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Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of ...Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in...
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STATISTICAL FACTSHEETGeopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of Renewable Energies
Istituto Affari Internazionali – June 2020A project supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy and Enel Green Power
This project (including leaflets, websites, publications, posters, etc.) has been realised thanks to a contribution by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation of Italy under conditions set by Article 23-bis (DPR 18/1967)
Opinions expressed in this report are exclusively those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
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2
SECTION 1GLOBAL RES VALUE CHAINS
AND CRITICAL MATERIALS
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71.4%
28.6%
China ROW
3
11.4
7.9 7.67.0 6.9 6.8
4.33.6 3.5
3.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Solar PV Manufacturing (2018)
Top 10 Manufacturers in 2018
Graphs by IAISources: GWEC, IHS Markit
Market share – China vs ROW (2018)
mill
ion
so
f ki
low
att
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4
Solar PV Cell/Module Manufacturing by Country
(historical 2005-2018 and estimate for 2019)
Source: European Commission
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5
9.68.8
8.37.4
5.8
4.5
2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
1237%
45%
10%
8%
China EU United States Others/N.A.
Market share (2018 est.)
Top 10 Manufacturers in 2019
Graphs by IAISources: BNEF (2019), GWEC (2018)
Wind Turbine Manufacturing (2018/2019)
giga
wat
ts
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European trade balance in key renewable energy
technologies (2015)
Sources: European Commission based on UN COMTRADE data
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Polysilicon, PV cell and module net trade in selected
countries (2016)
Source: Sandor, CEMAC
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Key materials for batteries (2017) – production
Source: CEMAC
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Chile51%
Australia16%
Argentina10%
China6%
United States4%
Canada2%
Zimbabwe1%
ROW10%
Lithium reserves by country (2019)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
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DRC51%
Australia17%
Cuba7%
Philippines4%
Russia4%
Canada3%
Madagascar2% ROW
12%
Cobalt reserves by country (2019)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
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Nickel reserves by country (2019)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
Indonesia24%
Australia23%
Brazil12%
Russia8%
Cuba6%
Philippines5%
China3%
ROW19%
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Manganese reserves by country (2018)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
South Africa30%
Ukraine18%Brazil
15%
Australia13%
Gabon9%
China7%
India4%
ROW4%
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Molybdenum reserves by country (2019)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
China49%
United States16%
Peru14%
Chile8%
Russia6%
Turkey4%
Mongolia1%
ROW2%
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Rare earth reserves by country (2019)
Graph by IAIData: USGS
China37%
Brazil18%
Vietnam18%
Russia10%
India6%
Australia3% ROW
8%
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SECTION 2ITALY’S POSITION IN KEY
RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS
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CONTENTS
16
❑ Employment
❑ Turnover
❑ Solar PV – capacity and production
❑ Wind – capacity and production
❑ Biofuel
❑ Geothermal
❑ Solar thermal
❑ Hydropower – capacity and production
❑ Biomass
❑ Biogas – total energy and heat
❑ Heat pumps
❑ % of RES in
❑ RES components – trade balance & revealed comparative advantage
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Employment distribution by RES sector – Italy (2018)
17
Heat pumps 37600
Biomass 24400Hydro 17300
PV 11400
Biofuels 8500
Biogas8400
Wind8100
Waste 2400 Geothermal 2200Solar thermal 1100
✓ Heat pumps and biomass account for 51% of RES employment in Italy✓ At the moment only 16% of RES jobs in Italy are in the solar PV & wind sectors
Italy’s Ranking in the EU-28 (employment)
Geothermal 1Hydro 1Biogas 2Heat pumps 3Solar PV 4Biomass 5Waste 5Wind 6Solar thermal 7Biofuels 10
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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18
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
Germany Spain France UK Italy
Total RES jobs in the EU-28: 1.512.900
8%9%
10%11%
17%
Total employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)
X % = % of EU RES jobsGraphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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19
