Geology Diti

8/3/2019 Geology Diti

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08010417 D Santosh Rao08010418 Diti Sood08010421 Karan Virani08010422 Kaushik Mondal


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Coal- Main energy source in India over 60% energyconsumption

Urgent problem to be resolved for resources investigation

to prospect accurately, rapidly and efficiently for coalresources by using the latest technologies Remote sensing is one of the most efficient ways for coal

prospecting Major problems with it-

- absence of any correlation in abnormal information existing in remotesensing anomalies

- lack of direct interpretation for concealed coal deposits


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Coal exploration process usually involves creating a geological map of thearea, then carrying out geochemical and geophysical surveys, followed byexploration drilling. This allows an accurate picture of the area to bedeveloped. The area will only ever become a mine if it is large enough and ofsufficient quality that the coal can be economically recovered.

Geophysical borehole logging (determine in situ the rock type)

NOTE- In coal exploration, it is necessary to identify one or more physicalproperties of coal bearing sequence.

Radiation logs- gamma ray , density and neutron logs- work in absence of borehole fluid and through casing

- used when boreholes tend to be shallow, narrow and dry Resistivity logs Density logs Temperature logs Sonic logs

Geophysical logging correlation of coal seams- accurate seam depth and thickness

- coal seam structure details


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Remote sensing is a technology that acquires the physical parameters of the objectivesthrough spatial sensors by receiving electromagnetic waves reflected and dispersed from

objects or electromagnetic waves emitted by targets.

Theoretical Basis of coal prospecting by remote sensing- Coal bearing strata are darkerin hue.

Usually 5% to 30% lower in reflectance than that of adjacent strata along a standard strata

profile and have a unique spectrum.

The thermal emission properties of coal are distinct. The thermal inertia of coal is lower.During daytime- coal absorbs more energy, its surface temperature, emission rate and

radiant temperature are higher . Hence, highest thermal anomaliesDuring the night- Lower thermal conductivity and diffusion of coal controls its thermal

radiant characteristics.It releases almost all its solar energy absorbed during the daytime before midnight, after

which it emanates thermal radiation mainly from the interior of the earth crust, so that itshows lower thermal anomalies after midnight because of its lower thermal conductivity.


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A combination of visible bands and thermal infrared bands will be an effectivemethod for detecting coal prospects over exposed coal seams.

Coal bearing strata are often interbedded with- mudstone, shale and sandstone (low mechanical strength)

Therefore, Vegetation is more abundant in areas of coal-bearing strata.

We would predict and investigate coal deposits by analyzing regional topography

vegetation growth geological characteristics.

Remote sensing for coal prospecting normally takes large areas as research targets. Theobjective of the research is to find regional coal basins and tectonics associated with or

controlling coal seams distribution,


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Coal-bearing basins and their characteristics are mainly predicted according tofeature images of landscapes and vegetation cover in the areas with welldeveloped coal bearing strata, thin overburden or vegetation cover

In uncovered regions, prospective coal-bearing areas can be delineated by thedirect use of low-medium resolution satellite images, followed by large-scalecoalfield geological mapping wit high-resolution images and drilling.

The coal-bearing structures delineated by the images are generally credible andhigh-resolution images can be further used to interpret and delineate concealedcoal bearing basins and coal bearing synclines under the overburden of concealedareas and semi-concealed areas.

Coal prospecting in thickly covered areas is mainly achieved by tectonicinterpretation, discovery of new geological tectonics and new knowledge of the

rules of coal controlling structures


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With the development of remote sensing technology and its tight combinationwith new theories or methods such as geology, geography, coal petrology, digitalgeology, geophysics, structural geology, geomechanics and modemsedimentology, remote sensing methods for coal prospecting possess obviousadvantages with good prospects of further development, compared withtraditional methods.

As one of the means of coal prospecting, remote sensing technology can improvethe probability of coal resource discovery.

Remote Sensing can also reduce some of the environmental impacts of coalexploration and mining as drilling would be done only in the narrowed downregions.

It would also help analyzing the coal reserves of regions that are inaccessibleotherwise due to extreme geographical conditions.


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Coal Geology by Larry Thomas Prospecting for coal inChina with remote sensing- JOURNAL OFCHINA

UNIVERSITY OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,721708&_dad=por

tal&_schema=PORTAL THECOAL RESOURCE-ACOMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OFCOAL

WorldCoal Institute Manual on drilling, sampling, and analysis of coal ByAmerican Society

for Testing and Materials

Geology Diti

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