Speaker : MayankBogharaDegree : M. Sc. (Agri.)Guide : Dr. H. L. Dhaduk

Course No. : GP –591Reg. No. : 04-2100-2013Date : 24-09-2014

2

• Important vegetable cum spice crop grown through out the world.

• Cultivated for green or dry fruit.

• ‘Capsicum’ = Greek word ‘kapto’, meaning "to bite" or "to swallow."

• Common names : hot pepper, sweet pepper, bell pepper, shimlamirch, paprika.

• Almost 400 types of chillis are grown through out the world.

• It comprises numerous chemicals including steam volatile oils, fattyoils, capsaicinoids, carotenoids, vitamins, proteins, fibres and mineralelements (Bosland and Votava, 2000).

3

• An important part of daily diet.

• Key Element in many regional cuisines, pickles, soups, sauce,Salads, curries etc. due to its unique flavor, aroma and colour.

• Increase the taste and palatability.

• Fresh green capsicum contain more vitamin C than citrus fruitsand fresh red chilli has more vitamin A than carrot. (Than et al.2008).

• Chillies are low in sodium and cholesterol free.

4

• Many other medicinal Properties are found…

• stimulate blood circulation

• improves the digestion process

• speed up the metabolic rate

• rich source of antioxidants

• boosts to the immune system

• blood thinning properties

• source of natural bactericidal agents

• Apart from medicinal uses chilli also used incosmetic , liquor industries and as a weaponfor self defense (chilli spray).

5

NUTRITIONAL VALUE

National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

Value (per 100 gm)

Parameters Chillies (dry) Chillies (green)

Moisture 10.0 gm 85.7 gm

Protein 15.0 gm 2.9 gm

Fat 6.2 gm 0.6 gm

Minerals 6.1 gm 1.0 gm

Fibre 30.2 gm 6.8 gm

Carbohydrates 31.6 gm 3.0 gm

Iron 2.3 mg 4.4 mg

Carotene 345.0 mg 175.0 mg

Vitamin C 50.0 mg 111.0 mg

6

Domesticated around 5000 BC

Carried by Columbus to Spain, 1493

Brought by Portuguese from Brazil to India, 1584

Evolved as a wild crop 7500 BC

Fig 1: Origin

7

2012-2013

AREA (lakh ha)

Produ-ction(lakh MT)

Produ-ctivity(T/ha)

World 19.89 33.52 1.69

India 7.94 13.04 1.64

Gujarat 0.43 0.68 1.57

Fig 2: Major hot chilli

producing states of India

India is a leading producer & consumer ofchilli in the world, with 38% share in totalchilli production

In India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharastra, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh

In Gujarat: Rajkot, Vadodara, Mahesana, Banaskantha, Amreli, Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha and Jamnagar Source : FAO8

Fig 3: State wise contribution 2012-2013

Andhrapradesh26%

Karnataka13%

Maharashtra12%Odisa

10%

Westbengal8%

Madhya pradesh

7%

Tamilnadu6%

Gujarat5%

Assam3%

Uttar pradesh2%

Rajasthan2% Punjab

1%

Others5%

Area

Source :Indian Horticulture Database, GOI

Production

9

Kingdom : Plantae

Class : Angiosperm

Order : Solanales

Family : Solanaceae

Genus : Capsicum

Species : annum

Scientific name : Capsicum annum L.,var. annumvar. paprika

Chromosome no. : 2n=24 & 2n=26

Scientific Classification

10

Botany

• Herbaceous or semi-woody, annualsor perennials.

• Straight, woody stems and the leavesare ovate, tapering to a sharppoint, measuring up to 15 cm, darkgreen on the upper surface and palegreen on the lower surface.

• Flowers : small, star-shaped, whiteand borne singly or in clusters of 2 or3 in the axils of the leaves.

• The flowers are followed by juicelessberries which are green at first andchange to red, yellow or purple.

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• Fruits vary in shape, size, colour and degree of pungency as per the cultivar.• Fruit contain numerous flat, kidney-shaped, white seeds, which have very

pungent taste.• Pungency of Capsicum is due to an alkaloid “Capsaicin”• Red colour of fruit is due to the pigment “Capsanthin”• Domesticated species : larger but fewer fruits

wild species : more but smaller fruits but seed per plant is about the same.

12

Pedicel

Flower: actinomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, hypogynous Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular

due to pseudoseptum. Many ovules on axile placentation, ovarysuperior.

Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous Self pollinated crop. Flowers open at 5 a.m. Receptivity of stigma : from a day earlier to anthesis and up to 2

days after anthesis. Fertility of pollen : a day before anthesis with maximum fertility

on the day of anthesis. Emasculation and Pollination on the same day. Percent fruit set : 20% of the flowers produced. Isolation distance : 500 m. Hand emasculation and pollination is most common method

used for hybrid seed production in chilli.

Floral morphology

13

Crossing technique

14

A bud one day prior to anthesis should be selected for emasculation

Emasculation should be carried out without damaging female reproductive parts and bagged it

At a same time pollen should be collected from the fully opened male flower

Gently transfer the pollen to the stigma , bagging and tagging should be done simultaneously

• Capsicum genus includes 30 species, mostly classified aswild and semi-domesticated.

• Out of that five species are domesticated and cultivatedworld wide.

• C. annuum L. var annuum (bell pepper, chilli)

• C. frutescens L. (tabasco)

• C. chinense L. Jacq. (habanero)

• C. baccatum L.

• C. pubescens L.

• Three spices viz., C. annum, C. frutescens, and C. chinenseevolved from a common ancestor in a North Amazon basin

• Most of the chillies grown in India belong to C. annuum andC. frutescens species.

Marisha et al. (2006)15

Species and variety

Growth form

Corolla shape and colour

Fruit shape and colour

Seed colour

2nGeographical distribution

C. annum L.Herb or

sub shrub (1-2 m)

Stellate; white or cream

(exceptionally violate)

Highly variable shape; violate,

red, orange, yellow or green

Yellow 24Cultivate

Worldwide

Highest diversity of fruit shape, size and colour. Quite tolerant to weather extremes. Productive in warm and dry climates and cannot survive in very cold conditions.

Exotic Varieties : Jalapenos, New Mexican, Peter Pepper, Sweet Banana, Thai Hot etc.

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Indian varieties : Arka Mohini, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Meghdoot, California Wonder, Chinese Giant Reshampatto, GVC-101, 111, 121, AVNPC-131, GAVC-112, GAVC-1

Species and variety

Growth form

Corolla shape and colour

Fruit shape and colour

Seed colour

2nGeographical distribution

C. frutescens L.Herb or shrub

(1-2 m)

Stellate, white or cream

Elongate; red Yellow 24USA, Mexico,

America, Africa, India, China, Japan

frutescens, meaning "shrubby or bushy" Fruit typically grow erect lanceoloid or ellipsoid-conical in shape. Produce clusters of fruits. Includes very few varieties of chillies.

Varieties : Tabasco, African bird’s eye, Malagueta, Thai pepper, Demon Red

17

Species and variety

Growth form

Corolla shape and colour

Fruit shape and colour

Seed colour

2nGeographical distribution

C. chinense L.Herb or shrub

(0.5-2 m)

Stellate; white or cream

Spherical or conical; red,

orange, yellow or white

Yellow 24

USA, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, China,

Argentina, Japan

Chinense, literally ‘from china’, incorrect. Famous for its exceptional pungency Fruit shape is vary tremendously in this species Resistance to fruit rot

Varieties : Trinidad scorpion, Bhut jolokia, Habanero, Congo pepper , jamaican hot

18

Species and variety

Growth form

Corolla shape and colour

Fruit shape and colour

Seed colour

2nGeographical distribution

C. baccatum L.Shrub

(0.6-3.5 m)

Stellat, white with yellowish

spots in the throat

Ovoid or elliptic; red

Yellow 24Colombia, Peru,

Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia

baccatum, meaning "berry like” A smoky-fruity flavour Fruity aroma, similar to that of apricot. Resistance to Anthracnose

Varieties : Aji Amarilllo, Brazilian Starfish, Peppadew and Lemon Drop

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Species and variety

Growth form

Corolla shape and colour

Fruit shape and colour

Seed colour

2nGeographical distribution

C. pubescens L.Shrub

(0.8-2 m)

Rotate, purple or violet in the

lobules, white or yellowish in the

tube

Turban-shaped, spherical or

elongate, red, orange or

yellow

Blackish, irregular

shape24

Cultivated in Mexico, Central

and South America

pubescens, meaning "hairy" Least cultivated and least widespread Identified by their black seeds and hairy leaves Ability to withstand and even thrive in lower temperatures that other, but not frost Roots of the plant lignify rapidly as it matures, giving the plant a tree-like appearance

Varieties : Mexican Manzanos, Bolivian Locotos and Peruvian Rocotos.

