GEOLOGI_BATUBARA
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Transcript of GEOLOGI_BATUBARA
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GEOLOGI BATUBARA
Disampaikan oleh :
BASUKI RAHMAD
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI Fakultas Teknologi Mineral
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta 2015
email: [email protected]
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OUTLINE: 1. GENESA BATUBARA (Filosofi) 2. MIKROSKOPIS BATUBARA (MASERAL BATUBARA) 3. SEDIMEN PEMBAWA BATUBARA 4. GEOMETRI LAPISAN BATUBARA
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1. GENESA BATUBARA
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982)
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982)
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Singkapan hutan Sigillarian Calamitean yang terpendam di bebatuan Westphalian di Kupfrdreh dekat Essen (Setelah Klusemann & Teichmuller, 1954). Panah mengindikasikan dua batang tanaman Sigillarian yang membatu
Rekonstruksi timbunan hutan Sigillarian Calamitean di Kupferdreh (Teichmuller & Teichmuller, 1982).
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982)
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CONTOH KEADAAN HUTAN RAWA DI IKLIM TROPIS, LOKASI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
(Foto Rahmad, B., 2007) 7
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982) 8
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Jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang tumbuh di danau dan sikuen yang dihasilkan dengan perbedaan tipe dari lumpur organik dan gambut (Overbeck, 1950 dalam Taylor, 1998)
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Forest peat/ Tumbuhan kayu (SWAMP/TROPIS)
Tumbuhan Perdu (MARSH) Tumbuhan Perdu
(FEN)
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Rezim Hidrologi Fasies Gambut (Mitsch & Gosselink, 1986)
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982)
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(dalam Stach et al., 1982)
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Rawa Gambut Palangkaraya (Kalimantan Tengah)
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Kebakaran Rawa Gambut Palangkaraya (Kalimantan Tengah)
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Rawa Gambut Musi Banyuasin (Sumatra Selatan)
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Rawa Gambut Barito Timur (Kalimantan Tengah) (Basuki Rahmad. 2010)
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Rawa Gambut Tabalong (Kalimantan Selatan) Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2010
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Rawa Gambut pada Sistem Deltaik daerah Sungai Sangatta (Basuki Rahmad,, 2014)
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Tumbuhan tersebut mengalami pembusukan secara sempurna dan tidak meninggalkan
bekas (sumber PT. Geoservice)
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RAWA HUTAN BASAH
(WET FOREST SWAMP)
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(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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RAWA HUTAN BASAH
(WET FOREST SWAMP)
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(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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RAWA HUTAN BASAH
(WET FOREST SWAMP)
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(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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ALLOCHTON
DANAU PURBA
HUTAN KERING
HUTAN BASAH
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(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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PEMBENTUKAN FOSSIL
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Consolidate peat
PEAT
Seat Earth Sandstone
Shale
Seat Earth Sandstone
Shale Lignite
Seat Earth Sandstone
Shale Coal Seam
Decaying Vegetation
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(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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PEAT
Lignite
Sub bituminous
Bituminous
Anthracite
Tekanan
Temperature
Umur
(sumber PT. Geoservice)
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SKEMA PEMBENTUKAN BATUBARA (dalam Anggayana, K., 1999, Kalkreuth, 1987)
Material Asal Tumbuhan
H2O, VM, H, O
C >>
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Biogenic Gas
Thermogenic Gas
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0.01 M
0.1 M
1 M
10 M
100 M
1000 M
10.000 M
Keda
lam
an
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Gambar A: Model fasies gambut kondisi limnic tipe gambut low moor (Diesell,1986) Gambar B: Model fasies gambut tipe high moor berbentuk bog (ombrotrophic); (Calder, 1991) Gambar C: Model fasies gambut kondisi limnic (high moor) berbentuk bog (ombrotrophic); (Anggayana, K., Rahmad, B., dkk., 2012)
oxic (dry)Terestrial
anoxic (wet);Limnic
anoxic-oxic(wet-dry)TelmaticOxygenated water
Muka Air
A.
