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Transcript of Geologic Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 2 nd Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001) Gulf...
![Page 1: Geologic Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs 2 nd Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001) Gulf Professional Publishing a subsidiary of Butterworth-Heinemann,](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56649d9f5503460f94a8a181/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geologic Analysis of Naturally Geologic Analysis of Naturally Fractured ReservoirsFractured Reservoirs
22ndnd Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001) Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001)
Gulf Professional Publishing
a subsidiary of
Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA
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Geologic Analysis of Naturally Geologic Analysis of Naturally Fractured ReservoirsFractured Reservoirs
22ndnd Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001) Edition, R.A. Nelson (2001)
• The following contains renditions of the figures included within the book as well as additional figures used by the author to teach industry courses on the subject.
• Also included is Appendix D of the book.
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Ronald A. Nelson
Discipline Structural Geology & Rock Mechanics
Location BP Amoco, Upstream Technology, Geology Team, Houston
History 26 years with BP Amoco as
Specialist & Manager
Education BS (Northern Illinois), MS, PhD
(Texas A&M) all in Geology
Skills Fractured Reservoirs, Technology
Management, Peer Assists,
Recruiting, Structural Interpretation
in Thrust Belts and Rifts
Publications 75 citations; including a textbook
“Geologic Analysis of Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs” eds. 1&2.
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Liesegang Liesegang Banding in Banding in Aztec Ss,Aztec Ss, NevadaNevada
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Work Builds On:Work Builds On:
• Nelson, R. A., 1985, Geological Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Contributions in Petroleum Geology & Engineering, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, 320 p.
• Material presented in the AAPG Fractured Reservoir Analysis School, 1984-1996.
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Courtesy of Gulf Professional Publishing, Boston
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General OutlineGeneral Outline1. Introduction
2. Fracture Origin
3. Fracture Morphology
4. Fracture Porosity
5. Fracture Permeability
6. F/M Interaction
7. Fracture Intensity
8. Intensity Prediction
9. Orientations
10. Reservoir Types
11. Well Directions
12. Simulation
13. Fracture Reservoir Production
14. Reservoir Screening
15. Summary
(Field Examples)
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Reasons Why We Look at Reasons Why We Look at Natural FracturesNatural Fractures
• Delineate Structure• Determine Mode & Path of Deformation• Define Mechanics of Fracture• Determine Paleo-stress Directions• Determine Velocity Anisotropy• Determine Mechanical Anisotropy• Predict Reservoir Properties & Potential
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Total Integration Includes:Total Integration Includes:
• Fracture system characterization
• Stratigraphic interpretation & modeling
• Structural geology
• Petrophysics
• Seismic mapping & attribute analysis
• Well testing, inc. production logs
• Production history matching
• Reservoir engineering, inc. dual porosity flow behavior
• Fracture scaling and reservoir simulation
• Drilling and completion technology
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Static Conceptual Model
Dynamic Conceptual Model
Simulation Model
Static Description Dynamic Description
Upscaling
SubsurfaceOutcropWellboreGeophysics
PressureTemperatureFluid TypesEnergy
Full Static &Dynamic Simulation
Sanction, Recovery Planning, Flood Design, etc.
Statistical & GeomechanicalRepresentation
Well Test Data & Well Histories
Modeling in Fractured Reservoirs SPE Forum, Sept. 2000
Oil
Water
bedding contained joints -type, orientations, spacing non bedding contained joints -type + orientation + forelimb/ backlimb joint zones -type + orientation + forelimb/ backlimb faults -type +orientation + forelimb/ backlimb
•normal•reverse•strike slip•thrusts
Data considered: Outcrops
no increase of fractures at hingefaults near hinge?dominant fracture direction
Hansen
Peng
Peng
Rawnsley
Pressure
PressureDerivative
Experience & Analogs
Discrete Model Continuous Model
Nelson
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Fundamental ApproachFundamental Approachafter Nelson (1985)
• Determine fracture system origin(s) in 3-d– Allows for predictability away from wellbore
Tectonic, regional, cleat, diagenetic, sequence
• Determine reservoir properties & var. in 3-d– Quantifies porosity, permeability, etc.
Morphology, width, spacing/intensity, stress affects
• Fracture/matrix communication– Linkage in dual porosity system
Cross flow, connectivity, recovery
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Fundamental Approach (cont.)Fundamental Approach (cont.)• Determine reservoir type
– Defines relative contribution of fractures and problems
Simulation, production character, management
• Locate optimum drill locations & well paths– Quantifies “sweet spots” & maximizes wellbore
surface Intensity, azimuth, directional drilling, seismic attributes
• Develop reservoir management strategies– Control the reservoir to efficiently balance rate &
recovery and reduce well costsFracture closure, well patterns, sweep
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Recent Advancement AreasRecent Advancement Areas
• Log Characterization
• Spacing Estimates
• Fracture Zone Identification
• Reservoir Simulation
• Azimuth Predictions
• Reservoir Analogs
• Effects of Fracture and Diagenetic History
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Simplified E&P Process in Fractured Reservoirs
Business Model& Decision
Experience Input Data(Static & Dynamic)
Models(Static & Dynamic)
Learnings fromBP, Amoco, &Industry
OutcropLab Subsurface
Improved Model-ing Tools & Procedures
Cross ProjectIssues
Base-case learnings from other fields and analogues that give guidanceto current evaluations and planning
Obtaining appropriatequality input data to characterize fracturedreservoirs
Obtaining fast & accurate modeling routines & proceduresto predict fractured reservoir performance
Appropriate & cost-effectivedrilling & completion techniques infractured reservoirs
Impacts on Fractured Reservoir StudiesImpacts on Fractured Reservoir Studies
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FractureFracture
• A macroscopic planar discontinuity in rock which is interpreted to be due to deformation or physical diagenesis
• It may be due to compactive or dilatent processes, thus having either a positive or negative effect on fluid flow
• Its characteristics may have been modified by subsequent deformation or diagenesis
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Fractured ReservoirFractured Reservoir
• Any reservoir in which naturally occurring fractures have, or are predicted to have, a significant effect of flow rates, anisotropy, recovery, or storage.
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AvoidAvoid
“Fracture Denial”“Fracture Denial”
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““Fracture Denial”Fracture Denial” Keeps Us From:
• Gathering important static data early
• Optimizing our well locations & paths
• Designing our secondary recovery patterns correctly
• Accurately predicting field rates & recovery
• Economically depleting our field