GEOLOGY OF THE MINOT AREA Fred J. Anderson · into older glacial tills and can be seen in the right...
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A´ Block of locally derived sandstone bedrock from the Bullion Creek Formation of the Fort Union Group . GEOLOGY OF THE MINOT AREA Fred J. Anderson Lorraine A. Manz 2007 Geologic Investigations No. 46 North Dakota Geological Survey Lynn D. Helms, Director, Dept. of Mineral Resources Edward C. Murphy, State Geologist This geologic map was funded in part by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. Vertical Exaggeration = 20x. Clay-matrix supported diamicton sediments Lignite seam within bedrock sediments of the Fort Union Group Glaciofluvial sands and gravels Loess Alluvial terrace gravels, cobbles, and boulders Tributary valley Kame and esker deposits mantling Abandoned coal mining works Recent landslides The Old Minot Landfill in southwest Minot. Kehew, A.E., 1983, Geology and Geotechnical Conditions of the Minot Area, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigations No. 73, 35 p. Plate. Lemke, R.W., 1960, Geology of the Souris River Area, North Dakota: USGS Professional Paper 325, 138 p. Manz, L.A., 2006, Surface Geology of the Burlington Quadrangle: North Dakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K Brlg – sg Manz, L.A., 2006, Surface Geology of the Burlington SE Quadrangle: North Dakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K Brlg SE – sg Pettyjohn, W.A., 1970, Preliminary report on the ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Minot, North Dakota: City of Minot, North Dakota, 36 p. Borrow Area (abandoned and/or reclaimed) Includes gravel pits and disused mine workings. QUATERNARY SYSTEM HOLOCENE ANTHROPOGENIC (RECENT) DEPOSITS Landfill Deposits Anthropogenic deposits, landfill sediments and solid waste placed as fill in the Old Minot Landfill (Hlf 1 ) and the new Minot landfill (Hlf 2 ). The Old Minot landfill, a former U.S. EPA Superfund site, was operated for several years by the City of Minot in the latter part of the 1980’s. Currently, a passive bioventing system is in place which vents any generated landfill gas to the atmosphere. Recent land development has been slowly encroaching upon the footprint of the old landfill. Engineered Fill Deposits Anthropogenic deposits of engineered sediments consisting of well sorted clays, sands, and gravels placed in cut and fill areas commonly located along roadways. OAHE FORMATION Pond and Slough Sediment Clay, silt, and organic debris; obscurely bedded; dark colored; deposited in modern ponds and sloughs. Loess Yellow to tan silt deposited as windblown sediment over glacial sediments commonly 3 feet or more in thickness at outcrop. Nesting birds favor these sediments due to their consistency and ease of excavation. OAHE FORMATION (PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE) Qo Landslide Deposits Bedded and non-bedded sands, silts, and clays of the Fort Union, Coleharbor, and Oahe Formations where slumps and linear ridgelike landslide topography is displayed. Shallow ground-water seeps are common at the contacts between permeable (sands) and less permeable (clays and mudstones) sediments within these sequences, which exacerbate slope failures, particularily within transportation corridors. Colluvial Fan Deposits - Oahe Obscurely bedded sandy and silty clay originating as channel and slope wash sediments found at the mouths of coulees and ravines in alluvial fan-type deposits along the margins of the Souris River floodplain. River Terrace Deposits Planar bedded sands and gravels with abundant cobbles and boulders deposited in terrace-form bars along the northern and southern valley walls of the Souris River. Tributary Alluvium Gray to brown fluvial channel and overbank sands, gravels, silts, and clays within tributary coulee drainageways of the Souris River floodplain deposited as reworked slopewashed till ranging from three to 30 feet in thickness. Channel Sediment Moderately well-sorted, cross-bedded and plane-bedded sand and gravel deposited as point bars and outwash. Includes cobble and boulder-laden sediments of the Des Lacs and Souris spillways. Floodplain Alluvium Gray to brown fluvial channel and overbank sands, gravels, silts, and clays deposited within the Souris River floodplain. Prone to slumping and instability along meander loop cutbanks along the Souris River. Commonly 100 feet or more in thickness within the floodplain. COLEHARBOR GROUP (PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE) Qc Kames and Esker Deposits Generally poorly sorted bedded to non-bedded sands and gravels deposited as linear or circular collapse deposits mantling Coleharbor Group subglacial sediments. Typically located on the southern side of the Souris River drainageway. Glacial