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Flower Male Parent

Female Parent

baccatum

frute-scens

chinense annuumgalapa-goense

pubescens eximiumcarde-nasii

White

baccatum = NG NG NG - - - -

frutescens NG = PF NG - - - -

chinense NG PF = PF - - - -

annuum NG PF PF = IV - - -

galapagoense NG - IV NG = - - -

Purple

pubescens IV EC IV - - = HF NG

eximium NG NG IV IV - HF = HF

cardenasii NG NG - IV - HF HF =

NG = F1 hybrids germinate normally EC = F1 hybrids raised by embryo cultureIV = fruits/seeds set, but F1 seeds inviable PF = F1 hybrids partially fertileHF = F1 hybrids highly fertile- = no data, or perhaps "does not cross" (original publication does not specify)

Table 1: Crossability of Capsicum spp.

Genetic Resources of Capsicum (1983)21

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1. More number of fruits per plant

2. Higher fruit weight and larger size

3. Uniform fruit shape, size and color in sweet pepper

4. Earliness

5. Wider adaptability

6. Improved nutritional quality

7. Longer shelf life

Breeding objectives in Capsicum spp.

1. Higher yield

2. More pungency (capsaicin) and oleoresin in hot chilli

3. Zero pungency (capsaicin) and more antioxidant in sweet pepper

4. Resistance to anthracnose, virus complex, fruit rot and bacterial

wilt etc.

5. More dry powder from green fruit

Major

Minor

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1) Introduction

2) Pure line selection

3) Pedigree method

4) Backcross method

5) Heterosis breeding

6) Distance hybridization

1) Tissue culture

2) Mutation breeding

Conventional Non conventional

24

Breeding strategy / methods

Table 2: Scale for ideal plant (ideotype) in chilli

ScalePlot

UniformityPlant height

Branching height

Leaf colour

Plant typeFruit

bearing

1Perfect

UniformityGood height (80-85 cm)

Above 15 cm

Dark green

Compact plant

Very good

2 UniformModerate

height (75-80 cm)

10-15 cmMedium

dark green

Semi compact

Good

3Moderately

Uniform

Medium height

(60-70 cm)5-10 cm Green

Semi spreading

Moderate

4Poor

UniformVariable height

Less than 5 cm

Light green

Spreading Poor

5Very Poor Uniform

Highly variable height

At basePale

greenHighly

spreadingVery poor

Giritammannavar & Patil (2006)Dharwad

( 1-desirable, 5-undesirable)

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Table 3: Scale for scoring fruit wrinkles as quality parameters

Grade Description

1Predominant fine network of vertical and horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface

2 Moderate network of varietal and horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface

3Predominantly vertical wrinkles with sparse network of horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface

4 Very sparse network of vertical and horizontal wrinkles over the fruit surface

5 Fruit surface almost devoid of wrinkles

Table 4: Scale for scoring fruit colour as quality parameter

Grade Description

1 Very dark red fruit

2 Dark red fruit

3 Medium red fruit

4 Medium red with orange tinge fruits

5Light red to near orange fruit ( anthracnose infected fruits are not considered onthis scale)

Dharwad Giritammannavar and Patil (2006)(1-desirable, 5- undesirable)

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Variability

Table 5: Range, mean, coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for different characters in C. chinense

Sr

no.Character Range Mean + SEm PCV % GCV%

Heritab-

ility %

Genetic

Advance %

1 Plant height (cm) 61.-133.33 98.69+4.00 20.09 18.82 87.77 36.32

2 Primary branches per plant 3.33-8.67 5.44+0.75 30.56 19.17 39.35 24.77

3 Days to first flowering 54.67-83.00 70.18+1.54 8.85 7.99 81.60 14.87

4 Days to maturity 22.00-37.33 31.04+0.66 12.44 11.89 91.32 23.41

5 Fruits per plant 18.99-637.44 168.58+9.54 90.08 89.54 98.82 183.37

6 Fruit length (cm) 3.60-8.33 5.75+0.15 18.07 17.51 93.95 34.97

7 Fruit girth (cm) 5.27-10.37 8.45+10.09 17.79 17.67 98.68 36.17

8 Fruit weight (g) 1.22-8.63 5.02+0.15 33.41 33.03 97.75 67.28

9 Yield per plant (g) 51.31-1649.7 445.96+18.14 89.39 89.12 99.38 183.01

10 Yield per harvest (g) 19.78-278.31 98.78+14.76 68.82 68.28 98.44 139.55

11 Number of harvest 2.03-6.94 4.18+0.08 32.48 32.30 98.89 66.16

12 Capsaicin (%) 1.20-3.74 2.49+10.02 27.57 27.52 99.62 56.58

13 Oleoresin (%) 4.92-24.25 12.44+0.47 36.07 35.46 96.65 71.81

14 Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) 61.83-136.33 98.07+0.52 17.07 17.04 99.71 35.05

