Geography 2.1Core Concepts

BASIC GEOGRAPHY TERMS GEOGRAPHY-The study of the human and non-human features on earth

HEMISPHERE-Half of the earth

LATITUDE LINES Equator is 0° Read in distance North or South of Equator Also known as parallels-never meet or intersectLONGITUDE LINES

Prime Meridian is 0°, International Date Line is 180°Read in distance East or West of the Prime MeridianMeet at the North and South poles

ToolsLatitude

Lines

Longitude

Lines

NORTH

EAST

SOUTH

WEST

CARDINALDIRECTIONS

5 Themes 1. LOCATION: Where is it? (absolute/relative location)

2. PLACE: What is it like there? (human/non-human features)

3. MOVEMENT: How do people, ideas, and goods move around?

4. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: How do humans and the environment adapt and impact each other?

5. REGION: How are places the same? How are places different?

Parts of a map TITLE-Tells the subject of the map COMPASS ROSE-Diagram of a compass showing direction(s) CARDINAL DIRECTIONS-North, South, East, West KEY (LEGEND)-Explains the symbols and/or shading on the map SCALE-Shows how much space on a map represents the distance on the earth’s surface

Parts of a Map

Compass Rose

Key or Legend

Scale

Title

TYPES OF MAPS POLITICAL MAP-Show political units such as countries or states May also show capitals, major cities, some

physical features (as borders)

PHYSICAL MAP-Show physical and/or natural features, elevation

SPECIAL PURPOSE MAP-All other maps, shows something specific

If unsure of what type of map it is, look at the title and key.

Type of Map

Political

Physical

Special Purpose

Walt Disney World

Regions:How are they

defined on this map?

Walt Disney World 1. What is the title of your map?

2. What type of map is this?

3. What information can you find in the key? How is this useful knowledge?

4. What regions are defined on your map? Explain the similarities found in each region.

5. From the entrance of the park, give me step-by-step directions to a ride of your choice. Remember to use cardinal directions (we will assume the top of your map is North)

CLIMATES/ECOSYSTEMSCLIMATE- Climate vs. Weather……..what is the difference? Climate=measured over a long period of time Weather=measured over a short period of time

Factors that influence climate Temperature Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) Wind Ocean currents Altitude/elevation Latitude

The closer you are to the equator, the warmer and wetter the climate The farther away you are to the equator the colder and dryer the climate

ECOSYSTEM-Network of living things (plants, animals) in an environmentClimate affects ecosystem, both animals and plantsEcosystems may change over time-drought, construction, natural disasters, etc.

Geography 2.2Core concepts

WHAT IS CULTURE?

CULTURE CULTURE-Beliefs, customs, practices, and behaviors of a group of people. The way a culture lives. CULTURAL TRAIT-An idea or way of doing things in a culture. Elements that make up a culture. NORM-A behavior that is considered normal in a culture. “unwritten rules” CULTURE REGION-An area where a single culture trait is dominant LANGUAGE-How a culture communicates. The spoken sounds, written symbols, or gestures of a culture.

•How are language and culture related?Language allows people in a culture to share ideas and/or beliefs

•Examples of cultural traits that extend beyond country boundaries?Language, religion, food, sports, music, etc.

•Explain the difference between nuclear family and extended familyNuclear family is your parents and siblings, extended family is grandparents, aunts, uncles,

and cousins•Explain why it is hard to define the U.S. as a specific culture region.

There are so many cultural traits that have come from other cultures and contributed to the culture of the U.S. The U.S. culture region is extremely diverse.

NORMSRead the following scenarios. Which norms in our culture (if any) are being broken?• A family is in their family car. The husband is driving and the wife and children

are riding together in the back seat.• A woman is carrying a heavy jug of water on her head while her husband is

walking ahead of her carrying nothing.• Someone is kicking their dog in a park.• A person arrives at an important meeting 30 minutes late.• A guest at a dinner party belches aloud after the main course.• A couple is kissing in a public place.• A woman in Saudi Arabia is sentenced to ten lashes for driving a car.

CULTURE On page 17 in your notebook, with a partner:

LEFT HALF:•LIST OF CULTURE TRAITS (FOR ANY CULTURE)

RIGHT HALF:•EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL NORMS IN OUR CULTURE

CULTURERELIGION-System of worship in a culture

ETHICS-Standards of acceptable behavior in a culture. Right vs. wrong

ARTS-(3 EXAMPLES)-Painting, sculpture, photography, music, architecture, theater, literatureCULTURAL DIFFUSION-The spread of cultural traits from one culture to anotherDIVERSITY-Cultural varietySTANDARD OF LIVING-The level of comfort in a cultureCULTURAL BIAS-Seeing your culture as better or above another culture

• Explain how ethics help guide a country’s laws.

Cultures will determine what is considered right and wrong and pass laws that reflect these views.

• How are cultural traits spread today? In the past?

Today-with technology and spread quickly. Past-Orally, through war, trading.

• Explain how cultural diffusion helps and hurts a culture.

Helps-more variety Hurts-some cultures are disappearing as a result

• Give one example of cultural diffusion both to and from the U.S.

To the US-foods, English language

From the US-baseball, McDonalds

• Define “American culture”

CULTUREREVIEW:•Explain how the physical geography (location) of a place can influence its culture•Why or how do cultures change?

