George Rude Ideology and Popular Protest 1995

5/25/2018 George Rude Ideology and Popular Protest 1995

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IN THS PABREAKNG WORK OGNALY PUBSHED IN 9GEOGE RD XAMNS H OE PAY BY DEOOGY N

A WE RANGE OF POPUAR BlLIOS IN EUOPE AN THE

AMERCAS ROM E'MIDL AGES O TH AY TENTI

CENTURY, RD WAS A CHAMPIO O THE RO O WOING

PEOPE IN THE MAKING O HISTORY AD IDEOLOGY AND

POUAR ROTES WAS THE IRST BOOK DEVOED O H

COMAAIVE SDY O POPUAR POLITICA IEAS AND

CONSCIOSNSS N BOTH PREINDSTRIA CRES AND

E AGE O INDSTRIA EVOUON.

ACCORDING TO RUo TH DVOPMNT O MODEN

REVOTIONARY STRGGS DDD O A CUCIAL MERG

O THE CRE AN DAS O E COMMON PEOPLE WITH HE

RADCA DEOOGES O INlLECTALS N A EW OEWOR

HARVEY AYE REVIEWS RUDS CAEE AS A PIONEE N E

CRITCAL SDY OF SOCIA MOVMNTS AND HIGHIGHS THEDURING VA O IDEOLOGY AD OUAR ROTES AS A

CASSROOM TX

H A GEORGE RD 9 WAS PROESSORMRS O HSTORY AT CONCORIA UNVESITY AN AUOR

O MANY BOOS INCING HE CROWD N THE FRENCH

REVOUION AN RVOUTIONARY EUROP HARVEY J KAYIS ROSEBERG PROSSOR O SOCIAL CHANGE AD DEVELOP-

MN A HE NVESITY O WISCOSIGREEN BAY HIS

BOOKS ICUDE THE BRISH MARXIS HISORIAS AN

TE EDUCATION OF DESIRE: MARXISTS AD HE WRITING

O HSORY.,AtW' e fn V H ANA RSS X 2288 HL HLL 22288

OES GN SHEEY GREDER


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DELGY

&ULAR RESWth a w Fw an an

at Blahy y Havy J. Kay

or ue

The Uirsity of oth Caolia Pss

Chapel il ad Loon


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Frst publshd by Th Unvsty o

North Carolina Pss in 99

1980 by Gog Rude

w oword and Updad Bbliogaphy C 995

by T nvsity of orh Caoia Pss

All rigts svd

Ogay publshd in Grat Brian by awnc & Wshat

Manuaurd n t Ud Stas o ma

Lbrar o Congrss CaaogignPubcaon Data

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Idoogy and popua prots I by Gorg Rude; wt a w

orword ad updad bbograpy by HavyJ Kay.

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uds bilorapal rrns ad idx

SBN 0-8078-44-0 (pbk: a pap)

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HM81R8 99

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Th pap n hs oo mts h guds o prman ad

durabliy o h Commit o Produton Guidlins fo

Boo Longvty of t Counl o Libray sous

99 98 9 96 95 5 4 3 2

Cont

Foewod. vii

ntroduction I

PAR ONE; IDOLOGY AN CLASS CONSCOUSN ESS

Ideology and Class Conscousness, 9

2. e deology of Popuar Protest, 21

PART WO: ASANS

n edieval Euope, 3

2 Under Absolute Monarchy, 48

3. Lain merica, 62

PAR HREE RVOLUIONS

The Engis h Revolution, 7

2. The Aerican Revolution 88

3 The rench Revoluion 98

4 rench Revolutions of the Nineeenth Century, 112

PAR FOUR RANSI ON O INUSRA SOCI

England in the ighteenth Century 127

2. Transition to ndustrial Society,c.

0-50 13 Postscript: Industial Britain 12

Bibliography 161

Index 17


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Foreword

eople oe ask me which o eorge Rds may ooks-

ee ahored ad wo eded h is he mos impora saly aswer hem wih he esio "For wha prpose? ecase realy do eed o ow wha hey hae i mid. here so esio ao he origialiy ad scholarly imporace oThe Crowd in the French Revolution (99); ad simiarly CaptainSwng 969 which he wroe wih his red ad comrade Ericosawm is a classic o glish social hisory. ye a diereei d's sparklig ex Reoluioa! Europe 964 has ed-caed hdreds o hosads o sdes arod he world ohe sjec o he mag o modr EropeI mysel remem-er readig i exciedly as a dergradae i he lae 96sd ye here is somehig ery special ao Ideolo nd Popu

lar Proes rs plished i 9) ad I was ery pleased olea ha he iersiy o orh Carola ress had decided oisse a ew America ediio ad moreoer o e asked core a ew oreword ad a pdaed iiography.

Ideolo nd Populr Proet is a spledid wor mos especiallyor sdesad] hope oe o s eer ceases o e a sdeo he pas. pariclar i is a excelle sarig placeor learig ao poplar proes ad social moemes adao he role o ideas ad iellecals i srggles or sicead social chage.

erhaps s pedagogical ale s deried rom ds ow re-

marale ales ehsiasm, ad warmh as a eacher I-deed, iidy rememer his si o Wiscosi i coer 96accompaied y his wie ad lielog compaio oree opeak o my sdes ad coleages o ideoogy ad poplarproes i he rech eolio Seeysix years old ad aiced y deilaig ailmes ( sill eachig halime aocordia Uiersiy i Moreal George eergeically adimagiay oo his adiece o 20 o a hisorica oreyac o aris o 79 ad io he world o arsocra orgeois ad a-culote, cocldig wh comparaie reereces


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V Fd

her pliial upheavals pas and presen We were al en-hralled as he explaned he meanng f suh evens and nsilledwihin us a rmer sense ha hisrgraphy hisry iselfwere sll in he mang

pneer n he develpmen f he new sial hsry andespeialy, f he apprah he pas nwn as hsry frmbelwr, as

we merans le say , frm he bmupGerge Rud (9093) was a grea shlar and a greaeaher His sudes f he urban and rural rwds f egh-eenh and earlyneeenhenury England and Frane suhas T Cd Fc ln (1959) Wlk nd Lb(962) T Cd H (1964) Cpn Sng (wh ErHbsbawm, 1969) and P nd Ld g C(970), radially revised ur nwledge and undersandings fhe ppular plis f Hanveran and Indusrial RevlunBriain and he rle f he mn ppl n he mang f heFrenh Revlu f 789 Mrever, always eager nnehse sruggles he larger hisres f whih hey were a par,

n exs suh as l p, 83181 (1964) p E.g n: Ac d Bg Cllng(972) and T Fnc vl (1988) Rud prvded maser-ful narraves f he age f enlighenmen and revun haninue shape ur hisrial imaginans day nd, sub-srbing Marx d Engelss dium ha all hsry needs besudied afresh, h nnually reurned he wrshp f hs-ry h new qusns insgaed by he wrings f leaguesr hrwn up by nemprary evens and develpmens

fasinaing lile b ha speas n nly hsrans andsal sieniss b everyne neresed n sudyingand,perhaps, reaingsial hange, dl d Ppl Psrngy regisers bh Ruds mmmen reverng hehsal ageny nd experenes f he labrng lasses and hisnern shw e relains beween hse experienes and hegrander presses f hange and develpmen wh whh heywere bud up A he same me aess hs wllingness sub h wn hnng fresh sruny in he gh f newheres and sudies (whih again his wn endeavrs dd smuh fser peially n he hapers ha fllw, Rudrally rensidrs Eurpean and merian hsries f ppu

Fd IX

ar pres and he asprans and deas ha infrmed hem

frm medeval mes he early wenieh enury Indeed, always he eaher as muh as he shlar, Rud in Idl dpl P hrws pen he drs f hs wrshp and in

ves us jin him in he as f hsrial rensruinRegnzed as ne f he leading gures f a ruly remarable

generan f nglish Marxis nelleuals Rud began hs wnhisrial appreneshp laer in life han is usual and, gven

hw muh he amplshed, laer han we migh have expeedOrgnally seing u a areer as a shleaher f mdernlanguages, durng he war years (93945) he served wih heLndn re brigade s and began sudyng hisry parme a henversy f ndn evenually reeivng hs Ph.D a he agef fry fr a disserain eniled "he Parisian WageearningPpulain and he nsurreinay Mvemens f 78979"(1950) Bu raher han n he unversiy' seminar rms herealy develped his raf in he dsussins and deliberains fhe Brsh Cmmuns Pary Hisrians Grup (94656)'

Rud had raveled he Svie nn n 93 upn he m

plen f his rs degree a Cambridge niversy Impressedby he hanges he saw aing plae here wihn a few years fhs reurn England he jined he Brsh Cmmuns Pary Rud's mind and ha f many yung radials f he me heglbal enmi depressin f he 930 and he sial devasain was wreang sgnaled he mpendng llapse f he wrldapialis sysem and he Svie Unn seemed er he nlysignian ppsin he spread f asism and Nasm

Ruds mrades n he Hsrians Grup nluded suh u-sanding shlarsinhemaing as Chrispher Hll RdneyHiln, Eri Hbsbawm ir Kiernan, and Drhy and E Phmpsn nen upn rewrng he hsry f mdern Bran

frm he bm up he grups members se abu explringhe press f he ransiin frm feudalism apasm andhe ensung Indusrial Revluin equpped wih Marx and En-gelss grand hyphesis ha he hisry f all hiher exisngsey is he hisry f lass sruggle n parular hey sugh demnsrae hw he hsrially spei sruggles f peas-ans arins and wrers agains heir respeive masers wereruia in deerminng he urse f English and Brsh pi-al, enmi and ulural develpmen


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x

Ruds ow major cotributio to the group's project was toveture forth to the supposed nomaslad" of British his-ory etween the glish Revolutio of the seveteenth eturyad the dustrial Revoluto of the nieteenth ad, by way ofa lassstggle analysis he was the rs o hallege the traditional iterpretatio of the eighteeth ceUry as a time of soialquietude, consesus, ad sability

addition to his experiece with the Historias Group Rud'sscholarly formatio was also odtioned y his work ad advetures" in the archives aross the Englsh Chael where heivestgated the cowds of revolutioary Paris There he was befrieded y Aler Soboul ad Rchard Cob and together, theywere to e appreciativey dubbed the hree Musketeers" byGeorges Lefebvre the greatest historia of he Frech Revoutio ad the ma who rst coied the phrase history frombelow"3

Rud's researches o eighteenthcetury aris ad odonwee origia and path breakig. Conservatives ad liberals alikeoh i France and i Eglad had viewed the crowds of the

age of revolution from aove ad proected upon them therown respetive poitial axieties and/or aspiraios Thus, coservative observers ad later, historias saw the crowdor, touse their ame for it the mob"as omposed of criminals,badits eggars thieves and prostitutes who were ever wiling to be swept ito ation by simple promises of pillage andloot; ad lberals more romatically saw i as represeig thepeople" uited and moilized ad embodying the hopes anddreams of the atio" owever as Rud expaied eitherreactioaries or progressives had ever othered to ask he fu-damenta quesions:

What actuay happened oth as o the evet itsef, ad as toits origis ad aftermath? ow large was the rowd coered, how did t act who (f ay) were its promoters whoomposed t, ad who led it? Who were he argets orthe vitims of the rowd's activities ow eetive werethe fores of aw ad order? And aly what were thecoseuees of the evet, ad what has ee ts historicalsigicae4

Foreord

short Rud hmsef set out to uover the Wh ad the Whyof rowd actios that is the idetities of the participants adtheir moivatos This was no simple task for it meat lookngot oly Ot traditioa sources ike memoirs, correspodene,pamphlets newspapers and goverment reports but also thosearchives previously igored by historians such as police, priso,hospital, and judial records And this ivestigatio had o beonduted with an espeialy rtal eye that is, with a certain

kid of objetivity entailng sympathy for the aused and skep-ticism about the assertios of the governors beause, of course,it was the latter who had kept the records

Ruds ivestgatios showed that the crowds of revolutonaryParis ad aoveria ondon could ether be wrtte o asthe mob" or made to stand i for the etire nation." Popu-lated either by crimia elemets, as coservatives presumednor by represetatives of the people as a whole as ieras adrepublicas oteded, the partiipats i rowd atos wereusualy craftsme, wage earners, and shopkeepers, that is, -ing people though, cotrary to the laims of certai socialist

writers, i eithe Fae or i Britain was there as yet a pro-earia workig ckss. Based on these dgs ad the patersad practies of the various kds of rowd actio he was ucov-erng, Rud insisted that these atios be recognized as historially speic modes of popuar politics ad protes.

