Geology of Paraná Serra do Mar - Mineropar · Serra do Mar is the geomorphologic entity that takes...
1
Serra do Mar is the geomorphologic entity that takes shape from a more than 1,000 km long, 5 to 10 km wide fault escarpment that separates the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic coast. The range extends from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina with mean altitude differences of 1,000 m, its highest point being the 1,969 m high Pico Paraná. What is Serra do Mar The rise of Serra do Mar is associated with the first stages of separation of Africa and South America and the consequent opening of the Atlantic Ocean 150 million years ago. The continental separation process involved marked uplift of the entire southeastern coast of Brazil, during which large blocks were vertically displaced, some up, some down along geological faults. Serra do Mar corresponds to one of such uplifted areas to the east of the Santos fault. Its rise took place at approximately 65 million years ago, tens of kilometers east of the current coastline position. From then on, erosion has displaced the Serra do Mar scarp westward, the resulting sediments being washed to the sea to form marginal basins (e.g. Campos and Santos basins) from which oil is now exploited. How and when did Serra do Mar arise Source: EMBRAPA(www.embrapa.br) Overlain LANSAT and SRTM imagery. Rodrigo Stella Photo: Gil Piekarz Serra do Mar view from the Marumbi. Ibitiraquire Range Graciosa Range Geological Site Serra do Mar These large granite bodies formed more than 10 km below the surface 550 million years ago. They now outcrop because of continued tectonic uplift of the Earth's crust combined with slow erosional processes. Marumbi, da Prata, and Graciosa are examples of ranges formed by such rock bodies, usually referred to by the same name. The presence of granite massives gives the Serra do Mar in Paraná a special characteristic: it not only represents a scarp or plateau border range, but it also shows significant altitute variations due to differential erosion. But what is is the reason for this? The granite massives, being surrounding by older, less resistant gnaissic and migmatitic rocks, form topographical highs between 400 m and 900 m above the the plateau. Marumbi, da Prata, Graciosa, dos Órgãos, and Baitaca ranges are examples of such highs. Geology and the landscape The rocky massives What is granite? Geologically speaking, three groups of landscape elements outstand here: the rocky massives, the hills between the latter and the sea, and the coastal plain. The groups differ in age, each one showing its own, interesting history. Granite is an igneous kind of rock that forms at depths most often lower than 10 km inside the Earth's crust from solidification of magma (lava-like melted rock). Its very slow solidification due to high temperature and pressure conditions allows mineral crystals to grow large enough to bee seen without the aid of a microscope. Quartz and feldspar are always present in granite. Amphibole and biotite are dark mineral specimens often seen in such rocks. A large variety of mineral specimens, such as zircon, titanite, and apatite, among others, are also present, but in smaller quantities. Gneiss and migmatite, however, are metamorphic types that result when pre-existing rocks are transformed under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. They are crystalline rocks like granite, but they show marked banding and orientation of mineral grains. Geologist Reinhard Maack’s original diagram (Geografia Física do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba 1968) Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range), with the Paraná Peak in the background. Photo: Gil Piekarz Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range). Photo: Gil Piekarz Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range) featuring Ciririca Peak. Marumbi Granite (Marumbi Range) Photo: Gil Piekarz Photo: Arno Siebert Photo: Antônio Liccardo/ acervo Mineropar Source: Pró-Atlântica/Mineropar Source: Pró-Atlântica/Mineropar Diagram showing the positioning of a granite at the time of its formation, and other igneous structures. Partners: Realization: Idealization Gil F. Piekarz Geology Rodolfo J. Angulo Maria Cristina de Souza Gil F. Piekarz Graphic Design Arno Siebert André Ramiro Pierin English version Antonio Mattana After the climax of the last glacial period 5,600 years ago, glaciers started to melt and the sea level rose rapidly to 3 m above its current position. The coastline was 2 to 5 km west of where it is now. Paranaguá and Guaratuba bays were much larger then, and the number and conformation of islands was quite different