Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

GeographyKey concepts

SEC

ON

DA

RY

3Great scientists is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Secundary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

WRITERS Fernando Abascal Pedro Adiego Olga Cabeza Víctor Lallana Rosa López Joseph Hopkins Juan Martín Ana Redondo Raquel Rubalcaba María Luisa Vázquez Javier Velilla

EDITORS Raquel Rubalcaba Sara J. Checa Víctor Lallana Heather Sutton

EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Ramírez

PROJECT DIRECTOR Lourdes Etxebarria

BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España

1. Physical geography 4

1. The Earth’s relief 2. Climates and landscapes 3. The physical environment of Europe 4. Physical map of the world 5. Relief and water in Spain 6. Climates and landscapes in Spain

2. Territorial organisation 18

1. What is a state? 2. States of the world 3. Cooperation between states 4. The European Union 5. The Spanish State

3. World population 30

1. Studying population 2. Population ageing 3. Migration 4. Europe’s demographic diversity 5. The population of Spain

4. The world: a globalised economy 42

1. Economic activity 2. Globalisation 3. The rise of emerging economies 4. The traditional powers 5. Work challenges around the world

5. The primary sector 52

1. The primary sector and agrarian landscapes 2. Agriculture in developed regions 3. Agriculture in less developed regions 4. Livestock farming and fishing 5. The primary sector in the European Union 6. The primary sector in Spain

6. Mining, energy and industry 66

1. Mining 2. Energy sources 3. The origins and development of industry 4. Location of an industry 5. The industrial powers 6. Mining, energy and industry in Spain

7. Services 80

1. The tertiary sector 2. Trade 3. Transport 4. Tourism 5. Other services 6. Services in Spain

8. Development 94

1. What is development? 2. Extreme poverty and hunger 3. Types of inequality 4. Overcoming underdevelopment 5. Poverty and exclusion in Spain

9. Environmental sustainability 104

1. Environmental degradation 2. Water supply and deforestation 3. The loss of biodiversity and soil degradation

INDEX

3

Physical geography 1

1. CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC RELIEF

Plains are flat areas of land.

The relief formed by endogenous processes is caused by the movement of the Earth's crust (plate tectonics). Plates separate and form cracks (rifts), or collide into each other. This either pushes one plate below the other, or alters the Earth's surface (faults and folds).

Valleys are areas of low land between mountains.

Depressions are very low areas that may even be below sea level.

Plateaus are highplains.

mountain range

peak

Relief

The variations in elevation of the Earth's crust are called relief.

These variations are found on the surface of our continents and on the ocean bed. (1)

Relief is constantly changing. However, these changes take place over a very long period of time, so we do not perceive them.

These changes are the result of both endogenous processes, which take place inside the Earth, and exogenous processes, which occur on the Earth's surface.

1The Earth's relief

GLOSSARY

Glacier: mass of ice that accumulates in mountains. It flows like a river, but very slowly.

Plate tectonics: the Earth's crust is made up of plates which float on the top layer of the mantle, moving very slowly.

Relief can also be formed by exogenous processes such as erosion, transport and sedimentation. Temperature, wind and water (rivers, seas, etc.) are the main agents of these processes, all of which modify relief.

cliff

cape

gulf

beach

island

peninsula

Abyssal plains are vast plateaus at a depth of 3000-7000 m.

Mid-ocean ridges are long mountain ridges in the centre of oceans.

Ocean trenches are long, deep cracks in the ocean floor.

A continental slope is relief with a steep drop.

• Define: relief, plain, plateau, valley, mid-ocean ridge, lake, aquifer, wave.

• What are the main forms of continental relief?

• Which types of relief are found in a coastal landscape?

ACTIVITIES

A continental shelf is a large plateau close to the coast.

Water

Water is a precious and scarce resource. Some water is found on the continents, but most of it is in the oceans and seas.

Continental water

Rivers, lakes, groundwater and ice contain fresh water, which makes up about 3% of the Earth's water.

• Rivers are continuous flows of water. Rivers flow into a sea or a lake. Tributaries flow into another river.

• Lakes are enclosed masses of water which accumulate in depressions. Salt water lakes are called inland seas.

• An underground water deposit is called an aquifer.

• Most fresh water is held in the form of ice at the polar ice caps and in mountain glaciers.