Manju and Shreelathkumary (2002)Thiruvanatpuram

PCV = Phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV = Genotypic coefficient of variance

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Table 6: Estimates of genetic variability in chilli genotypes

CharactersPCV

%

GCV

%

Heritability

(BS) %

Genetic

Advance %

Days to 50% flowering 27.97 27.47 96.50 25.33

Green fruit weight (g) 111.95 111.26 98.80 12.88

Green fruit length (cm) 38.85 38.75 99.50 6.05

Green fruit girth (cm) 89.76 48.93 96.70 1.18

Weight of red ripe fruit (g) 112.02 111.93 99.80 11.31

Weight of dry fruit (g) 111.63 110.97 98.80 2.57

Number of fruits per plant 86.05 85.02 97.60 74.75

Green fruit yield per plant (g) 50.87 50.58 99.00 122.97

Dry fruit yield per plant (g) 50.87 50.60 99.00 24.59

Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) 61.79 61.70 99.00 102.60

Oleoresin content (%) 40.57 40.29 98.60 17.55

Capsaisin content (%) 46.32 45.97 98.50 0.15

PCV: Phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV: Genotypic coefficient of variation.

West Bengal Chattopadhyay et al. (2011)30

Table 7: Estimation of variability parameters in capsicum

Characters GCV PCVHeritability

(h2 %)

Genetic Advance

Genetic gain (%)

Days to 50% flowering 4.94 4.29 93.83 7.06 9.55

Days to first picking 7.02 5.17 54.16 8.69 7.83

No. of branches 16.42 14.57 89.36 2.44 28.37

Fruit length (cm) 29.46 28.39 92.86 4.02 56.35

Fruit diameter (cm) 17.97 17.65 96.44 1.26 35.51

Pericarp thickness (cm) 18.71 16.33 76.15 0.12 29.36

Dry matter content (%) 8.67 8.08 86.83 0.90 15.51

No. of fruits per plant 40.14 39.39 96.20 3.66 79.63

Fruit weight at maturity (g) 18.44 17.32 88.19 17.26 33.50

Yield per plant (g) 36.33 37.66 97.63 176.03 77.01

Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) 60.37 60.33 99.86 186.03 124.19

Mishra et al. (2005)Himachal Pradesh 31

ScaleEnv.

Yield traits Quality traits Disease

No. of fruits/plant

Fruit length (cm)

Fruit dia. (cm)

Fresh wt. of fruit (g)

Total fresh yield/ pl. (g)

Dry wt. of fruit (g)

Total dry

yield/ pl. (g)

L/D ratio

of fruit

Capsaicincontent

(%)

Ascorbic acid

(mg/ 100g)

Leaf curl incidence

Grand mean

C 106.5 5.28 0.67 2.68 286.1 0.82 65.18 8.01 0.89 228.37 3.23

E 96.95 5.21 0.67 2.63 259.4 0.61 57.05 7.92 0.83 223.47 6.33

GCVC 6.45 14.86 9.71 3.85 7.36 3.80 7.67 25.95 6.12 5.60 77.49

E 6.57 18.58 10.52 3.93 7.59 5.92 10.11 25.85 8.67 4.00 32.55

PCVC 8.22 19.22 9.96 4.09 8.52 4.50 8.72 28.05 6.36 5.86 78.68

E 7.19 19.01 10.52 3.98 8.23 6.10 11.05 25.86 8.80 4.69 32.64

Heritability(h2)