Havg revealed the faces i the crowd," Rud was aso eagerto know why they had bee so ivolved. oping to advace thedialogue betwee history ad the social scieces, Rud rst at-eded to the work eig doe on the soal psyhology of colleive behavior"ecouraged i this eterprise by the co-tetio of his mentor eebvre, that soal history caot beimied o describig the extera aspects of atagoisti lasses

It must also come to uderstad the metal outook of eahlass." But the soial scieces of the day were still too ahistoriaf ot antihistorical, n harater to b of muh help

hus his ow approach to the questio of motivatio i the950 ad 196s was far more heavily iueced by the-curret Marxist orthodoxies espeialy materialism ad Leism" Rpeatedly Rud sought out materiaist or, more specicaly, eoomc explaatios for rowd actios For example, in


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Foreword

The Crowd in the French Reolution he wrote that the most constat motive of popular isurrection durig the Revolutio, asi the eighteenth cetury as a whole, was the compellig eedof the menu peuple for the possessio of cheap and pletifulbread ad other essetials" and, in Wilkes and Libe that farmore tagible [tha other factors] is the evidece of a cocordace between the movemet of food prices ad certai phasesof the Wilkes ad iberty movemet in the metropolis"

Regardig the actual sources of eighteenthcentury Frechand English working people's political ideas ad ideasfor e-ample, libert, gali frateit" and press freedom" ad poitical liberies"Rud regularly discussed the political educa-tio of the revoluionary and Wikite crowds as a process ofabsorption" of he ideas of the revolutioary bourgeoisie" adpolitically active middle sort," respectively Although he de-scribed sympathetically boh the ways i which workig peopleadapted" the ideas they were absorbing and the various measby which they educated themelves he regularly attributed theorigins of their more radical ideas to bourgeois" thikers ad

writers I this fashion, Rud traslated to preindustria settigsLeni's elitist assertio that workig people on their own are ca-pable oy of tradeunio cosciousess"; truly radical ideas,like socialism, must be brought to them by middleclass intellec-tuals As original ad radical as they were Rud's studies portrayed eighteehcentury workig people's protests as materi-aly motivated ad at least at the outset, dependet upo theiiiatives of leaders from ouside their ranks for political andideological direction

Whatever their limitatios Rud's eary writings had been inovative ad inspirig, ad, alog with hose of his fellow Brit-ish Marists, they had a revolutionary impact o the discipline

of social history, drawing o it ew cohorts of scholars Ideed,i the late 1960s ad he 970s, both in Britain ad, perhaps toa even greater etet i the United States, Rud and his comrades were joined i heir campaigs to democratie past adpreset by a younger geeratio o historians, New Leftists"who had bee radicalied in he may struggles of the sities.

The British Marist historias themselves bridged the Old andNew LeftsE P. Thompson is rightly recogized as a foudig

Foreword XIII

gure of the rst British New Leftbu youger scholars inparticular sought theoretica alteratives to the economism"characteristic of earlier Marxist thought ad historiographyThis search led to the rediscovery, or rearticuatio, of a Wesern Marist itellectual tradition that included such gures asthe Hungaria philosopher George Lukcs, the rankfurt schoolsocial theorist erbert Marcuse, ad most importatly, the talia politica thiker Antoio Gramsci

Aso the newcomers brought with hem ew questions re-garding reatios and experiences of race ethicity, ad gederthus, he pas twentyve years have witnessed what ca only beclled an eplosion of socia ad cutural historiography entail-g, as Rud hoped a serious engagemet beween history andthe social scieces, a dramaic epasion i the subecs cosid-ered worhy of hisorians' attention, and a radical democraia-tion of our uderstading of the past ad the makig of thepreset.

Not surprisigly, Rud's own work, as well as that of oherBritish Marist historias, cotinued to develop and to open

up ew areas to investigation. For example both Rud andhompso cotributed to the development of the social historyof eighteethcetury British crime and justice that has iu-eced work interatioally

At thesamet ime, Rud persisted ihis studyof popular pro-tes. However, as he explais in his itroductory remarks tothisbook he was himself ratherdissatised with the maeriwhich he had previously aeded o he mentalities" of the laborigclasses.Realizingthis, h eshifted the focus of hisresearchawayfrom motivationi the socialpsychological sese to the so-cial history ofideas or ideologiesashift rst reected i hemidsixties i the pages of The Crowd in Histo ad, eve moreso, i the book coauthoredwith Eric Hobsbawm, Captain Swing,ahstoryof the Eglish agriculural workers' risigs ofthe early830s

Leadig to the preparatio of Ideolog and PopuarProtest, ithe 970S Rud wrote a series of working papers and articles inwhICh he both recosidered his ow studies and formulatiosand egged the ewer ones beig writen by his peers adyounger colleagues.'Hisreadigs ot oly tookhimfurtherback


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XVIForword

he should sve as a eminder that intltuas have no mo-

nopoy on the tutha fat that those ous who aspie to en

gag the imaginationsandhopes ofthepeoplo moati

changemustnvfoget.

NTES

J Kee B, WcoJe 1

. Fo fuller discssions of Rd'sl ife andwok inBritain,Au

salia

and Canada, sec HarveyJ Kaye The Education of Desire:Maits

andthe Wting ofHtoy (NewYork 1992) hap. "GeogeRd

A Hisoy Must Be Stdied Afresh pp 3-64 and he bio

graphial piees at heotseof Fedeik Kanz, edHstoy from

Below Stuie in Popular Protest aPopular Ideoloy in Honour of

GeorgeRu Monreal 985) pp 36 Fo pme examples of

Rd in he "wokshop ofhiy see hs monogaph,Debate on

Europe, 185-850 (New Yok, 97)and he volmeof his ol

leedessays HJKaye, edThe Face of the Crowd London 988)

Rud emaned in the Party ntil he lae 950 when he lef fo

Astalia to take up a univesypofessoshpwhih in the anti

Maxis limate of the ColdWa he had been nable to see in

Bain Commening his univesy teahing aree at fty he

wroeatotalof fteenbooks and,movngfomAstalatoCanada

(whoasonalvsitngappointments in theUnitedStatesBritan,

andjapan) he onnued to teah weno hs seventies On the

Bitsh Maxist hisoans, see HaveyJ. Kaye, The Bsh Mas

Htorian Oxfod 198) and TheE ducaionof Desire.Onthe Hs

toians' Gop n patila see EicHobsbawm,TheHisoians

Grop of the Communs Pay in Rebes and Their Caues ed

M Confoth (London 978 pp -47, andBillShwaz, ThePeopleinHstoy:TheCommnstPaty

Histoans Group946

56 in Making Htoe, ed R johnson et a ondon 982)

44953 SeeRudsessayGeorgesLefebve

asHisoanof PoparUrban

Poes in the Frenh Revolion, in Kaye TheF of the Crowd

pp 074 andhs intodtion oGeoges Lefebvre T

he Great

Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in RevolutionayFrance NewYok,973)

pp ixxvAso see Rhad Cobb "Albe Sool in his People

andPlaces(Oxford,1986).

Forword XV

4 R The Crowd in Hsto (New Yok 964) pp - .5 On Wsten Maxism see Main Jay Masm and Totali (Beke

ley,Caf 985) On he wok of he Bitish Maist hisoians and

he Ideas of Anonio Gamsci see Kaye The Education D h "P

oJ ere, espc ap. 0 a Theory and Hisoy pp 9 30 and G

d

- on amsan Amecan hsoiogaphy see jackso eas he Conce f Clal Hegemony: Poblems and Possibilities AnHtocal Reew 90 (ne 985): 567-93

6 Fo a survey of hese developments n the Uned Saes see Ei

Foner ed, The New American Hto Philadepha 9907 See Geoge Rd rotest and Punhment: The Sto of Socal an Po-

ltIal Proteste Taported to talia 788868 d 8d C'

d x o 97

'an ma an Vct: Cme and Society in Early Nineteenth CenuEngland xfod 1985; and P. hompson, Whigs and Hunte(New Yok 975), and, with D Hay e a eds Albions Fatal TreeCm a Socie in Eighteenth-Centu Engla New York 97

8 Seveal of hese a epinted n Kaye The Face of the Crwd.5

9 he essenal readgs on slave esisance ebelon a d h

n evo on

t e Ameas are C R james, Blak Jaobins: Tousaint LOuverture and the San Doingo Revolution New Yok 938) EgeneGenovee Fom RebeIn to Reolution AfroAmican Sve Reolt in

the Makg of the Mode Word Baon Roge a 979) and RobinBlackbn, The Oethow of Colonil Slae: 7761848 (Lo d988)

n on,

o n smodenism possutalism, and he inguis n ins

ogaphy, see Byan D Palme Descent into Dscourse: The Re

catn of angge and the Wting of Social Hto Philadelphia99


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DEOLOGY AND POPULAR PROTET


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nun

h pups thi s intductin i s t ttmpt t plin t thd s bi s cn ht ld m t t th is bk nd h

it hs tkn th m tht i t hsn m li k I hv tn bn cncnd ithstbishing th idntt ( c th cmmn ppl inhst tht hv tkn pt in dmnsttins its ndvlutins ccuing minl in p-industil scit thtis tim hn tds industil scit th its mjdivsin int mpls nd ks cpitlists ndplins s sti ll in th pcss mtin S ini till s gl cncnd th th ustin h hch lt hdbn indut cnsidd b li its hist scil scinc And m this initl cncn th invtbldvlpd th uth ustin w did ppl ct s th dd ht pmptd thm t it bl ht th mtivs thtimplld thm? This cncn ith mtivtin ld m uth tmpt t distinguish btn th lng nd th sht tm ndt d dividing lin bn scil cnmic nd plitic lcts nd t ttmpt t plin h th t bcm ltdnd mgd in such mvmnts s tht th a-ules in thnch Rvlutin th Lndns tht shutd Wilksnd bund dn Rmn Cthlic chps nd schs n ths th 1 76s t 78

ut s I hv cm t li th stud move vn hnsm ntin is pid t such usiv cncpts s NJ. Smlss

gnlid blis is n unstisct n in itsl s i t tndst psnt th pblm in picml shn nd is t dustic t th ul ng ids bls tht undli scilnd plitic ctin hth ldstl uls isingbugis ini scil gups.

