Geographical profiling and Geographical profiling and serial murder inserial murder inthe UKthe UK

As serial murder offending spaces As serial murder offending spaces evolve, does geographical profiling evolve, does geographical profiling matter?matter? Prof Craig A. JacksonProf Craig A. Jackson

Head of Division of PsychologyHead of Division of Psychology

School of Social SciencesSchool of Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social Sciences

Convicted UK Serial Murderers

Drivers /Drivers /Travellers Travellers

Authority Authority /Respectability/Respectability

Health Health Care Care

Unemployed /Unemployed /Petty crimePetty crime

Archibald Hall John Haigh Beverley Allit Steve Grieveson

Peter Sutcliffe Michael Copeland Harold Shipman Peter Manuel

John Duffy George Chapman Colin Norris Kenneth Erskine

David Mulcahy Reg Christie Neil Cream Patrick Mackay

Fred West Steven Griffiths John Bodkin-Adams Colin Ireland

Peter Moore Ian Brady Trevor Hardy

Robert Black Myra Hindley George Smith

Levi Bellfield Dennis Nilsen Mark Martin

Peter Tobin Rose West

Steve Wright Michael Kitto

Current serial murder Current serial murder hunt: UKhunt: UKStepping Hill HospitalStepping Hill Hospital

3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 44yr female44yr female84yr male84yr male71yr male71yr male

Insulin overdose via saline tamperingInsulin overdose via saline tampering

Arrest of 27yr Female nurseArrest of 27yr Female nurseRebecca LeightonRebecca Leighton

Remanded for 1 monthRemanded for 1 month

Released - no grounds for prosecutionReleased - no grounds for prosecution

Offender spaceOffender space

VictimsVictims

Un-subUn-sub

SuspectSuspect

4000 staff4000 staff700 possible unsubs700 possible unsubs

Serial offender Serial offender investigationsinvestigations

Overview

Consider failings of offender profiling

Assess development of Geo profiling

Consider importance of work & working apropos crimes

Don't understand the offenders - understand the environment

The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation

Personality trait influences upon career selection

Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected

Occupational typographies of UK serial murderers

I was worried about John...

Night-terrors

Emotional breakdown

Paranoia

Cardiovascular problems

Wellbeing of Law Wellbeing of Law EnforcementEnforcementHealth effects of high profile murder investigationsHealth effects of high profile murder investigations

Soham murders:Soham murders:SIO Chris StevensonSIO Chris Stevenson

James Bulger murder:James Bulger murder:SIO Albert KirkbySIO Albert Kirkby

Ipswich ripper murders:Ipswich ripper murders:SIO Roy LambertSIO Roy Lambert

Cromwell Street murders:Cromwell Street murders:SIO John BennettSIO John Bennett

Team of 47 detectivesTeam of 47 detectives

Sought proactive "Stress Counselling”Sought proactive "Stress Counselling”

Some accepted – others did notSome accepted – others did not

Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...

Side-tracked

Think about "work"Think about "work"

LabelLabel

IdentityIdentity

Judge others & selvesJudge others & selves

Five days per weekFive days per week

Fifty years of lifeFifty years of life

Voluntarily trappedVoluntarily trapped

Larry D HallLarry D Hall Civil War Re-enactmentCivil War Re-enactment

Cary StaynerCary StaynerForestry workerForestry worker

Westonaria serial murdererWestonaria serial murderer"Taxi driver""Taxi driver"

Muldersdrift rapistMuldersdrift rapist Offering workOffering workTrain workerTrain worker

Impact of working Impact of working

Work leaves imprint on most peopleWork leaves imprint on most peoplePhysical, Psychological, Behavioural, LinguisticPhysical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic

Imprints van be specific to specific:Imprints van be specific to specific:OccupationOccupationProcessesProcessesCompaniesCompaniesChemicalsChemicals

Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilationsIndustrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations

Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing lossChronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss

Dennis Rader aka BTKService in USAFService in USAF

ADT home security installer ADT home security installer (1980s)(1980s)

Graduate Kansas State UniversityGraduate Kansas State University(Computer science)(Computer science)

Scout LeaderScout Leader(1980s 1990s)(1980s 1990s)

Church MinisterChurch Minister

City compliance officer City compliance officer (1990s)(1990s)

Work assisting investigations

Latitude & independence

Manifests

Skills / Training e.g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processesbutchery, stalking, record-snooping

Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals

Jokes with colleagues / BoastsStories / Narratives / Slips

Sickness absence data

Pre-employment interview / medical assessment

Colleague hunches and suspicions

Offending space within work duties

Work assisting investigations

Existing routine dataShift routines

Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities

Modifications - vehicles, posture

Near misses

Warnings / disciplinary procedures

Complaints / investigations

Annual leave / compassionate leave

Sickness absenceDays, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends

John Snow - Broad Street Pump

Pioneer of Geographic Profiling

Prof. Stuart Kind

UK govt scientist & academic

Home Office Central Research Establishment

Accidentally invented geo profiling

Realised maps of serial crimes could predict base

Before term "offender profiling" even used

Led to "Lawrence Byford" report

(Geographic) Profiling Systems

HOLMES

CATCHEM

VICAP

VICLAS

DRAGNET

Reductionist

Data-Driven

Hypothetico-Deductive

Pioneer of Geographic Profiling

"In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, he mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. He realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base. But Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. Very late attacks happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly."