Marine water

Oceans and seas hold 97% of the Earth's water. They are in constant movement:

• Marine currents are masses of water which move like rivers through the oceans. A warm current has a higher temperature than the surrounding water. A cold current has a lower temperature.

• Tides are the daily rise and fall in the sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. High tide is when the sea level rises, and low tide is when it falls.

• Waves are the undulating movements of water on the surface of the sea, caused by the wind.

6

• How many climate zones does the Earth have? What are they?

• Define these terms: tundra, moor.

ACTIVITIES

2Climates and landscapes

Climates

There are five main climate zones. They can be grouped according to latitude: • A hot zone, between the tropics. The average

annual temperature is over 20 ºC.• Two temperate zones (30º-60º latitude in both

hemispheres). There is a clear seasonal difference between summer and winter.

• Two cold zones (60º-90º latitude in both hemispheres). The temperatures are low all year round.

Altitude, relief and proximity to the sea also influence climate. There are different types of climate within each main climate zone: hot (equatorial, tropical and desert), temperate (Mediterranean, oceanic and continental) and cold (polar and mountain). (2)

Climate has a big influence on human societies. Extreme temperatures and humidity make it difficult for populations to settle and to carry out certain economic activities: deserts, forests, high mountains and the polar regions are sparsely populated. The majority of the world's population lives in temperate zones.

0°

Antarctic Circle

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Capricorn

PACIF IC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIF IC

OCEAN

A R C T I C O C E A N

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

SOUTHERNOCEAN

Scale0 1,255

kilometres

Temperate climatesMediterranean and similar climates

Oceanic

Continental

Hot climates

Equatorial

Tropical wet

Tropical dry

Desert

Climate zones

Cold zones

Temperate zones

Hot zones

Cold climates

High mountain

Polar

2. THE EARTH'S CLIMATES

GLOSSARY

Conifer forest: forest made up of evergreen species such as fir and pine trees.

Temperature variation: difference between the highest and lowest temperatures over a period of time.

0°

Antarctic Circle

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Capricorn

PACIF IC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIF IC

OCEAN

A R C T I C O C E A N

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

SOUTHERNOCEAN

Scale0 1,255

kilometres

Temperate climatesMediterranean and similar climates

Oceanic

Continental

Hot climates

Equatorial

Tropical wet

Tropical dry

Desert

Climate zones

Cold zones

Temperate zones

Hot zones

Cold climates

High mountain

Polar

7

Physical geography 1

3. Savannah. It is mainly grassland, although there are also trees and bushes.

5. Tundra. The soil and subsoil are frozen for most of the year.

4. Moor. The vegetation consists of gorse, heather and ferns.

CLIMATES AND LANDSCAPES

CLIMATE LOCATION TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATION LANDSCAPEH

OT

CLI

MA

TES

Equatorial Near the Equator.Average annual temperatures are around 25 ºC, with little variation in annual temperature.

Total annual rainfall is higher than 2000 mm. It rains every month.

Rainforest

TropicalBetween 10º and 30º N and 10º and 30º S.

Average annual temperature is over 20 ºC. There are variations of between 3 ºC and 10 ºC.

The total annual rainfall ranges between 2000 mm and less than 400 mm. Seasons alternate between dry and wet.

Tropical rainforest and savannah. (3)

DesertFound at the same latitudes as tropical climates.

Average temperatures are high, over 20 ºC. There are big differences between day and night.

Scarce, under 250 mm, and irregularly distributed.

Desert

TEM

PER

ATE

CLI

MA

TES

Mediterranean and similar

Between latitudes 30º and 40º in both hemispheres.

Average annual temperature between 10 °C and 18 °C. Temperature variations of between 12 ºC and 16 ºC. Summers are hot and winters are mild.

Ranges between 900 mm and 300 mm a year. Distribution is irregular and summers are very dry.

Mediterranean woodland and scrub.

Oceanic

Between 40º and 50º latitude (and even up to 60º) in both hemispheres.

Average annual temperature between 10 °C and 15 °C. Little temperature variation. Winters are mild and summers are cool.

Annual total is around 1000 mm. It is regular throughout the year.

Deciduous forest and moors. (4)

ContinentalInland, in North America, Europe and Asia.

Average annual temperature between 0 °C and 10 °C. Very high temperature variations. Winters are long and cold, and summers are short and hot.

