of human scalp hair (η) are highly correlated (r = 0.89) with the average daily training energy expenditure of an athlete, as presented exemplary for a professional football player in fi gure 2. Experimental δ15NHAIR values show a dependency from the amount and intensity of training. According to an increase in monthly averaged daily training energy expenditure from 106 ± 2 kcal/d up to 704 ± 52 kcal/d the nitrogen isotope ratios shift likewise from 8.08 ± 0.05 to 8.49 ± 0.06 ‰. Lowest δ15N values were achieved during off-season, when the athlete reduced training to a minimum of two recreational units per week. Highest δ15N values occurred during the beginning of the second half of the season, when training amount was increased and matches were car-ried out again. Monthly average δ15NHAIR values and EETraining data for a semi-professional middle distance runner show for six of eight months an analogue correlation (r = 0.89) as the data of the football player. Two months reveal increased δ15NHAIR values compared to the corresponding energy expenditure. This nitrogen isotope ratios reveal a higher proportion of body protein in nitrogen metabolism than would be expected according to the training protocol. Reason for this could be either unrecorded physical activity or changed metabolic conditions. Prior to this months the athlete had his highest training amount during the whole season and δ15NHAIR values of the following weeks may be still affected by this training.

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Figure 2: Daily average energy expenditure by training (EETraining) of a professional football player and corresponding nitrogen isotope ratios of his scalp hair (δ15NHAIR). A: Monthly average values for the period between August 2006 and June 2007. δ15NHAIR values and EETraining data show a high correlation (r = 0.89). B: Complete data-set and chronological sequence of δ15NHAIR values with corresponding energy expenditure.

Figure 3: Daily average energy expenditure by training (EETraining) of a semi-professional middle-distance runner and corresponding nitrogen isotope ratios of his scalp hair (δ15NHAIR). A: Monthly average values for the period between December 2006 and June 2007. Data points within red circle show enhanced δ15NHAIR values in comparison to calculated EETraining values, possibly due to intensive training periods immediately before. B: Complete dataset and chronological sequence of δ15NHAIR values with corresponding energy expenditure.

15N = [(RSample/RStandard) – 1] x 103 [‰]δ

Nitrogen Isotopy

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3 Applied Research

A well known strategy in elite sports is applied research. Research questions are developed in close contact with practical demands. Obtained knowledge should be provided as soon as possible to users in practice. In sports, this type of research is often applied. It is, however, frequently misunderstood in the way that this form of research can be directly related to success. Especially for the level of top performance only the propability for success can be increased. A guaranty cannot be given.

Doping RisksEffective anti doping strategies must address the risks that emanate from con-taminated dietary supplements. The scientifi c doping prevention must also consider a doping mentality that may rise from the young athelets.

Energy Expenditure of Runners and CyclistsTraditionally, the load management is orientated by training volumes and in-tensities. The so-called intensity zones are objectively insuffi cient defi ned and individual-related. Scientifi c investigations are focusing on the energy expen-diture a possible parameter.

New Biomarkers for Performance Diagnosis and ManagementMany methods are using the investigation of loading reactions/parameters. Mostly, these parameters are determined in the venous blood, but also sputum and capillary blood may provide important information. Such biomarkers may give an indication of overreaching in different tissues (e. g. skeletal muscle) or of regenerative and anabolic processes.

Development and Optimization Exercise-Specifi c Movement TechniquesSo-called technique-models are important target values of training. The analy-sis of individual variances of these technique-models is an essential task of the applied sciences supported by modern biomechanical applications.

Healthawareness of Young AthletesThe development of health awareness is important of the young athletes. Me-thods for the coverage of the self-evaluation are important likewise medical investigations to determine the state of health.

Hemotological Parameters in Endurance SportParameters in the blood, such as hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, are relevant for the anti-doping fi ght. These parameters provide important information about adaptations by exercise.

Individuality and Extreme Training LoadCompetitive sports and elite sports are ranged in the border zone of loading. This loading is highly dependent of individual prerequisites. The investigation of individual loading reactions by empirical techniques (e. g. single case and time series analysis) may help to clarify individual reactions.

Neuromusculuar DiagnosisFor the evaluation of the muscular performance capacity the collaboration of neuronal and muscular processes must be considered by modern methods.

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Methodological Optimization of Strength Diagnosis and TrainingThe standardization of methods for strength diagnosis is still insuffi cient. In the applied fi eld of the momentum project extensive test series are conduc-ted to develop comparable methods.

Optimization of Lactate Diagnosis and SpirometryTraditionally, lactate fi eld tests are conducted to determine the endurance ca-pacity of athletes. The results are transferred into training programmes. Today it must be underlined that such tests are connected with a high error variance. This error variance is increased when a out-of-time understanding of lactate is stukk used. The applied sciences provide evidence that additional spirometric parameters should be determined routinely.

Physiological Profi lesA variety of diagnostic parameters for the classifi cation of exercise perfor-mance capacities exists. However, the evaluation of these parameters by means of national and international indices normally is not possible. In line with the “Basic Check” of momentum extensive data have been collected that should be used for this purpose.

Psychological Diagnosis and Regeneration ManagementThe relevance of psychological tasks in elite sport has been extremely growing in the recent years. There is growing emphases on the diagnosis of psycho-social factors, mental stability and existential orientation criterions.

Effectiveness of Hypoxic TrainingHypoxic training protocols such as “live high – train low” or “live high – train high” are generally accepted. By the application of methods such as the deter-mination of the total hemoglobin mass and of loading parameters such as CK, urea etc. the development of performance capacities after hypoxic training can be accompanied in training practically.

Vibration TrainingToday, the vibration training a frequently used method for the increment of traditional stimuli in strength training. But until today there is only little know-ledge about effects of conventional stimuli and vibration stimuli on strength.

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F. Hülsemann, U. Flenker, K. Koehler, H. Geyer, W. Schaenzer


Authenticity Control and Determination of Origin of Synthetic Creatine-Monohydrate

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Introduction Creatine-monohydrate is one of the most consumed synthetic nutritional supplements (NEM) in recreational and elite sports. In 2000 worldwide 2.5 million kilograms have been sold. Since years the quality of different creatine-monohydrate products is broadly discussed. Synthetically creatine-monohydrate may contain harmful substances due to contaminated raw products or inadequate conditions during the synthetic process. Within the last years there have been occasionally contaminations of nutritional supplements with anabolic steroids or stimulants. At present there is only one production facility worldwide, where creatine-monohydrate is produced following the GMP-(Good Ma-nufacturing Process) guidelines (AlzChem, Trostberg, Deutsch-land). However, on the nutritional supplement market creatine-monohydrate of dubious quality produced in China is available. Up to now there has been no method to differentiate between creatine-monohydrate from Germany, produced after GMP-gui-delines and Chinese creatine-monohydrate or mixtures of both.

Materials and Methods During a nutritional supplement survey 39 commercial nutriti-onal supplements from different companies, declared as pure creatine monohydrate, produced between 2001 to 2007 were analysed for their carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. Additi-onally 32 creatine-monohydrate samples of the German pro-duction facility (creapure® from AlzChem (formerly Degussa), Trostberg, Germany) from the same period were analysed, as well as fi ve samples out of Chinese production. For all crea-tine-monohydrates purity and creatine content was checked by HPLC and isotope ratios were determined by EA-IRMS (Elemental Analyser Eurovektor 3000, Hekatech, Germa-ny; Delta C mass spectrometer, Thermo Finnigan, Germany).

Results The creatine-monohydrate samples from the German produc-tion facility show over the period from 2001 to 2006 δ13C values of -35.3 ± 0.5 ‰ and δ15N values of +0.2 ± 0.2 ‰, and are clearly distinguishable from the Chinese creatine-monohydrate. The Chinese products reveal δ15C values between -28.6 and -26.5 ‰ and δ13N values between -2.3 and +2.8 ‰. This defi nite differences, especially for δ13C, is probably caused by usage of different raw materials and synthetic pathways. Whe-reas creapure® is synthesised by the reaction of cyanamide and sarcosinate (methylglycinate) [6], in China creatine-monohyd-rate is synthesized by the reaction of thiourea and sarcosinate. The variation of both δ13C and δ15N values of the commer-cially available nutritional supplements was obviously greater than those creatine-monohydrate samples from the different production facilities. The maximal and minimal δ13C values were -44.2 and -27.9 ‰, the maximal and minimal δ15N values were -4.3 und +1.9 ‰. Only about half of the NEMs could be identifi ed as related to the German or the Chinese production based on their isotope ratios. Another part of the NEMs range between the German and Chinese production, it can be assu-med that this NEMs are mixtures from different productions.

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Doping Risks

Clenbuterol Marketed as Dietary Supplement

M.K. Parr, K. Koehler, H. Geyer, S. Guddat, W. Schaenzer

IntroductionDuring the last years it was reported that products marketed as dietary supplements were found to contain prescriptive drugs. In recent studies it has been shown that the schedule III cont-rolled drugs Metandienone and Stanozolol were available on the Internet as nutritional supplements without proper labelling of contents. Recently a product appeared on the Internet adver-tised as slimming product in combination with muscle building, anabolic effects. The active ingredient was labelled as: “30 μg Clenbuterol Enetat”.

ExperimentalThe product „Anabolic Burner“ of the brand name „natural ste-roid“ was ordered at a German hotline telephone number from a company named „Beach Power“. It was sent by regular mail from a German consignor in 2007. For GC-MS analysis the tablets were homogenised and suspen-ded in aqueous KOH, extracted with t-butyl methyl ether and analysed with GC-MS (as bis-TMS derivative). A urine sample collected three hours after the ingestion of one tablet of „Anabolic Burner“ was analysed with LC-MS/MS using the method described by Thevis et al. (Thevis et al., 2005).

ResultsThe tablets were found to contain Clenbuterol at an estimated amount of 30 μg per tablet. In a p.a. urine collected three hours after ingestion of one tablet of “Anabolic Burner” Clenbuterol was detected in a concentra-tion of 2 ng/ml.

DiscussionThe present study shows that users of products marketed as dietary sup-plements may unwittin-gly ingest high doses of prescription drugs, and subsequently suffer from side effects clearly con-nected to those ingre-dients. Additionally the consumption may result in a positive result in doping control and lead to sanctions of athletes participating in the do-ping control system. The product analysed contai-


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ned an amount of Clenbuterol which represents twice the dose of pharmaceutically available preparations like Spiropent® or Spasmo-Mucosolvan®. In Europe the product „Anabolic Burner“ has to be classifi ed as non-licensed pharmaceutical containing the prescription drug Clenbuterol. However, the tablets can be purchased without restrictions by bank transfer to a German bank account. With the recommended dosage (3 tablets per day) 90 μg of Clenbuterol are ingested daily. These concentrations are above the recommended therapeutical dose of 2-3 times 20 μg per day for Clenbuterol.Additionally the appearance of Clenbuterol as ingredient of a dietary supplement raises fear of cross-contamination with Clen-buterol in „normal“ dietary supplements (e.g. vitamins and mi-nerals). This has already been shown for anabolic steroids.The results of this study again show the insuffi cient surveillance of the production and trade of dietary supplements. Consumers should be aware of the enormous health and doping risks con-nected with the use of such products. New regulations for trade, production, and labelling should be adopted. The fi rst step should be a public warning of the consumers and the withdrawal of „dietary supplements“ containing prescription drugs.

SummaryThe results of this investigation show that the production and trade of nutritional supplements urgently need to be supervised. Very urgently consumers should informed about the health and doping risks of nutritional supplements. Public authorities of consumer protection are appealed for appropriate action.

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Nutritional Supplement Use among German Elite Junior Athletes

IntroductionIt is scientifi cally accepted that only a few substances available as nutritional supplements (NS) may have a positive effect on sport performance. However the use of supplements is widespread in the athletic community. Figures for elite athletes lie in the range of 44 and 100 % use, strongly depending on age, sport and level of competition (Maughan et al., 2007, Erdman et al., 2006). Supplement use in adolescent athletes (high school/college level) have been reported to lie between 13 and 76 % (Schofi eld & Unruh, 2006).

Major goals of the study• Assessment of NS use among a wide spectrum of German elite junior athletes • Identifi cation of the supplements used most frequently by junior athletes • Assessment of motives and sources of recommendations and information. • Athletes knowledge among the problem of contaminated supplements

H. Braun1, K. Koehler1, H. Geyer1, J. Kleinert2, J. Mester3, W. Schaenzer1

Result 4: Athletes knowledge among the problem of contaminated supplements Among all athletes only 36 % were aware of the problem of supplement contaminations. Awareness of this problem signifi cantly increased with age (p < 0.05).