C 78.47 94.27 97.00 88.40 74.40 71.60 77.40 99.30 92.80 98.20 97.60

E 83.60 91.30 99.40 97.60 85.00 94.30 83.70 99.90 97.10 92.10 99.50

GAC 11.11 2.09 0.13 0.20 37.36 0.04 9.06 4.27 0.11 26.09 5.10

E 12.00 2.04 0.15 0.21 37.39 0.07 10.87 4.21 0.15 19.88 4.24

GA as % of mean

C 10.43 39.58 19.40 7.46 13.05 6.45 13.90 53.31 12.36 11.42 157.89

E 12.38 39.16 22.99 7.98 14.41 11.48 19.06 53.16 18.07 8.90 66.98

Table 8: Mean, range, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance(GA) and GA as a percent of mean for different traits in capsicum

Env. = Environment; C= control; E = epidemic; L/D = Length/Diameter

Varansi Acharya and Rajput (2003)32

Correlation

Table 9: Genotypic correlations among yield and quality traits in chilli (C. annuum) genotypes

Capsaicin (CPN)

% Edible portion (%EPR)

Fruit wrinkles

(FWR)

Fruit colour (FCL)

Dry fruit weight (DFW)

Total yield/plant

Capsaicin(D) -- 0.29** 0.35** 0.39** 0.45** 0.05(H) -- 0.48** 0.15** 0.12* 0.84** 0.16

% Edible portion

(D) -- 0.61** 0.16 0.17 0.11*(H) -- 0.56** 0.40** 0.19* 0.16**

Fruit wrinkles

(D) -- 0.22** 0.35** -0.27**(H) -- 0.21** 0.43** -0.21**

Fruit colour (D) -- -0.57** -0.42**(H) -- -0.11 -0.004

Dry fruit weight

(D) -- 0.44**(H) -- 0.69**

Total yield/plant

(D) --(H) --

(D) – Dharwad, (H) - Hanumanamatti

Giritammannavar and Patil (2006)Dharwad 34

Table 10: Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient with quality parameter

P = Phenotypic correlation coefficient; G = Genotypic correlation coefficient*= Significant at 5 % level; ** = Significant at 1 % level

Character Capsaicin Oleoresin Ascorbic acid

Correlation coefficient

P G P G P G

Plant height -0.06 -0.06 0.20 0.20 0.32* 0.33

Primary branches/ plant

0.40* 0.65** 0.17 0.21 -0.04 -0.07

Fruit length 0.15 0.15 0.29 0.29 0.42** 0.42**

Pedicel length -0.29 -0.29 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.04

Fruit Weight -0.35* -0.36* 0.09 0.09 0.24 0.24

Oleoresin 0.42** 0.43** 1.00 1.00 0.12 0.12

Sonia (2007)Palmpur 35

Trait

Plant

height

(cm)

Fruit

weight

(g)

Fruit

diameter

(mm)

Fruit

length

(mm)

Pericarp

thickness

(mm)

Soluble

solids

(%)

Plant height (cm) -- -0.32 -0.45 -0.03 -0.41 0.06

Fruit weight (g) -- 0.67 0.24 0.63 -0.08

Fruit diameter

(mm)-- -0.11 0.86 -0.03

Fruit length (mm) -- -0.12 -0.06

Pericarp

thickness (mm)-- -0.14

Soluble solids (%) --

Table 11: Genotypic correlations among quantitative traits in a cross of two chilli (C. annum) genotypes ‘Maor’ with ‘Perennial’

Israel Arnon and Ilan (2000)36

Combining ability and Gene action

Parents

Days to

50 %

flowe-

ring

Height

of

plant

(cm )

No. of

primary

branches

/ plant

Length

of

fruit

(cm)

Diame-

ter of

fruit

(cm)

Average

weight

of fruit

(g)

No. of

fruits/

plant

Yield of

green

fruits /

plant

(kg )

Phule Joyti 4.09* 3.27* 0.06 -0.34* 0.10 -0.21* 149.8* 0.22*

Phule Mukta -2.28* 0.12 -0.18* -0.96* 0.43 -0.24* 13.59 0.006

AC-2 -2.42* -1.12* 0.76* 1.38* -4.43* 0.17* 141.5* 0.37*

Surakta 0.92 -6.55* -0.62* -0.99* -0.10 -0.140* -78.78* -0.25*

AC-8 1.18* -3.25* -0.26* -0.71* 5.70* 0.04 -76.84* -0.19*

Guntur-2 0.92 1.28* -0.39* 0.32* -5.70* -0.37* -65.87* -0.23*

Delhi Heart-2 -0.50 4.48* 0.76* 1.39* 2.30* 0.40* 15.75 0.19*

Agnirekha -0.65 1.81* 0.10 0.50* 1.70* 0.30* -99.24* -0.17*

S.E. ( gi ) ± 0.35 0.39 0.07 0.05 0.47 0.03 14.61 0.034

Table 12: Estimates of general combining ability (gca) in chilli

*,**, significant at 5% and 1% respectively

Rahuri Patil et al. (2010)38

Hybrids

No. of primary

branches/ plant

Length of fruit (cm)