Ranges between 750 mm and 300 mm. It is irregular, with the highest precipitation in summer.

Taiga or conifer forests. Prairies and steppes.

CO

LD C

LIM

ATE

S

Polar Near the poles.Average annual temperatures are below 0 ºC. It is never higher than 10 ºC.

Scarce, less than 250 mm annually. It mainly falls as snow.

Tundra (an area of mosses and lichens). (5)

MountainHigh mountainous areas.

Temperatures decrease with altitude. Summers are short and cool. Winters are long and very cold.

Increases with altitude.Vegetation varies according to altitude.

8

• Describe the relief in Europe.

• Which watersheds do European rivers belong to?

• List the different climates in Europe.

ACTIVITIES

AT LANT ICP LA IN S

BALTICPLAINS

NORTHERN

EUROPEAN PLAIN

Mount Olympus2911

BALKANS

AL P S

Dinaric

Alps

CARPAT IAN

Moldoveanu2543

Aneto3404

Mont Blanc4807PYRENEES

Galdhopiggen2469

KJ O

LE

NM

OU

NT

AI N

S

Elbrus5642

C A U C A S U S

U

RA

LM

OU

NT

AI

NS

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

AegeanSea

IonianSea

TyrrhenianSea

AdriaticSea

Black Sea

NorthSea

NorwegianSea

Baltic

Sea

CaspianSea

Riv

erRh

one

River PoRiver

Danube

River Dniester

River Seine

River Vistula

River

Oder

RiverElbe

River

Rhine

River Dnieper

Don

River

Ri

ver Ural

Ebro

River

RiverThames

River LoireRiver Dvina

Volga

Etna3340

Mulhacén3478

MassifCentral

Cape Matapan

Sicily

Corsica

CapeSt. Vincent

CapeFinisterra

Saint-MathieuPoint

CapeReykjanes

BALKANPENINSULA

ITALIANPENINSULA

JUTLANDPENINSULA

SCANDINAVIANPENINSULA

Dauga

va

River

LakeVanern

LakeLadoga

LakePeipus

LakeOnega

River

KOLAPENINSULA

FinnishPlateau

Gulf

of B

othn

ia

BarentsSea

North Cape

GREATBRITAINIRELAND

Bay ofBiscay

BR

I TI S

HI S

L E S

IBERIANPENINSULA

Arctic Circle

Iceland

ARCTICOCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

A F R I C A

A S I A

834377_06_p45_europa_fisico

English Channe

l

BALEARICISLANDS

Strait of Gibraltar

TajoRiver

APENNINES

CASPIANDEPRESSION

CRIMEANPENINSULA

Prim

eMe

ridian

Gulf of Finland

Sardinia

Malta Crete

WESTERN

EUROPEAN PLAIN

Ri v e r

Pechora

MOUNTAINS

50°

60°

40°

0°20°

60°

20° 40°

20°

40°

50°

0°

40° 60° 80°

0 320

Kilometres

SCALE640

Depression0

500

1000

2000

metresALTITUDE

CANARY ISLANDSTeide3718

H

3The physical environment of Europe

Relief and water

Terrain in Europe is predominantly flat, which explains the low average altitude of 290 m. (6)

• There are three main types of relief:

– Great plains in the centre and the east.

– Mountain ranges and plateaus in the north (Scandinavian mountains) and east (Urals).

– Alpine mountain ranges. These are younger and higher. They form an arch around the Mediterranean Sea. The most important are the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans and the Caucasus.

• Water. Rivers in Europe form part of various watersheds: the Arctic (the Pechora), the Atlantic (the Rhine), the Mediterranean (the Po), the Black Sea (the Danube) and the Caspian Sea (the Ural).

GLOSSARY

Tundra: landscape in an extremely cold climate, with only a few plants like mosses and lichens.

6. PHYSICAL MAP OF EUROPE

The European continent has irregular coastlines; it has large peninsulas, islands, capes, gulfs, etc.

There are four large peninsulas: the Iberian, Italian, Scandinavian and Balkan Peninsulas.

9

Physical geography 1

Climates and landscapes

Temperate climates are most common in Europe. However, polar, mountainous and subtropical climates also exist.

• Oceanic climate: mild temperatures. High and regular rainfall throughout the year.