Discussion & ConclusionOur results demonstrate that NS use is common and widespread among German junior elite athletes.The generally high prevalence as well as the motives for supplement use stand in strong contrast to recommendations by leading sport organizations (ACSM, IOC, FIFA, IAAF).Family, coaches, and physicians were identifi ed as the most infl uential persons for elite junior athletes. Based on the present results we suggest: • Education of athletes about risks (and benefi ts) of supplements at a very early age• Elucidation of parents, coaches, physicians and other staff members about the usage of supplements • Nutritional education and consulting should be made available to young athletes

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1Institute of Biochemistry, 2Institute of Psychology , 3Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

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Doping Risks

„Only the Others“ - Normative and Individal Appraisal of Reasons and Barriers of Doping Behavior

J. Kleinert, S. Juengling, S. Breuer

IntroductionThe role of the media and other societal conditions point to the importance of normative processes in the context of doping be-havior. In this regard athletes do often reason their own behavi-or with reference to the assumed behavior of others. Therefore the present study wants to compare the individual appraisal of reasons and barriers of doping behavior with the perception and appraisal of reasons and barriers for other athletes (normative appraisal). Furthermore, it should be investigated, whether per-formance related psychological factors are correlated to these individual and normative appraisals.

Theoretical modelAppraisals of reasons and barriers of the intake of performance-promoting substances are imbedded in a biopsychosocial model of behavior (see fi g. 1). In this model appraisal processes are the consequence of the subjective norm and individual attitu-des with respect to doping behavior. By measuring perceived reasons and barriers, subjective norm and individual attitudes thus are asssessed indirectly. This methodological approach is seen as most suitable because of the high sensitivity of this topic.

Method:Participants301 male (69%) and female (31%) athletes aged 14 to 33 Jah-ren (M=20.9, SD=4.3) take part in the present study. The parti-cipants are from a wide range of performance levels (low, mid, high) and sport activities.

QuestionnaireIn the present study the apprai-sal of potential reasons of doping behavior was defi ned on the basis of the relevant literature. 12 items represent reasons, 7 items repre-sent barriers of substance intake (6-stage Likert-Skala). Both item pools were assessed from two perspectives: (1) the perspecti-ve of others (indirect assessment of subjective norm), (2) the own perspective (indirect assessment of individual attitudes). Cronbach alphas of these four subscales are between .75 and .91.As correlated factors biographi-cal information (z.B. performance level, age) and psychological constructs (e.g., achievement mo-tivation ref. to Lang & Fries, 2006; self-effi cacy ref. to Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) were assessed.

Comparison between individual and normative apprai-salsReasons for doping estimated from the perspective of others are signifi cantly higher than doping reasons as estimated from one‘s perspective (T(300)=22.6; p<.001; see fi g. 2). As far as barriers are concerned this relation is vica versa (T(300)=-10.0; p>0.01).

Infl uence of personal factors on app-raisal processesTo test the infl uence of sportbiografi cal de-terminants, achievement motivation, and self effi cacy on individual and normative appraisals, four regression analyses had been tested.In these models the strongest relations appear between achievement motivation („fear of failure“) and doping reasons from the own perspective (beta = .28). Further-more age and doping barriers estimated from the perspective of others are correla-ted (beta = -.25). Altogether the amount of explained vari-ance of normative/individual appraisals of doping reasons/barriers is low(R2

corr .05-.10).DiscussionThe data confi rms the assumed dysbalance between the extent of individual appraisals and the normative view. The acceptance of doping behavior from the perspective of others was estima-ted much higher than the acceptance for the own person.These results can be explained only partly by the assessed psychological person characteristics. Therefore it seems to be necessary to investigate the infl uence of other variables. From the point of the initially described biopsychosocial model, physi-cal and especially social parameters (e.g. social pressure, social support, social responsibility) as predictors for attitudes have to be examined.

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Institute of Psychology

Fig.1: Biopsychosocial modell of doping behaviour (mod. Kleinert and Jüngling)

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Sibutramine found in Chinese Herbal Slimming Tea

K. Koehler, H. Geyer, S. Guddat, A. Orlovius, M.K. Parr, M. Thevis, W. Schaenzer


IntroductionThe problem of faked and/or contaminated nutritional supplements has been evident for several years, especially concerning sup-plements available on the Internet. Even though supplement adulterations were reported mostly related to anabolic androgenic steroids, a few cases regarding stimulants such as amphetamine and N-nitroso-fenfl uramine have occurred as well.Recently, Jung et al. reported the fi nding of the WADA-prohibited anti-obesity drug sibutramine in Chinese slimming capsules. As a consequence, German custom authorities confi scated at least 1.3 million capsules of two “pure herbal” slimming products from Chinese sources. A frequent user of Chinese slimming products reported to experience similar effects from a „pure herbal“ slimming tea (LiDa Nice Figure Slimming Tea) and slimming capsules (LiDa Dai Dai Hua Jiao Nang).

DiscussionThis report shows again the danger of adulterations of nutritional supplements to athletes. In this user’s case, the consumption of a „pure herbal“ tea preparation prior to athletic competition would have inevitably lead to a positive doping test.Besides, severe side-effects upon the cardiac system have been described and at least 49 death cases have directly been linked to the therapeutical administration of sibutramine. Therefore, athletes as well as normal customers need to be made aware of the danger of herbal preparations, as effective surveillance of the market is still lacking.

ExperimentalUrine analysis:The user provided 15 urine samples for analysis, which were collected af-ter consumption of the tea. The samples were analyzed according to the routine method described by Thevis et al. (2006): After chemical hydrolysis and subsequent washing, the analytes were extracted at pH 9.6 with t-bu-tyl methyl ether. Following evaporation the residue was dissolved in 0.06 N HCl and measured by LC-MS/MS. For estimation of the concentrations of the two major sibutramine metabolites, desmethyl sibutramine (M1) and bisdesmethyl sibutramine (M2), a blank urine was fortifi ed with 50 ng·mL-1 of both M1 and M2.

Analysis of LiDa productsLiDa Nice Figure Slimming Tea was ordered from an Internet store. The tea was labeled to contain „Wild tea, seed of sickle and Tuckahoe“.One tea bag was extracted with 200 mL of boiling water for 5 minutes. The supernatant was diluted with 0.06 N HCl for LC-MS/MS-measurement. The tea bag was then extracted twice again with each200 mL of 0.06 N HCl. The supernatant was again diluted before measurement. Additionally, one capsule of LiDa Dai Dai Hua Jiao Nang was also extracted with 0.06 N HCl and measured by LC-MS/MS after subsequent dilution.Linear regression was established with eight calibrators (concentration ran-ge: 0.5 – 22 μg·mL-1; R2 = 0.993).

ResultsUrine analysis:In fi gure 1, the urinary excretion of the two major metabolites is shown after consumption of the tea preparation. As illustrated in fi gure 2, both M1 and M2 were clearly detectable, whereas almost no sibutramine was excreted unmetabolized (RT = 6.60).M2 was detectable until 53 h after consumption and identifi cation of M2 according to WADA technical document TD2003IDCR was easily possible in the urine provided 20 h after tea consumption.Analysis of LiDa products:Quantitative analysis of the tea revealed a concentration of 2 mg sibutramine per serving. Traces of desmethyl sibutramine were also detected. Yet, the fi rst aqueous extraction was not quantitative. After additional extraction with HCl similar amounts of sibutramine were found. Analysis of the capsules revealed a concentration of 34 mg sibutramine per capsule, corresponding to more than twice the highest therapeutically recommended dosage.

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Figure 1: Urinary excretion of M2 (black) and M1 (blue) after tea consumption Figure 2: Chromatogram of a urine sample provided 5 hours after consumption of LiDa Nice Figure Slimming Tea. Characteristic ion transitions for M2 (left), M1 (middle) and sibutramine (right) are shown.

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Health of Young Athletes

Goal of StudySurvey on health self-estimation of young performance athletes. Simultaneously study of individual- and sport-related conditions of the health self-estimation.

BackgroundHealth self-estimation is said to be linked with performance ability in sport. This assumption is based on two model speculations. The objective health connects to the athletic performance ability. The subjec-tively perceived health situation as a consequence refl ects the athletic perfor-mance ability.Second, it can be assumed that the subjective perception of the health situ-ation independent of the objective health situation can lead to infl uence on the performance. Instead, in this second speculation, the self-confi dence of the athlete mediates between health perception and performance. An athlete who does not “feel well”, in most cases suffers limitation in self-confi dence and self-effi cacy. Such variables again cannot be done without for an optimal sports performance. It can be assumed that perception of the health situation depends on the dif-fering conditions related to sport and the individual. The present study thus deals with the signifi cance of the factors of gender, form of sport and age for self-estimation of health.

Test GroupParticipants of basis check of the German Research Centre for Performance Sport (momentum). 125 cadre athletes from North-Rhine-Westphalia, varying forms of sport52 males, 73 females, from 10 to 28 years of age (M=16,68, SD=d.20),16 % A/B-Cadre, 16 % C-Cadre; 53 % D-/DC-Cadre and 15 % Others

Data collectionThe self-estimation of health was operationalised by means of varying psycholo-gical and psycho-social factors (see graph 1 and 2) and collected via an Online-questionnaire. The factors are shown on a fi ve-level rating scale.

ResultsThe descriptive evaluation of the data shows that the health self-estimation of young athletes in all variables are within a positive range (see graph 1)

It has to be pointed out however that each third athlete does not feel rested after sleep, each fi fth athlete states negatively connoted behaviour concerning stress management and each sixth takes too little rest. Each seventh athlete does not feel “fi t” nor physically well and each ninth athlete admits to bad sleeping habits. 81% of those questioned want a better organized health life (compare graph 2). The variance-analytical evaluation could not prove any signifi cant differences in the self-estimation of health for the factors of kind of sport and age. The factor of gender however concerning the variable feeling of health, psychical state, physical state, every day management and sleeping habit shows signifi cant dif-ferences in favour of the male participants (see graph 3).

DiscussionAt an average, the study group under observation displays a positive self-esti-mation of health. Yet an unexpected large number of young performance athle-tes indicate a restricted health situation. Besides a feeling of fi tness and physi-cal health, here particularly stress-associated characteristics (recreation, sleep, stress management) are noticeable, which might point to low psychical and psycho-social resources in the face of increasing external stress. Amazing is a relatively high intention rate of health-related behaviour changes. This shows the subjectively high signifi cance of the subject and the wish for improvement of one’s own situation. Therefore in young performance sport next to performance in training and competition, the subject of health should be allotted a higher signifi cance. The sport and age have not shown to be pertinent conditions of health self-estimation. There were however gender effects in the state variables and in health feeling as well as everyday management and sleeping habits. The female participants consistently tend to more negative estimations than the male par-ticipants. On the one hand, this result could be connected with the objective health situation. In the present study, this would mean that female athletes tag more negative labels to specifi c health perceptions than their male counterparts. After all, the gender difference can be, ade up of perception and estimation of one’s own situation, accordingly it could be deduced that female athletes compared to

How Healthy do young Athletes feel? – Health Self-Estimation in Performance Sport


S. Breuer, J. Kleinert

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male athletes are more sensitive to negatively connoted physical and psychical experiences and thus judge their health situation frequently as less positive. The comparison of subjective and objective health factors here could verify the reality of the self-estimations. Such approaches also lead to expect indications to what extent there are ob-jective health differences between boys and girls or if varying perception and estimation patterns are the cause of the gender differences.

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Infl uence of Muscular Pre-Activation and Joint Angle on Shock Transmission through the Human Knee

W. Potthast, A. Arndt, A. Lundberg, G.P. Brueggemann

Institute for Biomechanics and Orthopaedics

Introduction• The response of bone and cartilage on impact loading can occur in the form of overload or adaptation.• It depends on the internal stress distribution if injuries develop or adaptation processes will be initiated.• The transmission or attenuation of external impacts infl uences the stress distribution during locomotion.• Active (joint angle, muscle force) and passive (intra- und periarticular structures) mechanisms could infl uence the shock

transmission.• The shock transmission of external impacts through the musculo skelettal system in vivo is not completely understood.

Purpose/ Research questionHow is the shock transmission from tibia to femur infl uenced by controlled modifi ed muscle activation and knee joint angles?

Methods• 3 kneejointangles: 0°; 20°und 40°• Controlledbygoniometer(1000 Hz)• 3 levelsof muscleactivation: 0%; 30% und 60% von MVC• 5 muscles: GM, GL, ST, VM, VL• Surface EMG (1000 Hz)• Integral over50 ms before impact• Pneumaticinitiationof 10 impacts under the heels under each

of the nine activation-knee-angle-combinations (meano-ver100 ms; 0%, 30% oder 60% ±10% of MVC).

• Muscle activation has been regulated by a biofeedback sys-tem.

• Algorithm for correcting the alignment of sensor and segment coordinate systems

• Reference measurements with motion analysis system (5 ca-meras, Qualisys®).

• Accelerometers have been armed with refl ective markers for reference measurement.

Dependent variables

• Maximal acceleration at tibia and femur (ACCtib; AC-Cfem)

• Accelerometers (1000 Hz) mounted on bone pins (3 mm; Apex®), which were screwed into femur and tibia at the me-dial portion

• Accerlation transmission RAT from tibia to femur

(RAT = ACCfem * 100) ACCtib

• Double integration of the acceleration time history allowed for calculating the knee compression (KOM)

• Statistics: ANOVA with Post Hoc (Bonferroni); p<0,05

Results• ACCtib and ACCfem reduced signifi cantly with higher muscle

activation.• Shock transmission ratio RAT increased signifi cantly (10% to

15%) with higher muscle activation.• The knee compression KOM reduced signifi cantly with higher

muscle activation

DiscussionHigher muscle activity and muscle force apparently pre-loads the intra- and periarticular structures of the knee, leading to a reduced deformation through the impact. That might explain the increase in shock transmission. Passive structures would play a role in shock transmission in vivo, which could be seen already in vitro. The shock modulating capacity of those struc-tures would be infl uenced by muscle force.