Diameter of fruit

(cm)

Average weight of fruit (g)

No. of fruits/ plant

Yield of green fruits/

plant (kg)

Phule Joyti x Phule Mukta 0.90** 1.11 7.28** 0.25* 251.44** 0.45**

Phule Joyti x AC-2 -0.64** 0.002 3.48* 0.26* -16.39 -0.004

Phule Joyti x Surakta 0.20 -0.11 -10.85** -0.55** 154.77** 0.24*

Phule Joyti x AC-8 -0.02 0.80** 14.86** 0.19 -198.38** -0.32**

Phule Mukta x AC-2 0.67** 2.07** 4.48** 0.39** 257.36** 0.60**

Phule Mukta x Surakta 0.45* 0.29 3.48* 0.34** -145.39** -0.27**

Phule Mukta x AC-8 -0.25 0.55** 1.01 0.29** -14.07 -0.10

AC-2 x Surakta 0.23 0.86** 2.34 0.88** 1.17 0.06

AC-2 x AC-8 0.47* -0.35* -2.78 0.07 248.77* 0.60**

Surakta x AC-8 -0.55* 0.10 -5.11** 0.05 55.78 0.04

SE (Sij) + 0.21 0.17 1.46 0.11 44.88 0.10

Table 13: Estimates of specific combining ability (sca) in chilli

*,**, significant at 5% and 1% respectively

Rahuri Patil et al. (2010)39

Table 14: Estimates of gene effect for yield and yield contributing traits in chilliusing six parameter model

Trait Cross m d h i j lEpistatic gene

action

Fruit

length

(cm)

C1 8.34** -0.18 -0.37 -1.57** 0.02 1.38** -

C2 6.07** 0.97** 2.96** 3.04** 1.43** -2.67** Duplicate

C3 7.46** 0.25 0.71 0.40 -0.85** 2.86** -

Fruit

width

(mm)

C1 9.25** 0.68** -5.08** -5.47** -0.56** 9.57** Duplicate

C2 9.14** 0.14 2.28** 2.27** 0.22 -1.95** Duplicate

C3 9.71** 0.65** -3.21** -2.65** -0.09 8.09** Duplicate

Fruit

weight

(g)

C1 2.86** 0.42** 0.28 -0.58** -0.08 0.64 -

C2 3.02** 0.35** 0.68** 0.40 0.22** -0.65 -

C3 3.53** -0.13 -0.04 -0.16 -1.72** 4.00** -

Number

of fruits

per plant

C1 137.70** -77.97** 131.39** 53.18** -57.48** 142.01** Complementary

C2 125.29** -82.30** 245.86** 71.44** -54.58** 145.79** Complementary

C3 96.31** -18.41** 136.33** 73.07** 13.66** 27.71 -

Yield per

plant(g)

C1 383.05** -149.6** 448.37** 23.74 -149.7** 531.73** Complementary

C2 371.79** -259.1** 723.64** 133.36* -194.6** 671.57** Complementary

C3 331.83** -69.3** 486.53** 37.19 -53.27** 695.36** Complementary

C1=CCA 5 X CCA 15, C2=BARI Morich 1 X CCA 19, C3=CCA 5 X CCA 11.

Hasanuzzaman & Golam (2011)Bangladesh

m =mean, d=additive effect, h=dominance effect, i=additive x additive, j=additive x dominance l=dominance x dominance type gene interaction.