• Deciduous forests (beeches, oaks, chestnuts, etc.) and moors (heather, etc.).

Oceanic landscape

• Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers and mild winters. Little rainfall.

• Evergreen trees (oaks and cork oaks) and scrubland.

Mediterranean landscape

• Polar climate: long, extremely cold winters and short and cool summers. Little rainfall.

• Tundra.

Polar landscape

• Continental climate: long, very cold winters with frequent snowfall, and hot summers. Moderate rainfall.

• Prairie, steppe and taiga, (pines, firs, etc.).

Continental landscape

• Mountain climate: lower temperatures and higher rainfall than areas with a lower altitude.

• Terraced vegetation.

Mountainous landscape

10

Antarctica

• It has the highest average altitude (2000 metres).

• There are no rivers.

Oceania

• Australia has coastal plains, low desert in the interior and the Great Dividing Range in the east. New Guinea and New Zealand are mountainous.

• The Murray and the Darling are the main rivers in Australia.

America

• The great mountain ranges (the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Madre and the Andes) run parallel to the Pacific Coast.

• Inland, there are large plateaus (Matto Grosso and the Bolivian Altiplano) and plains (Great Plains).

• The rivers running in Atlantic watershed are long with high discharge levels (Mississippi and Amazon). Those in the Pacific watershed are shorter.

Asia

• Mountain ranges are mainly in the centre. Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, is in the Himalayan mountain range.

• There are plateaus across the continent, such as the Tibetan Plateau. The main basins contain inland seas (Caspian, Aral and Dead Seas).

• Rivers are long with high discharge levels (Yangtze, Ganges, etc.).

• Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea are noteworthy bodies of water.

Africa

• The main mountain ranges are the Atlas Mountains and the Drakensberg Mountains. The Great Rift Valley is in the east.

• Large plateaus take up much of the land.

• Several rivers have high levels of discharge (the Niger, the Congo, etc.). However, those that flow into the Mediterranean Sea have low levels, except for the River Nile.

Continents are large areas of land surrounded by oceans and seas. (7)

Elbert4,399 m

Ojos del Salado6,880 m

MountWhitney4,418 m

Mount McKinley6,194 m

Mount Aconcagua6,960 m

Orizaba5,700 m

Tajamuco4,217 m

Alaska Range

Chimborazo6,267 m

BeaufortSea

RO

CK

Y M

OU

NT

AIN

S

BeringSea

Ber

ing

Str

ait

Yukon

Mackenzie river

Great BearLake

Great SlaveLake

GR

EA

T P

LA

I NS

Nelson river

HudsonBay

LakeWinnipeg

LakeSuperior

LakeMichigan

LakeHuro

YUCATANPENINSULA

Appal

ac

hian M

ountainsMissouri

Mis

siss

ippi

Mexican

plateau

Gulf ofAlaska

Cape Mendocino

Sierra Madre

LOWER CALIFORNIAPENINSULA

CapeCorrientes

Bravo

GREATBASIN

Gulf ofMexico

CapeRace

Newfoundland

Cape Hatteras

BaffinBay

Davis

Str

ait

SargassoSea

Cuba

LABRADORPENINSULA

Jamaica

Hispaniola

Puerto Rico

Caribbean Sea

LLANOS

Or in

oco Guiana

Highlands

Amazon

AMAZON BASIN

Mad

eira MATO

GROSSOPLATEAU

San

Fra

nci

s co

Para

náGulf ofArica

Altiplano

LakeTiticaca

AN

DE

S

GRANCHACO

THEPAMPAS

RiverPlate

PATA

GO

NIA

Stra

it of

Mag

ella

n Cape Horn

PACIFIC

OCEAN

Drake Passage

ANTARCTICPENINSULA

POLYNESIA

FLORIDAPENINSULA

80º

60º

20º

40º

Antarctic Circle

0º

20º

40º

60º

80º

180º 150º 120º 90º 60º

60º90º120º150º180º

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Arctic Circle

4Physical map of the world

Major peaks

Main rivers

Lakes

2500 m

2000 m

1500 m

1000 m

400 m

200 m

0 m

509798_01_p18_19_leyenda_mundi_�sico

Depression

7. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE WORLD

The North American coastline is more irregular than in South America.