Fig. 2: Relative movement of the knee segments and shock transmis-sion parameters for one subject.

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Fig 1.: Schematic drawing of the experimental conditions (0°, 20° und 40° knee angle)

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Physiological Profi les

S. Achtzehn1, M. de Marées1, C. Lundby2, B. Saltin2, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Copenhagen

Methodologically Induced Variability of Haematological Parameters of Elite Cross Contry Skiers

ConclusionBlood sampling and handling of the blood are extremely important and need to be performed in an absolute standardized manner.Anti doping agencies should decide on a standardized machine.Also measurements for bloodprofi les need identical machines to reduce the variability.

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IntroductionInternational bodies (FIS, WADA) defi ned upper limits for Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Hct) concentrations for skiers in order to reduce the risk of blood manipulation. During the Olympic Winter Games in Torino 2006 the scientifi c and public discussion on these limits escalated when athletes were banned from competition and others were accused of using illegal and suspicious materials. In this context the focus lies on individual blood profi les in order to characterise intraindividual variabilities. On behalf of WADA and FIS, in cooperation with NADA and DSV the present study researched the quality of measuring hematological parameters and the variability/precision due to different measurement systems.

Subjects and methodsSubjects: 34 Cross Country skiers on top international level from the German, Swedish and French national team during theirtraining camps at various locations in the Alps.Methods: 10 blood samples were taken after defi ned interventions from an arm vein and immediately analyzed. 4 different analytical machines (two Sysmex KX 21N, one Sysmex R500, one OSM3, one HemoCue, one Hematocrit-Centrifuge) for the same sampleswere used.

Results

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IntroductionFor endurance athletes, such as elite cross country skiers, the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and hematocrit (Hct) are used to describe the effect of different interventions with the aim of improving the endurance capacity. The variation of the haemoglobin con-centration and hematocrit plays an important role for VO2 max and therefore for the endurance capacity in sports. Previous research has shown that Hb and Hct may vary considerably under different states of hydration, changes in the body position, training and altitude. In elite athletes these changes may be even more pronounced. Haematological parameters are also used within the group of indirect methods to detect the abuse of doping substances (e.g. rHuEPO). To prevent health risks and to reduce the use of illegal drugs different sport federations have set up limits for Hb and Hct. Beyond these limits, the athletes are excluded from competition (Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS): Hb males ≤17.0 g/dl, females ≤16.0 g/dl; International Skating Union (ISU): Hb males ≤ 18.0 g/dl, females ≤16.5 g/dl); International Biathlon Union (IBU): Hb males ≤ 17.5 g/dl, females ≤16.0 (g/dl); International Cycling Union (UCI):Hct males < 50%, females < 47%). The aim of the present study was to investigate the individual variability of Hb and Hct during the following interventions: changes in body position (sitting vs. lying), status of hydration (2l, 0.5 l water intake and no water intake), training (before and after training) and different altitudes (sea level and medium altitude) during the day.

MethodsThree national teams of male world class cross-country skiers from France (F=7), Germany (G=7) and Sweden (SW=5) were inves-tigated during three different training camps.Their ages, heights and body weights were 23.61± 3.75 yr, 182.5 ± 5.61 cm and 75.5 ± 6.8 kg, respectively (mean ± SD). All teams underwent a Live High-Train High (LH-TH) training camp with different training loads and intensities. After remaing 10 min in the sitting position, blood samples were taken out of the cubitalveine without stasis and immediately analyzed by the Sysmex KX 21N (Germany). A cross-over design was used. Namely, each half of the group underwent identical treatments on two consecutive days with different modes of intervention (fi gure 1). On one day blood samples were taken before breakfast (test 1.1), after breakfast (test 1.2), after 20 min sitting with no water intake (test 1.3), after training with consuming 0.5l/h of water (test 1.4) and after 1h rest with following consuming 2l of water (test 1.5). On the other day blood samples were conducted before bre-akfast (test 2.1), after breakfast (test 2.2), after 20min in a lying position with 0.5l water intake (test 2.3), after training with water 0.5l/h water intake (test 2.4) and after 1h rest with no water intake (test 2.5).

Effects of Hydration-Status, Body Position and Altitude on Hb-Concentration of Elite Cross Country Skiers.

E. Engelmeyer1, M. de Marées1, S. Achtzehn1, C. Lundby2, B. Saltin2, J. Mester1

1Institute for Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark

Figure 1: Test design: 10 blood samples were taken (test 1.1-2.5) in a cross over design on two consecutive days (day 1: test 1.1-1-5; day 2: test 2.1-2.5).

Figure 2: Analysis of the Hb and Hct concentration for the elite ath-letes (G, F, SW) for Test 1.1-2.5. Signifi cant differences are marked with a star.

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Results and DiscussionWith the various experimental interventions no subject exceeded the levels determining exclusion from competition. However, a remarkable intra- and interindividual variability occurred. Drinking of 2 l of water during the one hour resting phase after training: absolute range 0.55 g/dl, relative range 3.7%, compared to no drinking & sitting position. 20 minutes rest with lying position compa-red to sitting and drinking of half-liter water after breakfast: absolute range 0.3 g/dl, relative range 2%). Both Hb and Hct at altitude are systematically higher than at sea level. The overall individual variation of Hb concentration, over all interventions (body position, hydration, altitude, training shows a range from 0.75 to 1.25 g/dl (4.9 to 8.7%) with an average of 0.9 g/dl (6.4%). Adding together the overall effects of different interventions, time points, positions and measurement methods, the daily Hb concentration and Hct are not stable over time. This supports the idea to do longitudinal monitoring of the athletes with the aim of building up blood profi les or reference ranges. These individual-based blood pass systems can collect data over a period of time which show daily variations and fl uctuations associated with exposure to different infl uences (diseases, exercises, altitude, longitudinal biological variations).

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Physiological Profi les

Physiological Profi les of Young Elite Athletes of Different Sport Disciplines

M. Haegele1, B. Sperlich1, S. Nitsch1, Ch. Zinner2, P. Wahl2, F. Suhr1, M. De Mareés1, E. Engelmeyer2, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2German Research Center of Elite Sport

IntroductionMuch is known about the physiological demands which are nee-ded to be competitive in endurance sports at elite level. Although there is accordance about the importance of a basic endurance ability in many sports, much less data is available which descri-be the aerobic endurance capacity of athletes of team sports or sports with mainly technical character (e.g. Judo, Basketball).Not only competing but rather a high ability to recover is es-sential to be competitive at international level. Furthermore, the risk of injuries is reduced while continuous attention can be maintained during activity and immune system is stabilized. Due to this lack of data, the capturing of physiological profi les of athletes of different sports is essential to develop training strategies and to fi lter weaknesses in performance. Therefore reliable parameters for aerobic endurance capacity (Anaerobic Threshold, VO

2peak) were measured.

Methods118 athletes (60 male, 58 female) of different performance le-vels of various olympic sport disciplines were tested. Mean age, height and weight were 17 ± 4 years, 174.8 ± 10.7 cm and 64.6 ± 13.9 kg. In order to detect the running velocity at 4 mmol · l-1

lactate (anaerobic threshold (VAT)) and VO2peak on a treadmill, all subjects performed a step test (start: 2.4 m·s-1, increase: 0.4 m·s-1, duration of step: 5 min, incline: 1%).

ResultsThe mean values for VAT and VO2peak were 3.6 ± 0.5 m·s-1 and 48.2 ± 8.6 ml·kg-1·min-1 (Fig.1 and 3). Maximal values during the step test were 4.8 m·s-1 and 72.8 ml·kg-1·min-1. There were signifi cant differences between mean values of the different dis-ciplines. The highest values for VAT were found in members of endurance sports such as triathlon and biathlon (4.2 and 4.1 m·s-1).

DiscussionFor international competing athletes in comparison to internati-onal literature a general aerobic capacity of 60 ml·kg-1·min-1 and a submaximal running velocity of 4 m·s-1 at 4 mmol·l-1 lactate (VAT) is to be aimed (SPERLICH 2007). Although all athletes participate in international competitions, only 10,5 respectively 21,8 % of the athletes exceeded this values (Fig. 2 and 3).

Key pointsThe present study describes a nation-wide survey, which delivers insight into the training condition of athletes of different discipli-nes. The large number of tested athletes reveals a discripancy between the actual physical state of german athletes and inter-nationally published values on VAT and VO2peak.

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Sport Disciplines

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Utilisation of an Armband Device for Monitoring of Energy Expenditure and Activity in Running and Cycling Athletes

1Institute of Biochemistry, 2Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

K. Koehler1, H. Braun1, M. de Marees2, J. Mester2, W. Schaenzer1

IntroductionQuantifi cation of energy expenditure (EE) is essential for eva-luating an athlete‘s nutrition status. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the method of choice in the laboratory. However, correct quan-tifi cation of EE in the fi eld is more challenging.

The SenseWear Pro armband is a portable device, which com-bines biaxial accelerometry, skin and near body temperature and galvanic skin response. The armband seems well suited for high-resolution activity monitoring of athletes.

The aim of the study was to compare the armband with other methods in the laboratory and in the fi eld in well-trained ath-letes.

MethodsFifteen male triathletes (30.5 ± 5.9 y, 80.8 ± 6.4 kg, training: 68.9 ± 21.7 min/d) wore the SenseWear Pro3 armband (Body-Media, USA) for 7 days and performed two standardized exercise bouts during this time:- a treadmill running test with increasing velocity until exhaus-

tion- a stationary bicycle test with increasing power output until ex-

haustionDuring exercise, IC was performed with a Zan 600. EE was cal-culated from IC data using standard equations (Weir, 1949). Athletes were otherwise free to train as they desired (no swim-ming). All subjects fi lled out a standardized activity protocol (AP). EEAP was calculated with reference equations (Ainsworth et al., 2000).

Results and ConclusionEEArmband was highly correlated with EEIC during running and bicycling but was signifi cantly lower for all speeds > 2.4 m/s or all power outputs ≥140 W (Figures 1,2, Table 1).

Daily EEArmband (3607 ± 423 kcal/d) and EEAP (3434 ± 299 kcal/d) did not differ signifi cantly. Bland-Altman plotting showed that there was no syste-matic bias (Figure 3). However, EEArmband-EEAP was inversely associated with cycling time (p < 0.01, Figure 4).

Sleep and lying time detected with the armband were correlated with self-recorded sleep (p < 0.01), but only lying time was not signifi cantly different from self-recorded sleep (p = 0.39).

The present data indicate that the armband is suited for use in activity monitoring of athletes in the fi eld. EE monitoring during exercise, especially with regard to high intensity running or cycling, requires exercise-specifi c calibration.

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Physiological Profi le

Lactate Characteristics in Cyclists of Different Age after Maximal Cycling Effort

Ch. Zinner1, P. Wahl1,2, S. Frese2, M. de Marées1, M. Haegele1, W. Bloch2, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine - Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine

IntroductionSeveral studies show that in terms of maximal lactate concen-tration children have a lower anaerobic capacity than adoles-cents and adults. The higher absolute maximal blood lactate values of youth and adults are taken to confi rm this statement. Studies investigating athletes of different ages only compared maximal lactate values. In this study the time course of blood lactate after a maximal cycling test was measured. Furthermore all subjects had a common training situation, so that they are comparable.

MethodsTen boys (13 ± 0 years; 163,2 ± 7,44 cm; 52 ± 8,80 kg; 44,7 ± 8,39 kg muscle mass) and 13 male adolescents (17.2 ± 0.9 years; 183 ± 6,12 cm; 69,8 ± 4,18 kg; 62,3 ± 3,7 kg muscle mass) participated in the study. The subjects performed a 30 sec lasting maximal sprint test on a cycle ergometer (Schoberer Rad Meßtechnik SRM GmbH, Jülich, Germany). The cycle ergometer was adjusted to an isokinetic mode regulating the cadence to 120 rpm. The subjects were instructed to perform the test only in a sitting position on the ergometer. Blood samples were taken pre, 0 min, 1 min, until the 10th min, every minute to determine

lactate concentrations in whole blood. After the test the subjects recovered ten minutes passive in a sedentary position to keep lactate elimination as low as possible. Prior the sprint test sub-jects warmed up for ten min at a self selected low intensity.

ResultsThe adolescent group had a signifi cant higher mean Peak Power (PP) in the 30 sec trial than the boys (976.1 ± 101.5 Watt [W] vs. 600.3 ± 168.0 [W]); Fig. 1. The relative PP (relPP) reached by the adolescents (14.0 ± 1.4 W*kg-1) was also signifi cantly higher compared with the boys (relPP 11.4 ± 1.8 W*kg-1), Fig.2. During the 30sec a mean power output of 445.4 ± 104.0 W was reached by the boys and 697.4 ± 62.6 W by the adolescents (Fig. 3). The relative mean power reached by the adolescents was 10.0 ± 0.7 W*kg-1 bodyweight and the boys reached 8.5 ± 1.2 W*kg-1 bodyweight (Fig. 4). The adolescent group reached a signifi cant higher peak lactate level of 11.52 ± 1.53 mmol*L-1 in the 6th minute of recovery. The boys reached their peak lacta-te level of 9.41 ± 1.10 mmol*L-1 two minutes earlier in the 4th minute (Fig. 5). In contrast to the absolute lactate values relative lactate values were signifi cantly higher for the boys. The values were 0.18 ± 0.02 mmol*L-1*kg-1 for the boys and 0.16 ± 0.02 mmol*L-1*kg-1 for the adolescents (Fig. 6).

