GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE

DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES

IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE

IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD

IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS

MOST DEVELOPED IN SOUTH AMERICA…AZTECS AND MAYAS FOR EXAMPLE

PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES

OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES

DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES.

SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND

THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE

OCEAN.

SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT

IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS

Theory regarding the populating of the Americas

prior to European colonization

LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

LAND BRIDGE

EXPLORE THE WORLD

EXPANDTRADE

MORE TERRITORY

SPREADCHRISTIANITY

MOREWEALTH

REASONS FOREUROPEAN EXPANSION

NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS

GLOBE

RUDDER

IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN

QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)

MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES

MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO

WHAT CHANGED?

1543 GLOBE

SPANISH EXPLORATION

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,

CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE

RICHES OF ASIA.

THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE

AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED

THE EASTERN ROUTE.

AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE

THE AMERICAS.

COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF

NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.

What is historiography?

EUROPE RECEIVED

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

AMERICAS RECEIVED

FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES,

QUININE, TOBACCO

FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS

FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,

OATS, WINE GRAPES

ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,

RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS

ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,

COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN

DISEASESSYPHILIS

DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,

INFLUENZA

RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY

WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS

Modern Case of Small Pox

SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS

HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO

FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU

THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE

SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF

NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO

STAKE A CLAIM.

PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS

ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES

IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT

ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS

EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS

AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE

MOST OF THE AFRICANS WERE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA

SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA

EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA

AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS

TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF

SLAVES

MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN

FROM

AFRICANS CRAMMED

ONTO A SHIP FOR

TRANSPORT TO BECOME

SLAVES

TENSION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN ESCALATED

ENGLAND HAD TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO COMPETE WITH THE SPANISH EMPIRE THROUGHOUT THE 1500s

PIRACY ON THE PART OF THE ENGLISH YIELDED GREAT PROFITS AND FRANCIS DRAKE (LATER KNIGHTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I) FAMOUSLY PLUNDERED MUCH FROM SPANISH SHIPS IN 1580

PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA

THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

JAMESTOWN AND THE VIRGINIA COLONY

THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON RECEIVED A CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND TO

SETTLE IN THE “NEW WORLD”. THIS MEANT THAT THEY FUNDED THE EXPEDITION IN HOPES OF FINDING WEALTH. THE SITE CHOSEN, ON THE

BANKS OF THE JAMES RIVER CONSISTED OF HARSH WEATHER AND DISEASES. HUNDREDS OF THE

ORIGINAL INHABITANTS DIED FROM STARVATION, DISEASE, AND NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS.

ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS

TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE

LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS

THE FIRST ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN A COLONY WAS CREATED, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES

RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO POPULATED SINCE CONDITIONS WERE SO

TOUGH IN VIRGINIA?

THE FRENCH

IN 1524 GIOVANNI Da VERRAZANO EXPLORED THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN FLORIDA AND NEWFOUNDLAND AND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN FUR-TRAPPING TRIBES

IN 1534 JACQUES CARTIER SAILED THE LAWRENCE RIVER, SOLIDIFIED THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CREATED NEW ONES WITH OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES

ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN FLORIDA THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH

INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC FOR COD AND SALMON BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED BIGGER PROFITS

THE FUR TRADE NECESSITATED FEW SETTLERS AT FIRST BUT BY THE MID 1600s THE FRENCH CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA

LOUISIANA TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE FRENCH

THE DUTCH

IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”.

THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ESTABLISHED THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND.

THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Which countries?

• Purpose?

Mercantilism…

• Colonies existed to enhance the power of the “founding” nation

• Strict control over trade so that the mother country exported more than it imported

• Flow of gold/silver should be coming into the mother country (not out of it)

• Colonies provided raw materials and then imported manufactured goods from the mother nation

Triangular Trade Route…

• British manufactured goods were sent to the colonies

• Colonial products/raw materials were sent to Europe

• Slaves from Africa were sent to the New World

• Navigation Laws

Special Note:

• Middle Passage refers to the voyage across the Atlantic for slaves…horrific

• What is significant about the date 1619 in U.S. History?

Stats on Slave Trade• Decks on cargo ships were 3-5 feet apart so the

average slave could not stand up• 3-4 month long voyage…no fresh air in the

cargo hole where people went to the bathroom and vomited

• Sometimes women gave birth on board• 10-16 million traded between 1500-1900• 10-15% death rate• Ships held 400 slaves but sometimes 700 were

crammed on board• Slaves were stripped naked, branded, and

sometimes whipped

1. What do you know about the use of indentured servants versus the use of African slaves in colonial America?

2. List facts you know about slavery in EARLY America.

3. As you watch, write down 8-10 facts you learned from the documentary.

4. How did slavery begin to distinguish itself from indentured servanthood?

Divide paper into 3 sections

• Label each section as follows: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies

• Using your summer work and your current reading, list as many facts as you can about each region

• Draw a picture in each column that best represents the overall theme of that region

Announcement about Brochures

• Use appropriate pictures and info– Example: Don’t use the state motto or state

flag…these are colonies!

Stats on Slave Trade• Decks on cargo ships were 3-5 feet apart so the

average slave could not stand up• 3-4 month long voyage…no fresh air in the

cargo hole where people went to the bathroom and vomited

• Sometimes women gave birth on board• 10-16 million traded between 1500-1900• 10-15% death rate• Ships held 400 slaves but sometimes 700 were

crammed on board• Slaves were stripped naked, branded, and

sometimes whipped

Amistad

• Check with your parents-the movie is rated R

• Google the middle passage

• Click on videos

• Amistad clip is about 9 minutes long—it will give you an idea of the horrors of the slave trade

Note the date 1619…

• Why is it important?

