Geographic Grid and Maps

Longitude and Latitude

How are longitude and latitude measured and how are places located?

Effect of the sphere on length

Four Spheres

Universal Transverse Mercator UTM

Civilian UTM

• The grid is at Zone 14, 357 000, 5 476 000

• The church is at Zone 14, 357 400, 5 476 200

Military Grid

• The church is in grid 9194

Military Grid

• The church is located at 916944.

• However, as grid numbers repeat themselves every 100,000 meters, it is necessary to use a different method.

Military Grid

• Here the church would be in square NT99 and more precisely at point NT9293.

Converting latitude/longitude degrees to decimal degrees for GIS• http://www.howtodothings.com/hobbies/ho

w-to-convert-from-latitude-and-longitude-from-degrees-minutes-and-seconds-to-decimal-degre

Converting latitude/longitude degrees to UTM

• http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/UsefulData/UTMFormulas.htm

Practice Test

• http://www.lakelandsd.com/tutorial/lesson3.html

Maps

• illustrate the spatial distribution (i.e., geographic pattern) of almost any kind of phenomena

• Maps provide a wealth of information. The information called spatial data.

• Any object or characteristic that has a location can be considered spatial data.

• The data can be qualitative (buildings, rivers, roads) or quantitative (elevation, air temperature, population density).

Map Projections

• Attempt to preserve one or more of the following:

• Area• shape• Direction• Bearing• Distance• Scale

Cylindrical Mercator

Robinson

Topographic Maps

Shaded Relief Maps

Thematic Maps: E.g. Seismic Activity

Map Scale

• Expressed as a linear scale, a statement, or a fraction:

• E.g.:

• 1:1,000,000 [1cm on map=1,000,000 cm on earth]

• 1: 100,000

• 1: 25,000

• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0204/es0204page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0302/es0302page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0304/es0304page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization