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Geohazards in Engineering Geology

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Geological Society Engineer ing Geology Special Publicat ionsSeries Editor M. E. BARTON

It is recommended that reference to al l or par t of th is book should be made in one of thefol lowing ways:MA UND, J. G . & EDDLESTON, M . (eds) 1998. Geohazards in Engineering Geology. Geolog ica lSociety , London, Engineer ing Geology Special Publicat ions, 15.MOORE, R. , CLARK, A. R . & LEE, E. M. Coa stal cl if f beha viour an d ma nagem ent: Blackgang,Is le of White. In: MA UN D, J. G . & EDDLESTON, M. (eds) 1998 . Geohazards in EngineeringGeology. Geological Society , London, Engineer ing Geology Special Publicat ions, 15, 49-59.

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Geolog ica l Socie ty Engineer ing Geology Specia l Pub l ica t ion No . 15

G eohazards in E ngineering G eologyE D I T E D B Y

J u l i a n G . M a u n dOpus International Consultants Ltd100 W illis Stre et, W ellington, New ZealandM a l c o l m E d d l e s t o nBechtel W ater T echnology

Chadwick House, Warrington Road, RisleyWarrington WA 3 6A E, UK

1998Published byThe Geological SocietyLondon

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T H E G E O L O G I C A L S O C I E T YThe Soc ie ty was founded in 1807 as The G eologica l Soc ie ty of Lon don and i s the o ldes t geologica l soc ie ty in theworld . I t received i t s Roya l Ch ar te r in 1825 for the purpose of ' inves t iga t ing the minera l s t ruc ture of the Ear th ' . T heSoc ie ty is Br i ta in 's na t iona l soc ie ty for geology wi th a memb ership of a roun d 8500. I t has count ryw ide coverage andapp rox ima tely 1500 me mb ers reside overseas. The Society is responsible for a l l aspects o f the geological sciencesinc luding profess iona l m a t te rs . The Soc ie ty has i ts own p ubl i sh ing house , which produces the Soc ie ty 's in te rna t iona ljourna ls , book s and map s , and which ac t s a s the Europ ean d i s t r ibutor for publ ica tions o f the American Assoc ia t ionof Pe t ro leum G eologis ts , SE PM and the G eologica l Soc ie ty of Am erica .Fe l lowship i s open to those hold ing a recognized honours degree in geology or cogna te subjec t and who have a tleas t two y ea rs ' re levant pos tgrad ua te exper ience , or w ho have no t l e ss than s ix yea rs ' re levant exper ience in geologyor a cogn a te subjec t. A Fe l low who has no t l e ss than f ive yea rs ' re levant pos tgrad ua te exper ience in the prac t ice o fgeology may apply for va l ida t ion and, subjec t to approva l , may be able to use the des igna tory le t te rs C Geol(Char te red Geologis t ) .Fur the r informat ion about the Soc ie ty i s ava i lab le f rom the Membership Manager , The Geologica l Soc ie ty ,Bur l ington H ouse , P iccadi l ly , Lond on W lV 0JU, U K. The Soc ie ty i s a Regis te red Cha r i ty , No . 210161.

Publ i shed by The Geologica l Soc ie ty f rom:The Geologica l Soc ie ty Publ i sh ing HouseUni t 7 Brassmi l l Ente rpr i se Cent reBrassmi l l LaneBath BA1 3JNU K(Orders: Tel. 01225 445046Fax 01225 442836)F i rs t publ i shed 1998The publ i she rs make no representa t ion , express orimpl ied , wi th rega rd to the accuracy of theinformat ion conta ined in th i s book and cannot acceptany lega l re spons ib i l i ty for any e rrors or omiss ionst ha t m a y be m a de .9 The G eological Society 1998. All rights reserved.N o reprod uc t ion , cop y or transmiss ion o f th i spubl ica t ion may be made wi thout wri t t en pe rmiss ion .No pa ra g ra ph o f t hi s pub li c a ti on m a y be r e p roduce d ,copied or t ransmi t ted save wi th the provis ions of theC opyr i gh t L i c ens ing Age nc y , 90 To t t e nha m C our tR oa d , Londo n W l P 9HE. Us e r s r e g is t ere d wi t h theCopyright Clea rance Cente r , 27 Congress S t ree t ,Sa lem, MA 01970, USA: the i t em-fee code for th i spub licat ion is 0267-9914/98/$10.00.Bri t ish Library Cataloguing in Pubfication DataA ca ta logue record for th i s book i s ava i lab le f rom theBri t i sh Libra ry .ISBN 1-86239-012-6ISSN 0267-9914Type s e t by Aa ron t ype , B r is to l , UK .P r i n t ed b y The Al de n P res s , Os ne y Me a d , Oxfo rd , U K.

DistributorsUSAA A P G B o o k st or eP O B ox 979Tu l s aOK 74101-0979U S A(Orders: Tel. (918) 584-2555Fax (918) 560-2632)AustraliaAus t ra l i a n Mi ne ra l F ounda t i on

63 C onyngha m S t re e tGlens ideSouth Aus t ra l ia 5065Aus t r a l i a(Orders: Tel. (08) 379-0444Fax (08) 379-4634)lndiaAffi l i a ted Eas t -West Press PVT LtdG- 1 16 Ansar i Ro adNew Delhi 110 002Ind i a(Orders: Tel. (11) 327-9113

Fax (11) 326-0538)JapanK a n d a B o o k T r a d i n g C o .C i t yhous e Ta m a 204Tsurumaki 1-3-10Ta m a -S h iTokyo 0206-0034J a p a n(Orders: Tel. (0423) 57-7650Fax (0423) 57-7651)

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Con t e n t s

Sect ion 1 : Coa s ta l an d f luv ia l geohazardsF . G . BE L L & T . R . MA SO N : T h e p r o b l e m o f f l o o d i n g i n L a d y s r n i t h , N a t a l , S o u t h

A f r i c aJ . PY RA H , A . D A V IE S & D . G . H u w s : A c o m b i n e d g e o t e c h n i c a l / g e o p h y s i c a lme t h o d f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f l i q u e f a c t i o n w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o t h eF r a s e r R i v e r D e l t a , B r i t i s h Co l u mb i aJ . M . REYNOLDS: High -a l t i tude g lac ia l l ake hazar d assessme nt and m i t iga t ion :a H i m a l a y a n p e r s p e c ti v eR . SIN H A : O n t h e c o n t r o l s o f f l u v i a l h a z a r d s i n t h e n o r t h B i h a r p l a i n s , e a s t e r n I n d i aJ . M . R E Y N OL D S, A . D OL E C KI & C . PORTOCARRERO: Co ns t ruc t ion o f a d ra ina get u n n e l a s p a r t o f g l a c ia l l a k e h a z a r d mi t i g a t i o n a t H u a l 6 a n , Co r d i l l e r a B l a n c a ,P e r uR . J . MO O RE , A . R . CL A RK & E . M. L E E : Co a s t a l c l i f f b e h a v i o u r a n d ma n a g e m e n t :B l a c k g a n g , I s le o f W h i t eR . J . MA H A RA J : T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s o me c o a s t a l e n g i n e e r i n g st r u c tu r e s f o r

s h o r e l in e s t a b i l iz a t i o n a n d c o a s t a l d e f e n c e i n T r i n i d a d , W e s t I n d i e sR. J . NICHOLLS: Assess ing eros ion o f san dy be aches due to sea- l eve l r i seSect ion 2 : Volcan ic and se i smic g e o h a z a r d sW . J . Mc G U I RE : V o l c a n i c h a z a r d s a n d t h e i r m i t i g a t i o nJ . GRATrAN: The d i s t a l im pac t o f Ice land ic vo lcan ic gases and ae roso l s in Europe:a r e v i ew o f t h e 1 78 3 L a k i F i s s u r e e r u p t i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l v u l n e r a b i l i t y i nthe l a t e 20 th cen tu ryP. ESPER & E . TACHIBANA: Lessons f r om the K obe ear th qua keA. DEN OUTER & P. M. MAURENBRECHER: Ear thqu ake -m ai l (E -mai l ) fo r lows e i smi c z o n e e a r t h q u a k e h a z a r d a s s e s s me n t