from today's. After 5,600 years, the sea level dropped to its current position, which led the younger parts of the coastal plains of Paraná to take shape.. Terrains in the coastal plains of Paraná have a maximum altitude of 20 m above the current sea level. They consist of sandy marine sediments younger than 120,000 years that deposited under large sea level variation conditions during glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) stages over the last 1.8 million years of the Quaternary Period. Terrains in the coastal plains of Paraná have a maximum altitude of 20 m above the current sea level. They consist of sandy marine sediments younger than 120,000 years that deposited under large sea level variation conditions during glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) stages over the last 1.8 million years of the Quaternary Period. At the climax of the last glacial period 18,000 years ago, the sea level was approximately 20 m below its current position, and extensive coastal plains cut by water streams were present. The coastline of Paraná was more than 100 km east of the current one. Use your imagination to visualize the transforming landscape. In the geological time, that would take no longer than a blink. From Paleocene on, Serra do Mar scarp erodes to its current location. The first alluvial gold records in Brazil date to approximately 1570, the regions of Paranaguá, Guaraqueçaba, and Cananéia (then part of the Capitany of San Vicente) being the first gold mines worked in the young Portuguese possession. Until gold was found in Vila Rica, State of Minas Gerais, around year 1660, production, that had never been actually large, was limited to the Capitany of São Vicente. One of the 14 hereditary capitanies into which the Brazilian coast had been segmented, this one, that extended for 45 coastal leagues between Bertioga (SP) and Ilha do Mel (PR), belonged to Martim Afonso de Souza. The Seventeenth Century marked in the State of Paraná a prosperous cycle of alluvial gold production. The search for the metal, that begun in Paranaguá and Guaraqueçaba, sprawled to Morretes, Porto de Cima, and São João da Graciosa, and then, crossing Serra do Mar, to the region of Curitiba and the First Plateau. At that time, Paranaguá was the most meridional village in Brazil, and Curitiba was the most meridional and occidental one in the countryside of Brazil. The region that now corresponds to the State of Paraná, that flourished in the Seventeenth Century, was almost left to oblivion after the discovery of richer gold deposits first in Vila Rica (MG), and then in Cuiabá and in Goiás, where the gold rush consequently focused. Large population shifts followed that, which resulted in Paraná villages being doomed to decades of decline until a new economic cycle was brought about by the tropeiros (muleteers). Evolution stages of Serra do Mar The gold cycle Breakup of Gondwana triggers continental drift, with the separation of Africa and South America. The eastern margin of South America uplifts (southeastearn Brazil). Erosion of the uplifted area to a large plain, rocks being washed away to form sedimentary basins like the petroleum-rich Santos Formation. Marked tectonic uplift of terrains west of Santos Fault 65 million years ago, related to the continental separation process. The early Serra do Mar arises tens of kilometers east of the current coastline. The Coastal Plain Source: A Grande Barreira da Serra do Mar, 2004. De Álvaro Rodrigues dos Santo. SERVIÇO GEOLÓGICO DO PARANÁ N 20 S o 20 S o 0S o 0S o 40 W o 60 W o 60 W o 40 S o 80 W o 0 2000 km Geology of Paraná Geological map of Paraná The geological evolution of Paraná is followed when the state is crossed westward. The oldest rocks, formed more than three billion years ago, are found on the coastal plain. There, and all over Serra do Mar and the First Paraná Plateau, igneous and metamorphic rocks of Archean to early Paleozoic age outcrop in the region known as the PARANÁ SHIELD, whose strong relief reflects how resistant to weathering its rocks are. From the Devonian scarp known as São Luiz do Purunã to the western border of the state, the Paraná Shield is overlain by the PARANÁ BASIN, a massive sequence of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Silurian to Cretaceous age that sustains the state's Second and Third plateaus. In the early stages of the basin´s evolution, South America and Africa were still unseparated parts of a supercontinent named Gondwana, and their geographic locations were very different from today's. The PARANÁ BASIN evolved for more than 300 million years, in long transgression-regression cycles of an ancient sea that surrounded Gondwana. These