Geography 3.1/3.2Core concepts

ECONOMICS Introduction questions:

What is an economy?

Why is an economy necessary?

Fill in the blank:

I always shop/eat at ____________ because________________.

I will never shop/eat at _________ because_________________.

Economics-basic terms (5.1) p.22 in notebook Economics-Study of how people meet their wants and needs

Scarcity-Limited quantity of resources to meet unlimited wants

Opportunity cost-Cost of what you have to give up

Demand-Desire for a certain good or service

Supply-Amount of a good or service that is available for use

Producer-People or businesses that make or sell products/services

Consumer-People or businesses that buy or consume products/services

Incentive-Factor that encourages people to act in a certain way

Price-The cost of a good or service based on supply and demand

Economics 5.11. How do your individual choices affect supply and demand?

2. How do consumers determine what is produced?

3. What happens if a good or service is overpriced?

4. When goods or services are scarce, what happens to price? Why?

5. What happens to price when resources become more plentiful? Why?

6. How do producers use incentives to appeal to customers?

7. What factors cause changes in supply and demand?

Supply and demand

Supply and demand’s impact on priceSUPPLY DEMAND PRICE

Economic process 5.2 Market-Organized way for producers and consumers to trade goods and services

Profit-The money left after subtracting the costs of business

Revenue-Money earned from selling goods and services Revenue-expenses=profit (or loss)

Specialization-Concentrating on a limited number of goods or activities

Competition-Struggle among producers for consumers’ money

Inflation-Increase in prices

Recession-Decline in economic growth for six or more months

Tax-Money paid to the government to operate

Economics 5.21. How do consumers benefit from competition among producers?

2. What is the difference between profit and revenue?

3. How does inflation affect prices? How does a recession affect prices?

4. Does a person always need money to obtain goods or services?

5. What would countries look like without taxes?

6. What are some examples of taxes people pay?

Types of taxes in U.S. Accounts Receivable Tax Building Permit Tax Capital Gains Tax CDL license Tax Cigarette Tax Corporate Income Tax Court Fines (indirect taxes) Dog License Tax Federal Income Tax Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA) Fishing License Tax Food License Tax Fuel permit tax Gasoline Tax (42 cents per gallon) Hunting License Tax Inheritance Tax Interest expense (tax on the

money) Inventory tax IRS Interest Charges (tax on top

of tax)

IRS Penalties (tax on top of tax) Liquor Tax Local Income Tax Luxury Taxes Marriage License Tax Medicare Tax Property Tax Real Estate Tax Septic Permit Tax Service Charge Taxes Social Security Tax Road Usage Taxes (Truckers) Sales Taxes Recreational Vehicle Tax Road Toll Booth Taxes School Tax State Income Tax State Unemployment Tax (SUTA) Telephone federal excise tax

Telephone federal universal service fee tax Telephone federal, state and local surcharge

taxes Telephone minimum usage surcharge tax Telephone recurring and non-recurring charges

tax Telephone state and local tax Telephone usage charge tax Toll Bridge Taxes Toll Tunnel Taxes Traffic Fines (indirect taxation) Trailer registration tax Utility Taxes Vehicle License Registration Tax Vehicle Sales Tax Watercraft registration Tax Well Permit Tax Workers Compensation Tax

Economic systemsECONOMIC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ROLE OF CITIZENS ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

   TRADITIONAL ECONOMY

People make decisions based on their customs and habits (traditions)

Not very common today     

Usually satisfy their needs and wants through hunting or farming

Don’t want to change their basic way of life-customs and traditions tell them what to do

 

Depends on the type of government Keep traditions and customs going, little

changes 

   MARKET ECONOMY

Individual consumers and producers make economic decisions

Capitalism/free market    

Make the majority of economic decisions Encouraged to establish businesses Economic freedom

Encourage people to start businesses Give economic freedom to citizens

   COMMAND ECONOMY

Central government makes all economic decisions

Centrally planned economy      

Citizens do not make basic economic decisions

Government has a large role Makes all economic decisions 

   MIXED ECONOMY

Combines elements of traditional, market, and command economies

        

Citizens may make majority of economic decisions or in some cases make few decisions, depends on government type

Makes some economic decisions (laws, taxes)

Influence economic growth

Economic systems-discussion questions

1. How does the role of citizens and government change in each system?

2. Can a “true” market economy exist? Why or why not?

Trade

Trade and GeographyTrade: the exchange of goods and services in a market.Today, most people depend on others to supply the goods and services they need. Our world is interdependent. That is, people and countries depend on one another for goods and services.

Trade and Geography

• Location Advantageso Port of Tacomao What do you think is

the cost for the producer and consumer?

Types of TradeDomestic Trade: All of the buying and selling takes place within a country.

International Trade: Selling and/or buying takes place with foreigner producers or consumers.

Imports and Exports

Imports: Goods and services sold in a country that are produced in other countries.

Exports: Goods and services produced within a country and sold outside the country’s borders

Trade BarriersIf imported goods are cheaper than domestic goods, consumers will usually buy more of them. These lower prices can harm domestic producers by reducing price.

Government sometimes try to protect domestic producers by using tariffs.

Tariff: a tax on imports and exports.

Free TradeFree trade: the removal of trade barriers.

Free trade gives consumers lower prices and more choices. However, domestic producers can suffer if consumers prefer cheaper imported goods.