Geographic Information Systems for Food Security and Land Management in Africa - Foster Mensah
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Transcript of Geographic Information Systems for Food Security and Land Management in Africa - Foster Mensah
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7th Annual E-GOV AfricaKampala, Uganda
7th Annual E-GOV AfricaKampala, Uganda
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
FOOD SECURITY AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
FOOD SECURITY AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICAFOOD SECURITY AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICAFOOD SECURITY AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA
Foster MensahCentre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services
University of GhanaLegon-Accra
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OutlineOutline
• Introduction• Introduction
• GIS
GIS C St di• GIS Case Studies
• GPS
• Remote Sensing
• SLM
• A Panacea for Drylands – 15min Video
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About CERSGISAbout CERSGIS
• Established by EPA and University of Ghana
• Geographic Information Services and ResearchSupport CentreSupport Centre
• It is a non-profit, self sustaining organization
• Provide Remote Sensing and Geographic InformationSystems (GIS) services in the application of GIS andRemote Sensing.
• Provides services to government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions
d th i t tand the private sector
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IntroductionIntroduction
• We live in an information age
• Geospatial information is one of the most criticalelements underpinning decision-making for manyp g g ydisciplines
• Geospatial information is an essential building blockp gfor sustainable development.
• Increasing the availability, access and interoperabilityIncreasing the availability, access and interoperabilityof Geospatial information will stimulate innovation,contribute to economic transformation and facilitatenational developmentnational development
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Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS)
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What is GIS ?What is GIS ? Reality
• Geographical Information System (GIS)
• Software and hardware that allows creation, visualization,
query and analysis of spatial data.q y y p
• Spatial data refers to information about the geographic
location of an entityy
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RasterRaster--Vector Data ModelVector Data Model
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Applications of spatial dataApplications of spatial data::
• Modelingf– Developing “where is” and “what if” scenarios
• Decision making support– communicating processes and information that help
solve or avoid problems.
• Monitoringrelating to environmental management and support– relating to environmental management and support
for programme management services.
M P d ti• Map Production
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Applications of spatial dataApplications of spatial data::
Spatial data analysis1. distances between geographic locations
2. The amount of area within a certain geographic region
3. What geographic features overlap other features
4. The amount of overlap between features
5. The number of locations within a certain distance of another
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thanksthanks toto geospatialgeospatial technology!technology!
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LandLand suitabilitysuitability analysisanalysis
Land suitability analysis involves the application of
criteria to the landscape to assess where land is mostp
and least suitableLand use
Rainfall
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Site suitability analysis Site suitability analysis
Why do site suitability assessment?– It greatly reduces the time and effort which might otherwise g y g
be spent manually searching records
– It is a key factor and critical initial step in the design of
many projects
– It produces a detailed display of the most-suitable to least-
suitable areas for consideration, while filtering out unusable
or less desirable sites.