11

Physical geography 1

K28,616 m

MountCook3,764 m

Teide3,715

Mount Elbrus5,642 m

Toubkal4,165

Mount Cameroon4,070 m

Mount Fuji3,776 m

Ras Dashen4,620 m

Mont Blanc4,807 m

Puncak Jaya5,030 m

Kilimanjaro5,895 m

Ismoil Somoni Peak7,495 m

Beluja4,506 m

Sayan3,492 m

Pobeda3,147 mMount Narodnaya

1,894 m

Mount Everest8,850 m

4.042 m

MountEtna3,349 m3,478 m

Mulhacén

Mount Tahat3,003 m

Emi-koussi3,415 m

Mount Kosciusko2,230 m

Mount Kenya5,199 m

Cathkin3,660 m

Mit

um

ba

Mou

ntai

ns

Scan

dina

vian

Mounta

ins

Verkhoyansk Mountains

Yablonovy R

ange

Stanovoy Range Kolyma U

pla

nd

Altai Mountains

Tien Shan

Mountains

Kunlun Mountains Zagros Mountains

Cape Farewell

Denmark Strait

Greenland

A R C T I C O C E A N

GreenlandSea

Iceland

NorwegianSea

BritishIsles North

Sea

North CapeBarents

Sea

CapeFinisterre

SCANDINAVIANPENINSULA

Baltic S

ea

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

CapeSao Roque

CanaryIslands

Cape of Good Hope

Niger

LakeChad

DARFURPLATEAU

CENTRALPLATEAU

OF ANGOLA

Congo

Rift

Va

lle

y

ATLAS MOUNTAINS

TibestiMountains

Drakensberg

Mo

un

tain

sM

ozam

biqu

e Ch

anne

l

Madagascar

LakeMalawi

LakeTanganyika

LakeVictoria

EthiopianPlateau

SOMALIPENINSULA

LIBYANDESERT

Nile

S A H A R A

KALAHARIDESERT

Orange

IBERIANPENINSULA

PYRENEES

ALPS

Rhine

Danub eITALIANPENINSULA

Mediterranean Sea

ANATOLIANPLATEAU

GREAT EUROPEAN PLAIN

Dn

iep

er

Do

n

Volga

EASTEUROPEAN

PLAIN

UR

AL M

OU

NTA

INS

Ural

Red Sea

BlackSea

Caspian Sea

CAUCASUSMOUNTAINSEuphrates

ARABIANPENINSULA

IRANIANPLATEAU

Hindu

Kus

h

WESTSIBERIAN

PLAIN

AralSea

LakeBalkhash

Irtysh

Ob

Yenisey

TAYMIR

PENINSULA

KaraSea

East SiberiaSea

LakeBaikal

CENTRAL SIBERIANPLATEAU

GOBI DESERT

PLATEAUOF TIBETHIMALAYAS

Kolim

a

BeringSea

KAMCHATKAPENINSULA

Amur

MA

NCH

URI

A

Yello

w river

NORTH CHINAPLAIN

Yangtze

Mekong

THAR

DESERT

HINDUSTANPENINSULA

ArabianSea

INDOCHINAPENINSULA

PersianGulf

CapeVerde

Cape Guardafui

Bay ofBengal

Sumatra

Java

Borneo New Guinea

CapeComorin

Coral Sea

GR

EA

T DIV

IDIN

G R

AN

GE

South ChinaSea

Philippines

MELANESIA

MICRONESIA

KIMBERLEY

PLATEAU

GREAT SANDYDESERT

GREAT VICTORIADESERT

Dar

ling

Tasmania

Murray

North WestCape

CapeLeeuwin

GreatAustralian

Bight

New Zealand

I N D I A N

O C E A N

WeddellSea

Zambezi

S O U T H E R N O C E A N

Ganges

Indus

THE EARTH’S RELIEF

CARPATHIANMOUNTAINS

30º 0º 30º 60º 90º 120º 150º 180º

80º

60º

40º

20º

0º

20º

40º

60º

80º

180º150º120º90º60º30º0º30º

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

Sea ofOkhotsk

Cape Lopatka

KOREANPENINSULA

Japan

Formosa

Ahaggar Mountains

.

0 880

kilometres

Scale

509798_01_p18_19_mundi_fisico

In Africa, the coastline is fairly regular.

In Asia, the coastline is irregular (peninsulas, gulfs and islands).