Sect ion 3: Slope s tab i l i ty haz ar dsD . N . PET LE Y : E n g i n e e r i n g h a z a r d s i n t h e T a r o k o G o r g e , e a s t e r n T a i w a nR . E Y E R S, J . M cM . MOORE, J . HERV,~S& J . G . L IU : I n te g r a t e d u s e o f L a n d s a t T Ma n d SPO T p a n c h r o ma t i c i ma g e r y f o r l a n d s c a p e ma p p i n g : c a s e h i s t o r i e s f r o ms o u t h e a s t Sp a i nX . M E N G & E . DERBYSHIRE: Lan ds l ides an d the i r co n t ro l in the Ch in ese loessp l a t e a u : mo d e l s a n d c a s e s t u d i e s f r o m G a n s u P r o v i n c e , Ch i n aG. J . HOLLAND & M . E . ANDREWS: Inspec t ion a nd r i sk as sessme nt o f s lopesa s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e U K c a n a l n e t w o r kJ . M . RE I D : Sm a l l i s b e a u ti f u l : in v e s t i g a ti o n s a n d r e m e d i a l w o r k s f o r m i n o r s l o pefa i lu resP. MCMILLAN & G. D . MATHESON: Ro ck s lope hazard assessment : a new app roac hC. BUTENUTH, M . L. FREY , M . H. DE FREITAS, N. PASSAS & C . FORERO-DUENAS:Si l i ca ge ls : a poss ib le exp la nat io n fo r s lope fa i lu res in cer t a in roc ksD. M. PASCOE, R. J . PINE & J . H . HOWE: A n ex tens ion o f p robab i l i s t i c s lopes tab i l i ty ana lys i s o f ch ina c l ay dep os i t s us ing geos ta t i s t i csP . J . JENNINGS & H. J . SIDDLE: Use o f l and scap e inven to ry da ta to def ine thespa t i a l loca t ion o f l ands l ide s i t es , Sou th Wales , UK

S e c t i o n 4 : H a z a r d m a p p i n gG . J . SMI TH & M. S . ROSEN BA U M: G r a p h i c a l m e t h o d s f o r h a z a r d m a p p i n g a n de v a l u a t i o nJ . R. COOK, A. M cG ow N, G. HURLEY & LEE ENG CHOY: The ro le o f eng ineer ingg e o l o gy i n t h e h a z a r d z o n a t i o n o f a Ma l a y s i a n h i g h w a yP. NATHANAIL & J . NATHANAIL: M i t iga t ing g eohaz ards a f fec t ing m ou nta in roadsi n n o r t h e a s t So ma l i l a n d

31I

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7997

10 511 7

12 513 3

14115 516 717 718 519 319 9

21 522 123 1

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vi CONTENTSM . R . G R E E N , R . A . F O R T H & D . BEA UMO NT : A h a z a r d ma p o f t h e M a g n e s i a nL i m e s t o n e o f C o u n t y D u r h a mM. CRO SS: L a n d s l i d e s u s c e p t i b i li t y ma p p i n g u s i n g t h e M a t r i x A s s e s s me n tA p p r o a c h : a D e r b y s h i r e c a se s t u d y

23924 7

Se c t ion 5 : Ge ohaz ar ds a ssoc ia te d w i th unde r gr ound subs ide nc e and c av i t i e sA . H . CO O PE R: Su b s i d e n c e h a z a r d s c a u s e d b y d i s s o l u t i o n o f Pe r m i a n g y p s u m i nE n g l a n d : g e o lo g y , i n v e s t ig a t i o n a n d r e m e d i a t i o nS. J . RHO DES & I . M . M ARYCHURCH: Ch alk solu t ion fea tures a t three s i tes ins o u t h e a s t E n g l a n d : t h e i r f o r ma t i o n a n d t r e a t me n tS. WESTON: A bas ic down hole geophy s ica l app roa ch to the inv es t iga t ion o f sha l lowm i n e w o r k i n g sP. J . MASO N, M. S . ROSENBAUM & J . M cM . MOO RE: Dig i t a l im age t ex tu rea n a l y s i s f o r l a n d s l i d e h a z a r d ma p p i n g