DiscussionAdolescents reached higher absolute lactate values, but related to the bodyweight boys even showed signifi cant higher lactate values which might be hint for similar anaerobic energy production. Shorter circulation and diffusion distances in boys might be responsible for the earlier peak in absolute blood lactate values compared with adolescents. This is in line with fi ndings from literature (Beneke et al.). Comparing the PP of the two groupsthe adolescents achieved a signifi cantly higher mean PP, a signifi cantly higher relPP and a signifi cantly higher mean power output over the 30 sec than the boys. This is likely due to the more limited ability of younger athletes to recruit and use higher-hierarchy motor units.

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Fig.1: Absolute PP Fig.2: Absolute power outoput during 30sec sprint

Fig.3: Time course of abslolute lactate values

Fig.4: Relative PP Fig.5: Relative power outoput during 30sec sprint

Fig.6: Time course of relative lactate values

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Sportpsychological Basic-Assessment Development & Evaluation

J. Kleinert, S. Breuer

BackgroundSportpsychological diagnostic in the past years became more and more specifi ed and distinguished regarding different sport situations and different activities. Within psychological constructs (e.g., motivation, emotion, recovery) special measurements– mainly questionnaires – have been developed to make possible a problem-oriented and specifi c diagnosis with the aim of an ef-fi cient intervention and treatment. In contrast to this procedure up to now there is a lack of assessments with a broad and basic sportpsychological approach (screening approach).

PurposeDevelopment of a Basic Assessment:• Routine (Screeningapproach)• Independent fromproblems• As broad as possibleNeed:• Testing basic functions independent from sport activities • Uncovering of defi citsand disturbances • High practicabilityand economy

Current state of evaluation167 athletes have been tested with the sportpsychologi-cal basic assessment up to now: 78 females and 67 ma-les aged 9-43 (M = 16.6, SD = 3.9). 15 % of these athletes were elite squot A/B (national/international top level), 16 % C (young athletes with national top level), 53 % D-/DC (young and federal state top level) and 16 % miscellaneous. Three-fourths were coming from indi-vidual sport activities.

Most of the results are near to the scale average. „Atti-tudes to health“ is more positive. Rather negative results had been found for concentration, coping resources and feeling of physical fi tness.

Discussion and conclusionThis basic assessment is a time-saving (30 minutes plus Online-FB), broad and for the screening approach suitab-le sportpsychological assessment. Whether the results are reliable (in time) has to be seen in future re-tests. Furthermore factor- and correlation-analyses of the sub-tests are senseful to show the underlying structure. Mo-reover, the quality and validity of this assessment should be tested by asking athletes and coaches systematically on their opinion of the test feedback (e.g., feedback con-sequences for training and competition).


Fig. 1: Mean values and standard deviation of the subtests of the sportpsychological basic assessment (167 elite athletes). The graph is like the individuell feedback graph of one athlete (in this feedback a description of subtests and meanings is added).

Developing approach• Test Quality: Defi nition, use, and test of valid and reliable subtests.• Multimethodology: Use of computer-based tests, behaviour observation, and inter-

view/questionnaire.• Target group orientation: Testing on elite athletes (elite squot AD).• Interdisciplinarity: comparison of sport psychological results and medical, training-

science-oriented and biomechanical information.

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Routine-diagnostic

(Screening)

Appraisal

Continuativediagnostics

Skill trainingSupervisionIntervention

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Psychological Diagnosis &

Intervention

Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Mood and Physical Well-Being of Young Elite Female Gymnastics

J. Kleinert, A. Feldmann, A. Steinbacher


BackgroundOne basic problem in the German gymnastic is the low amount of young talents. Besides a suffi cient scouting and acquisition especially a high drop-out rate is responsible for the low amount of talents (see Frei, Lüsebrink, Rottländer & Thiele, 2000). The overall the studies point to rather psychological and social con-ditions (social relations) as reasons for dropout than to physical factors as drop-out reasons. Especially the social environment seems to be responsible for mood and satisfaction of the young gymnastics. Of course these factors are strongly accountable for motivation processes and therefore for the dropout of the athletes.

In the present study we wants to test the assumption, whether and to what extend social relations are responsible for psycholo-gical and physical well-being of young female elite gymnastics. We assume that social relations have a strong infl uence on mood and physical well being as body concept and stress/recovery.

Method108 elite gymnastics (top national or federal state level) aged 9 to 15 (M = 10.8, SD = 1.9) take part in this study. We assessed these athletes in 9 German „elite sport bases“ for gymnastic. To assess the independent variables (social relations, body con-cept, stress/recovery) existing measurements were modifi ed in order to create forms suitable for children. Subscales for this modifi cation come from the „body concept scales“ (FKKS; De-usinger, 1998), the „stress-recovery-questionnaire” (EBF; Kell-mann, 2000), “Perceived physical state”-scale (PEPS; Kleinert, 2006) and the “Eigenzustandsskala” (EZ; Nitsch, 1976). To assess social relations special Items with the subscale parents (Cronbach`s alpha .85), coaches (.68) and team mates (.73) had been developed.The independent variables (social relations, body concept, stress/recovery) had been assessed at measuring point 1, PEPS-/EZ-results had been assessed in the following fi ve months monthly (measuring point 2-6). These fi ve results were averaged to one PEPS-/EZ-value for each gymnastic.

Results

DiscussionThe results confi rm our assumption that social relations (here especially between coach and athlete) have a strong impact on mood and physical feelings. These infl uences are perspicuous-ly higher than impacts of body concept, sleep or other stress-/recovery related variables. More than one fourth of the mood/well-being variance can be explained only by these social re-lationships. Taking furthermore into account the importance of mood and well-being for performance and motivation, the extra-ordinary role of a positive and functional athlete-coach-relation becomes clear.Coaches in gymnastic should be aware of this high impact of an intact relationship to their athlete on performance and moti-vation. Furthermore, more attention schould be given to these processes in coaches education and advanced training.


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High Performance and Pregnancy

Background and purposePregnant women, who fi nd their fulfi lment in competition or high performance sport fi nd themselves impeded in pursuing their sport and training plans during pregnancy, and face parti-ally great barriers on a physical, psychical but above all social le-vel. No data are available yet which deal with the phenomenon of the “pregnant high performance athlete” from an objective angle. The present study therefore aims at recording changes in the sport and activity conduct of pregnant competition and performance athletes and to present them in a comparison to that of women who are not actively involved in sports.

Participants1515 pregnant women aged from 17 to 45 years (M=30; SD=4,9) participated in the present survey (response rate 57%). At the time of the survey, all of the women were in their 34th to 36th week of pregnancy. 13,8% of them stated not to be involved in any sport activity. A mere 4,4% claimed to have carried out sport activities before pregnancy in the area of competition and high performance sport. The remaining women stated negligible sport activities in the area of leisure and health sport.

Results

Fig. 1: Changes in sport activity during pregnancy (retrospect. estimati-on towards end of pregnancy) in women who were involved in fi tness, health (43%), leisure/mass sport (53%) as well as competition and high performance sport (4,4%) before pregnancy.

Fig. 2: Sport inactivity during pregnancy (retrospect. Estimation towards end of pregnancy) of women, who were involved in fi tness, health, leisu-re/mass sport as well as competition and high performance sport before pregnancy.

Fig. 3: Weekly sport activity in the group of the competition and high performance athletes (n=53).

Fig. 4: Reasons for inactivity in sport in the group of the performance athletes (n=53) and leisure-/ health athletes (n=1225).

Discussion and ConclusionsThe study shows that during the progressing pregnancy, the high performance athletes’s inactivity approaches the inactivity of the other women. During the last quarter of pregnancy less than 4 % of the performance athletes do physical exercise for more than 3 hours weekly. The sport activity itself changes si-gnifi cantly, particularly during the second half of pregnancy. In spite of such changes, the inactivity rate (28%) of performance athletes remains below that of other pregnant athletes (35% - 42%). These fi gures point out the unease when dealing with training exposure during pregnancy. This concerns the athlete as well as her coach and supervising doctor. For that reason increasingly research results should be made use of to develop special trai-ning recommendations for pregnant (high-) performance athle-tes which emphasize negative effects of excessive sport activity as well as positive effects of the sport and movement extent up to birth. Such recommendations will be based on – besides sub-ject-specifi c optimal supervision –the experienced and suitable exertion perception by the pregnant woman herself.

J. Kleinert, M. Sulprizio


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Psychological Diagnosis &

Intervention

mentaltalent.de- Sportpsychological Supervision for talented Squad Athles in North Rhine Westphalia

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J. Kleinert, S. Breuer, A. Steinbacher


Performance development - Prevention & Rehabilitation - Coping skills - Self development

The Idea

Workshops for Athletes

Individual Coaching

Diagnosis

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Analysis of Cognitive Action Velocity of Female Goalkeepers

U. Speicher1, H. Kleinoeder1, G. Klein3, T. Schack2, J. Mester1

1Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, 2Institute of Psychology, 3Insitute of Movement Science in Sport Games

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Applied Service

Diagnostics in Biomechanics and Orthopaedics – Research, Development, Service

A. Hoehne, D. Grässle, J. Ninck, G.P. Brueggemann

Institut of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics

Transfer of basic und applied research upon diagnostical services in the fi eld of biomechanics and orthopaedics and resulting consequences for interventions and medical care.

3D-motion analysis with infrared-highspeed cameras and force plates allows the three dimensional reconstruction of skeletal movement, the joint kinematics and kinetics of foot, ankle, knee and hip. Invers dynamic modelling offers the calculation of the time dependent resultant joint moments and forces which are used for differential diagnosis. The 3D-motion analysis is completed by a telemetric EMG-system for analysis of muscle activation in time and frequen-cy domains. The entire system is prepared for the every day application and used for clinical gait analysis, running analysis, the evaluation of shoes, inso-les, orthotics and prosthesis as well as for the evaluation of locomotion and the assessment of recovery and functional capacity after injuries, treatments and operations.

3D-footscan provides a reconstruction of the foot shape with an additional landmark based measurement of the foot dimensions. This data enables the user to build up customized insoles and lasts as well as to compare the foot measurements to a given shoe-dimension library.

Dynamic pressure distribution measurement using pressure platforms or in-shoe pressure insoles allows to quantify pressure and force variables at the foot and defi ned foot-areas while walking and running.

3D-bodyscan offers a three dimen-sional reconstruction and measu-rement of the body surface and the body segments. The data may be used to quantify the posture and static of the body as well as pelvic tilts, lower-limb mechanical axis, leg-length discrepancies, spinal deformi-ties and effects of orthopaedic shoes, orthotics and prosthesis on the mus-culoskeletal system.


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H. Kleinoeder, T. Remppel, Z. Yue, J. Mester

Effects of a Bicycle Specifi c Strength Endurance Training with and without Vibration

IntroductionVibration training is performed in many sports with partly high improvement rates in the areas of maximal force, speed strength, reactivity and speed (1, 2, 3). With reference to cycling, esp. strength endurance is of high importance. The underlying aim of this investigation therefore was to fi nd out the effects of a cycle specifi c training on a cycle ergometer with (see fi g. 1) and without local vibration stimulus on fundamental strength and power parameters.

Methods30 male sport students (1.84 cm +- 6.2 cm, 77.5 kg +- 5.6 kg) were randomised in 3 groups (2 training and 1 control group). Before the training started a pre-test was done in order to esti-mate the vibration loading (see fi g. 3). Both training groups per-formed 8 training units within 4 weeks on a Cyclus 2 Record Ergometer (see table 1). Each training unit lasted 31 minuts (5 min warm up (80 watt, 90 rpm), 3 x 5 min training (60 - 70% individually adapted, 50 rpm), with 3 min active regeneration in between (80 watt, 90 rpm) and 5 min cool down (80 watt, 90 rpm). The vibration group trained over all intervals with 4 mm amplitude and 20 Hz frequency. A 2 min long ergometer test and 3 isometric and dynamic maximal force tests (Gym 80/Mechatronic) of cycle specifi c muscles (m. quadriceps femoris, m. biceps femoris and m. triceps surae) were performed at the beginning and at the end of the training period.

ResultsDifferences between and within groups were tested with t-tests. The vibration group improved signifi cantly from fi rst test to fi nal test with reference to the 2 min ergometer test (see fi g. 5), at 2 isometric maximal force tests (leg extensors and calves) and the dynamic test of the calf muscles (see fi g. 4). The conven-tional training group showed signifi cant improvement only for the 2 min ergometer test (see fi g. 5) and for 1 isometric ma-ximal force test (leg extensors). Between both training groups signifi cant differences were found for the maximal force test of the hamstrings (dynamic and isometric) in favour of the vibra-tion group. The control group had no signifi cant differences. Interestingly, the vibration group partly revealed high individual improvement rates.

