Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning

The GeoJournal Library

Volume 106

Managing Editor:Daniel Z. Sui, College Station, USA

Founding Series Editor:Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany

Editorial Board: Paul Claval, FranceYehuda Gradus, IsraelSam Ock Park, South KoreaHerman van der Wusten, The Netherlands

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/6007

Ayda Eraydin • Tuna Taşan-Kok Editors

Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning

Editors Ayda Eraydin Department of City and Regional Planning Middle East Technical University (METU) Ankara , Turkey

Tuna Taşan-Kok OTB Research Institute for the Built

Environment Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands

ISSN 0924-5499 ISBN 978-94-007-5475-1 ISBN 978-94-007-5476-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5476-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951123

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

v

This book was born out of the frustrations of a group of urban planners and researchers who have increasingly felt the inadequacy of the planning systems and policies introduced to prepare cities for the future in an increasingly neoliberalising world. As this shortfall was becoming more evident among urban policymakers, planners and researchers in different parts of the world, a group of discontent researchers sought new approaches to cope with the increasing vulnerabilities of urban systems in the wake of growing socio-economic and ecological problems, privatisation of infrastructure services, fear and distrust in society and a loss of ecological services on the one hand; and decreases in welfare services and quality of urban environments, which have been shed by the appealing business and commercial centres, of fi ce spaces and the luxurious residential areas on the other. Our main intention in this book was fi rst to identify how far existing planning systems and practices are able to support the sustained development of urban areas and prepare them to withstand both fore-seen and unforeseen changes; while a secondary aim was to discuss the alternative perspectives, systems and principles of a new planning approach. Our combined enthusiasm brought us together in a research project supported by the URBAN-NET funding scheme under the Eranet Programme of the EU.

This book is a result of a research project entitled “Sustainable Land Use Policies for Resilient Cities,” which took 2 years to complete, with additional work after the completion of the project reports. The project aimed to discuss and de fi ne sustainable land-use policies for the creation of resilient cities, which has become increasingly important in recent years since urban systems must accommodate different global in fl uences in diverse forms and be ready to address potential uncertainties and unex-pected changes. The research framework embraced the importance of “resilience thinking” in urban polices in the contexts of urban decline, socio-economic vulner-ability, urban landscape degradation and institutional fragmentation.

The team was composed of four research groups from four countries, namely Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands and Turkey, whose combined focus on the resilience concept was applied to urban planning and methods to assess resilience, especially by resorting to the de fi nition of comparable attributes and indicators in different cities, being Istanbul, Oporto, Lisbon, Rotterdam and Stockholm.

Preface and Acknowledgements

vi

The composition of the group of researchers, who were able to offer different perspectives and experiences from the four distinct countries of Europe, as well as a broad and in-depth knowledge of the case study cities, made the studies a real learning process for all the contributors to the project. From the very beginning this book was planned to be more than just a collection of papers, with the intention being to bring together chapters that followed a complementary approach. To achieve this, the research method to be followed by the individual researchers from different countries and cities was clearly de fi ned, which made a comparison of the outcomes of the different studies easier. Meetings and fi eld trips were organised in each of the case study cities, with special attention paid to the areas in which the research was to be focused. These meetings not only allowed us to understand each other’s case better, but also brought us closer together as a team, working together towards a common goal. This book bene fi ted a great deal from the respect and understanding created by this friendship. We, as the editors of the book, wish to emphasise the importance of this positive atmosphere on the quality of work. Thanks to this real team feeling, discussions were fruitful, attempts to understand and re fl ect the different perspectives were effective, and the completed work was detailed. We regret that we were not able to fully re fl ect the richness of the individual research outcomes within this book due to limitations of space, and would like to thank all of those that contributed to this book for their patience and cooperation when decreasing the several hundreds of pages to chapters of limited size, which was obviously tiring and tedious work.

We hope that the outcome will satisfy not only the contributors to the book, but also readers from different disciplines, origins and countries.

Were we successful in easing our initial frustration at the end of this research? Not exactly; however we believe that light has been thrown on possible alternative ways and means of overcoming existing and future problems, and we are con fi dent in our belief that an alternative path exists that is based upon resilient thinking. We hope that this new perspective that we have attempted to elaborate will fi nd reverberations in the fi elds of urban planning and urban research.