7.33
6.08 5.97
4.68
3.91
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Spain Germany France Italy UK
Relative employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)
‰ of total workforce
EU-28 average: 6.09 ‰
emp
loye
din
RES
as
‰ o
f to
talw
ork
forc
e
Graphs by IAISources: OECD, Eurostat, Eurobserver
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20Source: Eurostat
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28RES labour productivity 3
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21
Heat pumps4950
Hydro 2250Biomass 1750
PV 1480
Wind 1190
Biogas880
Biofuels 740
Waste 310Geothermal 300 Solar thermal
130
Turnover by RES sector – Italy (2018) in million EUR
Italy’s Ranking in the EU-28 (turnover)
Geothermal 1Hydro 2Biogas 2Heat pumps 3Solar PV 4Waste 5Biomass 6Wind 6Solar thermal 6Biofuels 7
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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22
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Germany France Spain Italy UK
Total RES turnover in the EU-28: 158.86 billion €
Mill
ion
Eu
ros
22%
12%
9%9% 8%
X % = % of EU turnover
Turnover in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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23
45179
20108
13118
9617
47644522398726522075143813861033 998 726 667 562
1850
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
Germany 39%
Italy 18%
UK 11%
France 8%
Spain 4%
Netherlands 4%
Belgium 3%
Greece 2%
Czechia 2%
Austria 1%
Romania 1%Bulgaria 1%
Denmark 1% Hungary 1%
Portugal 1%Others 2%
Installed solar PV capacity in the
EU-28 (2018) in MW
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar PV capacity 2
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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24
Germany 38%
Italy 19%
UK 11%
France 9%
Spain 7%
Belgium 3%
Greece 3%Netherlands 3%
Czechia 2%
Romania 2% Austria 1%Bulgaria 1% Portugal 1%
Others ~0%
45784
22654
1285710569
78773902 3791 3693 2359 1771 1438 1343 1006 393
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
Electricity production from solar PV in the EU-28 (2018)
in TWh
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar PV power prod. 2
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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58843
2340521770
14900
102307300 6120 5766 5172 4393 3676 3261 3133 3032
8059
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
25
Germany 33%
Spain 13%
UK 12%
France 8%
Italy 6%
Sweden 4%
Denmark 3%
Poland 3%
Portugal 3%
Netherlands 2%
Ireland 2%
Belgium 2%
Austria 2% Romania 2% Others 5%Installed wind capacity in
the EU-28 (2018) in MW
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Wind capacity 5
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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26
Germany 29%
UK 15%
Spain 13%
France 8%
Italy 5%
Sweden 4%
Denmark 4%
Poland 3%
Portugal 3%
Netherlands 3%Ireland 2%
Belgium 2%
Romania 2%
Greece 2% Austria 2%Finland 2%
Others 2%
10
99
51
56
90
4
50
89
6
28
59
9
17
71
6
16
62
3
13
89
9
12
79
9
12
61
7
10
56
4
86
40
74
65
63
22
63
00
60
30
58
39
62
59
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2018 Electricity production from wind power in the EU (TWh)
Electricity production from wind power in the EU-28 (2018)
in TWhItaly’s ranking in the EU-28
Wind power prod. 5
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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27
3142
2720
17381500
1324 1250
912
510 472 456
2409
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
France 19%
Germany 16%
Spain 11%
Sweden 9%
UK 8%
Italy 8%
Poland 5%
Netherlands3%
Austria 3%
Belgium 3%Others 15%
Biofuel consumption in the EU-28 (2018)
in toe
toe
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biofuel consumption 6
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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28
Italy 767
Germany 36
Portugal 29
France 16 Croatia 10
Others 4
Net usable geothermal capacity in the EU-28 (2018)
in MWe
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Geothermal capacity 1
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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29
13488
3586 3284 2942 29372253 1703 1281 1026 902
4037
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000M
Wth
Germany 36%
Austria 10%
Greece 9%
Spain 8%
Italy 8%
France 6%
Poland 4%
Denmark 3%
UK 3%
Portugal 2% Others 11%
Thermal solar collectors – cumulated capacity in the EU-28 (2018)
in MWth
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Solar thermal (cap.) 5
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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30
25793
22499
20080
1643114516
10940
723667014778
340933793287
14355
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
France 17%
Italy 15%
Spain 13%
Sweden 11%