26 527729 1297

Se c t ion 6 : U r ban ge ohaz ar ds in de ve lop ing c ountr i e sG . J . H . MCCA L L : G e o h a z a r d s a n d t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n me n tA. R. LAWRENCE, B. L . MORRIS & S. S . D . FOSTER: Ha zard s in duce d by g round -w a t e r r e c h a r g e u n d e r r a p i d u r b a n i z a t i o nM. D E G G : N a t u r a l h a z a r d s i n t h e u r b a n e n v i r o n me n t : t h e n e e d fo r a mo r es u s t a i n a b l e a p p r o a c h t o mi t i g a t i o nA. R. GRIFFIN & J. D . MATHER: Lan df i l l d i sposa l o f u rb an was tes in develop ingc o u n t ri e s : b a l a n c i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l p ro t e c t io n a n d c o s t

30 931 932 933 9

S e c t i o n 7 : G e o h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n t a m i n a te d l a n dF. G. BELL, S . E . T . BULLOCK & S. GELDENHUIS: Ac id m ine d ra ina ge an dpo l lu t ion : two case h i s to r i es f rom Sou th Afr i caC. FRAGKOS, M . S. ROSENBAUM, M . H. RAM SEY & K. L. GOODYEAR: GI St e c h n i q u e s f o r ma p p i n g a n d e v a l u a t i n g s o u r c e s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h e a v ym e t a l c o n t a m i n a n t sW . H A T T O N , G . H U N T E R, D . H A L L & D . H A I G H : I mp r o v e d me t h o d s f o rdevelop ing and v i su a l i z ing rem edia t ion s t ra t eg ies

35136 5

37 3

S e c t i o n 8 : P l a n n i n g a n d g e o h a z a r d sB . MA RK E R: I n c o r p o r a t i o n o f i n f o r ma t i o n o n g e o h a z a r d s i n t o t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c es sM. J . SCOTT & I . STATHAM: De velop me nt adv ice m aps : m in in g subs idenceD. EARLE, B. M ARK ER, P. NATHANAIL & J . NATHANAIL: Som e issues asso ciatedw i t h t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f a r e v ie w o f f o u n d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s in G r e a t B r i t a i nP. J . STRANGE, S . J. BOOTH & R . A. ELLISON: De velo pm ent o f ' ro ck he ad ' com puter -g e n e r a t e d g e o l o g i c al mo d e l s t o a s s i s t g e o h a z a r d p r e d i c t io n i n L o n d o nA. THOMPSON, P. H INE, D. PEACH, L. FROST & D . BROOK: Sub siden ce ha za rda s s e s sme n t a s a b a s i s f o r p l a n n i n g g u i d a n c e i n R i p o nF. G . BELL & M . G . CULSHAW: Some geoha zards ca used by so i l mine ra logy ,c h e mi s t r y a n d mi c r o f a b r i c : a r e v ie w

38 539140 1409415427

Index 443

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PrefaceG e o h a z a r d s w a s t h e t h e me o f t h e 3 1 st a n n u a l c o n f e re n c e o f th e E n g i n e e r i n g G r o u p o f th e G e o l o g i c a l Soc i et y ,w h i c h w a s h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Co v e n t r y f r o m 1 0 t o 1 4 Se p t e mb e r 1 9 9 5 . T h e t h e me w a s c h o s e n a s i t w a s mi d -w a y t h r o u g h t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s d e s i g n a t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e c a d e f o r N a t u r a l D i s a s t e r Re d u c t i o n ( I D N D R) .I t s e e me d a p p r o p r i a t e t o h o l d a c o n f e r e n c e o n t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f g e o h a z a r d s a n d w h a t me a s u r e s a r e b e i n g u se d f o rthe i r reduct ion .