Till (Channel Washed) Dark-gray brown clay with silt, low to moderate plasticity and cohesiveness, massive, clay matrix-supported diamicton, ocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized and unleached (calcium carbonate), with ocassional clay and lignite clasts. Eroded by overbank flooding of the Souris River towards Glacial Lake Souris. Expressed as channels of relatively low local topographic relief. Glacial Till (River Washed) Dark-gray brown clay with silt, low to moderate plasticity and cohesiveness, massive, clay matrix supported diamicton, ocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized and unleached (calcium carbonate), with ocassional clay and lignite clasts. Eroded by overbank discharge of the Souris River towards Glacial Lake Souris. Glacial Till (Slope Washed) Dark-gray brown subglacial till consisting of clay with silt of low to moderate plasticity and cohesiveness, massive at outcrop consisting of clay matrix supported diamicton with ocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized and unleached (calcium carbonate) with ocassional clay and lignite clasts. Eroded by slopewash along the sides of coulees and ravines. Glacial Ice Contact Deposits Brown to tan sand and gravel with silt, poorly sorted and generally displaying laminated or contorted bedding at outcrop. Typically overidden by subglacial diamicton (subglacial till) sediments. Exposed along lower portions of valley walls along the Souris River. Bed thicknesses range from one to ten feet at outcrop. Till Poorly sorted, unbedded mixture of rock, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited by active and stagnating ice. Flat to undulating topography with poorly to moderately well- integrated drainage. Subdued disintegration features visible on air photos. This type of material is the most ubiquitous near- surface geologic unit throughout the Minot area. This glacially derived sediment was deposited in the subglacial environment. Scattered gravel to pebble size clasts can be seen distributed throughout a fine muddy matrix diamicton. Rock hammer at left for scale. TERTIARY (PALEOGENE) SYSTEM EROSIONAL UNCONFORMITY FORT UNION GROUP Poorly exposed, weakly lithified, loosely consolidated, sandstone, siltstone, and claystone bedrock present beneath unconsolidated glacial sediments at depths between 100 and 200 feet. Thin seams of lignite present throughout. Geologic Symbols Known contact between two geologic units. Approximate contact between two geologic units. Areas of conspicuous, low-relief, ring shaped hummocks. View to the west/southwest across a digital elevation terrain model of the Minot area. The Souris River Valley, along with several of its tributary drainages, are readily identifiable on this model. The well-developed anastomosing drainage pattern developed as a result of outburst flooding, from Glacial Lake Regina during the Pleistocene, is well expressed in the lower right foreground. Several well-developed drainage channels, trending from the west/southwest to the east/northeast, have eroded into older glacial tills and can be seen in the right foreground. Lower elevations are depicted as darker browns and greens. Higher elevations are depicted as lighter greens and yellows. The road coverage on the main map is shown in black. Map Scale 1:48,000 This map has been placed on a shaded relief background. 0 1 2 3 Miles 0 1 2 3 Kilometers (Glacial Till). just west of Trestle Valley. overlain by subglacial clay-matrix supported diamicton. overlying recent channel alluvium along Livingston Creek. Contact at top of rock hammer. along the floodplain of the Souris River Valley. References Anderson, F.J., 2006, Surface Geology of the Minot Quadrangle: North Dakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K: Mnot – sg. Anderson, F.J., 2006, Surface Geology of the Surrey Quadrangle: North Dakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K: Srry – sg. Anderson, G.S., 1980, Surface Geology for Land Use Planning, Minot, North Dakota: University of North Dakota unpublished M.S. thesis, Grand Forks, 83 p. Andrews, D. A., 1939, Geology and coal resources of the Minot region, North Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 906-B, p. 43-84, illus. incl. geol. map (scale 1:125,000). formed within subglacial sediments (till) adjacent to the Souris River Valley. glacial till plain in the southeastern Minot area. along the Souris River Valley northwest of Burlington. within roadcuts along ND HWY 2 just northwest of Burlington. Slide Areas A B´ B 1
Transcript of GEOLOGY OF THE MINOT AREA Fred J. Anderson · into older glacial tills and can be seen in the right...
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Block of locally derived sandstone bedrock from the BullionCreek Formation of the Fort Union Group .