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suitability modeling suitability modeling
R litReality Spatial data layers Suitable areas
Model criteria:- Land use- Elevation- Climate
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LandLand suitabilitysuitability modelingmodeling processprocess
1. Determine the question to be studied
2. Define the criteria for the analysis
3. Determine the data needed to answer the question
4. Determine the GIS procedures needed
5. Create the model
6. Analyze the results and improve the model
7. Make a decision
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ProcessProcess flowflow (Modeling)(Modeling)
Land use
Rainfall
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Sample suitability and weighting
Criteria:landscape restoration will benecessary in certain areas
Weighting:
Open access areas more importantthan reserved areas
Bare areas more important thancloseness to towns
Annual rainfall greater than 1200mmAnnual rainfall greater than 1200mmis highly suitable
Slopes less than 10% is highlysuitable
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suitable
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Case Study:Case Study:Case Study: Case Study:
Suitability Modeling Suitability Modeling for for Landscape Landscape
Restoration Restoration
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MethodologyMethodology
Landuse Mapping
Terrain Analysis
Climatic Analysis
Landuse &Accessibility Rainfall
Suitable Slopeand Elevation
GIS Analysis to GenerateOverall Suitability
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Inputs and CriteriaInputs and Criteria
1. Preliminary criteria categories were decided and weights assigned based on the level of importance
2. Less suitable sites were given low values/weights (0 been the lowest) and the most suitable areas assigned a higher weight (4 been the highest)
3 Layers added to each other and values for each data layer carried through and3. Layers added to each other and values for each data layer carried through and applied to output
4. Rank as suitable the closer an area matches the optimum
5. The result is a suitability map which shows a range of values that reflect a area’s suitability based on the user define criteria
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Criteria ScoringCriteria Scoring
Input Layer
Criteria Potential ScoreLow (0) High (1)
Terrain Elevation <500m asl >500m asl
Slope >10 degree <10 degreeSlope >10 degree <10 degree
Low (0) Moderate (2) High (3)
ClimaticRainfall Distribution <1000mm 1000-1200mm >1200mm
Low (0) Moderate Low (1) Moderate (2) Moderate High (3) High (4)Low (0) Moderate Low (1) Moderate (2) Moderate High (3) High (4)
Land UseLand Use Types Reserved
Long Fallow Short Fallow Grassland
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Elevation Criterion2 Classes :Altitude 0 - 500 msl = 0 (Low Suitability)Altitude >500 msl = 1 (High Suitability)
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Slope CriterionSlope Criterion
2 Classes:Slope >10 degrees = 0 (Low Suitability)Slope <10 degrees = 1 (High Suitability)
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Annual Rainfall Criterion
3 Classes:1000 0 (L S it bilit )<1000mm = 0 (Low Suitability)
1001 – 1200mm = 2 (Moderate Suitability)>1200mm = 3 (High Suitability)
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Land Use CriterionLand Use Criterion
4 Classes:Reserved Area = 0Closed Forest = 1Closed Forest = 1Long Fallow = 2Short Fallow = 3Grassland = 4
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ResultsResultsResultsResults
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Slope & Elevation
Elevation layer is overlaid with Slope layer:Suitability score ranges from 0, for areas thatmeet no criteria to 2, for areas that meet bothcriteria
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Slope, Elevation & RainfallSlope layer is overlaid with the rainfalland elevation layerand elevation layer
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AreasAreas suitablesuitable forfor landscapelandscape restorationrestoration
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Ranking Suitability Area % Area (ha) Class Total(ha)
0Low
0.0 629
103,617
1 1.0 100,664
2 0.0 2,324
3
Medium
2 190,190
4 8 836,712
5 20 1,975,211
5,788,8896 28 2,786,776
7High
30 3,030,098
4 050 585
8 8 762,548
9 3 257 939 4,050,5859 3 257,939
Total 100 9,943,091 9,943,091
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Case Study:Case Study:Case Study: Case Study:
Desertification Hazard Mapping Desertification Hazard Mapping
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Desertification Hazard Desertification Hazard
It is a process that can be as much man-caused asnatural and therefore is one of the natural hazards bestsuited for mitigation by those who plan, implement, andmanage national development efforts.