Ths unding bd ids is ht h trm thidg ptst hth ppul th Sm ill nduh dnitin t ll nd idnging nd m i shuld chnc t d th bk ccus m using


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4 Introduction

traditional' classes are related to or become merged with themore structred or sophisticated ideas of the fundamentalclasses of which he writes Nor is there any reason why heshould, as it would add little to the discussion of hegemonythat mainly concerns him. But, in writing of the popularideology ofprot"t, it is essential that should know how thatideology is composed and how histricay its components havecome together This is not important in such actions as food

riots or machinebreaking or in more or less spontaneous actsof peasant rebellion in which the wage-earners smallconsumers or peasants carry through their actions of protestwith the aid of their own ideological resources alone But in thecase of revolutions, or of peasant or consumers' rebellions set inthe context ofrevolution the picture is a very dierent one Forin such cases the inherent' ideology (as shall explain in mysecond chap te is not sucient and the native or traditionalideology of the common people reuires to be wedded to andmerge with an ideology or a theory to repeat Marx's term) of amore sophisticated and more forward-looking kind coming

from without that is from a higher social group and we shallsee what happened when the craftsmen and shopkeepers ofRevolutionary Paris absorbed and adapted the explosive ideasthat their political mentors the bourgeoisie had inherited inturn from Enlightenment writers like Montesquieu andRousseau

he rst Part of my book deal s with the development of such atheory of an ideology of protest, beginning with its origins inMarx and Engels and as later adapted to industrial society eachin his own manner by Lukcs and Gramsci; and in a secondchapter with my own formulation of the theory as related topopula protest movements occurring in predominantly pre

industrial' times Parts wo to Four apply the theory' as Iconceive it to a number of pre-industrial' situations: toPeasants (in various countries and at various times) in Part woand in Part Three Revolutions ranging from the Englishrevolution of the seventeenth centu to the last of the Frenchrevolutions in 1 8 7 Il; while Part Four strikes out on a course ofits own, following the development of the style and ideology ofpopular protest in England from the eighteenth and earlynineteenth centuries to the ndustrial society of the 18s

Introduction5

onwards Moreover the las t of the English chapters beingconcerned with the entirely new probems of an industrialOCety, IS rapdy sketched and leaves readers to puzzle out forthemselves the answer to the uestion What next?

NES

I. Teoy . becomea matal fOce s soon as t as grppe the masses'

(K Max, Int?dct n to Contbuon to the Ci tqe of Hege's PhispyfLaw Colcd WorJ p 182).

St/umfro he Prison Notboo)f oAono Gra.i, ed. Q Hoae and GNel Smh, Lnn, 197, p. 37


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Part One

IDEOLOGY AND CLASSCONSCIOUSNESS


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y n C Cnun

The tudy o ideology a an intrument o truggle and oialhange began with Mar he notion o ideoogy a a

philoophial onept however goe ba more than a halenury beore o the pijop o he nlightenment inFane ne o hee he maerialit Helviu while noatually uing the term prepared the way or it ue in hiphae our idea are the neeay onequene o theoietie in whih we ive' he term in at only entered thelanguage o philoophy a geneation lae when the latterdaypipj o the Revoution ued the ntitut de rane, eatedby the iretory in t 9 to propagate the rational tradition othe nlightenmen t wa one o thee Antoine etutt deTay who, a ew year later oined he wod ideology toapply to the heory o idea in general

The term eappear but now a an idiom o Geman idealitphiloophy in the witing o Kant and Hegel a doen yearater To Hegel mind wa the un iveral agent' o hiory and (nhi wod) what manie itel to philoophi though i thehioy o mind veiled by it embodiment in matter, but tilplainly dienible a the motive ore o the univeal proe'deology in thi ontet wa a dire projetion o mind(obeive mnd', a he wrote) without any eparate identityMoreove a ideology wa a univeral onept there wa nouetion o it be ing een to eve the pupoe o any patiularla or group le alone o the mae who to the idealit

philoopher were a mater o mall onernMa and ngel a i known eved their philoophialappeniehip with Hegel; among the debt they owed himwee their ontnuing belie in the univeality o truth the unityomankind, and the phioophial notion o alienaion ; abovea they made their own hi dialeial method whih awoge a the outome o onit through he interplay ooppoite, othei' and antithei' But, at r hetantly theyegan in the ealy 184 to tun hi philoophy upide down by


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Il l u

ejeting hi idealim and ubti tuting the ntin f the pimayf matte f Hegel neptin f mind a the ative andpimay agent f hity hi eveal f lyatie wa tpublily made manifet m T Holy Fal whh they wte andpubihed jintly in ealy 85 Hity i n Hegel theywtei e tuth beme a pen apat a metaphyal ubet fwhih the ea individual ae meely the beae' and futheHege neptin f Hity peuppe an abta

t

ablute piit whih develp in uh a way tht Humaty nthing but a ma whih me le nOuly bea talng And in the pae f thi metaphyia view f hityMa and ngel unteed with thei eently adpted ntinf hitial mateialim n T Grma dolo, witten a mnth late they epain it undelying pinipe at ttentatively a flw : ife i nt detemined by niunebut niune by life' and meve, thi new view fhity de nt eplain patie fm the idea but eplain thefmatin f idea fm mateia patie

hi mateialit eveal f Hegel deive it wil be ntied, in

pat at leat fm Helvtiu ntin f the ubjetin f idea tthe ietie ut f whih they pang But wih an imptantdieene: t Ma thi ubjetin wa by n mean ablute neided, and thee wa a deliate inteatin between the twA he wte in Grma Idolo: Ciumtane mae men amuh a men mae iumtane' and me fuly in the o urba, witten n afte he mateialit dtinethat men ae pdut f iumtane and upbinging fget that it i men wh hange iumtane and that theeduat himelf need t be eduated hu Ma and ngelfa fm having fully hed Hege philphial inuene,defend Hegel daletial methd againt it ttal ejetin by

the vuga mateiaim f Feuebah and hi aiate Butwhile teing man' ability t hange iumtane' Maplae tit tempal limit n h apaity t d Man ind ,he wite in anthe famu phae, nly et itef gal that itan lve

And we me by thi unavidably undabut way, tMa ntin f idegy (We an hadly all i t a the, a it i nwhee mpehenivey fmuated a i the ae with hithey fhit t me t quaey int hi viin, and line

l la u ofe, whenheand EngesaedeeplyengagedinbattlewithHegel scur;entlymostvocal disciples, theYoungHegeliansThus astheupside-downvisionofthewoldisafalseone soideology whichpayssoageapatin theithinking becoesafalseconscIOusness'whichpojectsafaseealty Withthose?ued by the new Geman philosophy in mind, he writes:Htheto men haveconstanty made up fo themselves falseconcepons about themselves about whattheyaeandw

hattheyoughttobeBut none somuchastheGemanmiddleclassundetheinuenefthe newphilsphy:Thee nnoentand chdlkefanceaethekenel of themodenYoug-Hegelan phophy , , the t volume o the peentpubatIon ha the am of uncloakng thee heep (and) ofhOWIng how the leatng mereymtate n a phi losophc fomtheonceptons ofthe Germanmiddle class. . ,9

his ntinfdegy, whethefthe pst-Hegelianindany thegttabadstat

Hweve these fanies had, asMax tels us in thesamevoume, aotheside aswell theyservdas ausefulweaponofassule TheIdasf theulnglass hewites, aeineveyeph theulngIdeas Ie thelass whhIS theulingmatrialfefsetySa tthesametimeits ulingineecual fe' ; andapat ofthisdomnationevidentlyconsistedn imposingt sownfantaSesandfalseeality'onthesubject class thatis in

the, moden ndustial scetyinwhichMaxandEngels wemalyconcenedonthepoletaiatButitwould hadlyhaveaccodedwith MaxsbeiefinthehStoc oleofthe

Poletaiatas thefutue gave-digge ofcaptalsm toconceve that It, too was capabeofhavingnomoethana falseconsciousnessandoflimit ingtsvisiontono

moe thanafalseeality nthecontatoendtssubjectionand beak though the false eality that captalism hadImposedont , thepoletaiatandit wastheonlyclasscapableodOng so must develop a tue' consciousness o classconCousness peculia to itself n this way alone it wouldecomeawaeof tssubjectonandleanhowtoovecomeit.uU:haawakenngwouldnotbeaneasy one nowouditeapecemeapocess inwhichindividuapoletaianswouldmpy see the light and pass it on to othes t wouldbean

eolo a ls onsouess


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1 2Ieolo a lss oncionss

essentially class phenomenon though the means by which itwould happen was a t rst left very much in doubt. According toMarx's earliest formulation (which stil l strongly bears the stampof egelian philosophy) :

It not a estion of what this or th at proetarian, oreven he whoeroletariat regardj as its aim. It is a question ofwhat the proletaria iJand what n accordance wth h beng, i wl be htoica ll

comeled o do"But that, even at t his comparatively early stage ofhis liberationfrom Hegel, Marx did not think of this as a sudden or total'evelation that would carry the whole proletariat foward at aleap is evident from a sentence that follows soon after: There isno need to explain here that a large part of the English andFrench proletariat is already cosciou of its historic task and isconstantly working to develop that consciousness into completecarity'

And how was that fuller clarity to be attained? t is evidentthat Marx and Engels, although they never formulated a list o f

priorities in this regard, attached a major importance toparticipation in class struggle both political and economicwith both short-term and longterm obectives in view. TheCommunists,' runs the Mafsto f th Commuist Party, ght forthe immediate aims, for the enforcement of momentaryinterests of the working class; but in the movement of thepresent, they also represent and take care of the future of thatmovement 2 And if as we saw earlier, it was mans materialbeing that determined his consciousness, how far could thatconsciousness in turn sere to develop the economic base howfar in fact could the superstructure' of which consciousnesswas a par assume a degree of independence and alter the basefrom which it sprang? This becomes an endless conundrum andhas been a hotly debated theme, susceptible to varyinginterpretat ions since Marx rst penned his famous phrase in theCritiqu f Political Ecoom. Taken literally, the formulation hethen used would appear to justify those determinists' adcritics of Marx who have insisted that the superstructureincuding consciousness and ideas) must according to Marxisttheo, be a mere and a direct reection of the base from which

eolo a ls onsouess

it emanates. thers, however, have argued that ideas andideo!ogy, while in the rst instance owing their existence toman s mateal beng, can at crucial moments i n h istoryassue, temporarly t least, an lmost independent role. WhileMarx s earler phlosophcal formulations were eitherambvalent or appeared to favour the rst intepretation, theresees lIttle doubt that both Maxs and Engels's historicalng- Th Eghe Brumair and Pasa War i Grmay, forInstance lend support to the second Ma himsel in a laterpassage, claimed that theory becomes a material foce when i tgrips the masses', " which might appear to clinch the matter butEngels writing after Max's death, felt it necessary to re;tatether vews. [n dOng so he conceded that in the heat of theirduels with thir philosophal opponents, the had probablyoverstated theIr case, but nSIsted that ul timatel or in the nalanalsis ideas and religion and other orms of thesuesructure draw their existence from he material base s It IS Imposible, howevr, to mark the exact point where thenal analysIS takes over, the debate inevitably continues

W ust retrn bey to the question of how that fuller

claty ofconsousness ofhich Max wrote in Th Holy Familymght be attaned As we have seen the Mafsoplaces the mainemphaSIS on participation but it also specically adjures theworkngclass partes the German Communists in particularnever to cease for single instat o inst il into the working classthe clearest posSble recogntIon of the hostile antagonismbetwen bourgeOISIe and proletariat' A similar message isImplIt In Captal a

nd soe of Engelss later writings but the

spec role of that mateal force' ofwhich Marx had writtenthe role of ideoloy i class struggle was never systematicallypelled out. [t was Inevtble, therefore, that the question should

ase, and be delt wh I n a more or less theoretical way in theOal Democratc pares tha arose in Western Europe towardsthe end f Marx s lfe Even In England, where Maxist theoyhas had lt tle Inuence In the labour movement, William Morriseeted In the early 1 890S that th working people had ceasedo deSIre real SOalsm and argued that a sociali st partys most

vItal task was to foster a real socialist consciousness amongoring people so that they should understand themselves to