In Oceania, the coastlines vary depending on the island.Along the Antarctic

coastline, there are bays which have been created by the Weddell and Ross Seas.

• Look at the map and make a table for each continent. Include the following data:

– Mountain ranges and the highest peak.

– Plateaus and plains.

– Main peninsulas and islands.

– Main rivers.

– Main lakes.

ACTIVITIES

12

Relief

Spain is a very mountainous country with a high average altitude of 660 metres.(8)

5Relief and water in Spain

8. PHYSICAL RELIEF OF SPAIN

MAIN FEATURES OF RELIEF IN SPAIN

Peninsular relief

• The Inner Plateau is divided into two sub-plateaus by the Central Mountain Chain (the Northern Sub-plateau and the Southern Sub-plateau).

• Mountains that surround the plateau: the Galician Massif, the Cantabrian Range, the Iberian Mountain Chain and the Sierra Morena.

• Features beyond the Inner Plateau: the Pyrenees, the Baetic Chain, the Catalan Coastal Chain and the Guadalquivir and Ebro river basins.

Island and coastal relief

• Island relief includes two archipelagos: the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.

• Spain has several kilometres of coastline: the Cantabrian and Galician coasts are irregular, whereas in western Andalusia, they are smooth with sandy beaches. The Mediterranean coastline alternates between beaches and steep cliffs.

Cape OrtegalEstaca de Bares

Punta de

GA

LICIA

N M

ASS

IF

MO

UNTA

INS

OF

LEO

N BASQUE P Y R E N E E SCA

TALA

N C

OASTAL CHAIN

Mountains

INNER

PLATEAU

S I E R R A M O R E N A

GU

AD

AL

QU

IVIR R IVER BASIN

MOUNTAINS OF TOLEDO

SUB-BAETIC RANGE

PENIBAETIC RANGE

Guadarrama Mountain Range

Gata Mountains

AracenaMountains

Cape Creus

Cape Tortosa

Gulf ofValencia

CapeNao

Cape Palos

Cape Gata

Gulf of Cádiz

Madrona Mountains

Somosierra

Serraníade Cuenca

Strait of GibraltarTarifaPoint

Cape Touriñan

Cape Peñas CapeAjo Bay of

Biscay

MIÑO

DUERO

TAJO

EBRO

JÚ

CA R

GUADIANA

GU

ADALQUIVIR

SEGURA

Cape FinisterrePicos de Europa

Gulf ofLion

Gulf of Roses

Sierra d

e

Sierra Nevada

EBRO R IVER BAS IN

Roque de los Muchachos 2.426 m

Punta deFuencalienteGarajonay

1.487 mTeide3.718 m

Punta de Jandía

B A L E A R I C I S L A N D S

Mallorca

Menorca

Ibiza

Formentera

GRANCANARIA

TENERIFE

EL HIERROLA GOMERA

LA PALMA

Picode las Nieves

1.949 m

AyllónMountains

Albufera

EbroDelta

GuadalquivirMarshes

Calderade Taburiente

Guadalupe Mountains

Picos de Urbión

Mountains

A lbarracín

Demanda

Punta de Anaga

Rock of Ifach

MOUNTAINS

Cabrera

Cape Salou

NorthernSub-plateau

SouthernSub-plateau

Tramunta

na

CANTABRIAN RANGE

CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN

IBERIAN MOUNTAIN CHAIN

BAETIC CHAIN

M O R O C C O

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

ANDORRA

Moncayo2313 m

Mulhacén3479 m

Puig Major1436 m

Teleno2188 m

Turó del'Home1706 m

Torrecerredo2648 m

Aneto3404 m

Almanzor2591 m

Cabeza deManzaneda

1781 m

ATLANTIC OCEAN

La Palma

El Hierro

La Gomera

TenerifeGran

Canaria

FuerteventuraLanzarote

C A N A R Y I S L A N D S

Teide3718 m

AT

LA

NT

IC

O

CE

AN

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S

ea

C a n t a b r i a n S e aF R A N C E

509798_01_p27_Espana_Fisico

PO

RT

UG

AL

0 90

kilometres

Scale

PHYSICAL RELIEF OF SPAIN

GLOSSARY

Aquifer: underground store of water.

Watershed: group of river basins whose rivers all flow into the same sea or ocean.