DiscussionThe results so far reveal that an interval training on a vibration cycle causes positive effects on fundamental strength parame-ters. The signifi cant improvement of calf muscles which are ne-arest to the vibration stimulus and the early effects are evident (see fi g. 4 and 5). Since in the study design safety was in the main focus further studies should be done with modifi cations of loading in order to draw detailed conclusions of the usage in training pactice.

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Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics

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The Effects of Local Vibration on Traditional Strength Training

IntroductionLocal vibrations have the advantage that only a part of the body is exposed to the vibration stimulus. Thus stress for the head and brain can be minimized in contrast to whole body vibration. Moreover, muscles can be disposed in different ways to local vibration stimulation, i.e. through the antagonist or the agonist, combined or not with additional load. Aim of this investigation was to fi nd out whether local vibrations are a suitable additional stimulus for traditional strength training.

MethodsIn 3 different studies (S 1, S 2, S 3) a total of 90 sport stu-dents all with strength training experience trained under three different conditions with and without local vibration (vibration group VG and traditional training group TTG). In the fi rst study (n = 27) the m. biceps brachii was trained with the Scott Curl exercise (4 sets, 12 reps) using progressive additional loading (70 % 1 RM) with (4 mm, 18-36 Hz) and without local vibration stimulus. The second (n = 36) was performed with (4 mm, 18-36 Hz) and without direct stimulation of the hamstrings (4 sets, 12 reps) in combination with progressive loading (70 % 1 RM). The last approach (n = 27) took place without/with local vib-ration (3 intervals 5 min. long, 3 min pause in between, 4 mm, 20 Hz) on a vibration bicycle ergometer. The training period was 4 weeks long in each study and enclosed a control group, too. The tests T1, T2 and T3 consisted of maximal isometric strength and power in the course of 4 weeks for the leg muscles and the m. biceps brachii.

ResultsAll conditions of local vibration stimulation revealed that the-re are signifi cantly better results of the VGs in contrast to the TTGs (Anova, Tukey post hoc test). Referring parameters were isometric strength and power (between 21-43 % improvement for the VGs in contrast to 14 – 21 % in TTGs). Moreover, earlier adaptations could be seen within the VGs in contrast to the TT-Gin the intermediate tests.

Discussion and conclusionThe local vibration stimulus seems to be an appropriate training means to improve various strength parameters. Although not directly comparable, the different conditions of local vibration seem to be equally appropriate to improve strength parameters. This can be generally explained by the near or direct stimulation of the target muscles. Specifi cally, better motor unit recruitment as a result of refl ex activities and a reduction of inhibitory infl u-ences of the antagonist explain the higher force and power out-put. In future further investigations should fi nd out appropriate training intensities and volumes for specifi c training goals.

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H. Kleinöder, T. Remppel, Z. Yue, J. Mester

Vibration Training

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4 Practice Research

The logical continuation of fundamental and applied research is practice re-search which focuses directly at the practical situation in sports. Here modern research methods are used in order to identify performance characteristics of certain sport disciplines. Additionally training methods are evaluated with regard to their effi cacy. This practice research is organized in the form of so-called “diagnostics- and training camps”. According to the local requirements these camps can take place at the German Sport University Cologne with its outstanding facilities or at the training location. The general principle is the combination of sophisticated technical research methods with practical tests of the respective sport discipline.

The results of the practice research are embedded in the context of the fun-damental and applied research in order to generate holistic knowledge of the individual performance and as many as possible explanations for differences in performance. The overall goal is to develop training plans. An important feature is the harmonization and the matching of research goals and the used methods and protocols together with coaches and managers of the practical fi eld (e.g. clubs, federations). The results are evaluated and interpreted in the same way.

Pre-requisite for the participation in the “diagnostics- und trainings camps” is the “basic check”. The data that have been collected there under lab-conditi-ons are important for the interpretation of the results of the camp. Momen-tum sees a double responsibility for the children and youth as well as for the adult athletes.Exemplarily the diagnostic- and training camps for the following sport discipli-nes are presented.

Alpine Ski-RacingBefore the start the athletes may have to wait for long periods of time even in cold temperatures. It is important to prepare the organism for the following highly intensive and locally anaerobic loads in the race (“warming-up”). Here mechanisms of lactate transportation capacity are of special interest.

BadmintonHere it is of special importance to produce high ball velocities. Therefore the focus is on the analysis of individual techniques to generate high segment velocities of the upper body and of the racket. Furthermore the requirements of energy supply are studied with spirometrical methods in order to deduce training recommendations.

Bobsled and LugeThe central component for performance is a maximum of acceleration of the athlete´s body and the device over a short distance in order to gain a high starting velocity. Thus the requirements for speed-strength of the lower body but also the force transmission to the upper body are extremely high.

SoccerIn terms of overall fi tness goals characteristics of energy supply, of running velocity and reactive strength have to be trained in a way that meets the requirements of a 90min match. For various fi tness components for young players as well as for soccer professionals “diagnostic- and training-camps” are organized. With the respect to a potential for optimization specifi c “HighI-tensityTraining” periods are used.

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Track and FieldThe variety of disciplines requires differentiated concepts for “diagnostic- and training-camps”. As two examples two groups of disciplines (middle- and long-distance running and jump/sprint) are presented. For middle- and long-dis-tance running altitude camps are of special interest. For the jump- and sprint-events the focus is on speed-strength.

CyclingTraditionally the training concept in cycling refers very much to volume-orien-ted methods although in many situation (sprint, mountain-stages) anaerobic loads play a very important role. In cycling-specifi c camps the respective ener-gy-supply is studied and training recommendations are developed.

SwimmingWater-specifi c methods for diagnostics and training are as relevant as for wa-ter-polo, of course. The water-specifi c tests are compared with lab-tests in order to optimize the validity of the tests. Training-concepts so far are domina-ted by volume-based approaches. The camps could prove the signifi cance of high-intensity methods, also for children and youth.

TennisThere is no doubt about the signifi cance of an early technical preparation of talents. Nevertheless the needs of an early fi tness-training for children and youth are critically discussed. For a couple of years with hundreds of children organized “diagnostic- and training-camps” can clearly prove the effi cacy of an early fi tness-training.

Table-TennisDue to the high ball-velocities in limited area, technical components as well as characteristics of speed-strength and reactive strength ate highly important. Direct comparisons with kinematic technologies underline the signifi cance of individually variability in stroke-techniques as well as the signifi cance of con-stant movement elements based on the stretch-shortening cycle.

GymnasticsLike no other sport gymnastics are strongly dominated by technical elements as well as by fi tness characteristics such as maximum-, speed- and reactive-strength. “Diagnostic- and training-camps” are predestinated to cover such complex requirements. These camps are organized for the youth as well as for the National-Team.

Water-PoloThe signifi cance of specifi c diagnostic methods is here particularly visible. The request for research with modern technology that can contribute to the expla-nation of individual performance and for the development of new training me-thods is very high in water-polo. The “diagnostic- and training-camp” therefore focused on the development of a cluster of tests which considered especially the pre-conditions of the water (“jumping-height” in water, specifi c sprint-endurance). The effi cacy of modern electro-stimulation for the stabilization of trunk- and shoulder-muscles could also be proved in these camps.

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Alpine Ski-Racing: Effects of different Warm-Up Intensities on Lactate Infl ux Rates of Erythrocytes

P. Wahl, Ch. Zinner, J. Metser


Despite limited scientifi c evidence supporting their effectiveness, warm-up rou-tines prior to exercise are a well-accepted practice. As a result, warm-up pro-cedures are usually based on the trial and error experience of the athlete or coach, rather than on scientifi c study. A recent study from our group has shown that MCT in RBC might be translo-cated from cytoplasm to the membrane in response to exercise, which might

Figure 1: The exercise protocol lasted a total of 32:30 min and consisted of a 12-min warm up at 60% of peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (extensive warm up) or included three high intensity phases of 10 s at 200% of VO2peak (dashed lines) followed by a rest phase of 5 min. Afterwards subjects performed a 30 s maximal exercise test. Arrows on top assign blood samples.

Figure 2: Power output during 30 s maximal exercise test after different warming up protocols.

Figure 3: Increments of the erythrocyte/plasma lactate concen-tration ratio.

effect La fl ux. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to investigate if different warming up protocols can infl uence lactate transport across the RBC membrane in vivo and performance.Therefore subjects performed 30 s lasting maximal sprint tests on a cycle ergometer with different prior warm up intensities (without/extensive/intensive) on the three subsequent visits to the laboratory. During each session power output, spirometric data and lactate concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes were determined.

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Badminton: Segment Velocities and Ground Contact Times During Forehand Overhead Smashs in Women‘s Badminton

Fig.1: Velocities of points of interest of the players S (a), K (b) and B (c) during a forehand smash (unfi ltered raw data).

Cutting manoeuvres after a forehand smash

After performing a forehand smash on the forehand (FH) or backhand (BH) side, the players had to re-turn as fast as possible to a marked position on the fl oor. Ground contact times (Fig.2) occuring during this cutting manoeuvre were measured by a force platform (1000 Hz, Kistler, Winterthur, CH) mounted fl ush with the fl oor. The results show differences (up to 30%) between the players on FH and RH side. There is also some evidence that the ground contact times were increased for the BH side (+ 8%).The duration of ground contact times is asso-ciated with the mechanical power of the center of mass and the mechanical power of the ankle and knee joint (Walsh, 2004).

Fig.2: Ground contact times during cutting manoeuvres after fi ve forehand smashs of the players K, B, und S.

J.P. Goldmann, M. Sanno, B. Braunstein, G.P. Brüggemann


2D-motion analysis of forehand smashsThree female players of the german national badminton team performed fi ve forehand smashs in a row. The motion was fi lmed with a highspeed video camera (200 Hz, Basler, Ahrensburg, GER) in the sagittal plane. After capture, points of interest (shoulder, elbow, wrist, racquet head, and ball) were manually digitized (Peak Motus, Vicon Peak, Oxford, UK). This method allows for estimation of time process of motion and velocity in the sagittal plane (Abb.1) and permits conclusions of timing and interaction between ball-racquet during contact (TP).

(a) (b) (c)

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Bobsled and Luge: Starting and Sprintvelocity

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Fig. 2: Leg press

Fig. 1: Construction of the speed test

Fig. 3: Sport medical check in laboratory

S. Nowak, U. Speicher, L. Worthmann, N. Wirtz, H. Kleinoeder, J. Mester


In bob and sledge sport the ability to accelerate within a short interval of time combined with a high maximum speed is of great importance. Measurements directly at the bobsleigh run should be accompanied with tests un-der standardized conditions. In the frame of a diagnostic camp seven top athletes of the national bob and sledge team were investigated. One of the main aims was to fi nd out sport specifi c information about relevant characteris-tics of athletic performance. The diagnostics consisted of various sprints (10m, 20m , 30m, 40m) with and without differing additional loads (5kg and 20 kg). Moreover, a series of strength tests at a leg press machine was performed and various isome-tric (Fmax, Frel, RFD, RFDrel) and dynamic parameters (Pmax, Prel) determined. From the fi elds of biomechanics and sports medicine a 3D body scan and an analysis of CK, urea and hair ingredients were carried out.

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Track and Field: High Altitute Training Camp with Middle- and Long Distance Runners

M. de Marées, B. Sperlich, S. Achtzehn, J. Mester


Fig. 2: Hemoglobin mass and blood volume of a middle distance run-ner (German National Squad)

Fig. 1: Trainingcamp Flagstaff

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Since 50 years training in high altitude, with its different types (train high-live high; train low-live high; train high–live low), is mainly used by endurance athletes. But there are some athletes, who could not profi t from the desired results of a high altitude camp. Neither a breakdown of performance occurs already during the training camp or immediately after returning back to sea level. Often the reasons for this breakdown could not defi nitely be clarifi ed. Problems with the regulation of the training during high altitude camps are, besides a sometimes unstable immune defense, named as the main reason for the negative trend of performance. Another problem is the great individual reaction of the athletes to training in high altitude. To get a better consideration and infl uence of these individual reactions several high altitude diagnostic- and training camps were held in Flagstaff/Arizona USA in 2008. Data was analyzed based on a triangle-concept of base data, biomarkers and performance data in the laboratory in Cologne and locally in Flagstaff. During the support of an athlete over a longer period it is possible to get an individual picture of this athlete. A method for doing so is the determination of total hemoglobin mass, for example. In further steps it could be analyzed how the reactions repeat and which factors affect them. The results are used immediately for the regulation of training.

Track and Field

The method of hemoglobin mass determination can be used for the investigation of adaptational effects. This athlete shows clear reactions immediately after both high altitude camps. This information is very important for re-gulation of the training after the high altitude exposure.

