Magnetotelluric studies in Puga valley geothermal field, NW ...
Geology and Geothermal Energy Potential in the San Luis Valley€¦ · geothermal potential of the...
Transcript of Geology and Geothermal Energy Potential in the San Luis Valley€¦ · geothermal potential of the...
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Geology and Geothermal
Energy Potential in the
San Luis Valley
Paul Morgan
Colorado Geological Surveyfor
Workshop: Geothermal Uses in the
San Luis Valley
February 27, 2010
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• General geology (an geologic history) of
Colorado
• What is important for geothermal resources
• The Geology of the San Luis Valley
• Geothermal resources in the San Luis
Valley
Presentation Outline:
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. 130 m.y.Paleogeography from
Prof. Ron Blakey, NAU
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90 m.y.
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75 m.y.
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65 m.y.
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30-35 m.y.
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15-20 m.y.
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5-10 m.y.
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Geology of Colorado
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Heat Flow Map
Blackwell and others, SMU Geothermal Lab,
2004
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High Heat Flow
>80 mW/m2
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High Heat Flow is generally important
for good geothermal potential
Causes of high heat flow:
1) Thinner lithosphere (plate)
2) Igneous plutons at depth (young volcanism) ?
3) Residual heat (extended geologically-recent
volcanism)
4) Upwelling of deep, heated groundwater –
locally
5) Concentration of radioactive elements ?
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Effects of
geological
extension (basin
formation) and
compression
(mountain building)
on heat flow
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Deep groundwater circulation
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Geothermal Potential of the
San Luis Valley• Regional High Heat Flow (thin lithosphere,
residual heat, concentration of radioactive
elements )
– Gives low-grade geothermal resources, typically
< 200 F in most areas at depths up to 5000 feet
• Upwelling of deep heated groundwater
– May give low-grade geothermal resources at
significantly shallower depths, < 200 F as shallow
as 2000 feet, and higher-grade resources at
currently economic depths, > 250 at < 8,000-
10,000 feet.
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Examples of Shallow
Temperatures Studies
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Northern San Luis Valley
Heat Flow Data Map
Gradient range:
1.6 to 4.2 F/100 ft,
Predicting ~128 to
~258 F at 5,000 ft
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The San Luis Basin
has complex
subsurface
structure that
causes
groundwater to
move up and down
giving cold and hot
spots
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A geothermal test well was drilled in the early 1980s
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Alamosa Well #1
In general
the basin
becomes a
poorer
aquifer with
depth
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Alamosa Well # 1
The test well
demonstrated
encouraging
temperatures
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San Luis Valley
Oil-well Bottom-Hole
Temperature Data
confirm high
temperatures at
depth
Typical: 300+ F
at 10,000 feet
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From here to there: maximizing the
geothermal potential of the San Luis Valley
• There are some very creative folks in the
Valley – geothermal is a mature resource, but
ideas and technology continue to evolve
• Ground-source heat pumps (geoexchange)
– are the most efficient, clean form of heating, but
swamp cooler are cheaper for cooling in the arid
southwest. Use hot water to make ground-source
heat pump heating even more efficient.
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From here to there, concluded
• For direct use (< 200 F) hot water is to be
found everywhere at depth in the valley
– Look for places, upflow zones, where it may be
hotter at a shallower depth
• High-grade resources (>250 F definitely exist
at depth but the permeability may be low.
– As with direct use, the depth to these higher
temperature probably varies with location.
Reservoirs may need stimulation to produce
sufficient fluids to produce electricity.