cycles, immensely slow as compared to human lifetime, resulted in different marine, lacustrine, fluvial, and glacial rocks in Paleozoic times. In Jurassic times, a desert named Botucatu, that spread for more than 1,500,000 km2, covered parts of southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. The breakup of Gondwana, and the consequent separation of South America and Africa as the South Atlantic Ocean spread, took place in the Cretaceous. As part of the breakup process, extensive, up to 1,500 m of superposed basalt flows covered more than 1,200,000 km2 of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The remarkably fertile soil known as Terra Roxa derives from weathering of such basalt flows. By the end of the Cretaceous, desertic terrains (the Bauru Basin) spread over the basalt flows in northwestern Paraná as recorded by the Caiuá sandstone. Unlike the Terra Roxa, however, soils formed from these rocks are poorly fertile and highly susceptible to erosion. The youngest geological units in Paraná are sediments of Quaternary age. Most representative examples are those generated under arid to semi-arid conditions over parts of Curitiba and Tijucas do Sul, those formed from weathering of crystalline rocks along the Serra do Mar range, marine sand deposits along the eastern coast, and also countless alluvial deposits along water streams in the state. Geological time If the 4.6 billion years of geological history were scaled to one single year, Mankind would have been on Earth since 8:14 p.m. December 31 i.e., within the last 3h ours and 46 minutes. Dinosaurs, that lived for 100 million years, would have lived no more than 8 days and 12 hours. Serra do Mar as it presents itself today would have arisen within the last 5 minutes of the year.o. You are here Opening of the Atlantic Ocean with the breakup of Gondwana Source: Decifrando a Terra, 2000. Oceanic crust Continental crust Serra do Mar scarpment B Magma injection A Partial melting South America Africa End of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago In the Triassic period, the fragmentation of Pangea began, which in its first stages led to the formation of two continents, Lawrasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. Gondwana would later break up to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India. Breakup of Gondwana starts 140 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, with the separation of South America and Africa and the spreading of the South Atlantic Ocean. Twenty-five hundred million years ago in late Paleozoic, all landmasses on Earth aggregated into a single supercontinent called Pangea. Lawrasia Equator Equator Equator Equator Pangea Gondwana Continental plataform Mid-ocean Ridge ATLANTIC OCEAN Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Serra do Mar scarpment Breakup of Gondwana begins Present ATLANTIC OCEAN Serra do Mar fault scarp Ibitiraquire Range (Graciosa ) Granite Paraná Peak - 1,969m Graciosa Range (Graciosa ) Granite Marumbi Range (Marumbi ) Granite Da Prata Range Coastal Plain Paranaguá Bay Guaratuba Bay Paranaguá Guaratuba Matinhos/Caiobá Serra do Mar fault scarp CRETACEOUS - 146 Ma CRETACEOUS - 80 Ma LATE - 65 Ma PALEOCENE PALEOCENE - HOLOCENE - PRESENT Uplift Santos Fault Sea level Santos Basin Eroded Early Serra do Mar Santos foult reactivation Current Serra do Mar location Sea level Santos Basin Sea level Santos Basin Sea level Santos Basin Quarternário Holoceno Sedimentos marinhos e continentais intercalados Pleistoceno: Formação Alexandra Sedimentos continentais Pleistoceno: Formação Alexandra Sedimentos continentais e marinhos intercalados Neo - Precambriano Granitos alcalinos com biotita e barkevicita Biotita - granitos ácidos Microclina gnais-granito e gnais listrado Eo - Precambriano Xistos cristalinos Orto e paragnaisses Post - Triássico Diques de diabásio e andesitos F F F F F F D D D D D Pico do Marumbi 1547m Primeiro Planalto Pico da Farinha Seca 1450m Vale do rio São João Alto da Graciosa 1471m Ibitera-mirim 1359m Chapéu do Sol 1002m Serra Ibitiraquire (Serra dos Órgãos) Serra da Bocaina 1300m Agulha da Cotia 1525m Caratuba 1898m Pico Paraná 1922m Bloco - diagrama esquemático da Serra do Mar e da zona litoral em redor da baía de Paranaguá Construído por Reinhard Maack Morro Cadeado 1001m Anhangava Vale do rio Ipiranga Serra Capivari Grande 1640m Ferraria Guaricana 1551m Espigão do Feiticeiro 708m Morro Três Pontões 1575m 987m Escarpa Rio negro Serra Taquari Morro Bico Torto Morro do Gato Morro da Tijuca Morro da Palha Serra da Boa Vista Porto de Cima Serra Graciosa M. Do Bicho 351m Morretes Rio Nhundiaqueara Antonina Ilha das Peças Morro da Faisqueira Pôrto Don Pedro II Paranaguá Ilha rasa