Iel m l iune I l l


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Iel m l iune

be ae to ae with ale oiety themelve he only pobleelemen o tue oiey' Bu a t he time hi wa a mall voieying in he wildene

Thesituation was arather dierenone Russa when Len,almot on the eve o he evoluon o onened himelwih he eation o a pay o a new ype one ained inMai piniple and alo able o onvey them to he dutalwoe eently aived om he village, who wee now

engaged in he t bite eonomi engagemen wh heemploye Bu a om believing hat e woe miliany,oused on eonomi targets would automaally and spon-taneously engender in hem a poliial onsiousness o lassLenin denouned those who beeved It and stated roundlytha la po lial onioune an be bogh to hewoeonly om wihou that i only om outde the eonomuggle om ouide he phee o elaion between woeand employe' and he added ha all wohip o heponaneiy o the labou movement all belittling o the ole the oniou elemen, o the ole o the paty o SoalDemoay mean renghening he inuene f . bourgeoiieolo among the woe' n ho the only hoie i eithehe BURGES o the SCAST ideology Thee i nomiddle oue Hene to belitle the oiali ideology inany way mean to engthen the bougeoi ideology Eli im? no doubt Bu i mu be emembeed hat unde heondiion then pevailing enin did no believe ha he timehad ye ome o the eation o a ma paty able to lea oma well a able o teah he mae

The Ruan Revoluion ollowed and ae he tenhuiam and the deeat o the evolution in the Wetpeulaion abou evoluion and a woingl a evolutonay

ideology oo a moe philoophial un Among he motillutiou o he Mai nelleual in the Wet who eunedo he queion o evoluionay ideology wee the HungaianGeog u and he ta lian Antonio Gami u woe aboo on he ubje hi Hio an Cla Conune wapublihed in . u went ba o Hegel and b


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20 deolo and Cls Consousness


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20 deolo and Cls Consousness

g. K. Max and F Engels, ThlHoly Family, or Critique fCritical Criticsm

Moscow, 19 75 . pp. 1 5-16

4 Max and nges neer claimed to hae been the invenors of the

maeriast mehod ofhstorica enquy It was a mehod rst used

according to Max by the French Resoraion hstorans Guzo and

uuin hi5 MaxandEngels, The Gemany deolog, New Yok, 19 74, pp 47, 58. The

more familarfomulaionbelongsto 859 :'I s not conscousness whch

detemnes being,but . . socal being which) determines conscousness

(Preface to AContribution tothCtque jPoltical Econo, Moscow 19 51 I,

6l6 German Ideolo p 9 Ci. Lichhim p 9 n 8 Citque ojPolitcal Econmy lc ci9 Germn de% p

Holy Famly p id p U L Max and Enl Mane5to the Communt Party, Fin Lanua

P Pkin 9 p. 1. Max Inducn Cnun h Ciu

Phlph Law1 n lch pm 189 Marxnge Sted CorJpd

184689', d na T Lndn 9 pp -6

1 Manfestop c p

6 16 Wlliam Mi Cmmunm' in lcu ammmh ac Mach 189 ci. n Poltical Wrting Wlliam Moi LMn (d Lndn 19 p

1 Lnin What i to be Done.1 19 n Collected Wor 218 F a caul amnan f hi pn P ndn Coderato

on W;e Marim Lndn 9 p pp 619 p 1 8 and n 1 Lukc Hito? and ClO Cocie-Lndn

1 9 p 6.O Lukc pp - 1 F a cn Mai ud f Enh Lau h whch appa

nl inuncd Lukc hn F ClO tugg nd thendUal Revolution (Lndn 9) whch w cndd in a lachap

Slectiofrm the Pon Notboo ofAntonio Grac d Q a and CNwl mh Lndn 9 pp id p 6.

dy f Ppul Pt

u hape wa mainly onened wih he Mai heoyo he deology o wokinga poe o i hallenge o

apii la ule in moden induial oiey We aw hawih he eepion o Gami' noion o he adiiona'lae, hi le lile oom o he uggle o peaan anduban hopkeepe and aian whehe n peen-day oieyo in he pe-induia oiey ha panned he aniioneween a eudal and a apiali mode o poduion So aheo o ideoogy deigned o mee anohe pupoe o denehe uggle beween he wo majo onending lae inmoden induial oiey will obviouly be ielevan heeand a i wih hi aniional oiey and wih heeadiional oia goup a ye no evolved ino deniableoal lae ha we hall be lagey onened in heolowing hape we hall have o nd a new heo o model o he ideology o poe, one ued o he popula'movemen o he me

alie wie have noed he dieene eween wo ype odeology applable o hoe me a well a o ou own: hediene beween a uued o elavely uued ype oideolgy (he only ideology o be wohy o he name,aoding o ome) and one o moe imple aiude, mealito ouook o lim ouelve o he o hee would noae u a in a udy o popua' ideology; and he eondwhile moe appopiae in a udy uh a hi, i quie

inadequae in iel qually we mu dad uh noion aha undeying a ewi heoy o a uue o povey'o a i ile ugge i i onened wih paiviy andaepane and hough he noion o la ene ino i inhe ene o an awaene o oia ineioiy in he elaioneween hem and u i ould have lie onibuion omae o a diuion o he deology o popla poe venlhue aemen ha hee i no paie exep by and indeoo' whih i ai enough a a a i goe doe no ake u


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26 I l u h I Pl P


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At ower socieve theI rish pesntDefenders of the 1 78 0s

hd neven more confused ideoogy, in which ntionsm,

repubicn nd Cthoic sntiments nd devotio .to

:he

AmericnndFrenchrevoutonsockeyedfor poson.

Asimir medeyofoyties( though in this cse it is hrdy

confusion ies in the continued devotion to King, Tsr or

Emperor mong pesnts who re up in rms ginst the

ndordsorthe roy government itsef; this ws prticury

evident inEuropeduringthe periodofAutocrc or AbsouteMonchy n Fnce befoe the evoution new monchs

wee geetedwithdi spys of genue popu enthUSIsmnd

ioting pesnts dispyed thei oyty n such dobe-edged

sognss Vive eoi et sns gbee s 1 674 , oVvee O

et queepin mende! (sin 1 7 75 ndit took oetwoyes

ofevoution nd ne monthsof evoutonr w befoe

vn th citiznsofPis (t on th psnts w d to

see the King executed fo teson And fom ussi in thefoowingcentu Hobsbwmcitestwoteing exmpes of the

psnts' continuingot to th s, thiPotcto, ong

ft thhvsncustohtodistust his minists. Th

st is fom th Vog t th tm ofAxnd I whnbious psntsccost thgnsnt tosuppss thmin

th foowing tms: Don't onus ou shootgon

Axnd Nikovitch ou shdding thboodofthTs Th scond is fom otv in 1 902 whn psntspiging n sttminddb thtnd ndodththhsws bnthi find But wht wto do ?', svvoics nswdhim W n't doingthis inou nm, but nthe nmeoftheTs '

But how f cn this inhnt idoog b itsf c thpotsts? nto stiks, food iots psnt bions with o

without succss ; nd vn into stt of wnss of th ndfo dic chng (wht Fnch histoins c pis dconscinc but vidnt it cnnot bing thm th w tovoution, vn s junio ptns of th bougoisi. Thimts suggstd b E . hompson whn h xpins how pbin cutu in ightnthcntur Engnd th sftivting cutu of th pop dvd fom th ownxpinc nd soucs' ws b in sv spcts, topvnt th hgmon of th gntr fom bcoming

psv. Among popu chivmnts in th cous of thissistnc h instncs th mintnnc of thi tditionutu th pti rrst of th wok-discipin of industiism th ngmnt of th scop of th oo Lws;h ssunc of mo pntifu suppis of gin nd inddition, th njod ibtis of pushing bout th sttsnd josting gping nd hing, puing down th houss ofobnoxious bks o Dissnts, nd gn iotous

sposition which stonishd foign visitos, nd which most thm into biving tht th w f ' . Bt simi popu chivmnts whth in pindusti

Engd o swh coud not dvnc f bond this pointwihout th ntiv pbin cutu o inhnt idoogcoming suppmntd b tht divd' mnt of which spok bfo th poitic phiosophic o igious idstht t vring stgs of sophistiction bcm bsobd inth mo spcc popa cutu. hs in th histoiccontxt of which m spking tndd to b fod' thhn bckwd ooking, posi ting fom th thnstotion nd w mo oftn thn not gin, in th piodof wht obt m hs cd th Dmoctic voution' hos tnsmittd somtims t scond mov b th minchngs to istocc, th up-nd- coming bougoisi B utth might b constiv o bckwd -ooking s in thhuchndKing' movmnts of Fnch psnts in thVnd ft 793 of Npoitn nd omn citizns ginstth Fnch in 1 7989 o of Spnish psnts ginst Npoonin 1 808 t in th st of ths xmps, it is intsting to nottht th Vndn psnts wnt though th voutionocss st nd on tund ginst th cobin Convntion inis whn th voution ppd to b unning dict

unt to thi hops.n ith cs, th is indoctintion o, mo ccut thisg of in hnt nd divd ids took pc in stgsnd t dint vs of sophistiction At th most mntstg, it might tk th fom of sogns, ik th Amicnsth to vnu ocs nd No txtion withoutpsnttion' o th No Excis' o No op shoutd bghtnthcntu Londons; o gin, th Viv mnt nd shot ft th Vv tis tt' chntd b th


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30 de and C Cnness de fPol Pres 3


28/101

Howv, i t i not quit o impl ; fo in ll uch c ndhowv th cooki (vntull) cumbl', th tubbonn ofth oiginl inhnt' blif uch tht th nw divd'id, whth pogiv o convtiv, tht com thoughth chnnl of tnmiio nd thi i not pculi to thp-indutil piod not likl to b th m thotht wnt in So th poc of gfting w nv imp A + Bi. Hd th inhnt' lmnt bn pul piv

cipint thn php it might But in fct in th c of llcl, nd not of th popul cl lon, ll divd' idin th cou of tnmiion nd doption u tnfomtion o chng it nu will dpnd on thocil nd o th politicl im of th cl tht d tobob thm. t w lon tht Mtin Luth lnd in th1 whn th Gmn pnt, much to hi indigtiontook hi tching t thi fc vlu nd ud thm to utinthi bllion gint th pinc who to uth wbfcto nd not th w to th pnt oppoTh Fnch bougoii nding thmlv in th lt 1 780with th nd to mk volution, pickd on ouu' thoof popul ovignt' nd hi ocil contct' to povid nidologicl jutiction fo thi bllion gint nobilit ndol dpotim thi w long ft th Fnch itocticlmnt nd th itoct of Hung nd olnd hdbgun to mk vr dint u of ouu' id wll Montquiu' in od to bolt th itoctic lmngint th Cown. Th Fnch low od' in pticul th-lotte> in i lnd thi lon nd, hving cquidth nw idiom of volution fom th ibl itocc ndbougoii dptd it in tun to thi own u nd, onoccion tund it to good ccount gint thi fom

tch. W hll h mo of thi in lt chptA nl qution tht w hll onl touch on h i whthppn to thi nw popul idolog fogd in th ofvolution, whn th popul' ph of th volution i ov owhn th countvolution t i n? Do it mn fo intnctht ft th dft of th Englih Lvll t Bufod in 49of th iin -loeJ in 79 , o fo tht mtt of thFnch ove in un 848 do it mn tht l th politiclxpinc th hd gind in th cou of volution w lot

and would have to stat again when the next ound ofevolution.

sfollowedafte asuitable espite?No, obviouslynot.The eacton mIght be eal enough as it was unde theComwellianotectoateand RestoationinEngland and theNapoleonicEmpieand RestoationinFance. Butwhat isalsotue istha thepopulaevolutionay tadition,havingledanndegoundexistenceout ofsightofthe authoities, suvivedand eemeged in new foms and unde new histoical

codit i?ns henthe people'- theecipients ofthepevioussetof deved deas - hadalsosueed a seachange. But thistoO will ediscussedfutheinlatechaptes.