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CGS Geothermal web page:
http://geosurvey.state.co.us
Home page>
Programs & Projects >
Mineral & Energy Resources >
Geothermal
Paul Morgan: [email protected]
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finis
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Hydrothermal Systems
<10,000 ft (<3 km)
Enhanced Geothermal
Systems
10,000-30,000 ft (3-10 km)Geothermal Education Association
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Hot/Warm
Springs & Wells
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Wuanita Hot Spring, Gunnison Valley Yampah Hot Spring, Glenwood Springs
Cottonwood Hot Springs, Buena Vista Mt. Princeton Area, Nathrop
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Alligator Farm, Hooper well, San Luis Basin
• Spas & Pools - 18 sites
• Space Heating - 15 sites
• Greenhouses - 4 site
• Aquaculture - 1 sites
• District Heating - 1 site
Heber, CA
Electrical Generation
- 0 sites
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• High heat flow
• Quaternary volcanism
• Quaternary faulting
2nd largest heat flow
anomaly in US >100 mW/m2
5 Quaternary volcanoes
>90 Quaternary faults
Colorado is also outstanding in these criteria!
Criteria for geothermal power potential:
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Machette, 2003, USGS OFR 03-417
Quaternary
Faults
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Quaternary
Faults
&
Neogene/
Quaternary
Volcanic
Deposits
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Thermal Point Distance to Quaternary Faults
Unique Spring and Well Areas
29
15
8
14
10
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50
Distance (miles)
Nu
mb
er
of
Th
erm
al
Po
ints
Thermal Point Distance to Quaternary FaultsUnique Spring and Well Areas
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Thermal Point Distance to Recent Volcanism (<23Ma)
Unique Spring and Well Areas
30
12
6 53
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50
Distance (miles)
Nu
mb
er
of
Th
erm
al
Po
ints
Thermal Point Distance to Neogene Volcanism (<23Ma)
Unique Spring and Well Areas
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Thermal Points Temperature vs Distance to Quaternary Fault
All Springs and Wells
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Distance (miles)
Tem
pera
ture
(d
eg
C)
Temp vs Distance to Quaternary
Faults
Thermal Points Temperature vs Distance to Recent Volcanism (<23Ma)
All Springs and Wells
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Distance (miles)
Tem
pera
ture
(d
eg
C)
Temp vs Distance to Neogene
Volcanics
Temperature Relationships
50°C
25 mi
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from Dueker, Yuan, & Zurek, 2001
Tomographic P-wave velocity
variationsMap at 100 Km Depth
Yellow/red = Low
Velocity Material
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South North
ASPEN YSTN
100
200
300
400
0
500
-200 0 100 200 400 600-400-600-800
Distance (km)
D D’
Depth
(km
)
from Dueker, Yuan, & Zurek, 2001
Tomographic P-wave velocity variationsCross-Section View
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Interpretive Heat Flow Map
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Heat Flow Map – Mt. Princeton
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Heat Flow Map – Rico
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Heat Flow Map – Trinidad
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Bottom Hole Temps – Denver Basin
Denver
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Bottom Hole Temps – San Juan Basin
Durango
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• Colorado is prospective
• Multiple lines of evidence
• The more we look …
… the better the prospects
In Summary:
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Geothermal Gradient Map
>50 C/km
or
>2.7 F/100 ft
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San Luis Basin at Alamosa
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Back of the Envelope Analysis I
• Like most sedimentary basins in Colorado,
San Luis Valley has high geothermal
gradients (~ 2.4 ̊F/100 ft; ~50 ̊C/km) – good
geothermal prospects.
• Porous/permeable sediments are relatively
thin (1500 ft; 500 m) around Alamosa –
deeper volcanic fill is low permeability.
• Effects of Alamosa horst and its faults are
relatively unknown.
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Back of the Envelope Analysis II
• Hindsight: Alamosa Geothermal Well # 1
(early 1980s) may have had more success
if logs could have been run on the hole to
find a permeable zone
• Techniques are now more advanced to
increase permeability, primarily
hydrofracing – expensive, but high returns
• This is one of the directions of the future!
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Isostatic Gravity Anomaly Map
(from Oshetski and Kucks, 2000; USGS OFR-00-42)
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Table 2.2. High-grade EGS areas (>200 C at depths of about 4 km)
MIT Study - Enhanced Geothermal Systems
from Tester and
others, 2006
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MIT Study - Enhanced Geothermal Systems
from Tester and
others, 2006
6.5 km
10 km
3.5 kmFor EGS, Colorado has the
one of the best high temp resources in the
US.