We would like to thank not only the colleagues that contributed to this book, but also our research assistants Deniz Altay Kaya, Melih Gürçay and Çiğdem Özonat from the Department of City and Regional Planning of the Middle East Technical University for their contributions to the preparation of this book; and to Peiwen Lu for supporting the Dutch team. Special thanks go to Dr. Dominic Stead, who initially came up with the idea to make a research proposal and put the team together. We also express our gratitude to the Urban-Net scheme for providing funding and support for our research. Many thanks also to Colin Sutcliffe for the great job he did for editing the language of the manuscript. Last, but not least, we wish to thank Evelien Bakker and Bernadette Deelen of Springer for their continuous support and fl exibility during the process of creating this publication.

This book is devoted to young urban planners who will soon discover the potentials of resilience thinking for the future of our cities!

October 2012 Ayda Eraydin Tuna Taşan-Kok

Preface and Acknowledgements

vii

1 Introduction: Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning ........................ 1 Ayda Eraydin and Tuna Taşan-Kok

2 “Resilience Thinking” for Planning ...................................................... 17 Ayda Eraydin

3 Conceptual Overview of Resilience: History and Context .................. 39 Tuna Taşan-Kok , Dominic Stead , and Peiwen Lu

4 Urban Resilience and Spatial Dynamics ............................................... 53 Sara Santos Cruz , João Pedro T. A. Costa , Silvia Ávila de Sousa , and Paulo Pinho

5 Analysing the Socio-Spatial Vulnerability to Drivers of Globalisation in Lisbon, Oporto, Istanbul, Stockholm and Rotterdam ..................................................................... 71 Tuna Taşan-Kok and Dominic Stead

6 Systems, Cultures and Styles: Spatial Planning in Portugal, Turkey, Sweden and the Netherlands .................................................... 93 So fi a Morgado and Luís F. Dias

7 Managing Urban Change in Five European Urban Agglomerations: Key Policy Documents and Institutional Frameworks ............................................................... 109 Peter Schmitt

8 Evaluating Resilience in Planning ......................................................... 131 Paulo Pinho , Vítor Oliveira , and Ana Martins

9 Assessing Urban Resilience in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon: The Case of Alcântara ................................................ 145 Luís F. Dias , So fi a Morgado , and João Pedro T. A. Costa

Contents

viii Contents

10 Evaluating Urban Policies from a Resilience Perspective: The Case of Oporto ................................................................................. 161 Vítor Oliveira , Ana Martins , and Sara Santos Cruz

11 The Evaluation of Different Processes of Spatial Development from a Resilience Perspective in Istanbul ...................... 179 Ayda Eraydin , Ali Türel , and Deniz Altay Kaya

12 Urban Resilience and Polycentricity: The Case of the Stockholm Urban Agglomeration ............................................... 197 Peter Schmitt , Lisbeth Greve Harbo , Asli Tepecik Diş , and Anu Henriksson

13 Urban Resilience, Climate Change and Land-Use Planning in Rotterdam .................................................. 211 Dominic Stead and Tuna Taşan-Kok

14 The Evaluation of Findings and Future of Resilience Thinking in Planning .............................................................................. 229 Ayda Eraydin and Tuna Taşan-Kok

About the Authors ........................................................................................... 241

Index ................................................................................................................. 245

ix

João Pedro T. A. Costa Faculty of Architecture , Technical University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal

Sara Santos Cruz Faculty of Engineering, CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment , University of Oporto , Oporto , Portugal

Sílvia Ávila de Sousa Faculty of Engineering, CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment , University of Oporto , Oporto , Portugal

Luís F. Dias Faculty of Architecture , Technical University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal

Asli Tepecik Diş Nordregio, Nordic Centre for Spatial Development , Stockholm , Sweden

Ayda Eraydin Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey

Lisbeth Greve Harbo Nordregio, Nordic Centre for Spatial Development , Stockholm , Sweden

Anu Henriksson The University of Tampere, School of Management , Tampere , Finland

Deniz Altay Kaya Department of City and Regional Planning , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey

Peiwen Lu Faculty of Architecture , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands

Ana Martins Faculty of Engineering, CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment , University of Oporto , Oporto , Portugal

So fi a Morgado Faculty of Architecture , Technical University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal

Contributors

x Contributors

Vitor Oliveira Faculty of Engineering, CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment , University of Oporto , Oporto , Portugal

Paulo Pinho Faculty of Engineering, CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment , University of Oporto , Oporto , Portugal