B. C.
Muka Air Tanah
Model tipe gambut low moor pada kondisi limnic (Diessel, 1986)
Model tipe gambut high moor berbentuk bog (ombrotrophic ) (Calder, 1991) Model fasies gambut batubara Muara Wahau berbentuk bog
(ombrotrophic) pada kondisi limnic (Anggayana dkk., 2012)
Air Tanah
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Model khas pembentukan gambut Ombrotrophic (bog) pada kondisi Limnic (high moor) pada batubara Muara Wahau (Anggayana, K., Rahmad, B., dkk., 2012).
oxic (dry)Terestrial
anoxic (wet);Limnic
anoxic-oxic(wet-dry)TelmaticOxygenated water
Muka Air
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Keseimbangan Tektonik dengan Pembentukan Gambut (dalam Kalkreuth, 1982)
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SEDIMENTARY COVER SEDIMENTARY COVER
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Pengertian Batubara: Batuan organik yang berasal dari rombakan tumbuhan yang mengalami pembusukan (proses biokimia/diagenesa), sehingga terjadi peningkatan kandungan karbon (C), nilai kalori, rank dan penurunan hidrogen, oksigen, nitrogen, sulfur, (proses geokimia/metamorfosa); (dalam Stach, et al.,1982; Diessel, 1992; Taylor et al., 1998)
Pengertian Gambut: adalah batuan sedimen organik yang dapat terbakar, berasal dari tumpukan hancuran atau bagian dari tumbuhan yang terhumifikasi dan dalam keadaan tertutup udara (di bawah air), tidak padat, kandungan air lebih dari 75 % (berat ar) dan kandungan mineral lebih kecil dari 50 % dalam kondisi kering (proses biokimia/diagenesis) (dalam Stach, et al.,1982; Diessel, 1992; Taylor et al., 1998)
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2. MIKROSKOPIS BATUBARA (MASERAL)
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SUBSTANSI BATUBARA
33 (sumber Geoservice)
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SUBSTANSI BATUBARA
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Batubara
Moisture
Mineral Matter
Organic Matter
(sumber Geoservice)
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Moisture
Mineral Matter
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon
Proximate
Moisture
Mineral Matter
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Ultimate
Moisture
Mineral Matter
Vitrinite
Liptinite
Inertinite
Maceral
GRUP SUBSTANSI BATUBARA (sumber PT. Geoservice)
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Petrologi batubara • Petrologi batubara adalah ilmu yang mempelajari
komponen organik dan bukan organik pembentuk batubara.
• Untuk mempelajari petrologi batubara harus ditinjau dari dua aspek yaitu jenis dan derajat batubara.
• Jenis batubara berhubungan dengan jenis tanaman pembentuk batubara dan perkembangannya dipengaruhi oleh proses kimia dan biokimia selama proses penggambutan.
• batubara itu bukan suatu benda homogen, melainkan terdiri dari bermcam-macam komponen dasar bahan organik dan dinamakan maseral.
• Maseral terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok utama yaitu vitrinit, eksinit (liptinite) dan inertinit. Ketiga kelompok maseral tersebut dapat dibedakan dari kenampakan di bawah mikroskop, asal kejadian dan sifat-sifat fisik dan kimia yang dipunyai (Stach dkk, 1982 dan Bustin dkk, 1983).
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MASERAL : • Secara mikroskopis bahan-bahan organik
pembentuk batubara disebut maseral (maceral), analog dengan mineral dalam batuan. Istilah ini pada mulanya diperkenalkan oleh Stopes (1935) untuk menunjukkan material terkecil penyusun batubara yang hanya dapat diamati di bawah mikroskop.
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• Standart penamaan klasifikasi maseral : standart Jerman, International Commitee for Coal Petrology (ICCP) 1994; Standart Australia ASTM 2856 1986.