Why create Hazard maps?Why create Hazard maps?– Visual information better than tables of numbers
– Easier to convince peopleEasier to convince people
– Can be updated and disseminated easily
– Useful for mitigation planning
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Geospatial PortalGeospatial Portal
demand for geospatial data
access to quality geospatial dataMetadata serviceMetadata service
minimize duplication
efficient data maintenance Map serviceMap service
platform for partnerships
efficient data maintenance Map serviceMap service
DD--support servicesupport service
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ONLINE GIS PLATFORMONLINE GIS PLATFORMONLINE GIS PLATFORM FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA
ONLINE GIS PLATFORM FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA
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http://www.gis4ghagric.nethttp://www.gis4ghagric.net
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Land coverLand cover MetadataMetadata
ElevationElevation
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CropsCrops
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SoilsSoils
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ClimateClimate
MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
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Land SuitabilityLand Suitability
Cowpea
Millet
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Sample MapSample Map
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Global Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS)
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GPS Requires 4 Satellites To Obtain A “Position”
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Longitude / LatitudeLongitude / Latitude(North / West)(North / West) (North / East)(North / East)
9O9Ooo
OOoo
3O3Ooo
6O6Ooo
Equator ( 0 NS)OOoo6O6Ooo18O18Ooo 120120oo
Equator ( 0 NS)
(South / West)(South / West) (South / East)(South / East)
Prime Meridian (0 )(0 EW)
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Getting your location/position on the earth’s surfacethe earth s surface
+
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FarmerFarmer--level GPS Mappinglevel GPS Mapping
1
2
51
2
5
2
3
4
3
4
HandHand--held GPS Receiverheld GPS Receiver
PT. NO LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 05.68771 001.62076
2 05.52341 001.60019
3 05.33322 001.59332
49
4 05.44572 001.59902
5 05.68331 001.62045
1 05.52341 001.60019
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GPSGPS DataData CollectionCollection
This is becoming extremely important collecting data on locations ofi t tinterest.
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Remote SensingRemote Sensing
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Why remote sensing?Why remote sensing?y gy g
• Access large areas
• Map inaccessible areas
• Timely repeats for monitoring• Timely repeats for monitoring
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Types of remote sensing dataTypes of remote sensing data
Optical Lidar
Radar
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Optical dataOptical dataOptical dataOptical data
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SpaceSpace--basedbased applicationsapplications
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Optical Optical –– high resolutionhigh resolution
e.g. Worldview, Aerial photographs
1961 2007 Change
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Optical Optical –– medium resolutionmedium resolutione g Landsat ASTER SPOT DMC (incl NigeriaSAT) CBERSe.g. Landsat, ASTER, SPOT, DMC (incl. NigeriaSAT), CBERS…
10 km
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Optical Optical –– coarse resolutioncoarse resolutione g MODIS SPOT-VGT AVHRR MERISe.g. MODIS, SPOT VGT, AVHRR, MERIS…
MODIS (500 m)
ASTER (15 m)
QuickBird (1 m)
Landsat (30 m)(500 m) (15 m) d (1 m)(30 m)
Daily ~40 days ~60 days on demandDaily ~40 days ~60 days on demand
FreeFree FreeFree Low costLow cost ProhibitivelyProhibitivelyExpensiveExpensiveExpensiveExpensive
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Vegetation Index Vegetation Index –– ‘greenness’‘greenness’
• Reflection: leaves ≠ soil
• Normalised Difference V t ti I d (NDVI) e
(%)
Vegetation Index (NDVI)
lectan
ceRe
fl
Wave Length (nm)
High NDVIHigh NDVI
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Satellite Scenes – same season
0 k
ASTER 27th Nov
Landsat ETM+ 12th
Landsat TM 30th Dec
10 km
27th Nov 2006
ETM+ 12th
Dec 200030th Dec 1986
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> 4 S D
ChangeChange--detectiondetection
+1 to +2 S.D.s
+2 to +3 S.D.s
> +4 S.D.s
No Change (± 1 S.D)
Water / no data
< -3 S.D.s
-2 to -3 S.D.s
-1 to -2 S.D.s
∆NDVI 1986 ∆NDVI 2000ETM+ ∆NDVI 1986 2000
∆NDVI 2000 2006
ETM 2000
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Example use of optical dataExample use of optical data
Land cover mapping
• Global Land cover Mapping Project 2000
• Classification based on SPOT VGT data and• Classification based on SPOT VGT data and
expert opinion/fieldwork - 1 km resolution
Mayaux, P., et al. 2004. A new land-cover map of Africa for the year 2000. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 861-877