da Cotinga Cotinga I. da Pontal do Sul Ilha do Mel Ponta do Poço Fortaleza Barra do Norte Barra do Sul Baía das Laranjeiras Ilha das Peças Ponta Inácio Dias Superagui Canal de Superagui Ilha das Laranjeiras Guaraqueçaba Baía dos Pinheiros Col. Serra Negra Ilha Rasa Enseada do Benito R. Varadouro Ararapira Faz. Ìtalo D Sill (igneous rock) Dike ( rock) igneous Volcanic center about 10 km Granite Granite granitic massives Granite quartz (translucent grain) Microcline feldspar (pale-red crystal) biotite (small dark crystal) Plagioclase feldspar (whitish grains) Migmatite Quartz and fedspar-rich band Dark anphibole-rich band Atlantic Ocean Ilha do Mel Costal Plain Serra do Mar rocks Sedimentary Magmatic EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Age Features Geology Holocene Today 1,1 Quaternary Pleistocene 1,8 Sediments Pliocene 5,3 Miocene 23 Oligocene 34 Eocene 53 Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene 65 Cretaceous 142 Jurassic 206 Mesozoic Triassic 248 Permian 290 Carboniferous 354 Devonian 417 Silurian 443 Basin Paraná Ordovician 495 Phanerozoic Paleozoic Cambrian 545 Proterozoic 2500 Paraná S hield Archean 4000 Pre-cambrian Hadean 4560 Primates p roliferate First horses appear First Dinosaurs appear Amphibians appear Reptiles, primitive large trees appear Dinosaurs appear; flowers Trilobites disappear Earth forms First pluricellular organisms First shells; trilobites prevail First fishes Terrestrial plants appear First birds and mammals appear Mankind, Northern Hemisphere glaciation million years First unicellular organisms Sedimentary rocks Sediments rocks Serra do Mar arises Formation of granites bodies 0 (present) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 4,600 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Pre-Cambrian Mankind appears Map of Paranaguá region in 1,653. (Anonymous author - Museu Ultramarino de Lisboa)
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Transcript of Geology of Paraná Serra do Mar - Mineropar · Serra do Mar is the geomorphologic entity that takes...
Serra do Mar is the geomorphologic entity that takes shape from a more than 1,000 km long, 5 to 10 km wide fault escarpment that separates the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic coast. The range extends from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina with mean altitude differences of 1,000 m, its highest point being the 1,969 m high Pico Paraná.
What is Serra do Mar
The rise of Serra do Mar is associated with the first stages of separation of Africa and South America and the consequent opening of the Atlantic Ocean 150 million years ago. The continental separation process involved marked uplift of the entire southeastern coast of Brazil, during which large blocks were vertically displaced, some up, some down along geological faults. Serra do Mar corresponds to one of such uplifted areas to the east of the Santos fault. Its rise took place at approximately 65 million years ago, tens of kilometers east of the current coastline position. From then on, erosion has displaced the Serra do Mar scarp westward, the resulting sediments being washed to the sea to form marginal basins (e.g. Campos and Santos basins) from which oil is now exploited.
How and when did Serra do Mar arise
Sou
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EM
BR
APA
(ww
w.e
mb
rap
a.b
r)
Overlain LANSAT and SRTM imagery. Rodrigo Stella
Pho
to: G
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Serra do Mar view from the Marumbi.
Ibitiraquire Range
Graciosa Range
Geo
logi
cal S
ite
Serra do Mar These large granite bodies formed more than 10 km below the surface 550 million years ago. They now outcrop because of continued tectonic uplift of the Earth's crust combined with slow erosional processes. Marumbi, da Prata, and Graciosa are examples of ranges formed by such rock bodies, usually referred to by the same name.
The presence of granite massives gives the Serra do Mar in Paraná a special characteristic: it not only represents a scarp or plateau border range, but it also shows significant altitute variations due to differential erosion. But what is is the reason for this? The granite massives, being surrounding by older, less resistant gnaissic and migmatitic rocks, form topographical highs between 400 m and 900 m above the the plateau. Marumbi, da Prata, Graciosa, dos Órgãos, and Baitaca ranges are examples of such highs.
Geology and the landscape
The rocky massives
What is granite?
Geologically speaking, three groups of landscape elements outstand here: the rocky massives, the hills between the latter and the sea, and the coastal plain. The groups differ in age, each one showing its own, interesting history.