March April June October December

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Cycling: The Effect of an Active or Passive Recovery Protocol During Intense Interval Exercise

The effect of an active or passive recovery protocol during intense interval exerciseDuring past years much scientifi c effort has been undertaken to observe the adap-tational effects of high intensity training (HIT) vs high volume training (HVT) and its infl uences on endurance performance. In these studies, many varying parameters were used for quantifying the intensities during the actual exercise bout (VO2max, HR, power output). On the other hand less data exists, which reports how to absolve the recovery periods between the exercise bouts most effective. To answer this question, the role of lactate has to be considered. Generally, athletes and coaches apply active recovery protocols in order to reduce the lactic acid concentration and hence to advantage fol-lowing exercise or training performance. Anyhow, latest scientifi c research reports that lactate can act as energy reservoir for oxidative metabolism and signal molecule. Due to these fi ndings a passive recovery protocol could possibly benefi t increased performance during training or competition.The aim of the diagnostic camp was thus to compare the effects of an active and a pas-sive recovery protocol on power output, lactate concentrations as well as pH. Therefore 12 endurance athletes (running & triathlon) completed two high intensity endurance training sessions. The sessions existed of four consecutive maximal 30sec. bouts on a cycle ergometer interspersed by 10min. recovery periods performed randomized either active or passive. The results of the study are in accordance with the traditional view with respect to the mean value for mean and peak power, showing lower values for the group of passive re-covery. Anyhow, we also observed single cases which showed signifi cant improvements

Figure 1: Active recovery

Figure 2: Passive recovery

Figure 3 (Above): Mean power for active and passive recovery group for all bouts. The * denotes that within this bout there exists a signifi cant difference between active recovery and passive recovery (p<0,05).

when recovering passive.Consequently, when designing recovery protocols for trai-ning and competition, one has to consider that athletes response very differently and therefore single adjust-ments are required. The results of this camp may be im-plemented not only in cycling, but also in any other sport discipline with repeated exercise character such as track & fi eld, swimming and martial arts.

Figure 4: Lactate time course for both training sessions. The grey bars represent the four 30sec. intense bouts. The * denotes that within this point of measurement there exists a signifi cant difference between active recovery (red line) and passive recovery (grey line) (p<0,05).

Figure 5 (Right): Mean power for active and passive recovery group for all bouts. The * denotes that within this bout there exists a signifi cant difference between active recovery and passive recovery (p<0,05).

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M. Hägele, Ch. Zinner, B. Sperlich, J. Mester

Institut for Training Science and Sport Informatics

Cycl

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Swimming: The Effects of High Intensity vs. High Volume Training in Swimming with Children

B. Sperlich, M. Haegele, I. Heilemann, Ch. Zinner, J. Mester


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In swimming most of the training is executed with high volume and low intensity exercise contrary to competition. The common rationale for this “aerobic training” is a supposedly increased ability to recover as well as an increased exercise tolerance. While this low volume training is a widespread tool even in elite athletes, new scientifi c results show that with high intensity training (HIT) similar physiological adaptions can be achieved with less training amount.

For this reason the aim of the study was to compare the effects of a high volume (HVT) vs. high intensity training (HIT) period in swimming. Therefore 27 children (11,5 ± 1,6 years) were divided into two training groups, which performed either HIT or HVT for fi ve weeks. After this training period maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as well as performance at 4 mmol/l lactate concentration was detected in our laboratory using step tests on a cycle ergometer. Furthermore a 6*50m, a 100m, and a 2km swimming Test were executed in an olympic pool.

The data demonstrates that concerning the detected physiological variables no signifi cant differences exist comparing both training interventions. Furthermore the pre-post analysis showed no differences either. These results lead to the assumption, that block wise HIT is as suffi cient as HVT concerning both performance limiting variables like VO2max and actual performance, as measured with swimming tests. This time saving strategy allows athletes to perform other training contents (e.g.technique) to a greater extent, while the aerobic endurance capacity can be improved simulta-neously.

Fig. 1: Trainingload of HIT and HVT Fig. 2: Lactate sampling

Fig. 4: Delta pre-post and swimming performance

Fig. 3: Swimming facilities

Delta pre-post

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Swimming: Comparison of different Step Test Protocols in Swimming

Ch. Zinner, M. Krüger, B. Sperlich, J. Mester

Fig. 1: Results of three different step tests in swimming for velocity corresponding to 4mmol*L-1 blood lactate concentraion

Fig. 2: Time Frame for the Pansold Test

Fig. 3: Heartrate measurement

Fig. 4: Lactate sampling

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The Pansold test is a step test protocol used in swim-ming to determine the intensity of training sessions. The advantage of this test is the possibility to carry out the test in different ways depending on the type of athlete (sprinter, middle-, long distance).

The Pansold test is used by the German swimming fede-ration (Deutscher Schwimmverband) regular three times per season. These results are meant to be used as indi-cation training loads.The interpretation of the Pansold test is based on three parameters: • Performance (swimming pace) at 4mmol*L-1 blood

lactate (aerobic capacity), • peak lactate concentration as the level of the anaero-

bic energy supply,• slope of the lactate curve as the level of force power.

The procedure of this test protocol and the validity of the results have been criticized several times. In a study with 20 swimmers of the North Rhine-Westphalia swimming squad, three swimming step test designs were compa-red. Comparison of the paces at defi ned lactate thresholds (2, 3, 4 mmol*L-1 blood lactate) show signifi cantly faster paces for the Pansold test than for a test with constant times per step. That means, Pansold step test certifi es better aerobic capacity than a more standardized test protocol. For example, a training session that has to be completed at a threshold of 3mmol*L-1 blood lactate, the swimmers had to swim 2.3 seconds/100m faster with the results of the pansold test than with the results of the standardized protocol (1:14,8 – 1:17,1 min/100m). For this reason, controlling the training with the paces given by this test can lead to stagnation or even a decrease of performance. Measured parameters:• Lactate• Heartrate• Swimming pace• Stroke rate


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Table Tennis: Energy Metabolism During Moderate and Intense Table Tennis Training

B. Sperlich, S. Nitsch, M. Hägele, J. Mester


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So far, the loads imposed by table tennis training and competition have been largely unknown. Therefore the aim of the diagnostic camp was to collect spirometric data and lactate kinetics during moderate and intense table tennis training as well as competition. For this reason lactate (Lac), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were collected during different training sessions and during a tournament. Volunteers for the data collection were members of the German National Table Tennis team.

Mean and maximal values during the intense training were: Lac: 2,1 ± 1,1 mmol/l (3,9 mmol/l) HR: 147,4 ± 18,6 b/min (168,0 B/min), VO2: 31,1 ± 8,7 ml/min/kg (44,1 ml/min/kg), RPE: 16,2±2,3 (20,0) of BORG´s Scale. The highest values were reached when performing a training block, where 200 balls were played with maximum effort without rest. During training of technical aspects following values were collected: Lac: 1,0±0,2 mmol/l, HR: 125,2±40,2 B/min, VO2: 20,2±5,4 ml/min/kg, RPE: 14,4±3,4.

The highest values for Lac and VO2 were observed during intense rallies without recovery period. The mean values of lactate during training and competition (~1.0-2.0 mmol/l) lead to the assumption, that the stimuli induced by these kinds of exercises are too small to elicit further physiological adaptations. Due to the small amount of time which is available to execute endurance training in table tennis, time saving and effi cient training programs like high intensity training should be considered. Table Tennis

Fig. 1.: Timecourse of detected physiological parameters

Fig. 2.: Table tennis player with portable spiro-metric device during training

Fig. 3.: Above: Lactate values during two training sessions (intensive vs technical); Fig.4: Below: lac & RPE during an international match

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Table Tennis: 3D Motion Analysis in Elite Table Tennis Players

J.P. Goldmann, M. Sanno, B. Braunstein, G.P. Brüggemann


3D motion analysisMotion analysis is often used in biomechanics to determine and optimize sports performance. In very fast movements, like the table tennis stroke, highspeed cameras are needed to reduce loss of information compared to conventional cameras. 3D motion analysis allows for reconstruction of anatomical landmarks and body segments in three planes. In the following, motion patterns during table tennis competition (World Team Cup 2007 Magdeburg) were analysed quantitatively by a 3D multi body model.

3D multi body modelPlayers motion during competition was fi lmed three-dimen-sionally with four synchronized highspeed videocameras (100 Hz, Basler, Ahrensburg, GER) from anterior, posterior and sagittal (Fig.1). After capturing, the 3D-coordinates of anatomical landmarks (shoulder, pelvis, upper/lower extremi-ties), racquet and ball were manually digitized with motion analysis software (Peak Motus, Vicon Peak, Oxford, UK). This multi body model allows (a) a qualitative analysis of the play-ers motion during competition and (b) a quantitative analy-sis of kinematic parameters, e.g. velocity and acceleration of the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ball, racquet, etc., displacement of segment angles (forearm-upper arm) and changes of the center of mass in the sagittal, frontal and transvers plane (Fig.2).

Fig.1: Test setup for 3D motion analysis (World Team Cup, Magdeburg, 2007)

Fig.2: Field of view of the four cameras (left), multi body model (mid), reconstruction of the player from the top (right).

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Tennis: Talent Scouting

S. Nowak, U. Speicher, L. Wortmann, N. Wirtz, H. Kleinoeder, J. Mester

[email protected]

Since 2004 a tennis specifi c diagnostic camp was integrated into the DTB talent cup in order to get early information about the athletic potential of young tennis players. The best junior athletes (10-11 years old) of all national associations of DTB took part in this investigation (n = 160-180).

In cooperation with the sport faculty in Wuppertal (section movement science), a test constellation was established which consisted of the 20m sprint (light barriers at 5m, 10m, 20m), the T-run (light barriers), a ball pendulum sprint (tennis specifi c test instrument for the combination of speed and stroke precision), the medicine ball toss (2kg with both arms, one-handed with 500g for each side) and jumping performance (SJ, CMJ, DJ). All states within Germany and every single athlete were ranked in order to offer information about the athletic level to the responsible trainers. Moreover, data of general development of many junior top athlets in tennis were collected over the past 4 years.

A main result is that the level of athletic fi tness has considerable effects on the performance on tennis court. Thus the diagnostics camps led to a change of training concepts in tennis with improved sport and athletic performance of junior top athlets.

Fig. 2: Analysis of jumpsFig. 1: Comparison of all states (DTB)

Fig. 3: Medicine ball toss

Fig. 4: Testing of jumping performance


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Gymnastics: Diagnostics of Drop Jump Performance of Female Gymnasts on Surfaces with Different Stiffness

J.P. Goldmann, K. Heinrich, M. Sanno, B. Braunstein, G.P. Brueggemann


IntroductionIn many sports, especially in gymnastics, there is an exchange of mechanical energy between the human body and elastic surfaces (Ferris, 1997; Farley, 1998; Ferris, 1999). Humans adjust their behavior depending on the surface cha-racteristics and are able to vary their sport performance (Sanders, 1993; Bosco, 1997; Arampatzis, 2001; Kerdok, 2002). During high intensities and short stretch-shortening-cycles like drop jumps the aim should be to increase vertical take off velocity for an increased jumping height (Arampatzis, 2004).

MethodsThirteen female gymnasts from the german national team performed three drop jumps on tartan and sprung surfaces, respec-tively, from a star-ting height of 0.36 m. The surfaces were mounted on a force plate (1080 Hz, Kistler, Winterthur, CH). Ten refl ective

Fig.1: Model of the lower extremity

ResultsThere were no signifi cant (p < 0.05) differences in maxi-mum knee (Fig.4) and minimum ankle angle (mean 13° ± 0.5°) and ground contact time (mean 0.15 s ± 0.02 s) between drop jumps on tartan and sprung surfaces. Ho-wever, signifi cant (p < 0.001) increase in vertical jumping height (Fig.2) and vertical take-off velocity (Fig.3) were observed between surfaces.

DiscussionSprung surfaces have a signifi cant infl uence on sport performance in gymnastics. Knee and ankle angles and ground contact time remained unchanged between the two different surfaces. The energy loss might be lower for the hard surface, but the jumping performance is better for the soft surface. Arampatzis et al. (2004) attributed this to a higher ratio of positive to negative mechanical work done by the athlete during the ground contact pha-se on the soft one compared with the hard one. There-fore, it is necessary to determine drop jump performance in gymnastics on sprung surfaces.

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markers were attached to specifi c anatomical landmarks of the gymnasts lower extremity and were fi lmed with eight highspeed infrared cameras (120 Hz, Vicon, Oxford, UK) during drop jumping. Kinematic and kinetic data of the best trial were calculated with Matlab (Matlab, The Mathworks, Natick, US).

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IPPOLO - Individual Performance Potential Prognosis and Performance Optimisation

K. Heinrich, R. Müller, K. Karamanidis, G.P. Brueggemann


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Analysis of muscle-tendon unit capacities

3D-Motion Analysis: horizontal force vector (blue), vertical force vector (red) and resultant force vector (black)

Motion- and performance analysis in elite ap-paratus gymnastics

3D-Motion Analysis:The 3D-Motion was captured using a system of 3 highspeed video cameras (up to 200Hz). The high-speed videos were digitized frame by frame using the software Peak Motus to obtain the 3D-coordinates of basic anatomical landmarks. Vertical and horizontal reaction forces acting at the bar were measured using 4 force sensors.