Wetland: area of land with water on its surface or just below it.

Major peaks

Main rivers

2000 m

1500 m

1000 m

700 m

400 m

0 m

509798_01_p27_leyenda_Espana_Fisico

13

Physical geography 1

MIÑO

DUERO

TAJO

E B R O

JÚC

A

RGUADIANA

GUADALQUIVIR SEGURA

Sil

UllaTambre

E

o

N

avia

TiétarAlberch

e TURIA

Guadalete

Odi

el

Tinto

Záncara

Segr

e

Gál

leg

o

Llo

bre

gat

Roque de los Muchachos 2.426 m

Punta deFuencalienteGarajonay

1.487 mTeide3.718 m

Punta de Jandía

E sla

P

isu

erg

aGRAN

CANARIA

TENERIFE

LA GOMERA

LA PALMA

Picode las Nieves

1.949 m

Nalón

Nar

ce

a

Arlanza

Arg

a

Cin

ca Ter

Hue

rva

Ad

aja

CegaTormes

Taju

ñaCi

güela

Genil

AlagónCab

riel

Albufera

GuadalquivirMarshes

Calderade Taburiente

Punta de Anaga

B idasoa

IznájarReservoir

Ner

vió

n

M O R O C C O

La SerenaReservoir

AlarcónReservoir

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

SanabriaLake

ANDORRA

AT

LA

NT

IC

O

CE

AN

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S

e a

C a n t a b r i a n S e aF R A N C E

509798_01_p29_Espana_rios

PO

RT

UG

AL

0 90

kilometres

Scale

RIVERS AND LAKES IN SPAIN

Water

• The Iberian Peninsula has three watersheds: (9)

Cantabrian watershed

• The rivers are short.

• Their flow is abundant and regular .

• The main rivers are the Bidasoa, Nervión, Nalón, Narcea, Navia and Eo.

Atlantic watershed

• The rivers are long, except for those in Galicia.

• Because of their tributaries, they have an abundant flow. However, this flow is irregular and diminishes in the summer.

• The main rivers are the Miño, Duero, Tajo, Guadiana and Guadalquivir.

Mediterranean watershed

• This watershed is smaller than the Atlantic watershed.

• Except for the Ebro, rivers belonging to this watershed have a weak and very irregular flow.

• The main rivers are the Ebro, Ter, Llobregat, Turia, Júcar and Segura.

• There are over 2000 lakes and wetlands in Spain. Although they are not very large, they are of great ecological importance.

• In Spain, aquifers are a natural resource and are important during droughts, especially in regions with few rivers and lakes. They are mainly used for human consumption and agricultural irrigation.

9. RIVERS AND LAKES OF SPAIN

There are no real rivers on the islands.

• List the main features of peninsular relief.

• Which mountains surround the Inner Plateau? Which ones cross it?

• Name three important rivers in each watershed.

ACTIVITIES

509798_01_p29_leyenda_Espana_rios

Rivers

Ravines

Lakes and reservoirs

Cantabrian

Mediterranean

Atlantic

Watersheds

509798_01_p27_leyenda_Espana_Fisico

• List the main features of peninsular relief.

• Which mountains surround the Inner Plateau? Which ones cross it?

• Name three important rivers in each watershed.

ACTIVITIES

14

6Climates and landscapes in Spain

CANARY ISLANDS

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Cantabrian Sea

136502_01_p39_h01_espana_climas

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e aOceanic

Climate

Mountain

Typical

Continentalised

Dry

Mediterranean

Subtropical

Factors influencing Spanish climate

Spanish climate is influenced by the following factors:

• Latitude. The Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are in the southern half of the temperate zone. The Canary Islands, situated at a subtropical latitude, have mild, steady temperatures all year round.

• Location. Spain is on one continent (Europe), but close to another (Africa). It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, it receives hot and cold air masses from both land and sea.

• Influence of the seas and oceans. They regulate temperatures along the coasts and on the archipelagos throughout the year. Inland, however, there are much greater variations between high and low temperatures.

• Relief. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall and precipitation increases. The orientation of the mountains determines whether a place receives a lot of wind and sunlight. Mountain ranges act as barriers which block air masses.

10. CLIMATES OF SPAIN

An oceanic climate is found in the north of the peninsula.

The Canary Islands have a subtropical climate.

Most of the Iberian Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate.