Granite is an igneous kind of rock that forms at depths most often lower than 10 km inside the Earth's crust from solidification of magma (lava-like melted rock). Its very slow solidification due to high temperature and pressure conditions allows mineral crystals to grow large enough to bee seen without the aid of a microscope. Quartz and feldspar are always present in granite. Amphibole and biotite are dark mineral specimens often seen in such rocks. A large variety of mineral specimens, such as zircon, titanite, and apatite, among others, are also present, but in smaller quantities.
Gneiss and migmatite, however, are metamorphic types that result when pre-existing rocks are transformed under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. They are crystalline rocks like granite, but they show marked banding and orientation of mineral grains.
Geologist Reinhard Maack’s original diagram (Geografia Física do Estado do Paraná, Curitiba 1968)
Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range), with the Paraná Peak in the background.
Pho
to: G
il Pi
ekar
z
Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range).
Pho
to: G
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z
Graciosa Granite (Ibitiraquire Range) featuring Ciririca Peak.
Marumbi Granite (Marumbi Range)
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: Arn
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Pró
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e: P
ró-A
tlân
tica
/Min
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parDiagram showing the positioning
of a granite at the time of its formation,and other igneous structures.
Partners:
Realization:
IdealizationGil F. Piekarz
GeologyRodolfo J. Angulo
Maria Cristina de Souza Gil F. Piekarz
Graphic Design Arno Siebert
André Ramiro Pierin
English versionAntonio Mattana
After the climax of the last glacial period 5,600 years ago, glaciers started to melt and the sea level rose rapidly to 3 m above its current position. The coastline was 2 to 5 km west of where it is now. Paranaguá and Guaratuba bays were much larger then, and the number and conformation of islands was quite different from today's. After 5,600 years, the sea level dropped to its current position, which led the younger parts of the coastal plains of Paraná to take shape..
Terrains in the coastal plains of Paraná have a maximum altitude of 20 m above the current sea level. They consist of sandy marine sediments younger than 120,000 years that deposited under large sea level variation conditions during glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) stages over the last 1.8 million years of the Quaternary Period.
Terrains in the coastal plains of Paraná have a maximum altitude of 20 m above the current sea level. They consist of sandy marine sediments younger than 120,000 years that deposited under large sea level variation conditions during glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) stages over the last 1.8 million years of the Quaternary Period.
At the climax of the last glacial period 18,000 years ago, the sea level was approximately 20 m below its current position, and extensive coastal plains cut by water streams were present. The coastline of Paraná was more than 100 km east of the current one. Use your imagination to visualize the transforming landscape. In the geological time, that would take no longer than a blink.
From Paleocene on, Serra do Mar scarp erodes to its current location.
The first alluvial gold records in Brazil date to approximately 1570, the regions of Paranaguá, Guaraqueçaba, and Cananéia (then part of the Capitany of San Vicente) being the first gold mines worked in the young Portuguese possession. Until gold was found in Vila Rica, State of Minas Gerais, around year 1660, production, that had never been actually large, was limited to the Capitany of São Vicente. One of the 14 hereditary capitanies into which the Brazilian coast had been segmented, this one, that extended for 45 coastal leagues between Bertioga (SP) and Ilha do Mel (PR), belonged to Martim Afonso de Souza. The Seventeenth Century marked in the State of Paraná a prosperous cycle of alluvial gold production. The search for the metal, that begun in Paranaguá and Guaraqueçaba, sprawled to Morretes, Porto de Cima, and São João da Graciosa, and then, crossing Serra do Mar, to the region of Curitiba and the First Plateau. At that time, Paranaguá was the most meridional village in Brazil, and Curitiba was the most meridional and occidental one in the countryside of Brazil. The region that now corresponds to the State of Paraná, that flourished in the Seventeenth Century, was almost left to oblivion after the discovery of richer gold deposits first in Vila Rica (MG), and then in Cuiabá and in Goiás, where the gold rush consequently focused. Large population shifts followed that, which resulted in Paraná villages being doomed to decades of decline until a new economic cycle was brought about by the tropeiros (muleteers).
Evolution stages of Serra do Mar
The gold cycleBreakup of Gondwana triggers continental drift, with the separation of Africa and South America. The eastern margin of South America uplifts (southeastearn Brazil).
Erosion of the uplifted area to a large plain, rocks being washed away to form sedimentary basins like the petroleum-rich Santos Formation.
Marked tectonic uplift of terrains west of Santos Fault 65 million years ago, related to the continental separation process. The early Serra do Mar arises tens of kilometers east of the current coastline.