3D-Bodyscan:A bodyscanner scans the shape of the whole body. The reconstructed 3D bodysegments were used to calculate individual anthroprometric data. The data enables to identify malpositions of the human body.

3D-Multi Body Model:The anthroprometric data, the 3D-coordinates of the basic anatomical landmarks and the measured reac-tion forces acting on the bar are brought together in a 3D multi body model.

Analysis of Muscle-Tendon unit capacities:The architectur of the muscle (pennation angle, mu-scle thickness, fascicle length) of the lower extre-mity were captured using ultrasonography. Muscle strength of the ankle plantar fl exors and knee exten-sors were determined at three different joint angle confi gurations on a dynamometer. The elongation of the Achilles tendon, and quadriceps tendon and aponeurosis during contraction were captured using ultrasonography. This method was developed by the Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics. Mecha-nical and morphological properties of human tendons and muscles can be detectetd by the method in vivo and noninvasive.

3D-Multi Body Model: horizontal (blue), vertical (red) und resultant (black) force vectorDiagram: linear velocity of center of mass

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Waterpolo: Strength Tests and Electrostimulation

In water polo special abilities in strength endurance for the legs on the one hand and speed strength and stabilization of the torso on the other hand are decisive for a high level of performance.Several diagnostic and training camps with the national junior top team have taken place and modern training methods like electromyostimulation (EMS) were implemented and tested. One advantage of EMS training is that deep layers of the back muscles can easily reached, so that the use in water polo with high injury frequency in the regions of back and shoulder muscles offered a good perspective. The training period was 4 weeks long and was accompanied with isometric and dynamic strength performance diagnostics and a blood analysis in order to fi nd out reactions of hormones and enzymes in contrast to traditional strength training. One important result for the EMS group was the signifi cant improvement of maximum isometric strength for the back extensors (17%) after a regeneration phase of two weeks. The high intensity of EMS training could be recognized in the high CK values, although junior water polo players usually are considered as well trained athletes with excellent strength abilities.

Fig. 1: Results of isometric strength diagnostics in electromyostimulation group (EG), traditional strength training group (TG) and mixed group (MG). Testing took place before, direct after training and after a 2-week-long regeneration phase.

Fig. 2: Mean and standard deviation of CK during training intervention. #p≤0.05 for signifi cant differences between MG and TG. * p≤0.05 signifi cant increase with reference to the base line. *p≤0.05 signifi cant decrease with reference to “pre exercise”.

Fig. 4: Strength diagnostics of oblique abdo-minal muscles

Fig 3: Strength diagnostics of leg muscle chain

U. Speicher, S. Nowak, L. Worthmann, H. Kleinoeder, J. Mester

[email protected]


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Waterpolo: Performance Profi le

The intention of the water polo diagnostic camp was to create a long- term, extensive and signifi cant perfor-mance profi le of athletes regarding water polo specifi c physiological and anthropometrical premises. In coope-ration with Swimming Federation NRW 15 athletes from various squad grades(C-A) took part in 12 water polo spe-cifi c tests. The practical test battery is used for early diag-nostic of muscular defi cits and metabolic shortcomings.

There have been tests to measure maximal dynamic and isometric strength at various machines as adductor ma-chine, abductor machine, twister and pull over. In additi-on 6 water polo specifi c and practical tests took place in the pool. The tests detected results as maximum thro-wing velocity by radar equipment, max. vertical height of body out of water in a jump and reach test, max. cyclic and acyclic leg strength with specifi c additional weight by using egg beater kick. Anaerobic loading toleran-ce according to wingate test was quantifi ed using thesemitethered machine (15 sec. egg beater kick with addi-tional weight + 30 sec. swimming with additional weight). Aerobic load was defi ned by a 400m water polo specifi c swim test using water polo turn. Lactate and heart rate was detected directly at the pool edge. Furthermore an-thropometric data was collected, analysed and evaluated in relation to collected test results.Against the background of stagnant development of wa-ter polo in germany and upgradable offspring advance-ment the results of the water polo diagnostic camp offer the option to improve water polo specifi c diagnostic and consequential training control.

T. Focke, J. Mester

[email protected]


Fig.1: Acyclic leg strength test

Fig.2: Cyclic leg strength test with additional load

Fig.3: Lactate measurement

Fig.4:Throwing velocity test

Fig.5: Vertical jump and reach test

Waterpolo

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The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is used for determi-ning the anaerobic capacity. After a short warm up (10 minutes), the subject has to perform a 30 seconds all-out on a bicycle ergometer. The ergometer is adjusted in an isokinetic mode at 120 rpm. The maximal power (“Peak Power”) is normally reached within the fi rst 3-5 seconds. This “Peak Power” is identical with the maximal anaerobic power. The subject’s percentaged decline of power over the 30 seconds can be calculated with the index of ex-haustion (“Fatigue Index”). In this study eight students of the German Sports Uni-versity Cologne completed four WAnTs with a fi ve-minute rest in between. They were tested two times on different days. On one testing day, the subjects got an oral inges-tion of sodium bicarbonate, the other day the ingestion consisted of a placebo product. Aim of the study was to investigate the effects of an oral ingestion of sodium bicarbonate on highly anaerobic exercises. The results of the peak power output showed no signi-fi cant differences between the two interventions. Howe-ver, the subjects managed to keep up their mean power output during the bicarbonate intervention better than during the placebo trial.

Measured/calculated parameters:• Lactate (Whole Blood, Plasma, Erythrocyte)• Analysis of blood gas parameters and electrolytes

(Whole Blood, Plasma, Erythrocyte)• Peak Power Output• Relative Peak Power Output• Mean Power Output• Fatigue Index

Effects of Oral Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance during Wingate Anaerobic Tests

Fig. 4: Time course of the mean power output of four Wingate Anaero-bic Tests after oral ingestion of bicarbonate (Bic) or placebo (Pl)

Fig. 3: Calculation of percentage power loss during a Wingate Anaero-bic Test (INBAR, 1943): Fatigue index (FI) = (Peak Power-Lowest Power)*100 Peak Power

Fig. 2: Typical time course of a Wingate Anaerobic Test

Fig. 1: Wingate Anaerobic Test on the SRM Ergometer

Ch. Zinner, P. Wahl, M. de Marées, J. Mester

Institut for Training Science and Sport Informatics

[email protected]

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Comprehensive Sport

Fast-roping-maneuvers from helicopters are used for the positioning of special/tactical units in case of emergency. In general, these maneuvers were performed without any security equipment (climbing harness etc.). For that reason, this maneuver could be compared with an decelerated free-fall, by the subject‘s hands and feet. During training and education, when these kind of maneuvers where performed numerously, an increase in upper extremity injuries were detected. However, up to date there are no data available, who could explain these increase in injuries during this kind of maneuver.

The aim of the study is to:(A) quantify rope forces during fast-roping maneuvers, as well as (B) the quantifying of the descending velocity of the subject while fast-roping

B. Braunstein, J.P. Goldmann, G.P. Brueggemann

Rope forces and descending velocity during fast-roping-maneuvers by special forces.

QuickTime™ and aPhoto - JPEG decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Institute of Biomechanics

[email protected]

Ten male subjects (police men in ad-vanced education) performed fi ve fast-roping maneuvers (12 meters) with a minimum resting period of 10 minutes between every trial. Between the rope and the helicopter-cockpit-dummy, we installed a force transducer to measure the force pattern applied to the rope. The analog data of the force transducer where sampled with 1000 Hz. To calcula-te the descending velocity of the subject, we captured and calibrated the volume of activity with three video cameras (25 Hz). Movement analysis Software (Motus 9.0; ViconPeak™) where used to track the subjects hip in the frontal and sa-gittal plane to estimate the descending velocity of the subject.

The result shows (Fig. 2) , that the inter-subject variability of maximum rope force (FORCEmax) normalized to Bodyweight [BW] is quite small. So, no difference (p<0.05) between subjects could be identifi ed for this parameter. Additionally, no systematic relationships between the average velocity (VELOCITYave), maxi-mum velocity (VELOCITYmax), total time of descending (TIMEabs) and the increa-se of injuries could be detected.

The detected injuries of the upper extre-mities could not exclusively explained by rope forces of about 1.25 Bodyweight. The determinant of joint loading seems to be the kinematic of the subject. That means, for an better understanding of the relationship between injuries and loading during fast-roping maneuvers, further measurements should take in ac-count that inverse-dynamic calculations could estimate the joint moments (tor-ques), which are well-known predictors of joint loading.

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Institute of Training Sci-ence and Sport Informatics(Prof. Dr. J. Mester)

Station: Endurance Testing

Endurance Performance is one important aspect of performance. Because of increased amount of training sessions and competitions, this aspect is getting more and more important not only for endurance sports but also for any other discipline on elite level.

Depending on discipline, our endurance diagnostics are performed on a thread-mill, with cycle or rowing ergometers. Following variables are detected within one diagnostic:

- Oxygen Uptake (VO2)- Rate of elimination of carbon dioxide (VCO2)- Respiratoric Exchange Ratio (RER)- Ventilation (VE)- Ventilatory quivalent for oxygen (EQO2)- Lactate Concentration (Lac)- Heart Rate (HR)

A topic relevant for basic research as well as applied training science is the investigation of new aspects of lactate. For this reason a differential lactate di-agnostic (Whole blood, Plasma, Erythrocyte) is executed, to learn more about lactate transport and metabolism.

5 Service and Advice (Basic Check)

The current procedure of health- and performance diagnosis in elite sport in-cludes on the one hand medical tests in sports medicine, that are obligatory for all squad-athletes. Although there are recommendations for standard procedu-res differences in the respective protocols are obvious. On the other hand there are many institutions offering performance diagnoses, e.g. in strength- and endurance-testing. These institutions may be commercial enterprises, Olympic Training Centres, sports federations, and universities. Standardized protocols, also considering the variability of measurement devices are rare. Therefore many results cannot be compared between different institutions and tests.

Therefore it was the goal of momentum from the very beginning to establish a differentiated and powerful standardizing body of diagnostic devices and protocols. This should cover the most important medical, psychological and dietary features as well as the relevant components of anthropometry and physical condition.

The „Basic Check-Up“ thus is an examination that is independent from sport discipline, squad-statues, gender, and age using cutting-edge and innovative methods. Since the beginning in 2006 several hundred members of the squads of the Olympic sports, of professional soccer and from police special forces have been examined. The data are unique.

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Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medi-cine (Prof. Dr. W. Boch (Head), Prof. Dr. G. Predel)

Station: Strength Diagnostics

Strength next to endurance is an important basis of athletic performance. All muscle groups can be diagnosed with very modern equipment.Isometric as well as dynamic forces can be measured. That is of great im-portance since in almost all muscle groups contraction velocity of muscles plays a central role. In this context dynamic measurements deliver special information. Next to absoulute and relative strength of muscles balances of muscle groups are in the focus of attention, i.e. relation between the agonists and the anta-gonists. The main reason for this is the prevention of injuries and the realiza-tion of maximum performance.

Station: Sports Medicine

Sportsmedical - examinations are basic routine in the care of performance athletes. In the Momentum-program a differentiated diagnostic procedure is being performed. First of all beside a thorough anamneses and physical examination an ECG at rest and during bicycle ergometry is performed to rule out myocardial ischemia and arrythmias. Subsequently, athletes undergo a colour-coded doppler-echocardiography to examine myocardial function and structure.Intensive physical and psychological strain in sports may lead to an impair-ment of the immune-system. Therefore, the immune-status using novel mar-kers identifi ed by FACS-analysis is routinely evaluated.Finally, parameters of energy metabolism obtained from serum and saliva give additional information on the metabolic status of the athletes.

Certain metabolic parameter in salvia and serumsamples allow an insight into energetic metabolism of the athlete and are therefore used to control wor-kload.

Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics(Prof. Dr. J. Mester)

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Station: Dietary Analysis In order to assess the dietary status our athletes are handed a standardi-zed and validated food and activity record about 10 days prior to the mo-mentum-examination. Before the start of the recording period, a telephone interview is conducted with respect to the dietary and medical history (food allergies, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract etc.). Additionally, the food and activity record is explained to the athlete.

With respect to the interdisciplinary examination plan of momentum, the food and activity record covers the week before the examination day. Using such a controlled time setting we are able to study interrelations between nutrition, medical issues and performance related aspects.

The food and activity record, which are returned by the athletes on the examination day, are analyzed in real time in order to present the results to the athletes during an individual consultation talk. Access to a standardized food table (German Food Code) allows us to calculate the dietary intake of the most essential macro- and micronutrients. Parallel recording of physical activity and training can be used for a reasonable and sport-specifi c calcu-lation of the energy and nutrient requirements of the athlete.

The knowledge about individual requirements and sport-specifi c nutrition is-sues generally humble among junior elite athletes and coaches. This might lead to an inadequate supply of essential nutrients and the development of eating disorders, bearing serious consequences for the athlete’s health and performance capacity. Therefore, individual education and consultation is strongly required.

Apart from the presentation of the results of the food and activity record the half-hour consultation talk leaves time for the discussion of nutrition-related questions regarding a sport-specifi c improvement of the dietary habits. In the event of abnormal fi ndings we offer case-specifi c follow-up examinati-ons and additional consultations for coaches and family members.

