IntroductionRaw-material oriented Industry

- Raw-material oriented industries are those industries that are having their locations stuck close to source of raw materials.

- Sugar milling is one of the examples of raw-material oriented industries.

This slideshow will be talking about the following points:

- Features of RM-O industries.- Case study – Sugar Milling

Features of RM-O industries

• RM-OI usually refers to industries which initially process scattered natural resources

• Material Index > 1 (weight-losing)• Affected by

– nature of RM• Fragility• Perishability• Value

-Material Index is calculated by

(Total weight of localized RM used)

------------------------------------------------

(Weight of finished products)

Weight-losing industry

• Sugar Milling Industry is a weight-losing industry, 7 tonnes of cane are needed for produce 1 tonnes of raw sugar

• MI= 7

Fragility

• ↑fragile RM = ↑RM-O

• ∵too difficult or expensive to transport

• ↑transport cost

• E.g.Saw mill found near forest

Perishability

• ↑perishable RM= ↑ RM-O

• ∵can keep the products in fresh state

• E.g.Fruit-canning

Vegetables

Milk

Value

• ↓RM value = ↑RM-O

• ↓∵ value ≠worth to transport the cheap RM

• E.g.– Aluminium Production

Case Study – Sugar Milling

• Queensland in Australia (Coastal)

Along the 2100km of tropical and sub-tropical coast, there are 8000 cane farms and 34 sugar mills

What are the RMs?.?

• Cane (甘蔗 )

Sugar mills tend to locate near cane growing districts, why?

To be discussed……..^.^

Requirements for growing cane• Alluvial flats, particularly those with deep and well drained soils of

volcanic origin• Completely frost-free conditions• Mean monthly temperature should not fall below about 18℃• Annual Rainfall >1000mm (optimum > 2000mm)• However, a slightly drier period is required (for the canes to be

sweetened), but should still be at least 75mm per month.

• Conclusion:– Hot– Wet– Flat land– Deep soils

– =River valleys along the coast of Queensland and far Northern NSW

Why cane is a decisive factor?

1 month later

• Cane is burnt to remove weeds and leaves (to make cutting easier)

• Crops must be removed to the mill without delaying to avoid fermentation(發酵 ) of the juices in the cane stalk(莖 )

• Hence, long distance haulage, stopovers(中途停留 ) while in transit and trans-shipment must be avoided

• Perishable

• Transport Cost– Farmers find it unprofitable to be more than

65 km from the mills

• Bulky and cumbersome(笨重 ) crop of low specific value (low value per unit weight)– Difficult and costly to transport– E.g. average yield = 84 tonnes per hectare

• Only 2.5 tonnes per hectare of wheat and most other cereals.

• Therefore, KEEP THE HAUL as SHORT as possible!!!

• Mills should locate in the midst of their assigned cane areas

• 34 mills scattered along the sugar coast are joined to their 8000 cane farm suppliers by some 3200 km of light railways

Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes. First, the weighed Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes. First, the weighed cane is crushed between giant rollers to extract the juice from the stalk. Then, the cane is crushed between giant rollers to extract the juice from the stalk. Then, the impurities in the juice are removed by a cleaning process. impurities in the juice are removed by a cleaning process.

Third, the cleaned juice is concentrated into sugar crystals by a series of boiling Third, the cleaned juice is concentrated into sugar crystals by a series of boiling

and spinning processes. Finally, the crystals are dried in large revolving drums.and spinning processes. Finally, the crystals are dried in large revolving drums.

• That’s all for our presentation

• Thank You~~>3<

• T.T’’

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