NTES

e.g Karl MannheimandCornelus Geetz(see p 25 above)2 . ee)ohn amenazs deition oideologyas a set o cosely related

ees, or deas, o evenades, characterisicofa gouporcommuniy'

(Ideoo, opt, p 5 ) FoIdeology s menta/it, see vious pssgesin eroLadureR.MandouandM Vovelle also p. 3 and n 3

elow3 O eS, The Culture oPovey'Simtfc Aeican, CXI ( 966, pp1!5

4 Rchad Hoggartmakesasomewhat smla dstinction when descibngmodernwong-classatttudes; seehschapteonhemandUs' nTIUJ5ofLira (London 95), pp 2-0I .

5 unin andhioophy " p. 0.6. C Hll , TheNoman Yoke inDocra and h Labor MoVm ed

ohnavieLondon, 954, pp -66 .

FeR ThEngih Fa Mahiavi, London 1964 8 Cmmnt Manj510 opci p 509 u?i and hio50phy. op cip9(mytcs)

10 Wam ell,n eviewngRoeBezucha's Lyon Upri5ing 18)4 . In So"

a

Hto. 5 : My 9, pp688-g This is not pec example

as the aS deasftheLyon

aiso

:ke

,s ands

a m

asters hadareadybeen somewht duted nd potzed y theecen ssociion n834ut n

n 1 83 wh the YoungRepubcnsofhe cty

1 See especlly E P. Thompson The Mol Economy ofhe EngishCrowdo heEghteenhCentuy'Pt andPrnt, no. 50, My 9 , pp7&-136 .

ee so hesh-ived millenrlmovementofKenishfmlouresn838, in P. CRogeBa inBOndnWood, London, 96 3 dI.: e

tournn ds menits en Frnce 1 5 89 sensbe pre-evo!U[Onne SocialHisto ,My1 97 pp 605-291 EJ. Hobsawm, Priitiv Rbl(Manchester, 99) p9

Idelg nd C Cncune


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15 See a Deeders aehism quoted by M. R Beames ou o PaJaUStudie, July 195 p 504 For similar ofusio i he ideology o argouts and strike movemets in moder imes i New Guiea see E OganCargoism and Poliis in Bouaiville 962972' oua oj PaccHst. ix {974, pp 179 ad B Gammage, The Rabaul rike,99' ibid x (975, pp 3-9

16 Pmitive Reb1, p 1 q ibid p 861 8 E P Thompso Ei ghteeh Cetu Eglish Soiey Class strugge

without lass? Sa Hislo, iii (2) May 9 78 1 765 esp 64-5

9 For a disussio of popular lieracy i eighteethentuy Frane see D.Mrne origines intectu de a R;voutionfanais, Paris 1933 pp4 05 ad (for Paris G Rud The Crowd in te Fenc Revoution, Oxford959 pp 0 1 For eighteeheu Britain see a umber of ailesi PQJl and Pesent, esp Lawree Soe, Literay ad Eduation iEgland, 640-90 o 42 Februa 1969 pp 6-39; ad MihaeSaderson Literay and Soia Mobiity i he Idustria Revolutio iEglad o 56, August 97 2 pp 7510 4 Both show a relaively highlieray rate for labourers ad seas (abou 40 per e) aroud1 700 750 ad a sharp delie in he third quarter risig agai brieyaroud 1 77 5 But there are no reiable atioal gures or Britai before1840.

0 The fu seene rus: This utur (the selfativatig plebeiaulure] ostiutes an everpreset threa to oial deriptios of

realiy; giv he sharp josle o experee he itrusio of "sditiouspropagadiss the ChurhadKng rowd a beome Jaobin orLuddite he loyal Tsarist avy a beome a isueionay Boshevieet Thompson op. i p 6 4 Whih is more or ess wha I am sayingoo Bu I am also arguig hat he proess may be rversed or at leasttake another [Urn the Boshevi ee aso had its Krostadt. Or aganas we shall see the assosious worker of Oldham ( 1830ssye maybeome an advoae o lass ollaboratio before 184 8 (see pp 154 1 58below

Part Two

PEASANTS


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In Miv up

Fir, o conidr h ca ofpaan, bginning wih Europ inh Middl Ag. Th pical paan of mdival Europ wa a

p rural cul ivaor living on hi land, who workd boh for hilord and for himlf, and who conom whhr hcuivad crop ofoiv or win i n h warm dr clima of hMdirranan or grw wha or (l ar) poao or rard hpor cal in h plain and vall of h mor humid andnmpraEa and W wa niall lfucin and ii rmarkabl, a Rodn Hilon xplain, how lil mon hdival paan houholdr had o pnd on luxuri or onuran commodii for himlf and hi famil vn a a imwhn mdiva civilizaion wa a i pak

Th main raon for hi iuaion la no o much in hdarh of kil or chniqu or in h povr of h oil ha hpaan wa cald on o culiva, a in h rlaionhipablihd from abou h nh cnur on bwn h malcuivaor, who labour la a h bai of all walh, and hlandd magna or lr noblman who, dircl or indircl,ownd h grar par of h land and had rducd h paano bondag. Undr hi fudal m h lord wr bound oh King or h Duk b pronal vaalag and, in ru forlading hi armi or lvi, wr givn land (dnd ai i ar' nur) and conro and juridicion ovr h ma ofh paanr Thu h paan bcam a vil lin or a rf, id oh land and, vn if no acual bound o h oil b law

complld b conrac o work o man da in h ar on hlord dmn and o rndr a muliplici of ohr rvic incah or kind ha lf hi lil urplu or opporuni odvlop hi own land, or o mak h b conomic u of hiigh o graz and glan or gahr wood in h common ld orfor Th original juicaion for hi hman bondag waha h r wa hrb rwardd for h procion h gavh paan in hi ignurial cour of juic. Thi ma havad om n in h Dark Ag' of arl fudaim, whn

PeaantsIn Medieval Erope 37

i k h f f f l


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taitiona justice ha boken own an the emeging meiealmonachies wee wacke by baonial biganage an cil wa;but t ha cetanly cease to see this pupose by he eleenthcentuy in Westen an Southen Euope, as the seigneuialcouts an leies ha by then aleay eelope into the meanso coecing an exploiting the peasant in the los inteestathe than of aong him potection against lawless bans ofbigans

f pesonal seitue was the main featue of meiealfeualism in Westen Euope (in the East fo easons that willbe suggeste in a late chapte sefom only eache its zenithin the eighteenth centuy) its opeation was by no meansuniesal While the pecept nul le tee sans seigneu' might befaily geneally obsee, thee wee small pockets of feepeasants in pats of Gemany an Scaninaia (an failygeneally n nothen taly) who enjoye the status of fee men(an some emaine so een at the height of the feual eactionthat extene sefom in the fouteenth centu an late)unboun to eithe soil o igu an thee wee many moe

who though fomally tie to the los emesne, wee stillpactically unfee in the sense that they ha to pay thetaitional ent fo the use of thei lan, to cay the con tothe lo's mill to be goun, pay nes (o heiots) when sons oaughtes maie o when any pat of thei popeties changehans (nown in Fance as lod v;), o to pay othenumeous ues o taes that aie fom one emesne o egionto anothe oeoe the los enjoye futhe piileges in thepuchase o sale of gain an in hunting an shing ights anaccess to common pastues an simila piileges an foms ofbonage wee by no means peculia to eieal Euope, as willbe seen in late chaptes

Une these cicumstances it is not supising that peasantemans an potests shoul cente on the eess ofgieanceselating to sefom to the alleiation of oneous seices anues, an feeom fom the oppessie monopolies enjoye bythe nobiliy an genty But Hi lton tells us, the eman fo lano the conscation of lage estates (familia to moen peasantmoements) was aely oice by ebellious peasants in the le Ages paticulaly whee aable lan was concene anhe as that the meeal equialent to the late eman fo

cnscation took the fom of emans fo lowe ents an essneous seices o fo the aboli tion of the moe obnoxious ofhe monopolies usupe by the los

hough peasant ebellions tene to cluste aoun the lateile Ages when the ol feual system, base on assalage anefom, 1 Weste Euope was in the pocess of issolutionthee wee cases of Volent peasant potest gong back almost tothe sala ays of feuaism in pospeous egions like

Noman

y o nothen taly Examples ae ecoe of thefoble asseton of the ight to sh an hunt by Noaneasants agast the Duke in 996; an, between 88. an 905fa Ipute between peasants on Lake Como an thei lo heabbey of St Ambose, ilan oe the seices exacte And, asften happene these inital emans wee followe by othesthat went neae to the heat of the matte to the existence ofsefom Itself hese wie implications wee also sometimestouche upon (though they wee selom ocially ecoe) nstatements attbute to the peasants themseles hus we eanhat the ebellious Noman peasats of 996 wee hea to say,us sumes hom

es come I e sunt an that in a ispute oe

le seces 1 late thiteenth-centuy Englan, peasantsctually ce nul seve olumus ( t is haly ceiblehowee that they use such language as that in the lattequoatIon unae yet it may well hae been enee in suchtems by a scbe o lawye ecoing the eent)

he question of pesonal bonage an the possbi lity of itsemoal was natuly enough ase moe shaply an moeectly 1 the upsgs of the late i le Ages such as in theVolent Jacqueie of Fench peasants of 1358 which waspeIpItate by the milita efeat of the nobiity at Poities acouple of yeas befoe an, een moe specica ly in the

Englsh easant Reolt of1 38 1

an the Geman PeasanWa of15'5 his aance in peasant ieology to the matue fom of

Ocg a eman fo equality of status an feeom fomlenage as a ight is note by G eelyan in hisoment on the eolt of 1 38 1 : he ising of 1 38 1 [he wiesets i t beyon oubt that the peasant ha gaspe theoncepto of complete pesonal libety that he hel it

e '

fga 1 to pen rm foce labou, an that he consiee

reedomtobe hisrght."