Peter Schmitt Nordregio, Nordic Centre for Spatial Development , Stockholm , Sweden

Dominic Stead OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands

Tuna Taşan-Kok OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands

Ali Türel Department of City and Regional Planning , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey

xi

Fig. 1.1 The framework ............................................................................... 10

Fig. 6.1 Styles of planning and national planning systems: Portugal, Turkey, Sweden, and the Netherlands ............................ 97

Fig. 9.1 Metropolitan Area of Lisbon and case study location ................... 148 Fig. 9.2 Time travel to Alcântara. Present, solution I and solution II ......... 151 Fig. 9.3 Changes in building areas in Alcântara ......................................... 154

Fig. 10.1 Critical Area of Urban Recovery and Rehabilitation (ACCRU), Priority Intervention Zone (ZIP) and historical centre – World Heritage Site .......................................................... 165

Fig. 10.2 Identi fi cation of critical areas within the Priority Zone of Intervention (ZIP). Critical areas due to building conservation, population density and vacant buildings ................. 168

Fig. 10.3 Map of Oporto: location of the Priority Intervention Areas (AIP), urban blocks with/without strategic documents (DE) ............................................................................. 171

Fig. 11.1 Case study areas ............................................................................. 180 Fig. 11.2 Zones with different characteristics and transformation

potential in the Büyükdere-Maslak axis ........................................ 182 Fig. 11.3 Bahçeşehir Housing Estate and its surroundings ........................... 183

Fig. 12.1 A rough sketch of Stockholm’s urban fabric 1945, 1975 and 2004 ................................................................................ 199

Fig. 12.2 The intended polycentric territorial layout in Stockholm County: one ‘central’ and eight ‘regional’ urban cores ................. 201

List of Figures

xiii

Table 2.1 The resilience planning paradigm and its major characteristics in comparison to rational and communicative planning paradigms ....................................................................... 30

Table 5.1 Impact of economic restructuring in different periods in the case study areas ....................................................... 74

Table 5.2 Dominant urban growth dynamics in four countries in different periods ......................................................................... 75

Table 5.3 Current urban growth dynamics in the case study cities ............... 80

Table 6.1 Planning systems’ review applied to the four national planning systems (most representative styles according to this study) ................................................................. 96

Table 7.1 Major strategic concerns, instruments and approaches in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon ............................................... 115

Table 7.2 Major strategic concerns, instruments and approaches in the urban agglomeration of Oporto ........................................... 118

Table 7.3 Major strategic concerns, instruments and approaches in the urban agglomeration of Istanbul .......................................... 120

Table 7.4 Major strategic concerns, instruments and approaches in the urban agglomeration of Stockholm ..................................... 122

Table 7.5 Major strategic concerns, instruments and approaches in the urban agglomeration of Rotterdam ...................................... 125

Table 9.1 Indicators used to evaluate the connectivity attribute in the social dimension and under centrality/polycentricity policy/measures ............................................................................. 152

Table 9.2 Possible outcomes of increasing connectivity under centrality/polycentricity policy/measure ....................................... 152

Table 9.3 Indicators used to evaluate adaptability attribute in the environmental dimension and under rehousing policy/measure .............................................................. 153

List of Tables

xiv

Table 9.4 Indicators used to evaluate adaptability attribute in the economic dimension and under urban reconversion policy/measure ....................................................... 155

Table 9.5 Indicators used to evaluate adaptability attribute in the social dimension and under urban reconversion policy/measure ....................................................... 156

Table 10.1 Attribute recovery and indicators for the formulation and implementation phase ........................................................... 169

Table 10.2 Coverage degree of the programmes, policies, plans or/and projects .................................................................... 170

Table 10.3 Annual average numbers of rehabilitated buildings .................... 171 Table 10.4 Rehabilitation rate of progress .................................................... 172 Table 10.5 Attribute social capital building and indicators

for the formulation and implementation phase............................ 173

Table 11.1 The land-use pattern and transformation areas in the Büyükdere-Maslak axis case study area ............................ 185

Table 11.2 The impact of external dynamics on urban systems and the indicators used to verify them ......................................... 186

Table 11.3 The land-use patterns in Bahçeşehir and its surroundings .......... 190 Table 11.4 The indicators used to verify the impact of different

dynamics on urban systems ......................................................... 191

Table 13.1 Development options for climate change adaptation from Rotterdam Sustainability Guide ......................................... 223

List of Tables