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Dense forest
Mosaic forest
GLC 2000 Africa mapMosaic forest
Woodlands
ShrublandsShrublands
Grasslands
AgricultureAgriculture
Bare soil
WaterbodiesWaterbodies
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Land Land cover map cover map -- GhanaGhana
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Problem 1: Cloud
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Problem 2: These look the same in optical
1. Pristine
2. DegradedBudongo Forest, Uganda
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RadarRadarRadarRadar
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RadarRadarRadarRadar
• Side-looking
Active radar Return
signalpulse signal (backscatter)
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Optical vs. Radar
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Radar satellitesRadar satellitesBand Wavelength
Typical maximum resolution Satellitesgfrom orbit
X-band 2.5-3.75 cm ~1 m
TerraSAR-X (2007-)TanDEM-X (2010-)
COSMO-SkyMed (2007-COSMO-SkyMed (2007-)
C-band 3 75 7 5 cm ~3 m
ERS-1 (1991-2000) ERS-2 (1995-2011)ASAR (2002 2012)C-band 3.75-7.5 cm ~3 m ASAR (2002-2012)
RADARSAT 1 (1995-)RADARSAT 2 (2007-)
S b d 1 6 N SAR (201 )S-band 7.5-15 cm ~6 m NovaSAR (2015-)
JERS-1 (1992-1998)ALOS PALSAR (2007-
L-band 15-30 cm ~20 m
(2011)
ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 (2013-)
SAOCOM (2015)( )?DESDynI (2019)
P-band 70-130 cm ~50 m ?BIOMASS (2019)
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Conclusions Conclusions -- RadarRadar
• Sees through clouds• Sees through clouds
• Penetrates vegetation
• Data not free
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LidarLidar –– light detection and ranginglight detection and ranging
L• Laser
• Vertical looking
• Detects returns with high accuracy
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33--D D LidarLidar Imagery Imagery
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ConclusionsConclusions -- LiDARLiDARConclusions Conclusions LiDARLiDAR
Gi t i & t ti h i ht• Gives terrain & vegetation height
• Potential for very high resolution
• Sampling tool
• Cloud problems
• 1 satellite ever (ICESat GLAS)
• Mostly aircrafty
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Risk and damage assessment– with climate change it is likely that Earth observation and
weather monitoring satellites will become increasingly
i t t t i i ti i k timportant to improve existing risk assessment processes,
especially for damage evaluation.
Land cover monitoringLand cover monitoring– given the effect agricultural expansion have on biodiversity
and climate change assessing the condition of land coverand climate change, assessing the condition of land cover
can be achieved by EO
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Disaster monitoringDisaster monitoring
When you are on the ground, it is hard to grasp the size of these
events.
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Land cover mappingLand cover mapping
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Rural development– Earth observation satellites allow objective assessments of
remote rural areas to help design, plan and monitor the
i t f l d d i lt l j timpact of land use and agricultural projects
Change DetectionChange Detection– An important concept in monitoring is change...
B t llit j t k i d th l b th– Because satellites just keep on going round the globe, they
take repeat images which can be very helpful in explaining
change over timechange over time.
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Change DetectionChange Detection
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Useful websitesUseful websites
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Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)
http://www.fews.net82
http://www.fews.net
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84
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85http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/africa-food-security-vulnerability-indices
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86http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/J6398e/maps/afr.htm
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Land Use Planning :Land Use Planning :Sustainable Sustainable Land ManagementLand Management
• An iterative process
• Based on the dialogue amongst all stakeholders
• Negotiation and decision for sustainable land use
• Monitoring implementation.
Provides the prerequisites for achieving a sustainable form of land use which is acceptable as far as the social and environmental contexts are concerned andsocial and environmental contexts are concerned and is desired by the society while making sound economic sense.
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MAIN PRINCIPLES: MAIN PRINCIPLES: • Active community participation
• Consistent with national/local planning schemes
• Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly
• Community validation and approval
Approval by local authority• Approval by local authority
• Implementation and monitoring
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VIDEOVIDEO
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THANKTHANK YOUYOU [email protected]