GEOLOGY OF THE MINOT AREA Fred J. AndersonLorraine A. Manz
2007
Geologic Investigations No. 46North Dakota Geological SurveyLynn D. Helms, Director, Dept. of Mineral ResourcesEdward C. Murphy, State Geologist
This geologic map was funded in part by the USGSNational Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program.
Vertical Exaggeration = 20x.
Clay-matrix supported diamicton sediments
Lignite seam within bedrock sediments of the Fort UnionGroup
Glaciofluvial sands and gravels
Loess
Alluvial terrace gravels, cobbles, and boulders
Tributary valley
Kame and esker deposits mantling
Abandoned coal mining works
Recent landslides
The Old Minot Landfill in southwest Minot.
Kehew, A.E., 1983, Geology and Geotechnical Conditions of the MinotArea, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey, Report ofInvestigations No. 73, 35 p. Plate.
Lemke, R.W., 1960, Geology of the Souris River Area, North Dakota: USGSProfessional Paper 325, 138 p.
Manz, L.A., 2006, Surface Geology of the Burlington Quadrangle: NorthDakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K Brlg – sg
Manz, L.A., 2006, Surface Geology of the Burlington SE Quadrangle: NorthDakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K Brlg SE – sg
Pettyjohn, W.A., 1970, Preliminary report on the ground-water conditionsin the vicinity of Minot, North Dakota: City of Minot, North Dakota,36 p.
Borrow Area (abandoned and/or reclaimed)
Includes gravel pits and disused mine workings.
QUATERNARY SYSTEM
HOLOCENE
ANTHROPOGENIC (RECENT) DEPOSITS
Landfill Deposits
Anthropogenic deposits, landfill sediments and solid wasteplaced as fill in the Old Minot Landfill (Hlf1) and the new Minotlandfill (Hlf2). The Old Minot landfill, a former U.S. EPA Superfundsite, was operated for several years by the City of Minot in thelatter part of the 1980’s. Currently, a passive bioventing system isin place which vents any generated landfill gas to the atmosphere.Recent land development has been slowly encroaching upon thefootprint of the old landfill.
Engineered Fill Deposits
Anthropogenic deposits of engineered sediments consistingof well sorted clays, sands, and gravels placed in cut and fill areascommonly located along roadways.
OAHE FORMATION
Pond and Slough Sediment
Clay, silt, and organic debris; obscurely bedded; dark colored;deposited in modern ponds and sloughs.
Loess
Yellow to tan silt deposited as windblown sediment overglacial sediments commonly 3 feet or more in thickness at outcrop.Nesting birds favor these sediments due to their consistency andease of excavation.
OAHE FORMATION (PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE) Qo
Landslide Deposits
Bedded and non-bedded sands, silts, and clays of the FortUnion, Coleharbor, and Oahe Formations where slumps and linearridgelike landslide topography is displayed. Shallow ground-waterseeps are common at the contacts between permeable (sands) andless permeable (clays and mudstones) sediments within thesesequences, which exacerbate slope failures, particularily withintransportation corridors.
Colluvial Fan Deposits - Oahe
Obscurely bedded sandy and silty clay originating aschannel and slope wash sediments found at the mouths of couleesand ravines in alluvial fan-type deposits along the margins of theSouris River floodplain.
River Terrace Deposits
Planar bedded sands and gravels with abundant cobblesand boulders deposited in terrace-form bars along the northern andsouthern valley walls of the Souris River.
Tributary Alluvium
Gray to brown fluvial channel and overbank sands, gravels,silts, and clays within tributary coulee drainageways of the SourisRiver floodplain deposited as reworked slopewashed till rangingfrom three to 30 feet in thickness.
Channel Sediment
Moderately well-sorted, cross-bedded and plane-beddedsand and gravel deposited as point bars and outwash. Includes cobbleand boulder-laden sediments of the Des Lacs and Souris spillways.
Floodplain Alluvium
Gray to brown fluvial channel and overbank sands, gravels,silts, and clays deposited within the Souris River floodplain. Proneto slumping and instability along meander loop cutbanks along theSouris River. Commonly 100 feet or more in thickness within thefloodplain.
COLEHARBOR GROUP(PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE) Qc
Kames and Esker Deposits
Generally poorly sorted bedded to non-bedded sands andgravels deposited as linear or circular collapse deposits mantlingColeharbor Group subglacial sediments. Typically located on thesouthern side of the Souris River drainageway.