Austria 10%
Germany 7%
Portugal 5%
Romania 4%
UK 3%
Greece 2%
Bulgaria 2%
Finland 2%Others 9%
Total net capacity of hydropower in the EU-28 (2018) in MW
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Hydropower capacity 2
MW
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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France 19%
Sweden 18%
Italy 14%Austria 11%
Spain 10%
Germany 5%
Romania 5%
Finland 4%
Portugal 3%
Croatia 2%
Greece 2%UK 1%
Bulgaria 1%Others 5%
65
28
5
62
21
0
48
78
6
37
63
8
34
33
4
17
97
4
17
66
4
13
30
1
12
39
3
77
01
57
43
54
90
51
47
16
18
1
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000TW
h
Hydropower production in the EU-28 (2018) in TWh
(without pumping)
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Hydropower prod. 3
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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Germany 55%
Italy 14%
UK 9%
Czechia 4%
France 4%
Poland 2%
Belgium 2%
Spain 1%
Others 9%
33416
83005701
2607 2365 1128 945 923
5642
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Electricity production from biomass in the EU-28 (2018) in GWh
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biomass power prod. 2
GW
h
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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Germany 45%
UK 17%
Italy 11%
France 5%
Czechia 4%
Denmark 3%
Netherlands 2%
Poland 2%
Spain 2%
Austria 1% Belgium 1%
Others7%
7631
2809
1892
877 604 489 326 288 265 234 228
1195
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Total energy production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in ktoe
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biogas energy prod. 3
kto
e
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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Germany 43%
Italy 25%
France 8%
Denmark 6%
Poland 2%
Latvia 2%
Finland 2%
Czechia 2%
Slovakia 2% Croatia 1%
Others7%
367
214
6948
22 21 19 18 14 12
57
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Gross heat production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in the
transformation sector – in ktoe
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Biogas heat prod. 2
kto
e
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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Italy 53%
France 17%
Spain 11%
Sweden 5%
Germany 3%
Finland 2%
Portugal 2%Netherlands 1%
Others6%
19583
6336
4145
1742 1061 870 686 5702206
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Heat pumps in operation in the EU-28 (2018) - thousands
tho
usa
nd
s
Italy’s ranking in the EU-28Heat pumps no. 1
Graphs by IAISources: Eurostat, Eurobserver
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36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EU
-27
EU
-28
Sw
ede
n
Fin
land
Latv
ia
De
nm
ark
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Esto
nia
Cro
atia
Lithu
ania
Rom
ania
Slo
ven
ia
Bulg
aria
Gre
ece
(¹)
Italy
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Germ
any
Czechia
Cypru
s
Hung
ary
Slo
vakia
Pola
nd
Ire
land
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Ma
lta
Neth
erla
nds
United
Kin
gd
om
Norw
ay
Mo
nte
neg
ro
Alb
an
ia
Serb
ia
No
rth
Mace
don
ia
Tu
rkey
Koso
vo
*
Share of energy from renewable sources, 2018 (% of gross final energy consumption)
2020 target* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999
and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
(¹) Estimate.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_lvho05a)
Source: Eurostat
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37
Share of RES in Italy’s TFC and specific sectors
(evolution 2004-2018)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
TFC H&C Transport ElectricityGraph by IAI based on Eurostat data
![Page 38: Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of ...Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of Renewable Energies ... Sweden 11% Austria 10% Germany 7% Portugal 5% Romania](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071607/61447c23b5d1170afb43e785/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TFC H&C Transport Electricity
Share of RES in the EU’s TFC and specific sectors
(evolution 2004-2018) - in %
Graph by IAI based on Eurostat data
![Page 39: Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of ...Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of Renewable Energies ... Sweden 11% Austria 10% Germany 7% Portugal 5% Romania](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071607/61447c23b5d1170afb43e785/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Italy’s trade balance and comparative advantage in wind and solar
technologies (2015)
39Source: Energy Union Factsheet 2017
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40
Net trade of EU-28 countries in key renewable energy
technologies
Sources: European Commission based on UN COMTRADE data