Pocahontas…the untold story…

• What famous Las Vegas personality claims to be related?

Dutch Influence

• Easter eggs

• Santa Claus

• Waffles

• Wall Street

•NEW ENGLAND

•MIDDLE COLONIES

•SOUTHERN COLONIES

Slide 3

RELIGION WAS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE CREATION OF THE NEW ENGLAND

COLONIES

THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE

MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620

THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE

CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH MODEL CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND RECEIVED A ROYAL CHARTER TO ESTABLISH

THE COLONY.

RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNITY FIGURES AND THEY WORKED CLOSELY WITH COMMUNITY ELECTED MEMBERS TO REGULATE ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND

INTOLERANT OF DIFFERING RELIGIOUS VIEWS

STRESSED EDUCATION AND LITERACY AS EVERYONE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE

STRONG WORK ETHIC LED TO SUCCESSFUL INDUSTRIES

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND

RELIGIOUS DISSIDENTS CHARTERED RHODE ISLAND

•ROGER WILLIAMS (liberty of conscience and separation of church and state) AND ANNE HUTCHINSON (doctrine of grace) QUESTIONED THE POLICIES AND AUTHORITY OF CHURCH LEADERS IN MASSACHUSETTS

•THEY WERE BANISHED FROM THE COLONY AND FLED SOUTH

•WILLIAMS RECEIVED A ROYAL CHARTER TO FOUND A COLONY CALLED RHODE ISLAND

•OTHER COLONISTS SEEKING RELIGIOUS TOLERATION MIGRATED TO RHODE ISLAND FROM MASSACHUSETTS ROGER WILLIAMS

BY THE MID 1630s ABOUT 20,000 NEW COLONISTS ARRIVED FROM ENGLAND WHO

WERE MORE MOTIVATED BY ECONOMIC

OPPORTUNITY AND IMPROVED LIFESTYLES

THAN BY RELIGIOUS FERVOR. SETTLEMENT

EXPANDED INTO CONNECTICUT AND NEW

HAMPSHIRE….HALF WAY COVENANT

NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT

LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING

MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND

MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION

MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS

IN THE EARLY YEARS LIFE WAS REGULATED BY STRICT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES

KING CHARLES II GAVE AWAY THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND

FRIENDS

THE DUTCH COLONIZED THE AREA KNOWN AS NEW YORK AND NEW

JERSEY TODAY AROUND 1626. THEY CONTROLLED THE REGION UNTIL 1664 WHEN THEY LOST IT TO

THE ENGLISH AS A RESULT OF WAR. KING CHARLES II GRANTED

NEW YORK TO HIS BROTHER JAMES AND

NEW JERSEY TO 2 NOBLEMEN WHO NAMED

IT AFTER THE ISLE OF JERSEY IN THE ENGLISH

CHANNEL.

PENNSYLVANIA (PART OF WHICH LATER BECAME DELAWARE) WAS GRANTED TO

WILLIAM PENN TO PAY A DEBT TO HIS FATHER

PENN WAS A QUAKER WHO BELIEVED IN

PACIFISM AND HUMAN EQUALITY.

HE ADVERTISED HEAVILY

THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE

AND ENDED UP WITH PEOPLE

FROM VARIOUS RELIGIONS AND

ETHNIC GROUPS.

NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE

ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER

BUSY SHIPPING PORTS

LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK

COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS

ADDITIONAL WORKERS WERE RECRUITED FROM EUROPE AS INDENTURED SERVANTS, WHO WOULD WORK FOR A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF YEARS TO PAY FOR THEIR PASSAGE

OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS

MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA

THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON THE LARGE SCALE CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO

CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR

RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR

SOME RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AS THE FOCUS OF THE REGION WAS TO MAKE MONEY

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SERVED AS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE FOR THE SLAVE TRADE

MOSTLY RURAL AREAS, LESS URBAN GROWTH

OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

THE ROOT OF MOST CONFLICTS WERE OVER THE EXPANSION OF COLONISTS INTO NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS

CONFLICTS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS INCREASED AS THE NUMBER OF EUROPEAN

IMMIGRANTS INCREASED

Other Conflicts…

• Bacon’s Rebellion 1670…perhaps due also to a lack of single women?

• Dominion of New England 1686

Times the colonies unified…

• New England Confederation 1643

• Great Awakening (late 1600s-early 1700s)– What was it?– Its importance?– Old lights v New lights?– Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Its link to the American Revolution

• People began to question traditional authority

• Unifying movement in the colonies– Destroyed the identification of churches with

specific territorial areas– Broke down sectional boundaries and

denominations and contributed to a growing sense that Americans had a common history and shared experience

Colonial Society

Trivia/Stats• Average age for marriage: 20-23• Single women looked down upon

“For woman to be praised, is for her to bemarried.” Cotton Mather

• Typical married woman could be expected to be pregnant every other year

• 8-14 children on average

• Average life expectancy was 39 for women and 45 for men…why so low for women?

• High infant mortality rate…yet population doubles each generation

More stats as the colonies mature (closer to the AR)

• Population doubles every 25 years– 1700: 20 to 1 (British to American)– 1775: 3 to 1– Natural fertility

“Those Americans are multiplying like their rattlesnakes.”

• 90% of people farm

• Average age 16

• Most economic diversity in New England

• Most ETHNIC diversity in the Middle Colonies

• Most racially mixed is in the South (20% of population is made up of slaves)– Single largest non-English group=slaves

Not so important stats…

• For fun?– Quilting bees– Watch the local militia drill in the town square– Horse racing– Avoided bathing…no bathtub in all of colonial

America (can anyone say stinky?)

Signs of Social StratificationSigns of Social Stratification

The “better” sort get the best seats The “better” sort get the best seats in churches and schoolsin churches and schools