The Coastal Plain
Source: A Grande Barreira da Serra do Mar, 2004. De Álvaro Rodrigues dos Santo.
SERVIÇO GEOLÓGICO DO PARANÁ
N
20 So20 So
0 So0 So 40 Wo
60 Wo
60 Wo
40 So
80 Wo
0 2000 km
Geology of Paraná
Geological map of Paraná
The geological evolution of Paraná is followed when the state is crossed westward. The oldest rocks, formed more than three billion years ago, are found on the coastal plain. There, and all over Serra do Mar and the First Paraná Plateau, igneous and metamorphic rocks of Archean to early Paleozoic age outcrop in the region known as the PARANÁ SHIELD, whose strong relief reflects how resistant to weathering its rocks are.
From the Devonian scarp known as São Luiz do Purunã to the western border of the state, the Paraná Shield is overlain by the PARANÁ BASIN, a massive sequence of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Silurian to Cretaceous age that sustains the state's Second and Third plateaus. In the early stages of the basin´s evolution, South America and Africa were still unseparated parts of a supercontinent named Gondwana, and their geographic locations were very different from today's.
The PARANÁ BASIN evolved for more than 300 million years, in long transgression-regression cycles of an ancient sea that surrounded Gondwana. These cycles, immensely slow as compared to human lifetime, resulted in different marine, lacustrine, fluvial, and glacial rocks in Paleozoic times.
In Jurassic times, a desert named Botucatu, that spread for more than 1,500,000 km2, covered parts of southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.
The breakup of Gondwana, and the consequent separation of South America and Africa as the South Atlantic Ocean spread, took place in the Cretaceous. As part of the breakup process, extensive, up to 1,500 m of superposed basalt flows covered more than 1,200,000 km2 of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The remarkably fertile soil known as Terra Roxa derives from weathering of such basalt flows. By the end of the Cretaceous, desertic terrains (the Bauru Basin) spread over the basalt flows in northwestern Paraná as recorded by the Caiuá sandstone. Unlike the Terra Roxa, however, soils formed from these rocks are poorly fertile and highly susceptible to erosion.
The youngest geological units in Paraná are sediments of Quaternary age. Most representative examples are those generated under arid to semi-arid conditions over parts of Curitiba and Tijucas do Sul, those formed from weathering of crystalline rocks along the Serra do Mar range, marine sand deposits along the eastern coast, and also countless alluvial deposits along water streams in the state.
Geological time If the 4.6 billion years of geological history were scaled to one single year, Mankind would have been on Earth since 8:14 p.m. December 31 i.e., within the last 3h ours and 46 minutes. Dinosaurs, that lived for 100 million years, would have lived no more than 8 days and 12 hours. Serra do Mar as it presents itself today would have arisen within the last 5 minutes of the year.o.
You are here
Opening of the Atlantic Ocean with the breakup of GondwanaSource: Decifrando a Terra, 2000.
Oceanic crust Continental crust
Serra do Marscarpment
BMagma injection
A Partial melting
South America Africa
End of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago
In the Triassic period, the fragmentation of Pangea began, which in its first stages led to the formation of two continents, Lawrasia in the north and Gondwana in the south. Gondwana would later break up to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.
Breakup of Gondwana starts 140 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, with the separation of South America and Africa and the spreading of the South Atlantic Ocean.
Twenty-five hundred million years ago in late Paleozoic, all landmasses on Earth aggregated into a single supercontinent called Pangea.
