geological time 9 - Hanover Area School...
Transcript of geological time 9 - Hanover Area School...
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GeologicalTime
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Thereare2basicwaysyoucantellhowoldsomethingis
1. Absolute,me‐iden8fiestheactualdateofanevent
2. Rela,ve,me‐doesnotiden8fytheexact8me,buttheorderinwhichthingshappened.
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AbsoluteTime
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• Treerings‐youcantellhowoldatreeisbycoun8ngtheringswhichareimbeddedinit.
• Bystudyingthesizeoftheringsyoucandeterminewhattheclimatewaslikewhenitwasoncealive.
• Thickerringsmeanmoreprecipita8on.
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• Varves‐anysedimentsthatshowayearlycycle.
• Eachseasonproducesmoreorlesssedimentdeposits.
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• Radioac,veElements‐rocks&fossilsofallkindhaveradioac8veelementsintheirmakeup.
• Whentheseelementsbreakdowntheybecomesomethingelse.
• Whenwestudythem&findlessoftheradioac8veelementweknowthatitisolder.
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• HalfLife‐whentheseradioac8veelementsdecaytheydosoinhalvesorhalflives.
• Donotcopy.• Takeapieceofpaper• KeepRippingitinhalfevery5seconds.• Bylookingatthesizeofthepaperyoucanfindouthowlongyouhavebeenrippingitfor.
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• Radio‐CarbonDa8ng‐alllivingthingscarbon‐14inthem.
• ALeralivingthingdiesitwillbegintoloseitscarbon‐14.
• ThepercentageleLinthefossilwilltellushowoldthefossilis.
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Relative Time
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• LawofSuperposi,on‐Whenlayersoftheearthgoundisturbedtheywillhavetheyoungestrocksontop&theoldestrocksontheboMom.
e d b
a
Layer (e) is the youngest layer
Layer (a) would be the oldest layer
Layer (c) formed before layer (d) and (e) c
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GeologicalTimetable
AsummaryofmajoreventsthathappenedinourEarth’shistory
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• Era‐averylargepor8onof8meinhistory
• Period‐por8onof8methatoccurredinanera.(shorterthananera)
• Epoch‐por8onof8methatoccurredinaperiod(shorterthanaperiod)
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Thereare4mainera’sinourEarth’sHistory
Precambrian
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
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PrecambrianEra
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Age
• Allofearth’shistoryfromthebirthoftheearthun8labout570millionyearsago
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Life
• Themajorcharacteris8csofrocksfromthiseraisthattherearefewfossilsoflivingorganisms
• Lifeduringthiserawasmainlybacteria&simpletypesofsingle&mul8‐cellularorganisms.
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• Stromatolites‐typeofalgaethatflourishedduringthis8me.
Otherlifethatlivedduringthis8mewere:
• Jellyfish• Simplefungi
• Marineworms
• Ancestorsofstarfish&coral
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Geology
• MuchofthePrecambrianrockhasbeeneitherburieddeepintheearth,changedbyheatandpressure,eithermeltedormetamorphosed.
• Thisiswhyitisdifficulttolocateanyfossils.• Foralongperiodof8metheearth’scrustwasmoltenrock
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• Shields‐rockthatformedfromthePrecambrianeraandareexposeds8lltoday.
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MineralDeposits
• AbouthalfoftheworldsmetallicmineraldepositsoccurinPrecambrianrocks.
Herearejustafew:
• Iron• Copper• Gold• Nickel
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PaleozoicEra
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Age
• 570millionyearsago‐250millionyearsago
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periods
• Cambrian–1st• Ordovician• Silurian• Devonian• Mississippian
• Pennsylvanian• Permian‐Last
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Life
• Therewasanexplosionoflife• Firstanimalswithhardparts(shells,teeth,bones)begantoform
• Fishesdominatedthisera
• Clams,snails,sponges,amphibians,spiders
• Landplantsbegantoform(ferns)
• Rep8lesappeared
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Geology
Beginningofera• AppalachianMountainsbegantoform
Towardstheendoftheera
• Coalformingswampsbeganforming
• AppalachianMountainsstoppedrising
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MassEx8nc8on
• 96%ofalllifehaddied• 1/2ofallknownspeciesbecameex8nct• Mostwaterinvertebratesnolongerexist• Ex8nc8onisbelievedtohaveoccurredin3majorstagesgradualatfirst,cappedoffbyamajorcatastrophicevent.
• Greatestmassex8nc8ononourearth’shistory
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MesozoicEra
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Age
• 250millionyearsago‐65millionyearsago• Shortestofalltheera’s
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Periods
• Triassic–first• Jurassic• Cretaceous‐last
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Life
• Dinosaursbecamethedominantlandanimals• IntheU.S.wecanfindfossilsprimarilyin:
• Montana Utah
• Colorado Kansas
• Texas Oklahoma
• NewMexico
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• Firstdinosaursweresmallnolargerthanrabbits
• As8mewentontheygrewlarger
• Mammalsfirstappearedonearth
• Birdsfirstappearedonearth• Rep8les(dinosaurs)livedintheseas,land,&skies.
• Coniferswerethedominanttrees
• Floweringplantssuchasdeciduoustreesappearedduringthisera.
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Geology
• AppalachianMountainsbegantoweardown
• RockymountainsbegantoformBeginningoftheera• Onesupercon8nentonearthcalledPangaeaEndoftheera• Con8nentssplitapartalmosttowheretheyaretoday.(PlateTectonics)
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Endofanera
MassEx8nc8on• 50%ofallplant&animallifebecameex8nct• Mostrep8lesbecameex8nct• Mammalssurvived• Majorchangeinclimateoccurred• Earthwasbelievedtobestruckbyanasteroid(YucatanPenninsula)
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Evidencethatsupportsthisimpactidea
• Tek8tes‐rocksthatformwhendebrisfromanimpactissprayedintotheairmeltedandcooled.
• Thereisathinrocklayer(tek8tes)coveringtheearth.Thislayerisfoundallovertheearth.
• Thislayerisfoundatacertaindepth.ThisdepthseparatestherocklayerbetweentheMesozoic&CenozoicEra’s
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• Inthislayeryoucanfindanelementwhichoriginatedfromouterspace.
• ThereisanextremelylargecraterfoundintheYucatanPeninsula,whichwasformedattheendoftheMesozoiclayer.
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CenozoicEra
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Age
• 65millionyearsagotothepresent
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Periods
• Ter8ary• Quaternary
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Epochs
• 7epochs
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Life
Maintypesofplantlife:• Grasses‐new• DeciduousTrees• Tropicalplants• Conifers
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Maintypesofanimallife• Mammalsarethedominantspecies
• Insects• Birds• Fish• Rep8les
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Humans‐new
• Humanlikespeciesneededtohave2mainfactorstobedis8nguishedfromapes:– Walkupright(ratherthanonall4’s)– Largerbrainmass
• As8mewentonhominidsbeganhavingmorebrainmass
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Geology
• Con8nentsarewheretheyaretoday.• Rockymountainscon8nuedtoupliL
• Greatlakesformed
• CoalbeginsformingintheU.S.
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NextEra???
• AnewErabeginsaLersomethingmajoroccursinthelifeandgeology.
• MassEx8nc8ons‐endofPaleozoiceraandMesozoicera
• Explosionofnewlife‐BeginningofPaleozoicera
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PossibleWaysourownEracanend
• Diseasethatcouldwipeoutlife• Climac8cchange
• Nuclearwar• Impactfromouterspace(comet,asteroid)
• GammaRays
• Newdominantspeciesintroduced
• LowTestGrades