Glacial Till (Channel Washed)
Dark-gray brown clay with silt, low to moderate plasticityand cohesiveness, massive, clay matrix-supported diamicton,ocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized andunleached (calcium carbonate), with ocassional clay and ligniteclasts. Eroded by overbank flooding of the Souris River towardsGlacial Lake Souris. Expressed as channels of relatively lowlocal topographic relief.
Glacial Till (River Washed)
Dark-gray brown clay with silt, low to moderate plasticityand cohesiveness, massive, clay matrix supported diamicton,ocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized andunleached (calcium carbonate), with ocassional clay and ligniteclasts. Eroded by overbank discharge of the Souris River towardsGlacial Lake Souris.
Glacial Till (Slope Washed)
Dark-gray brown subglacial till consisting of clay withsilt of low to moderate plasticity and cohesiveness, massive atoutcrop consisting of clay matrix supported diamicton withocassional fine to coarse gravel clasts. Typically oxidized andunleached (calcium carbonate) with ocassional clay and ligniteclasts. Eroded by slopewash along the sides of coulees andravines.
Glacial Ice Contact Deposits
Brown to tan sand and gravel with silt, poorly sorted andgenerally displaying laminated or contorted bedding at outcrop.Typically overidden by subglacial diamicton (subglacial till)sediments. Exposed along lower portions of valley walls alongthe Souris River. Bed thicknesses range from one to ten feet atoutcrop.
Till
Poorly sorted, unbedded mixture of rock, cobbles, pebbles,gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited by active and stagnating ice.Flat to undulating topography with poorly to moderately well-integrated drainage. Subdued disintegration features visible onair photos. This type of material is the most ubiquitous near-surface geologic unit throughout the Minot area. This glaciallyderived sediment was deposited in the subglacial environment.Scattered gravel to pebble size clasts can be seen distributedthroughout a fine muddy matrix diamicton. Rock hammer at leftfor scale.
TERTIARY (PALEOGENE) SYSTEM
EROSIONAL UNCONFORMITY
FORT UNION GROUP
Poorly exposed, weakly lithified, loosely consolidated,sandstone, siltstone, and claystone bedrock present beneathunconsolidated glacial sediments at depths between 100 and 200feet. Thin seams of lignite present throughout.
Geologic Symbols
Known contact between two geologic units.
Approximate contact between two geologic units.
Areas of conspicuous, low-relief, ring shaped hummocks.
View to the west/southwest acrossa digital elevation terrain model ofthe Minot area. The Souris RiverValley, along with several of itstributary drainages, are readilyidentifiable on this model. Thewell-developed anastomosingdrainage pattern developed as aresult of outburst flooding, fromGlacial Lake Regina during thePleistocene, is well expressed in thelower right foreground. Severalwell-developed drainage channels,trending from the west/southwestto the east/northeast, have erodedinto older glacial tills and can beseen in the right foreground.Lower elevations are depicted asdarker browns and greens. Higherelevations are depicted as lightergreens and yellows. The roadcoverage on the main map is shownin black.Map Scale 1:48,000
This map has been placed on a shaded relief background.
0 1 2 3
Miles0 1 2 3
Kilometers
(Glacial Till).
just west of Trestle Valley.
overlain by subglacialclay-matrix supported diamicton.
overlying recent channel alluvium along LivingstonCreek. Contact at top of rock hammer.
along thefloodplain of the Souris River Valley.
References
Anderson, F.J., 2006, Surface Geology of the Minot Quadrangle: NorthDakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K: Mnot – sg.
Anderson, F.J., 2006, Surface Geology of the Surrey Quadrangle:North Dakota Geological Survey, 1:24,000, 24K: Srry – sg.
Anderson, G.S., 1980, Surface Geology for Land Use Planning, Minot,North Dakota: University of North Dakota unpublished M.S.thesis, Grand Forks, 83 p.
Andrews, D. A., 1939, Geology and coal resources of the Minotregion, North Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 906-B, p. 43-84,illus. incl. geol. map (scale 1:125,000).
formed within subglacial sediments (till)adjacent to the Souris River Valley.
glacial till plain in thesoutheastern Minot area.
along the Souris RiverValley northwest of Burlington.
within roadcuts along ND HWY 2 justnorthwest of Burlington.
Slide Areas
A
B´
B
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