Geologic Time Scale
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Transcript of Geologic Time Scale
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GeologicTimeScale
Era Age (Myrs) Epoch
0.01Holocene
1.8Pleistocene
5.3Pliocene
23.8Miocene
33.6Oligocene
54.8Eocene
65Paleocene
144
206
248
290
323
354
417
443
490
543
2500
3800
Precambrian
Phanerozoic
Eon
Proterozoic
Archean
Hadean
Period
Quaternary
Tertiary
Neogene
Paleocene
Mississippian
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs)Source: Geological Society of America (1999)
Geologic Time Scale
Devonian
Silurian
Ordivician
Cambrian
Triassic
Permian
Pennsylvanian
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Scientific Method
• Raise question• Gather data
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Scientific Method
• Raise question
• Gather data
• Form hypothesis
• Test and modify hypothesis
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Peer-Reviewed Journals
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Science “Magazines”
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Scientific Method
• Scientific Theory
• Scientific LawQuickTime™ and a
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“Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)
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“Stuff” of the Universe
The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks
and Life
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Matter & Energy
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Phases of Matter
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Determined by temperature and pressure
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Rock
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living Things
Biosphere
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Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle ChargeWeight (amu)
Proton (p)
+ 1
Electron (e)
- ~0
Neutron (n)
0 1
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic Number
=Number of
Protons
Importanceof Protons
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Elements
Iron
Carbon
Gold
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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The most abundant
element in the universe:
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Hydrogen
Large Magellanic Cloud
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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth
•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%
Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth
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Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things
HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfa BacteriaBacteria
•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%
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AtomicWeight
= number of protons + neutrons
Importanceof Neutrons
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Quiz - Lithium
Atomic Number =
Atomic Weight =
3
7
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Isotopes
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Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = 0X
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Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = +1
Sodium Ion
10e
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Importanceof ElectronsIons
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = 0
Chlorine
9e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
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Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = -1
Chlorine Ion
10e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living Things
Biosphere
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Determine how atoms
bond to form
Compounds
Importanceof Electrons
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Carbon is found in all organic compounds
Organic Compounds
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Minerals - Inorganic
Compounds
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Minerals andCrystalline Structure
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Graphite
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living Things
Biosphere
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Energy
Types
Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat
Potential•Chemical
Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Energy:Quality
Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)
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Rules of the Universe
• Conservation of Matter
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy)
• “You can’t thrown anything away”
• “You can’t get something for nothing”
• “In fact, you can’t even break even”
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Earth: Open or Closed System?
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Earth:Matter does not come and go
Earth is aClosedSystem
to Matter
So…matter is
constantly recycled on
Earth
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Biogeochemical Cycles:Reservoirs & Pathways
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
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Some Major Cycles of Matter
•Water Cycle•Rock Cycle•Chemical Cycles
•Carbon•Nitrogen•Phosphorous•Sulfur
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
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Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
1x(= 7.3x1017 grams
carbon)
3x
55x35,000x
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Photosynthesis
Respiration& Decay
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Carbon Transfer:Biosphere Atmosphere
Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere)
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen
Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere)
Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
Photosynthesis
Respiration& Decay
Burial &Lithification
Weathering& Volcanism
Dissolution
PhotosynthesisBurial &Lithification
Exsolution
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
HydrosphereLithosphere
Biosphere
HumanImpacts
Burning fossil fuels:Increased combustion
Deforestation:Decrease Photosynthesis
Increase Respiration
Net Effect:Increase in Carbonin Atmosphere
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
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northernsummer
northernwinter
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Impact
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Earth:Earth constantly gains & loses energy
Earth is aOpen
Systemto Energy
Heat
Sunlight
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Earth: Open or Closed System?
Mostly Open to Energy
Mostly Closed to Matter