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ront gnt th noblt conductng mltr oprton nd

In Md u at rpondd to th Ppr call ovr a hal ad down th


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ront gnt th noblt, conductng mltr oprton, ndputtng nto ct th drd rorm. n ll, th Unon wrbl to mutr, wthn month o th outbrk no l thn300,000 rmd dhrnt n th outh-wtrn rgon oGrmn lon n ddton thr wr mllr group orbl, mrgng pontnoul wthout th gudnc o thLuthrn ptor, who ttrctd or mprd thr own locdr crtmn, trdmn, lr clrg nd th lk to

gv thm cohon drw up dmnd nd hlp thm to dnmor hrpl thr dolog o prot!h Grmn Pnt Wr, howvr hd orgn gong bck

r rlr thn th Lu thrn chllng t w th lt o longr o pnt conprc, hvng common orgn n thncrd udl plotton whch, n Englnd, w tur o th tm. n th tt oSwb n th outh-wtrnBck Fort, nd n Uppr Alc both rgon tht bcmcntr o pnt rvolt rdom hd bcom mor trctnorcd or ( lo n Englnd cntur bor) rntroducdwhr t hd bn n dcln th rght to tnnc hd bncurtld udl du ncrd n rpon to th r n ct

prcnd cc to th common rtrctd Bd, t gncnt tht th r o rvolt l nr to town nd wr rwhr rlton btwn town nd countr wr unuul cond th outh-wt n prtculr hd n rpd growth npoputon; nd th, n turn, hd hrpnd ocldrntton n th vllg, rng th ttu o th wlthrpnt nd drvng th mddl nd mllholdng pnttowrd puprzton.

n 147, th rt n th r o pnt conprcoccurrd n th Bhoprc o Wrzburg cntr notorou orbd nd opprv govrnmnt, whr, undr th nunc ooung hphrd-mucn turnd prchr, known Hn thPpr th movmnt t rt too rlgou-ctc turn ndnprd b Hn' prchng ttrctd gthrng o 40,000nd mor pnt t th hrn o th Vrgn t NlhunBut Hn who hd othr m n mnd oon wnt ntoprtnrhp wth two Knght, Kunz o Thurnd nd h onMchl, nd wth thr d turnd th dvout pnt plgrmnto bod o rmd nurgnt who m t houd b tocptur th Bhop oWrzburg ct. 34,000 rmd mn

at rpondd to thPpr call, ovr ahaladdownthram anddprdpaculywhnthBhop apparngwthanrmedforce,promisedreforms;ndtherest weresenthomeoon atr, lavng Han a a pronrwhowa latr to brd t th tk

he next importnt risingws highlyorgnizedir in1 502,knowns theBuhuh(orUnionShoe,whichfollowedothermoreimitedoutbres ofthepst seventyyers tht borehesmenme heerlierBud"huh

revoltshdbeenlrgelyoncerned with resistnce to txes; but tht of1 502foundmodl organzr n a young r (th wa an unuualphnomnon at th tm, Jo oph) Frtz romUntrgrobach nar Bruha.Joucculycombnd thsrong

religO feelngs of his felow pesnts with theralzatono thnd tomak arontalaauton udalmtl H program.mwa, n th namodvn jutc', tobolshlloppressOn nd ordship, to end serfdom,dissolvebbeys.

nd monsteries, nd toend forever thepymentofrets tthes, tols or txes ndwters, medowsndwoodswr to badcomotoal.t cntral thm wa : Nothngbut thutco God whchmantocourthatth tngfeudlordermustbedestroyed But themovementwsbetryedndtheBudJhuh subdued ;ndbothEmperorndprinceswereoroughlylrmedndcledforexemplrypunishmenttbeetedout tobothprtcpts nd ccompicesHoweverJossFrtz mnged to elude h pursuers nd orgnized newundJchuh

.n Bregu, longthe Rhine,in 1 5 3. Thistimehe

etendedhprogrmmetoppeltowidercircles inbothtowndount. However, thepnwsginbetryed nd,onceor Jo urvvd to o thrd conprc urthrudJchuh - n 1 5 1 7 only to be betryed gin In urttemburg similr movement kno

wn stht ofArmerKorad (oor Conrd pesnt nicknme) nd this timeolvngtownmnwl vllgr, mt lkt n1 514

hePesnt Wrofthenext decdewsbe tolernlessonsfr both tpesofmovement 0n the onehnd thesecretety withitsconstntrisofbeingbetryedfromithin,wsndoneq forthemss movementofpesnts withelected_orppnted- leders nd on the other, the imied regionlvement ws succeeded by one with fr wider rdiusof


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Ur Absolute Mnarchy 49

age o abolutim wa the hallenge to tate o monah ove


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Un Absolu Monhy

Bythe timeo what iommonlyalled the AnienRgimein

Euoe whenaboute monahy inone oothe ot vaou

om wa mot ommonly in the addle the eudalm

diuedintheeviouhatehad undegoneanumbe ohange InWetenEuoe it wa onthewane intheenethat

miitaytenue weea thingotheat andthatedom had

diaeaed omletely in Englandand waa dlydmn-

ihingato inFane WetGemanyand San. n Eaten

Euoe howeve edomaombeing on the wane wa in

it aendanyartiularly inRuiawhereerdo(or moreoely hatteldom) aidlyeadinCatheine I daya

theEmireexanded outh and wetandmade rehonquetat he exene o thPoleandur Butin all ountriewhereeromuved and where the old eudalytemolandtenure

erited even ina modied rn: theeaant ontinued touertheindignity o ayinga mullCty 0\eIe and duand evenmore than everduringtheeond eudal reaton othelateeighteenthentuy - andwherehe ueredtheurtherhumiliation of being treated and despisedas an inferior bengt was in theeighteenth century - under absolute monarchyorprinceyruehat the peasants ofHildesheimin Germany(soJeromeBum tels us) performed no fewe than 1 38 separaebligations to their ord, whilst it has bee.n claImed that nLivonia356worday were devoted to theIr mater by eahpeasanthousehold ; andevenin relativelyemancipated France,where the peasants generaly fared better than esewhere,Tugot when intendant at Limoge eoned that Itlandholding peasants paid 50 to 60 e

r cent of theIr grosannual income ntaxes to the Kng and n dues tother se'geUT,

So it i hadlyupiing that unde abolute monahy aunde medieval King unemanipated peaant ontnued tohallengethe geed obutalityof thei odand onfequentoaion to demand thei feedom fom all peonaletaint. Butthemoeommonfeatue of peaantevolt inthe

g gthe ayment o taxe athe than to the ee ove due andligation o even ove eonal eitude. he eaon oue i not o had to nd: the obligation to the lod wee aeennil gievane whih would eventually be ettled byeaant ebellion wheea the age in whh oui X builteaille and othe ule built San Soui Shnbunn and Stetebug wa alo o ne o otly wa between the lage tate

in Euoe when vat um wee exended on eeing the amiein the eld and in exanding the tate mahine to the geategoy o the abolute ule o enlihtened deot Fane,uia Autia and Ruia in thi eet all had a ommonexeiene and in mot (Puia wa the geat exetion theewee lage-ale eaant evolt oten uoted andmetime led by othe diontented element within the legy aitoay

o illutate the oint let u tae examle om Ruiautia and Fane and attemt to ee not only what theeaant did but a a a ou omewhat diaate oue willemit) what wa in thei head. n Ruia whee the moden

nationtate had only begun to emege ate a long eiod omiule and diuted ueion unde the Romanov n theeay eventeenth entuy thee intenal tuggle wee a moebitte and violent than elewhee he evo led by Stean(Stena) Rain the t o the two geat ebellion o the timeang dietly om the eot o the t two Romanov a,ihail (65 and hi on Aleei (6576) to build u aunitay tate baed on Moow unde ondition o ontinuouwa with thei neighbou. he attemt involved the aiing obudenome taxe the etition o taditional libetie(inluding the eaant ight to enoy a onideable degee oeonal eedom) the utailment o the maauding ativitieo the Coa band not to mention the eoganition o thethodox Chuh at the exene o the Rool o ldBelieve) and the elevation to high oe o new men euitedoutide the an o the old noble boya la leading toandalou deedation at the ubl exene whih outagedonevatve oinion and inited neaing miey on theadeed eaant. So natually enough thee inued andutaged element oone o late layed ome at in Stena

Pn

zin' rvol, which brok ou n h Volg Vll om im in

U Au Mnc

rfdom nd rlvd of hr fudl burdn would com in . So


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zin rvol, which brok ou n h Volg Vll om im in66. Snk blongd o h uppr cl of h ld Cockbd on h Don, nd i w from hr rnk h hi rlircrui wr drwn. Bu h i nowbll movmn whchwn on o wll numbr from cpd rf, okol ubjco govrnmn prcuion urbn crfmn p mrchnnd fooloo oldr nd w mol rm hu compodh pprd monh lr, bfor h ouhrn forr

ci of Arkhn, whch h vnull conqurd nd udno Cock rpublc. B now (bou 669) h hd bgun oppr dfndr of h opprd nd in Spmbr 6 h movd norh o cpur NizhnNovgorod Tmbov ndPnz h ud h own o lunch gr pn rvol in hwhol r nclod b h loop n h middl Volg n hvillg h pn ro, pu down hr lord plundrd hlnd drod hir propr, nd formd hmlv inomrching bnd h ofn jond up wih Snk' rm movd norh nd w owrd Mocow

Mnwhil, Smr nd Srov lo fll; bu Smbirkrfud o opn i g nd Snk w dfd b Princ

Brink wih n rm of r roop n wo bloodbl in cobr 6 nd forcd o rr o hi orignlb in h Don mrh. Th rbllon coninud in dulofhon in hlf dozn diric unl h bgnning of 6 bu zin r wnd nd hi omic vlu dwndld, hCock or Chrkk urnd gn him izd hm in hilnd rdoub nd, i n April n h m pronr o Mocow,whr h w hngd in un 6

Wh wr h objc of Snk zin rbllion nd of hpn rbl n priculr? zn hmlf ppr o hvndd hi im nd o hv rdclzd hi dmnd h

rbllion progrd nd nw group of upporr cmono h cn. H vnul progmm ncludd h drucion of h g hrdi nobli h govrnor nd hburucr nd Mucov mchin of h oprd llovr u bu for h Tr hmlf, in pi of hi occionlrpublicn prnion h lw prd undng lolnd rpc. H lo ppr o hv nvgd undr prirchl Tr, or of dmocrc of mll propror ndhi, of cour whr h pn hvng bn rld from

rfdom nd rlvd of hr fudl burdn would com in . SoRzn im wr rvoluionr bu crnl uopn, h hdno lrniv mchnr of , nd hd no pln o cr ono pu in h plc of h old.

And wh of h pn' rol n h ir? Wr h clldupon o pl n civ pr n hr own lbron? Vr ll,pr from ki llng o hr lord w hv n; nd hr novidnc (from olnd Mounr' ccoun l h h

pn hd n clr idolog bond hr hrd of hm h opprd hm nd h mor pov piron o i ndd mgcll wr, b ccping Snk'prord hnd o gv hm librion

Th rbllion of Emln Pugchv n llr Cockoldir whch brok ou n Spmbr 3 nd ndd n Dcmbr 4 fll whn h m rdon lo bgn mongh Cock who lbr hd bn ill furhr curld hd h m nowbll ul nd md h m wdprdmilnrl pp l proming rdr for h l d Bl vr ndfrdom for h Bhk ir n on ling o h of h Url ndi provokd pn rvol (ncluding h im h pn

workr in h Url foundri; nd Pugchv lik znhvng cpurd numbr of forr nd hvng mrchdnorh nd w o h Volg, ld mid forc of Cock,pn ld Bl ivr bnd nd fooloo wndrr in hdircon of Mocow, h rdiionl cpil (hough b nowupdd cpil, nc Pr' m b S Prburg). Bohmovmn provokd milr pnic mong h rulr ndomplld hm bldl o mrhl hir forc nd ndn rm o hd h rbl o from h cpil, nd b hm inh ld. n boh c oo h ldr hvng bn worhppdlmo god w cpurd b h own followr, curl

bound nd hndd o h uhorii for cuion onc himorlihd bcom vdn nd h vlu om hd bndod

Bu hr wr wo mporn drnc Whr SnkRzin hd clld hmlf rpublcn o win Cock uppornd hd bn d wih h il of goudr which couldqull b pplid o hgh ocil lk h Prirch NikonPugchv climd o mn Fl Dmii' in h Tm ofroubl hd don bfor him o b h ru Tr' in hi