GLOSSARY

Endemic: belonging exclusively to a particular place or region.

• What is the predominant climate in Spain?

• Where can you find an oceanic climate?

• What is the landscape on the Canary Islands? What is the landscape in the southeast of the peninsula?

ACTIVITIES

15

Physical geography 1

11. Landscapes of Spain. Oceanic (A), Mediterranean (B), subtropical (C) and mountain (D).

Climates and landscapes

Spain has a wide variety of climates and landscapes. (10 and 11)

CLIMATE LOCATION TEMPERATURES PRECIPITATION LANDSCAPE

Oceanic Northern Spain.Cool winters and mild summers.

Heavy and regular (more than 800 mm annually).

Oak and beech trees (replaced in many areas by pine and eucalyptus trees, and pastures).

TypicalMediterranean coast and the Guadalquivir Valley.

Cool winters and hot summers.

Between 300 mm and 700 mm per year. Summer drought.

Mediterranean forest (holm oaks and cork oaks).Continentalised Inland areas.

Very cold winters and very hot summers.

Between 400 mm and 600 mm per year. Summer drought.

DrySoutheast coast of Spain

Mild winters and hot summers.

Less than 300 mm per year. Summer drought.

Subtropical Canary Islands. Mild all year round.Precipitation is scarce and mainly occurs in winter.

Conifers and laurels, and endemic species (dragon tree, etc.).

MountainHighest mountain ranges.

Winters are long and cold, and summers are short and cool.

Precipitation is abundant. Sometimes it is in the form of snow.

Vegetation changes with altitude.

Me

dit

err

ane

an

A C

B D

16

1 Copy and complete the diagram.

2 Define the following terms:

• Ocean trench

• Depression

• Abyssal plain

• Watershed

• Low water level

3 Which continent are the following rivers and reliefs found in?

• The Andes

• Amazon River

• Australia

• Mount Everest

• Mississippi River

• Philippine Islands

• River Danube

• River Nile

4 Look at this photo and answer the questions.

• What type of landscape does this photograph show?

• Describe what you think temperatures and rainfall are like in this climate.

ACTIVITY ROUND-UP

Peninsular

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SPAIN

………

… ……

……

……

…

main features

…Features beyond

the plateau

Mountains that surround the plateau

RELIEF RIVERS CLIMATES

…

…

Typical

…

…

Subtropical

…

watersheds and main rivers

…

…

…

…

…

Atlantic

archipelagos coastline

…

…

…

…

Western Andalusia

Inland and coastline

17

APPLY A TECHNIQUE. Use maps to link geographical features

5 Analyse the maps of Australia.

• Physical map. Identify the main features of physical relief and the course of rivers.

• Climate map. Identify the climates. What type of climate does each region have?

• Population map. Which areas are densely populated? Which are sparsely populated?

6 Trace the population map and place it over the other maps.

• Make a list of the main connections between population distribution and relief; and between population, climate and rivers.

7 Explain the patterns that you have found. Give reasons for your conclusions.

GREAT SANDYDESERTGREAT VICTORIA

DESERT

GreatAustral ian Bight

INDIAN

OCEAN

PACIF IC

OCEAN

0 510

kilometres

Scale

Tropic of Capricorn

509798_01_p35_a_fisico_australia

Tropic of Capricorn

PACIFIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

Tropic of Capricorn

PACIFIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

509798_01_p35_b_climas_Australia

Many of the elements of geography cannot be studied in isolation because they are linked to other fields.

Comparing maps that show different geographical features allows us to detect patterns.

To analyse and compare maps, we follow these steps:

1. Analyse each map separately.

2. Look for similarities in the distribution of each aspect. For example, do the least populated areas match the desert climate? It may help if you trace one map and place it on top of the others.

3. Make a list of the patterns that you find.

4. Explain each pattern.

Population density (in inhabitants/km2)

Less than 2

25 to 2

50 to 25

Over 50

509798_01_p35_c_leyenda_densidad_australia

Tropicalwet

Tropical dry Oceanic

Mediterraneanand similar

Desert

509798_01_p35_b_leyenda_climas_Australia

700 m400 m0 m

509798_01_p35_a_leyenda_�sico_Australia

2000 m1500 m1000 m

2500 m

GEOGRAPHY WORKSHOPPhysical geography 1