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• Maseral dalam batubara dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 (tiga) grup utama yaitu grup vitrinit, eksinit (liptinite), dan inertinit. Pengelompokkan ini didasarkan pada bentuk, morfologi, ukuran, relief, struktur dalam, komposisi kimia, warna pantulan, intensitas refleksi, dan tingkat pembatubaraannya.
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Tabel Klasifikasi Maseral Batubara (AS 2856, 1986) semua peringkat batubara
GRUP MASERAL SUBGRUP MASERAL MASERAL
Vitrinit
Telovitrinit Textinit
Texto-ulminit Eu-ulminit Telocolinit
Detrovitrinit Atrinit
Densinit Desmocolonit
Gelovitrinit Corpogelinit Porigelinit Eugelinit
Liptinit
Sporinit Cutinit Resinit
Liptodetrinit Alginit
Suberinit Fluorinit
Exsudatinit Bituminit
Inertinit
Telo-Inertini Fusinit
Semifusinit Sclerotinit
Detro-Inertinit Inertodetrinit Micrinit
Gelo-Inertinit Macrinit
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PEMBATUBARAAN VITRINITE; EXINIT; INERTINITE (Smith & Cook, 1980)
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Karakteristik mikroskopis Seam Middle
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Karakteristik mikroskopis Seam Middle Upper
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Karakteristik mikroskopis Seam Middle Lower
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3. CEKUNGAN DAN SEDIMENTASI BATUBARA DI KUTAI BASIN
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Diagram of Kutai Basin stratigraphic correlation (Moss and Chambers, 1999)
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The crustal composition underlies Kutei Basin showing relationship between Kutei Basin, Makassar Straits and West Sulawesi base-ments (Calvert, 1999).
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• Pliocene (Meratus Uplift), Samarinda anticlinorium
• Late Miocene, eastward deltaic progradation (Syn-orogenic-Passive Margin)
• Early to late Miocene, sedimentation of the Bebuluhlimestone Fm and deltaic Pulau Balang Fm) (Syn-Orogenic-Passive Margin)
• Early Miocene (Interaction convergent), uplift of Central Kalimantan Mountain, started infill sediment on Lower Kutei Basin (Pamaluan) (Post Rift “Sag”)
• Boh Bed and Keham Haloq Fm are late Oligocene sediment syn rift
• Kutei Basin rifting (half graben) may have started in Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene
Inner to Middle Shelf
Paleoenvironment
Littoral Deltaic
Delta
Inner
to
Middle Shelf
Tectonostratigraphy
PALEOGENEPOST-
RIFTING
PALEOGENESYN-
RIFTINGBathyal
NEOGENESYN-
OROGENIC
PRE-RIFTING
Perkembangan Stratigrafi-Tektonik Cekungan Kutai mulai Paleogen hingga Neogen (Courtney, et al., 1991; Chambers, L.C.,1995)
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Kerangka Cekungan Pengendapan Sedimen di Cekungan Kutai, melalui sistem Rifting di Selat Makasar
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Pengendapan Batubara di Cekungan Kutai, melalui sistem Deltaik
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Cekungan Pengendapan Batubara Neogen di Cekungan Kutai (Koesoemadinata,R.P., 2002).
Balikpapan Coal Bearing Formation (Middle – Late Miocene)
Pulau Balang Coal Bearing Formation (Early Miocene)
Keham Haloq and Batu Ayau Coal Bearing Formation (Eocene – Oligocene)
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Sistem progradasi pengendapan deltaik Lower Kutai Basin (Allen et al., 1998)
Penampang progradasi sistem deltaik dan pengendapan batubara di lingkungan Delta Plain di Lower Kutai Basin (Allen et al., 1998)
A
B
B
A
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(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2014)
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Fasies-Facies Delta Plain (Reading, 1982)
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Siklus Progradasi Sistem Deltaik MENYEBABKAN: - Siklus progradasi sistim delta Cekungan Lower
Kutai (Sangatta Area) menghasilkan multiple seam batubara
- Gerak-gerak struktural berupa sesar naik dan sesar turun
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4. SEDIMEN PEMBAWA BATUBARA
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A B
Distributary Channel pada Model Pengendapan Coal Swamp di Delta Plain, Lower Kutai Basin (a) (Allen et al., 1998) and Sangatta Deltaik (b) Tipe endapan pembawa batubara: 1. Overbank deposits (coal swamp) 2. Splay deposits 3. Levee deposits 4. Channel deposits
B A
A B
a. b.