Peaant

as, Ptr III who had bn murdrd by th Pala Guard

Unde Ablute Monahy 53

by struggl; in th dades prding th rbllion thre had


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, ywith th onnivan of Cathrin, his wif and sussor. Posingas th prottor of th popl (rsponding to Ptrsrputation among th pasants as th l ibrating sar' whohad miraulously sapd his assassins bults, Pugahv wonovr th Cossaks in th distrit of Yaik in th southrn Uras,and promisd to rstor thir traditiona librtis ovr whihthy wr alrady in opn rvolt H marhd ast, wher h

mad similar promiss of frdom to th Bashkir popl and toth Old Blivrs, and movd up th Volga to bring a similarmssag to that givn by Razin in 67 to th srfs (aountingfor half th population and the stat pasants along th middlrahs of th Volga But and this was th sond dirn h aso libratd th most lass-onsious of th pasant groups th pasantworkrs in th Ural fators and mins

Lik Razins, Pugahv's movmnt akd a ohrntrvolutionary programm, bing mad up of a mdly of oftndsparat lmnts, but it put forward a numbr of reasonablywldnd goals orrsponding to th intrests of thmutipliity of groups that okd to his bannr Thy inludd

(as void by th leadr at various stags of his rblion) sendinCathrin into a nunnry, th rmoval of opprssiv taxes andothr burdns from th pops baks, th xpropriation of thpomjhchiki (th landowning gentry and th pasants bte noire),to punis th boyars and oials for thir hospitaliy' (anironi wist), to rstor old ustoms inluding th faith of thOld Blivrs, and to xtnd Cossak librtis to th ommonpopl at larg. h last point was th most positive of thdmands and on vry similar to on ofRazin s : to repla thorrupt governmnt and institutions of Cathrin II by aCossaksyle dmoracy whih, prsumably, would ntail th

aboli tion of serfdom and ford labour in industryW may assum that this lattr point orrsponded osly toth pasants' own wishs: thir frquent wid outbursts ofhatrd against th hated pomhhiki most rtainly suggest it.Mor tainly, the indenturd pasant labourrs working in theUals foundris and mins blivd that frdom ould b won

Drg a shor reig Peter's derees o Februa 1 76 2 had onvertedmonastey se ito sate peasans, ake over Church lans tempoariysuspene the ampaign against Ol Belevers a redced the price of salt.

y gg p gbeen numrous striks protsting against th nar-slavonditions imposd by N Dmidov and othr rapaousempoyrs and it sounds rdible nough that whn Pugahvslieutenants rad out his fedom manifesto in th south Uralsator zone, workrs that hard it (so rads an oial rport)ried out, Glad to srv him, th sar" and 5 mn gathred,voluntrs to s Pugahv'. Elswhr, in h vilags to thwest

of th Volga (i t was furthr rported) peasants gathrd andrie that th tim wa oming whn thy would tak th upprhand over th authotes and thr would b nothing to farwhatever thy did' And more spially, it was also rportedfrom the Volga that the peasants blivd if it wer possibl tohand all thpomeshhiki, then thr would b freedom for all . and ther would b no soul and othr taxes, reruiting ves or!state sals monopolis]'

Suh report, prsntd by Philip ongworth, suggst thatthe Russian pasants of I 774 shared the puni tive violn of thesontaneous aqueie with their forbeas of a entur bforebut aso that, given the dramati intrusion into the village of

ugahev's mn thei goals had beome extended and morereisely dened Yet it was only th fatory peasants that hadbegun to take the initiative undr thir own leadrs (howevrtransir and 10 give eviden f an ideology that ame lose torsembling th relative sohistiation of the Engish peasants of1 3 8

utside Russia th most sustained of the peasant rbelionsn southen and easten Europe at this ime were those in thestian dominions nlike the Russian xample thy werentated by the peasants themsevs and thy brok out inreponse to the promise of agrarian reform fom above rathrthan to the promises of an outsid lader at a time of intenseoression and olitial risis Broadly thy fall into wo maingrou : those preding or antiipating) Joseph Is historiagan eforms and those following in their wake Among therst was a asant rebellion in Silsia diretd against the Robot, omulsor abour servis, in the mpress Maria Thrsaste in I "67 Four years later, th rst of the Robot Patents(deees) was applied to Silesia. But it was not yet prolaimedelsewhere though rumours wer already rife that Josph, who

P

hd bn corulr wih hi mohr inc 176 w plnning l h lib i F d b hi

U u Mc

png oucr w provod b oph dciion r i b lli hi b b i H d


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gnrl chr o pn libri. Fd b hi rumour nupriing oo plc in Bohmi in 1 7 7 whn 1 pnmrchd on rgu nd i w url mor hn coincidncnd indiciv o pn rgrd or oph) h h cho hir ldr oung mn who bor riing rmblnc hEmpror himl. Th dmndd h h ocil ndlndlord hould immdil pu ino c h chrr whichh minl blivd hd lrd bn proclimd Vinn. So h dmonrion w on o uppo or rhrhn in oppoiion o, h mpril Govrnmn nd o rwdh pn o hi condnc h ndrd co w nwpplid o Bohmi hd bn pplid o Sil borwhil Mri Thr ordd h h old mnul Roo bcommud o monr pmn on hr priv

Mri Thr w onl limid rormr bu onc himoh hd did n 78) oph who hd h pulirimong ll dpo whhr bnvoln or ohr ohving gnuin dir o improv h pn' lo, bgn o pu hipln ino oprion. Th oo h orm o hr n Th

r, h Srpn limid h lord righ o punih hipn; h cond nd h mo imporn h Emncipionn bolihd pronl iud b giving h pn hrigh o lv h nd mrr whom h pld i did nooghr bolih lbour rvic hough i rricd inion) nd h hid, h Tion n odrd hub iuon o monr pmn or h c in ind bu ipplid onl o pn on ruic' or nondmn ndnd o ho ping lnd o l wo orin r hucluding omhng i on hl o h pn populion.

So h n h wr pplid in g bwn 1 8 nd 89 provd dippoinmn morovr hr w h

uul burucric dl in cring ou h lw o h nhrlndlord nor ocil, uncrin whr h ood in hmr, wr nhuiic bou h proviion n conquncrbllion ollowd boh o pn cludd b h lw nd oho impin o njo i. n 784 hr w rvol o cluddpn in Trnlvni hough hi, in ddiion hd rligiound hnic undron nd in 786 in Morvi; nd in 789 oAurin pn grown impin w h h long dl A mor

cing rbllion rom hi nob ubc in Hungr ndwhr o wihdrw h poviion o hi Emncipionr o 789 r i hd bn pd ll h morpiring mn nn in nicipion o njoing ibn hd old hir m o on nd nurll hough hhd bn l down bdl Thr ollowd widprd rul ondr Root ll bu h pn piri ld b h hop o br li o com, hd bn cruhd nd no ovr rbllionlowd So mncipion bcm n im o unnihdbn h would no b rlid unil h rvoluion o 848

n Frnc undr h bolu monch o h hr oui,pn rvol hd mor vrid hior hn n Auri ndui bu hr, in ui, rntmn gin high pd mor pr Abov ll in Frnc o lnd grrviion o rbllion r grr ocil dirniion hddvlopd wihin h pnr hn in ui or !h Aurindominion A h op hr hd ld mgd ullpn diinguihd rom hir llow b hir grwlh nd bili o ll highr pic in h m n h

middl hr wr h m o mll proprio h laoureu)mn o whom did no hold nough lnd o produc or hmr l l owr down wr h mtaye hrcoppr whowr gnll poor on poor h lndl pnwho whol livlihood dpnding on woring or ohr

al nd who hld h low u in h villg Thnr o h group nurll vrid h wlhir pnh co d llge) wr hoil o ho rdiionl collcivrgh uch glning or e pu) which ood in h w ohi nding hir holding h rid h dividing upo h common lnd which d hm wll iccibl pu) h mid dling o poor proprior wr

h mo lwr o h uphold o collciv right whil hhrcroppr nd h lndl or vn h poor o hpn proprior bing hor o lnd would hv bnhpp o b llo d porion o th common nd lo hvingno urpu o ll wr ind in low ood pric nd ih wg hould no lg bhind h pric o brd. hr wr wo iu ovr which h villg gnrll oodnid h r high h wr budn o ll nd h

Pests

ond th pritn of th fudal land tm with itprolifration ofobligation and du whih prvntd vn th

Ue Ablute Mc 57

and to bu it or not and whih in om rgion (te pays de ndegbelle wa far mor burdnom than it wa in othr n


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prolifration of obligation and du, whih prvntd vn thwalthit and mot indpndnt cq de vllage from fling thathi land wa ral l hi own So, a w hav n arad om thxampl of Autria and uia, ithr of th iu ouldrou th paant a a bod and impl thm to at togthr naddition, whn harvt wr bad and pri ro th poortpaant tndd to brak rank and to at on thir own againtth accapaeu (or hoardr who tmporaril rplad th segneu

orgabeleu a th vi llagr wort frnd n th vntnth ntu whn taxation to pa for

ihliu and oui XV' war wa th dominant iu thgabeleu or othr tp of taaeu bam th main targt ofpaant violn oland ounir and othr hitorian havpaid attntion to half-a-dozn maor movmnt th Brdauxriot of 163 th Cquants in Saintongand Prigord in 16367th Va-Nu-Peds in Normand in 639 and thn aftr th lullprovidd b th two Frond and th arl ar of oui XV'pronal rul th rnwal of anti -al t tax rioting in Brittanand Bordaux Hitorian hav not n to on th

ignian of th movmnt and thr hav thrfor bndirn in thir onluion. hu th Sovit hitorianBori Porhnv who ha mad th mot thorough tud of allth riot up to 6 init hat whil th paant wrupportd, and oftn ld b townmn and ountr gntr, ithould b tratd a a piall paant movmnt, ariingprimaril out of th paant' hotilit (far mor onitnt thanthat of th diidnt gntr to xorbitant tax and fudalxation oland ounir, on th othr hand, bt notd a ahitorian of adminitration, pla far gratr mphai on thoutid inun initiativ and guidan of th town andaritora, rduing th paant rol to on of ubrvin

and ofwaiting on vnt t h grudgingl onur : four, raliz that th paant wr quit apabl of rblling onthir own againt th tax urdn. Nvrthl, th ativit ofth lord in thi onntion, and piall of th ountuir, i irrfutabl in man intan 9

n mot of th piod, th tax that tirrd partiular furwa th gabelle, or tax on alt, whih had th puliarit that ithad to b paid o n a rtain xd uantit of alt whthr on

ndegbelle wa far mor burdnom than it wa in othr. nh 163 it wa th Crouant th poor ountrmn thatbam mot prominntl ngagd in prott rt at Bordauxand Agn in 163 latr at Saintong and in Poitou in 1636 andPrigord in 1637 What wa in th riotr' mind i lar noughboth from thir violnt ation againt th gabeleu and thogan rportd b oia l At Angoulm th r wa ownih th Gabll' and at Agn th ar bfor, ath to thgbeleu! ill th gbeleu' and (igniant of traditionalloalti) Viv oi t an gabll n addition th Cquantso Saintong armd (though thi ma not b th paantaing for thmv) that th wr good Frnhmn' andould not riv into thr ompan an lord or prindatd from th ing' Court, and mad lar from thiramnt of dmand that h wr not looking for rform butfor a rturn to th good old utom xiting bfor th dah bgan to b harad b gabeleus and othr rapiouoial. Porhnv add anothr obvation that with thCoquant movmnt of th arl ntnth ntur paant

rvolt had bom ular and ot th rligiou trapping ofamilar to th ntu bfor "h V-Nu-Peds movmnt (639) whih drw i t nam from

th barfootd alt makr of Avranh and Coutan in wtormand w alo dirtd againt th gbelle and drivd itmain rank-and-l upport from paant and altmakr, andfond it ladr among th poor gntr and parh prit. nof h an orl parih prit of SaintGrvai inAvrnh d a th movmnt' prnipal publii t and arta to th apophal anNu Pid himlf a namminint of th udd, Swing and ba' and othrompoit hro in a long trdition of anonmou ladr of

popular rvoltBut hr wr mor than tax at iu in paant upriing ofth lat twntv ar of th G rat onarh' rign, with itwar, famin and rligiou prution Thi wa th ag of thgrat paant inurrtion in Calvinit angudo, known a thar of thCamiard, th lat of th Frnh rligiou war. Buti wa mor than that, ba it wa alo fought ovr thaant' manorial obligation to hi lord and, oon aftr in