Geo Profile #1Yorkshire ripper attacks

5th Jul 1975 - 17th Nov 1980

20 attacks13 deaths

Killer returns to same base

Early eve attacks far from base

HQ is Manningham or Shipley

Geo Profile #1Assumptions

Had a singe base

Had access to a vehicle

Knew areas well

Had legitimate reason to be "mobile"

Offending space

Offending Space

Structural approach

Context and background of offender

Not ignoring victimology

Leyton's homicidal protest

1000,000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson)

HQ visit median 11 days

Offending spaces

Bulger murder & Soham murderersChanged parenting style Child victim access harder

Stranger-murder; victims changed to:Sex workersElderlyRunawaysGay menMigrants

Workplace: one of new hunting grounds

Legitimate access / authority / alibiWilson & Jones 2007

Thinking

Feeling

Fantasising

Doing

Offending spaces are changing

New ways of working

New jobs / technology / services

Remote / Isolated working 1000,000 in UK

More people working more hours

More flexibility required

CCTV

ANPR

Geo Profile #2Washington Snipers 2002

Assumed single sniper

Assumed anchor point somewhere

Anchor Points

The base, home or HQ of offender

Profiling harder if above defied

"Safe space"

"Psychological base"

En route

Jobs, second homes,

Multiple vehicles

Anchor PointsRailway rapists

1982-1985

Geo Profile #3Robert Black 1982-1986

Younger abductees travel further before struggling

Midland Triangle

PDS

Moving Target

Geo Profile #4Simon Wadland 1988-1992

Bizarre phone calls

9am -5pm

Mons & Tues

The role of work

Holland's RIASEC model

Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests

Pairing of Individual and Job

When pairing succeeds, individuals are satisfied

When pairing does not match, individual will look around

Describes Personalities & Environments

Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment

HollandHolland 1997 1997

RIASEC Model

"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser

"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker

"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader

"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator

HollandHolland 1997 1997

Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENTRelates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT

"Social""Social" HelperHelper

"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer

"Realistics"

Practical individualsPractical individuals

ConformistConformist

OrderedOrdered

Prefer objects and toolsPrefer objects and tools

Not keen on concepts or abstracts Not keen on concepts or abstracts

Heuristics-drivenHeuristics-driven

Mechanic, Labourer, Driver Mechanic, Labourer, Driver

"Investigatives"

ObservationalObservational

AnalyticalAnalytical

IndependentIndependent

IntellectualIntellectual

Problem-solvingProblem-solving

Scientific, Technical, Engineering, ResearchScientific, Technical, Engineering, Research

"Artistics"

Similar to "Investigative"Similar to "Investigative"

Prefers objectivesPrefers objectives

Enjoys manipulation & freedom of mediaEnjoys manipulation & freedom of media

Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy

Painting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, WriterPainting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, Writer

RIASEC Model HollandHolland 1997 1997

Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENTRelates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT

"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser

"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker

"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader

"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator

"Social""Social" HelperHelper

"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer

ideasideas

datadata

peoplepeople

thingsthings

Prediger's dimensionsPrediger's dimensions

Trait influences on Job choice

Realist Social Artistic types

Recollections of childhood preferences, vocation choice were predictive of job characteristics

Traits at childhood & adolescence predictive of job 40 years later

Kasler & Novo 2005

Woods & Hampson 2011

Workplace devianceSafe testing ground for deviant behaviours

Boundary testing

Rebelliousness

Grounded anchor to reality

Funds crimes

Alibis

Excitement of outwitting authority

Social structure and stability reassures

Proactive use of workplaces

Offence

Discovery

Investigation

Arrest

Evidence

Offence

Discovery

Investigation

Arrest

Evidence

The age of transit

Structural approach

Context and background of offender

Not ignoring victims

Leyton's homicidal protest

HQ visit median 11 days

Growth of car

Traveling serial murderer

1960s 1970s boom in car ownership

Expanding road network

Midlands home of car manufacture

Cheapest ownership in UK

Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man

Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents

Transport links

Midlands triangle

Intersection cities

Increase get away options / confusion

Decrease linkage likelihood

Midlands prostitute murders of 1980s 1990s

Multiple Police force boundaries

Vehicles - mobile anchor points

Essential hunting tool for sexually motivated

Psychological refuge place

Vital in folie a deux - teamwork not paired together

Crosses boundaries

Increases linkage blindness (Keppel & Birnes 2003)

Change vehicles increase further

Ford Capri; Corsair; Sunbeam Rapier; Rover 3.5

Access offending areas / sites

The age of transit

Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)

The age of transit

The age of transit

"Realistics" and their toys

Structural approach: vehicle use

Enables trolling / stalking

Fantasy space - anchor point

Covert trial runs

Extends Offending space

Valid reason for solitude / Alibi

Authority / Respectable

Drops likelihood of victim being related to offender

Summary

Working and Workplace rich source of data

Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal

Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling

Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected

Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers

Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work

ReferencesByford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO.

Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London.

Crawford J, MacCalman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385-394

Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6-7.

Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385-393.

Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd.

Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime andDistance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis - University of Liverpool

Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8-16.