T h e c o n f e r e n c e i t s e lf a t t r a c te d a w i d e r a n g e o f p a p e r s o n g e o h a z a r d s f r o m a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d , d e a l i n g w i th t h eo b v i o u s a n d s p e c t a c u l a r s u c h a s v o l c a n ic e r u p ti o n s , t o t h e m o r e i n s i d io u s ' n o n - s p e c t a c u l a r ' , b u t o f f a r g r e a t e re c o n o mi c i mp o r t a n c e , s u c h a s s o il m i n e r a l o g y . W i t h r e g a r d t o v o l c a n i c g e o h a z a r d s w e a r e g r a t e f u l f o r D r B i l lM c G u i r e w h o , c o m i n g f r o m ' o u t s i d e ' e n g i n e e r i n g g e o lo g y , g av e a p r e s e n t a t i o n o n v o l c a n i c h a z a r d s , w h i c h h e l p e d toprov ide a perspec t ive to the conference . The scope o f geohazard s i s l a rge and th i s vo lum e g ives a good ind ica t ion o ft h is , w h i le n o t c l a i mi n g to b e t o t a l ly c o mp r e h e n s i v e . T h e p a p e r s f o c u s p r e d o m i n a n t l y o n n a t u r a l g e o h a z a r d s ,h o w e v e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s b e e n g i v e n i n Se c t io n 7 t o g e o h a z a r d s a s s o c i a te d w i t h c o n t a m i n a t e d l a n d . I n t h e p a p e r b yBel l e t a l . c o n t a m i n a t e d l a n d i s n a t u r a l i n t h e s e n se t h a t i s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f e x p l o i t a t i o n o f n a t u r a l r e so u r c es .T o t h e ma t e r i a l p re s e n t e d a t t h e 1 9 9 5 c o n f e r e n c e a d d i t i o n a l p a p e r s h a v e b e e n a d d e d f r o m e mi n e n t a c a d e mi c s a n dp r a c t i t i o n e r s i n r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s o f g e o h a z a r d s t o p r o v i d e a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e v o l u me o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n dmi t i g a t i o n o f g e o h a z a r d s .A s w e mo v e t o w a r d s t h e n e x t d e c a d e a n d m i l l e n n i u m t h e r e is n o d o u b t t h a t g e o h a z a r d s w i l l c o n t i n u e t o e x a c t ato l l on loss o f li fe , l i ve l ihood and p rope r ty . How ever , research in to m i t iga t ion in th i s vo lum e i s a sm al l bu t s ign i f i can tc o n t r i b u t i o n t o h e l p t h e r e d u c t i o n o f n a t u r a l h a z a r d s , b y i n c r e a s i n g o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e e n g i n e e r i n g g e o l o gy o ft h e n a t u r a l a n d b u i l t w o r l d .T h e c o mp i l a t i o n o f t h i s v o l u me h a s b e e n a l e n g t h y t a s k , w h i c h w a s s t a r t e d b y S t e v e Pe n n w h o c o n v e n e d t h ec o n f e r e n c e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Co v e n t r y . W e t h a n k t h e o t h e r c o m mi t t e e me m b e r s w h o , l a r g e l y w o r k i n g b e h i n dt h e s c e ne s , ma d e t h e c o n f e r e n c e a s u c ce s s. F i n a l l y w e a r e f o r t u n a t e i n h a v i n g D a v i d O g d e n o f t h e G e o l o g i c a l So ci e tyPu b l i s h i n g H o u s e f o r a d v i c e a n d g u i d a n c e a n d f o r b r i n g i n g th e w h o l e v o l u m e t o g e t h e r b o t h l i te r a l l y a n dme t a p h o r i c a l l y .

J u l ia n M a u n dW e l l i n g t o nN e w Z e a l a n dJune 1998

Organiz ing Com m itteeC h a i rT r e a s u r e rSecre taryT r a d e E x h i b i t i o nPu b l i c i t yT e c h n i c a lL o c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n

M r M a r t i n C u l sh a wM r A l a n F o r s t e rM r S t e p h e n P e n nM r P e t e r F e n n i n gD r A n g u l l B e rr yD r J u l i a n M a u n dM r T . D a v i sM r C . H o b d a yM r L M o s e l e yMr J . Pe r k i n s

Br i t i sh Geo log ica l Socie tyBr i t i sh Geo log ica l Socie tyCo v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t yE a r t h Sc i en c e Sy st e ms L t dK i n g s t o n U n i v e r s i t yF r a n k G r a h a m C o n s . E n g s .Co v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t yCo v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t yCo v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t yCo v e n t r y U n i v e r s i t y