Institut of Biochemistry(Prof. Dr. W. Schänzer, Prof. Dr. M. Thevis)

Station: Dental Examination

The dental examination has been recently added to momentum. In general, teeth have the chewing function. At a fi rst glance the examination of tooth status, gingival and oral tissue does not have a link to performance. However many people know the feeling of tooth ache and its infl uence on concentration and performance. In the past years medical and dental research associated revealing a strong interaction between oral and general health. For example there is a connection between gingival disease and diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular disease. Profound caries and infl ammation of the nerve (pulpa) may lead to bacterial exposure of the whole body. This may guide to postponed throat infl ammation e.g. tonsillitis and pharyngitis or infl uenzal infection which in turn may lead to life threatening endocarditis and myocarditis. In the past year the collapse of a soccer player in the premier league was of great media interest. High performing athletes have a 2.5 fold greater risk compared to average population to pass away from sudden cardiac death. Beside, healthy and good looking teeth are a sign of attractiveness and there-fore of success. Bad teeth in contrast are a sign of neglected body care.

The dental screening of momentum exists of functional clinical analysis, gene-ral dental screening (restoration, carries), assessment of DMF-Index, hygiene status, endodontic and paraendodontic fi nding and if necessary x-ray results. This basic data are compared with fi ndings of the other institutes in order to detect correlation and interrelation.

Polyclinic for Dental Preven-tion and ParadontolyUniversity Hospital of the University of Cologne(Prof. Dr. M.A. Baumann)

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Station: Function diagnosis - Biomechanical testing of leg extensor muscles during vertical jumps

The aim of this test is the evaluation of leg extensor muscular performance in standardized movements. 3D highspeed infrared cameras and force plates are used to quantify external forces, joint moments, joint power, etc. of the lower extremity during vertical jumps. These parameters allow an estimation of compensatory mechanisms (right leg vs left leg, ankle vs knee vs hip joint) and leg motion during landing, push-off and reversed phase.

Institut of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics(Prof. Dr. G.P. Brüggemann)

Institut of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics(Prof. Dr. G.P. Brüggemann)

Station: Anthropometry - Acquisition of human body dimensions

The aim of this test is the evaluation of human body dimensions during quiet standing. A threedimensional bodyscanner is used for generating human body surfaces and specifi c anatomical landmarks (acromion, C7, SIPS, SIAS, etc.). This allows for quantifi cation of reproducible parameters (e.g. shoulder height, pelvis height, spine curvature, leg length, leg perimeter, leg volume) of size and position of different segments of the body and permits estimation of asymmetries and deformities.

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Station: Psychological Diagnosis

Beside technical-tactical and physical fi tness, psychological factors have an important impact on stabilisation and improvement of performance in sports. This is why games or competitions are said to be won with the head. For this reason, the Institute of Psychology at the German Sport University Cologne conducts extensive sport psychological diagnostics.The following aspects are considered within the diagnostics:• Comprehensive measurement of mental competence (e.g. motivation, self-

confi dence) and satisfaction with training via online questionnaire • Conduction of exposure- / recovery-analysis (coping, sleep, satisfaction,

mental state)• Measuring concentration ability (also including distractive conditions)• Analysis of visual and kinaesthetic perception ability (including mental chro-

nometry)• Computer-aided testing of reaction times (Vienna Test System)• Diagnostic interview (among others concerning the attitude towards sport

psychology and experience with sport psychological support).

A profi le of strengths and weaknesses is created from the sport psychological testing. Based on this profi le, recommendations to improve mental strength in training and competition are given.

Institute of Psychology(Prof. Dr. J. Kleinert)

Station: Orthopaedic Examination

According to experience a lot of athletes show all kinds of clinical fi ndings that are underdiagnosed or haven’t been treated suffi ciently before. Based on this fact the „Momentum Basischeck“ includes a sound clinical examination, as it is one of the keys to understanding the anatomical alterations that underlie the presentation of dysfunction. By applying a holistic approach, instead of just ta-king care of the various singular pathologies, this examination goes far beyond the usual orthopaedic tests. The main intention on the one side is therefor to assess all musculoskeletal dysfunctions, and on the other to develop individual treatments for preventing further injuries.The following sport- and practice related analyses and recomendations are included:• Evaluation of the individual musculosceletal capacity,• Assessing level of sport ability,• Prognostic appraisal,• Recomandation on further diagnostics,• Therapeutic and preventive measures.

The orthopaedic examination consits of the following aspects:1. General aspect:• Orthopaedic anamnesis including a review of the specifi c sports the patient

participates and the patient’s particular training volume,• Assessment of posture, physique, and maturation,• Muscle function,• Clinical evaluation of the spine and main joints,• Neurovascular status.

2. Sportspecifi c aspect:This aspect focusses on all kinds of musculoskeletal alterations due to the spe-cifi c sport of the patient. The main goal in this part of examination is to identify symptoms of bio-positive and/or bio-negative adaptations.

Polyclinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma SurgeryUniversity Hospital of the University of Cologne(Prof. Dr. P. Eysel)

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6 Knowledge management

Modern research that focuses on questions of knowledge management goes on the assumption of continuing decreasing half-lifes of knowledge. In biosci-ences a half-life of appr. 4 years was observed. This means that after 4 years only appr. 50% of the former knowledge is still valid, after 8 years this is true for not more than appr. 25%. Knowledge produced by science is – like in other areas of society (e.g. economy) – very much determined by international in-fl uences.All international experiences prove that a concentration or restriction to the German language area is not suffi cient at all. International competitiveness in practical elite sport urgently needs sciencitifi c research that is also interna-tionally competitive. Modern knowledge basically is highly specialized and for the incorporation and application of the knowledge special experiences and qualifi cations are indispensable.The problem of knowledge-turnover thus is very great and the requirements for a modern knowledge management are high. This is the case in elite-sport. At the same time, however, a federal, systematic solution for an application of internationally available, highly specialized knowledge is not available. Momentum therefore addressed itself to the central task to be internationally competitive for the search of the best scientifi c solutions. This implies that also the results of international research are integrated in all own activities in fundamental, applied and practical research.Dissemination of modern knowledge and the compliance with current research nowadays is much easier by means of digital information technology than it has been in the past. With these technologies momentum makes these results available for free as soon as a thoroughly scientifi c examination of the respec-tive issues allows this.The concept is as follows• Symposia • Internet based technologies,• Data management,• „Interfaces“.

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SymposiaEven if there is a strong focus on modern information technology, for momen-tum the personal interaction of as many people as possible being involved in elite sport (elite athletes, scientists, physicians, coaches, advisers) is extremely important. Up to 7 symposia per year therefore are organized.Up till now the following topics were covered:• Load management• Coaches´ Clinique Swimming• Nutrition and nutritional supplements • Training for children and youth: Load tolerance• Training for children and youth: Movement co-ordination and physical fi t-

ness • Lactate: Diagnostics and training• Lactate: Transportation and metabolism• Mechanical stimuli and load response • Psychological stimuli and response • Metabolic stimuli and metabolic response • Coaches´ forum: Research for Elite Sport • Knowledge management and information technology

Internet-Based TechnologyThe Website momentum (www.dshs-koeln.de/momentum) offers various ex-amples for scientifi c service. Current information regarding the activities of mo-mentum is available there as well as differentiated information of certain areas (e.g. nutritional supplements). As a special feature all lectures of the symposia are available as web-stream.

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Data ManagementFor momentum the integrative synopsis of all results of research and practical interventions is highly important. In the fundamental screening more than 3.500 variables are collected. In the sum of all research projects this number is even greater.In the past a complete analysis and integrative interpretation of data of this kind was also in other scientifi c disciplines extremely diffi cult because data were spread and only available in vey different data formats. Information management with modern standards was hardly possible.In co-operation with IBM-Germany through the development of the “Electro-nic Athlete´s Record” a remarkable progress was possible. All scientists import and update their data by means of fl exible electronic forms into a common data-base where powerful search engines are available.

The architecture is shown in the following fi gure.

The system is based on modern portal-technologies, working at highest security levels. Data cap-turing is possible on- and offl ine, automatically by machines or by hand. Using the form-technology all kinds of protocols for research and diagnosis can be represen-ted.

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Analysis of data on this scale follows three main statistical paradigms.1) Conventional descriptive analysis2) Hypothesis based conventional inferential statistics3) Unconventional methods of Explorative Data Analysis (EDA)

According to traditional approaches normally à priori-hypotheses are being tested, which e.g. are used for falsifi cation or verifi cation of relations between variables. In elite sport, however, comparable to clinical investigation, those single cases are of special interest, that cannot be explained by drawing con-clusions from the sample to the population. This strategy can be justifi ed by the fact that the understanding of physical performance at a high level cannot be explained by biunique physiological pre-dispositions. At the limits to performance and adaptation there are no longer exact class limits in the interaction of various biological attributes. It therefore is absolute important to identify patterns by means of unconventional empi-rical analyses. Here methods of Explorative Data Analyses (EDA) can be used which do not require à priori-hypotheses but can scan complex sets of data for the identifi cation of patterns.

InterfacesFacing the ongoing decrease of half-life of knowledge, the increasing require-ments for highly specialized qualifi cations and the amount of data that is ne-cessary for diagnostics of performance a direct personal interaction between scientifi c research and transfer and implementation in practice is more impor-tant than ever before. As people being directly involved in research or practice normally do not have adequate the time-budget, special “interfaces” are ne-cessary. The resources for that have been provided by the Sports-Foundation of North-Rhine Westphalia. These “interfaces” have a practical experience and qualifi cation in sports (e.g. coaches´ licence). On the other hand they have specialized in research me-thods and results which are of special relevance for this sport. “Interfaces” are already working successfully.

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Authors Index

Achtzehn, S: 12, 22, 27, 41, 42, 59Arndt, A.: 40

Boelck, B.: 12, 29Baecker, N.: 14, 15, 16Bierwirth, St.: 30, 112Bloch, W: 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 45Braun, H.: 31, 36, 44Braunstein, B.: 57, 64, 66, 71Breuer, S.: 37, 39, 46, 49Brixius, K.: 12, 13, 19, 24, 29Brueggemann, G.P.: 17, 18, 40, 51, 57, 64, 66, 67, 71 Buitrago, S.: 27

Chung, N.: 13

Dargel, J.: 17de Marées, M.: 12, 22, 27, 28, 29, 41, 42,43,44, 45, 59, 70Engelmeyer, E.: 42, 43

Feldmann, A.: 47Flenker, U.: 31, 34Focke, T.: 69Frese, S.: 20, 45

Gehlert, S.: 26Geisler, S.: 13Geyer, H.: 34, 35, 36, 38Goldmann, J.P.: 57, 64, 66, 71 Graf, Ch.: 13Graessle, D.: 51Guddat, S.: 35, 38

Haegele, M.: 43, 45, 60, 61, 63Haegste, M.: 43Heer, M.: 14, 15, 16Heine, O.: 23Heilemann, I.: 61Heinrich, K.: 66, 67Heinzelmann, I.: 26Hoehne, A.: 51Huelsemann, F.: 31, 34

Jüngling, S.: 37

Karamanidis, K.: 67Kersting, U.G.: 18Kleinoeder, H.: 12, 16, 50, 52, 53, 58, 65, 68Klein, G.: 50Kleinert, J.: 36, 37, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49Knuth, S.: 27Koehler, K.: 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44Kohler, M.: 21Kolling, J.: 29Kreutz, T.: 13Krüger, N.: 62

Lenzen, E.: 13, 23 Liphardt, A.M.: 14, 15, 16Lundberg, A.: 40Lundby, C.: 41, 42

Meinecke, E.: 28Mester, J.: 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,

52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70 Morlock, M.: 18Mueller, M.: 23Mueller, R.: 67Muendermann, A.: 14, 15, 16


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Nebe, D.: 29Niehoff, A.: 17, 18Ninck, J.: 51Nitsch, S.: 43, 63Nowak, S.: 58, 65, 68

Offermann, M.: 38Olbrich, A.: 26Opitz, D.: 13 Orlovius, A.: 38

Parr, M.K.: 35, 38Platen, P.: 30Potthast, W.: 40Pueschel, K.: 21

Renner, R.: 13Rosenwick, Ch.: 19Remppel, T.: 52, 53

Saltin, B.: 41, 42Sanno, M.: 57, 64, 66Schack, T.: 50Schaenzer, W.: 21, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44Schiffer, Th.: 13Schmidt, A.: 17, 27, 28, 30Schmidt, U.: 13Speicher, U.: 50, 58, 65, 68Sperlich, B.: 43, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63Steinbacher, A.: 47, 50Suhr, F.: 12, 19, 22, 27,43Sulprizio, M.: 48

Tandi, S.: 27Tillmann, M.: 26Thevis, M.: 21, 25, 38

Wahl, P.: 22, 23, 27, 28, 43, 45, 56, 70Weber, S.: 26, 30Weber, T.: 29Wirtz, N.: 58, 65Wortmann, L.: 58, 65, 68

Yue, Z.: 52, 53

Zange, J.: 16Zaucke, F.: 18Zinner, Ch.: 23, 43, 45, 56, 60, 61, 62,70

German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne

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