cross section
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2014)
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Jenis-jenis sedimen pembawa batubara
A B
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Levee deposits Channel deposits
Channel deposits
Channel deposits
Channel deposits Channel deposits
Channel deposits Splay deposits Overbank deposits (swamp)
Sangata Seam
59 (Foto Basuki Rahmad, 1999)
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Pembentukan splitting Middle Seam akibat migrasi channel secara lateral PIT Hatari (Rahmad, B., 2001, dalam Diessel, 1992) 60
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 1999)
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2014
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5. GEOMETRI LAPISAN BATUBARA
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GEOMETRI LAPISAN BATUBARA Gangguan sedimentasi - Washout - Splitting - Parting
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Perkembangan Washout akibat pemotongan saluran sungai (channel)
63 (dalam Larry Thomas, 2002)
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Washout
Pemotongan channel terhadap seam batubara A. Chanel Batupasir memotong roof seam batubara B. Channel batupasir dan rombakan batubara mengerosi seam batubara, C. Channel mudstone mengerosi seam batubara, D. Chanel batupasir, rombakan batubara, mudstone mengerosii seam batubara
( A ) ( B )
(D) (C)
64 (dalam Larry Thomas, 2002)
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Pembentukan Splitting
Pembentukan splitting lapisan batubara akibat perubahan pergerakan sesar selama peng endapan gambut berlangsung.
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Splitting Seam Middle (Foto: Basuki Rahmad, 1999)
Endapan Channel
Endapan Overbank (SWAMP)
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Bentuk-bentuk Splitting
• A. Simple Splitting, • B. Multiple splitting • C. Bentuk Splitting “Z” atau “S”
(A)
(B)
(C)
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STRUKTUR GEOLOGI PADA GEOMETRI LAPISAN BATUBARA
1. SYN-DEPOSITIONAL: Gabungan akumulasi ketebalan sedimen dan kecepatan penurunan cekungan menyebabkan ketidak stabilan terutama di bagian tepi cekungan. Akibat adanya struktur pembebanan ketika sedimen masih dalam bentuk fluida, menyebabkan sedimen pembawa batubara terlihat berbentuk struktur slumping, ciri lain seperti: injeksi sedimen ke dalam lapisan bagian atas dan bawah (klastik dike) maka akan membentuk: I. Struktur Mikro
a. Injeksi fluida sedimen dan batubara b. Lipatan Mikro dan pelengkungan batubara c. Sesar-sesar minor di bottom batubara d. Zona milonite di litologi shale II. Struktur Makro: a. Struktur Slump b. Growth Fold c. Growth Fault : Thrust Fault, Reverse Fault
2. POST DEPOSITIONAL : kekar, sesar-sesar normal, lipatan
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Zona Milonit (Shale)
Pelengkungan Batubara
Injeksi Batubara
Pelengkungan batubara, injeksi batubara dan zona milonit (shale) akibat struktrur pembebanan.
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2007
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Minor Fold
Zona Milonit (shale) Kontak Bidang Diskontinuitas
Lipatan minor dan zona milonite (shale) akibat struktur pembebanan
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2007
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Seam O
Bottom
Floor Batupasir Sesar-sesar minor
Kenampakan Floor Batubara akibat struktur pembebanan, tampak sesar-sesar minor di bagian bottom.
(Foto Basuki Rahmad, 2007
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TERIMAKASIH
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