Peasans

Catolic Quc ad Pigod paat w xtdig tild of opatio i calgig t wol xitig od b

Under Absue Monarcy

oud ad icudig Pai i a l ittl ov two wk i Apilad Ma 177 T mai dmad xpiv of t mall


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ld of opatio i calgig t wol xitig od bfuig to pa tax to t Kig, tit to t Cuc, o topfom i maua labou fo t upkp of t oad.Loui' log ig dd i a al outbut of paat iot ovt diatou at ad fami of 709 ad fut xactioof tax colcto fo t Wa of Spai Succio

Aft 1 709 o mo xactl, aoud t mid 1 7 2, paatbllio, o familia to ob i oui X Mazai adoui XV' tim, bcam mutd ad did ot appa, ad twit doubld vigou, util t v o outbak of t Fcvoutio Moov t cif objc of paa pott adcagd ad it tax o fudal obligatio plad mota a coda o i t of t piod 1 73 0 to 1 7 88u oug, t givac cotiud ad did o t i tidomat a ow b t tud of t povic of Savoadmittdl, ot a pat of Fc util 1 79 2 btw 1 60 ad1 792 mad b a Nicoa, a oug Fc cola Nicolaow tat wil op ad violt pott agait t iguialtm fll o apl aft 7 30 outbak agait ax, tit,

t oal cov ad coacmt of commo pitd, adit o dd t coomic cii t iguial actio adt political fmtatio of t 1 780 o big all t oldgivac to t ufac, galiz pott giv it a apdg ad put paat bllio oc mo o t od of tda

t matim, paat pott took aot fom ad tgai pculato t ccpu) cam ito t pictu ad itwa o log t popou o midd ig paat llig fot makt but t poo paat coum, togt wit twi-gow wo alo ad to bu i bad ad t mallcoum i t cit, tat iotd w pic o ad at ti

tag, t food iot took ov a t picipa fom of pottad maid o fo t xt ixt a Amog wit woav otd ti pomo, Dail Mot, t cutuaitoia a codd it appaac i fot idividual abw 1 7 24 ad 1 78 9 ad, accodig to i calculatio, itoccud i wwo of t wtix a bw 1 763ad 1 78 9 T mot makabl oft outbak wa t ocalld Flou Wa, wic pad aco afadoz povic

ad Ma 177 . T mai dmad xpiv of t mallcoum baic idolog wa fo pai a dux o' badat tO ou a poud wit popotioat ductio i tpvalig pic of ou ad gai ad i t wa widl blivd ad ti, abov all , gav t iot ti momtum tat tKig imf ad odd tat pic ould com dow adt a ctai modicum of jutic a t Pic d Poix, tRoa ocial a t Vail , ad t t pic of bad at t pic

dmadd a da aft t iot bga Ad ti tim, a iot iot of t kid, t wa o outid aitac fomot goup t poo coum, wt paat o ot, lft to fd fo tmlv

ow ad w tuatio com about? Bi, a C-Eabou a ampl atttd, it appd fo two aoit bcau t i i agicutual pic btw t 1 7 20ad 770 ad coidabl btd t lag ad middligpaat, wo ad tfo b l iclid ta i tu bfo to p ti claim fo l oou tax adudal du ad cod bcau t poo paat, ik al

ot mal l coum ad o a i t bt i fact t ad, a pic o, t xpd ti diatifatiotoug t aditioal wapo of t food iot wic, al tougt ad b b o ma abadod tomi da oficlu ad Loui, ad b lipd b pott of a moiot fom

So ti wa ituatio fo mo ta ixt a but ocmakt pic of ga ad wi bga to fa l aft t md- 1 7 70 wil dutial pi oad i t ci of 1 7 88, a d tgnu ougt compatio fo bot b uig t cw oi tat i tm o icaig du ad ob igatio ad a poli cal cii captal dpd t vi ag oc mo

lod it ak ad, witi t cott of volutio laucda mai atiwid bllo agait t wol maoialm Ti tim movmt wa al i ow ad i ai ow pokm tat ptd t tid e/a wit od o dto ti cod oft pupotig a i 77 to om fr m Kig imlf d pa o T watd Natioal Amb, oitig of bougoi ad libalmidd obl, coud o do ot a bow bfo t tom


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esnts

We wil o oger e serstr wil e o parias,

Ltin Ameri

NTS


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p ,we e peasatryakes a Agraria Reorm

Te pries rom my viageold me to wat Bu I caot edure a more, wat Agaia Reform.9

InMexiohepeasansweedawnoMoelosin 1 8 1 - as

Russianserfs hadbeendrawnoPugacheva few yearsbefore

_ by he milenarial hope of a sudden regeneraion There

was liesign ofhisin herevoluionof9 10 , bywhihime

he peasans had already been drawn ino numerous con

fronaionsfor immediaeendsandlookedoMaderot give

hemsimplejusice.Bubeliefinheneedoreurnoabeer

pasoanagewhenhehacendadowaslessrapaciouscerainly

persisedZapaahimself asnodoubhisclosesassociaes

wasimpelledbyanideologyha lookedbackaswelasfoard

On he one hand he always carried wih himan image of

heVirginofGuadalupeandworeiemblazonedonhisbae-

Iags as a sign ofhis deep aachment o radiion. Bu ohe oher he soonwen far beyond he elemena

l demand

for 'jusiCe andforheesoaionofadiionarighsoone

forawholesaleagaianreform Wecanfollowhisransiionin

hefewweeksseparaingaMemorialdrawnupbyheZapaists

inaeSepembe 9 1 1 andheAyalaPanadopedmerelytO

monhslae InheMemoiahemaindemandis silhao

hepebos herebe givenwha injusice heydeserveaso

lands imberandwaer . ; while inNovember Oweeks

beore he Ayala Pan iself his early demand had been

droppedandeplacedbyafoward-lookingdemandha' here

be graned an agrarian law aemping o improve he

condionsofheaboureinheeld ; whereasbohdemands

appeareunied, aongsideseveralohers,in hePlanofAyala

issued fromZapaas hedquarers on 2 November All his

becamerefomulaed,fouryearslaerinaZapaisdrafforan

AgraianLaw hawen beyond heAyalaprovisions andwas

conceivedas a diec ripos and improvemen oCarranas

'solenreformdecreehabeganheonglegislaiveprocesso

freeheMexicanpeasanofJanuary1 9 1 5.'0

I Erc Hosbawm Peasa Movemes in Coomba atio aEo?aSiaHto no 8n,d 1976?)P' 8;n ou

2. I addton, p to the 19405 bandi as been a frequent penomenon n e counysde n ocasion it ma have seed as an adjunc o ularrevot (Pancho VIa, or exape was a former band) b t oen n parts o Boivia and Combia was an oso u w ere, ascent relatonship n wc e bandit op' erated under he

a atrofn

Pa t of bl' h .protecion0 a

rt e esa IS me, l appears o have acedas a break rather than as

Imul.s t e ?rgzaon o collectve proes See Lnda Lewin The

I(gFaerbc ca Im

aons o Soca Bandit in Brazi' , Pa a Pt, no

ruary 1 9 7 9 pp 146 esp 406.3 e seven counes were Argenina Brazl Colomba Chile, cuador

Guateaa and eru Landsberger ed . Rura Prot, p 8 2 .

4 uzer ad Saenagen Peasant Movements and Land Reorm ina Amec : MeXO and Boliva' in Landsberger Rura Prtt, 38g t was cuador where peonage sti suvved n 97 hatedspa es were geatest wit I per cent oarms olding 7 per cen oaagran and (jou. ofPaat Stu, v ( ) Janua 9 77 226

j u.zer and Savenagen pp 3 79 - 8 1 Hobsbawm pp 866 Cspas: From easant o Bandi'" PS ii anua 9F d "

74 4S-S7 or a goo account the operaions o f one hig successful and w

organzed lage, s Te Accoun o Don Vctor'jP

i) A

3SS ', pn 1 975,

8 Huizer and Savenagen pp 380 392-g aso Anono MamaniAare A Ca o Bovan ndas' jPS (3 Aprl 976 3947

c Wolf Paat Wa th Ttith Ct ew York 60 Fra k b

9 9 P 3 n anen aum h Mica Agraria Rvotio New York 81671 t Huer and Savenhagen p 383.

92 ,pp h

Nw York Imj 8 Marc 9 9 c ohn Womack Zapata a th

Xca RvouO ondon 968 p 32 1 Fs bre accoun o Zapaa's creer, see uizer and Savenhagen, pp

3 3 and aso Womack pa According to one autor heevoluton y: b te tme oVilla's deat 1923 have accouned for asman s 2 mlon ives Chares Cumberand, Mxio : h Stu orMoity New York 1968 cit. Wo, p. 44

13 Wolf, p.4S.

14 uizer and Savenhagen p 3 8 7 Wolfp 3 7 .16 For a dscussion of ts pon see H Landsberger n Rua Prott pp47 ; see also Wol c ci t

' q eru Leters rom Sepherds' Unon Bullein PS ( bpp 2-6.

co 9738 The Acon ofDon Vctor' jPS ii 3 Apri 97 p. 79 he Agraan efor' ,jPS iii ( 2, Janua 976 pp 22-62 Womack, pp 393-41


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Part Three

REVOUTIONS


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Th Englsh Rouon

nd nw t nsider a number relutins elutinsapart rm their ther peuliarities are ntrius as beinginggrunds idegy partiularly ppular idelgies

ptest. mmn eature the relutins that shal bedisussing n the net ur hapters is that all ued wi th nedebatabe eeptin) in a pre-industrial peid when thestuggle pwe sual whether r the ntrl thestae r mre limited bjeties was nt nned t wa ntestants alne dmittedy eah the relutins tbe nsidered were the battle-grunds tw prinipalntenders in all bu t the last these being ey bradlyspeaing the rising bugeisie and the established eudal aistati lass that i t was seeing t displae m the lees sial and plitial ntrl. ut there is mre t it than that ineah these elutins but again this des nt realy apply tthe last there was als an additinal ppular element that wasals stuggling r a plae in the sun thugh it will bemeeident that this was mre nspiuusly the ase in smeeamples than in thes n the English relutin theseenteenth entuy there were n nly the leaders aliament and the ew Mdel rmy the Presbyterians andndependents (all bradly representatie a burgeis'halenge) but als the eellers iggers and lwerasssetaries wh eed sme srt hallenge in the name the lwer' sial grups n meria besdes the Suthenantes and the stn merhants and Sns iberty there

ee als the sails and mehanis the Ja Tars and Whiteas whse hallenge in this ase was brie and reatielyued n Fane in 789 the ial Thid Estate theurges ie and its ibealaistrati all ies had t ae a are sustained hallenge than thei ppsite numbes inngland ad meia m the peasants and urban anuot;.d similar lwe-lass hallengers t purey burgeissiratins appeared in the Frenh elutins the


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ut

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George Rude Ideology and Popular Protest 1995

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