Lawrasia
Equator Equator
Equator
Equator
Pangea Gondwana
Continental plataform Mid-ocean Ridge
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Oceanic crust Oceanic crust
Serra do Marscarpment
Breakup ofGondwana begins
Present
ATLANTICOCEAN
Serra do Mar fault scarp
Ibitiraquire Range(Graciosa )Granite
Paraná Peak - 1,969m
Graciosa Range(Graciosa )Granite
Marumbi Range(Marumbi )Granite
Da Prata Range
Coastal Plain
Paranaguá Bay
Guaratuba Bay
Paranaguá
Guaratuba
Matinhos/Caiobá
Serra do Mar fault scarp
CRETACEOUS - 146 Ma
CRETACEOUS - 80 MaLATE
- 65 MaPALEOCENE
PALEOCENE - HOLOCENE - PRESENT
Uplift Santos Fault
Sea level
Santos Basin
Eroded
Early Serra do Mar
Santos foultreactivation
Current Serra do Mar location
Sea level
Santos Basin
Sea level
Santos Basin
Sea level
Santos Basin
QuarternárioHolocenoSedimentos marinhos e continentais intercalados
Pleistoceno: Formação AlexandraSedimentos continentais
Pleistoceno: Formação AlexandraSedimentos continentais e marinhos intercalados
Neo - PrecambrianoGranitos alcalinos combiotita e barkevicita
Biotita - granitos ácidos
Microclina gnais-granitoe gnais listrado
Eo - PrecambrianoXistos cristalinosOrto e paragnaisses
Post - TriássicoDiques de diabásioe andesitos
F F F
F F
F
D
D D
DD
Pico do Marumbi1547m
PrimeiroPlanalto
Pico daFarinha Seca
1450m
Vale do rioSão João
Alto da Graciosa1471m
Ibitera-mirim1359mChapéu do Sol
1002mSerra Ibitiraquire (Serra dos Órgãos)
Serra da Bocaina1300m
Agulha da Cotia1525m
Caratuba1898m
Pico Paraná1922mBloco - diagrama esquemático da Serra do Mar e da
zona litoral em redor da baía de ParanaguáConstruído por Reinhard Maack
Morro Cadeado1001mAnhangava
Vale do rioIpiranga
Serra CapivariGrande1640m
FerrariaGuaricana
1551m Espigão do Feiticeiro708m
Morro Três Pontões1575m 987m
Escarpa Rio negro Serra Taquari
Morro Bico TortoMorro do Gato
Morro daTijuca
Morro daPalha
Serra da Boa Vista
Porto deCima
Serra Graciosa
M. Do Bicho351m
Morretes Rio Nhundiaqueara
Antonina
Ilha das Peças
Morro daFaisqueira
Pôrto Don Pedro II
Paranaguá
Ilha rasa da Cotinga
CotingaI. da
Pontal do Sul
Ilha do Mel
Ponta do Poço
Fortaleza
Barra do Norte
Barra do Sul
Baía
das
Lar
anje
iras
Ilhadas
Peças
Ponta Inácio Dias
Superagui
Cana
l de
Supe
ragu
i
Ilha dasLaranjeiras
Guaraqueçaba
Baía dos Pinheiros
Col. Serra Negra
Ilha Rasa
Enseada doBenito
R. Varadouro
Ararapira
Faz. Ìtalo
D
Sill(igneous rock)
Dike( rock)igneous
Volcanic center
about10 km
Granite
Granite
granitic massives
Granite
quartz (translucent grain)
Microcline feldspar(pale-red crystal)
biotite(small dark crystal)
Plagioclase feldspar(whitish grains)
Migmatite
Quartz and fedspar-rich band
Dark anphibole-rich band
Atlantic Ocean
Ilha do Mel
Costal Plain
Serra do Mar
rocksSedimentary
Magmatic
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Age Features Geology
Holocene Today
1,1Quaternary
Pleistocene 1,8
Sediments
Pliocene 5,3
Miocene 23
Oligocene 34
Eocene 53
Cenozoic
Tertiary
Paleocene 65
Cretaceous142
Jurassic206
Mesozoic
Triassic 248
Permian 290
Carboniferous 354
Devonian 417
Silurian 443
Bas
in
Par
aná
Ordovician 495
Ph
aner
ozo
ic
Paleozoic
Cambrian 545
Proterozoic 2500
Paraná S hield
Archean4000
Pre-cambrian
Hadean4560
Primates p roliferate
First horses appear
First Dinosaurs appear
Amphibians appear
Reptiles, primitive largetrees appear
Dinosaurs appear;flowers
Trilobites disappear
Earth forms
First pluricellular organisms
First shells; trilobites prevail
First fishes
Terrestrial plants appear
First birds and mammals appear
Mankind,Northern Hemisphereglaciation
million years
First unicellular organisms
Sedimentaryrocks
Sediments
rocks
Serra do Mar arises
Formation of granites bodies
0 (present)50100150200250300350400450500550
4,600
Paleozoic Mesozoic CenozoicPre-Cambrian
Man
kin
d a
pp
ears
Map of Paranaguá region in 1,653.(Anonymous author - Museu Ultramarino de Lisboa)
