GREAT BRITAIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SPECIAL EDUCATION OF UZBEKISTAN

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF UZBEKISTAN NAME MIRZO ULUGBEK

FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY

Tashkent 2012

PERFORMED: NURITDINOVA RA’NO

State symbols of Great BritainState symbols of Great Britain

State flag of Great Britain State flag of Great Britain State emblem of Great Britain State emblem of Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner known as the Union Flag or, popularly, Union Jack. Although, strictly speaking, the Union flag is only known as a 'Jack' when flown from a boat. The current design of the Union Flag dates from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. It consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are superimposed on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland). Wales, however, is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales' patron saint, Saint David, as at the time the flag was designed Wales was part of the Kingdom of England.Its correct proportions are 1:2. However, the version officially used by the British Army modifies the proportions to 3:5, and additionally two of the red diagonals are cropped.

The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom, and are officially known as her Arms of Dominion. Variants of the Royal Arms are used by other members of the Royal Family; and by the British government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, the Queen has a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office.The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Northern Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the imperial crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a likewise crowned English lion; the sinister, a Scottish unicorn. According to legend a free unicorn was considered a very dangerous beast; therefore the heraldic unicorn is chained, [1] as were both supporting unicorns in the Royal coat of arms of Scotland. The coat features both the motto of English monarchs, Dieu et mon droit (God and my right), and the motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shamed be he who thinks ill of it) on a representation of the Garter behind the shield.The official blazon of the Royal Arms is:

The Island of Great Britain The Island of Great Britain is divided into three parts — England, Wales and Scotland. England and Wales form the southern part of the island and Scotland occupies its northern part.

From the West British Isles are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from the east by the North Sea and the southern coast is washed by the English Channel. The Irish Sea lies between England and Ireland.

The surface of Eastern England is flat. Scotland and Wales are hilly and mountainous. The mountains are not very high as compared with those of the world, the loftiest one — Ben Nevis (Scotland) being only 4400 feet (1343 m) in height.

There are many rivers in Britain which connected with each other by means of canals. The principal rivers are the Severn, the Thames and the Trent.

GovernmentThe United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy—that is, the head of state is a monarch with limited powers. Britain’s democratic government is based on a constitution composed of various historical documents, laws, and formal customs adopted over the years. Parliament, the legislature, consists of the House of Lords, the House of Commons, and the monarch, also called the Crown. The House of Commons is far more influential than the House of Lords, which in effect makes the British system unicameral, meaning the legislature has one chamber. The chief executive is the prime minister, who is a member of the House of Commons. The executive branch also includes Her Majesty’s Government, commonly referred to simply as “the government.” The government is composed of ministers in the Cabinet, most of whom are members of the House of Commons; government departments, each of which is responsible to a minister; local authorities; and public corporations. Because the House of Commons is involved in both the legislative and executive branches of the British government, there is no separation of powers between executive and legislature as there is in the United States.

The ConstitutionThe British constitution comprises multiple documents. The written part

consists of the Magna Carta, written in 1215; the Petition of Right,

passed by Parliament in 1628; and the Bill of Rights of 1689. It also

includes the entire body of laws enacted by Parliament, precedents

established by decisions made in British courts of law, and various

traditions and customs. The democratically elected House of Commons

can alter these laws with a majority vote. The constitution continually

evolves as new laws are passed and judicial decisions are handed down.

All laws passed by Parliament are regarded as constitutional, and

changes or amendments to the constitution occur whenever new

legislation overrides existing law. Although the Crown gives its royal

assent to legislation, this is a mere formality.

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