40

Character CrossesPer se

Performancesca effects

Plant height (cm)

B-Kaddi x CO-2 62.80 7.77**

B-Kaddi x KDC-1 62.70 3.44**

B-Dabbi x AKC-86-39 58.50 5.75**

No. of primary

branches per plant

B-Kaddi x KDC-1 5.60 1.00**

B-Dabbi x H-Shakthi 4.15 0.72**

B-Dabbi x LCA-312 4.40 0.79**

No. of fruits per plant

B-Kaddi x GPC-82 109 21.22**

B-Kaddi x KDC-1 130 28.89**

B-Kaddi x Arka Lohith 139 25.89**

Fruit weight per plant

B-Kaddi x H-Shakthi 8.23 1.16**

B-Dabbi x AKC-86-39 11.46 1.4**

VN-2 x LCA-312 16.92 1.98**

Dry fruit yield per

plant

B-Kaddi x KDC-1 118.0 26.24**

B-Kaddi x PMR-5 97.5 18.24**

B-Dabbi x Arka Abir 49.5 18.98**

Arabhavi

*,**,significant at 5% and 1% respectively

Jagdeesha and Vali (2005)

Table 15: sca effects of different crosses

41

Heterosis

Table 16: Standard heterosis (SH) in five top ranking crosses.

Crosses

CharactersGreen

fruit yield/ plant (g)

Days to first

flowering

No. of prima.

branches

No. of fruits/ plant

Ave. fruit length (cm)

ACMS 8 x IPS-2005-15 448.5** 4.86** 28.89** 277.6** -22.76**ACMS 5 x IPS-2005-15 310.1** -11.71** 38.06** 270.3** -33.24**ACMS 4 x IPS-2005-15 305.6** 20.00** 46.08 246.9** -31.11**ACMS 6 x ACS-2004-03 297.5** -2.00 33.45** 205.7** -13.73**

ACMS 8 x RHRC Pendent 289.0** 16.29** 66.21** 229.1** -33.44**

CrossesAve. fruit girth (cm)

Fruit shape index

Ave. fruit weight (g)

Capsaicin (μg/g)

Ascorbic acid

(μg/g)ACMS 8 x IPS-2005-15 38.42** -46.01** 30.23** -8.10** 53.46**ACMS 5 x IPS-2005-15 11.71** -40.75** -0.85 8.90** -22.82**ACMS 4 x IPS-2005-15 11.51** -39.27** 4.58 -3.65** 5.71**ACMS 6 x ACS-2004-03 -17.3** 2.47 16.18** 9.70** 11.99**

ACMS 8 x RHRC Pendent 16.64** -43.92** 5.89 -6.35** 41.64***,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively

Patel et al. (2010)Anand 43

CharactersLength of fruit (cm)

Days to 50%

flowering

Diameter of fruit

(cm)

No. of fruits/ plant

Green fruit yield/

plant (kg)Phule Joyti x Phule Mukta -19.76** 0.66 -6.25 31.73** 25.73*Phule Joyti x AC-2 -8.71** 0.36 -15.62 11.75* 16.91Phule Joyti x Surakta -32.21** 2.06 -26.04 4.69 -5.88Phule Joyti x AC-8 -21.07** -19.47** 7.29 -45.57** -41.91**Phule Joyti x Guntur-2 -26.40** -14.12** -26.04 -12.93 -27.20*Phule Mukta x AC-2 5.52* -13.48** -13.54 31.42** 41.91**Phule Mukta x Surakta -33.61** 0.68 -10.42 -57.75** -63.23**Phule Mukta x AC-8 -28.56** -12.06** -7.29 -38.70** -44.85**Phule Mukta x Guntur-2 -27.06** -4.0 -19.79 -37.50** -44.11**AC-2 x Surakta -6.74** -9.38** -16.67 -18.43 -13.97AC-2 x AC-8 -15.54** -1.9 -15.62 17.26 33.09**AC-2 x Guntur-2 -15.54** 0.02 -21.87 -4.40 -19.85Surakta x AC-8 -33.61** -0.66 -13.54 -41.91** -50.73**Surakta x Guntur-2 -35.86** 0.68 -11.46 -55.25** -63.23**AC-8 x Guntur-2 -11.70** -11.40** -18.75 -57.12** -59.56**SEd 0.27 1.68 2.28 7.00 0.16

Table 17: Standard heterosis for different characters in chilli

Rahuri Patil et al. (2012)

*,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively

44

CrossPlant

height

No. of

secondary

branches

No. of

tertiary

branches

Days to

50 per cent

flowering

Early

green

fruit yield

L1 x T12 -1.24 6.05** 17.42** -9.40** -47.22**

L1 x T13 49.03** 19.50** 3.72** -31.1** 26.21*

L1 x T14 49.59** 15.02** 26.09** -38.22** -42.63**

L1 x T15 -14.81** 4.70** 4.38** -27 6** -44.90**

L1 x T16 15.37** 32.95** -4.93** -0.58 -14.79

L3 x T12 13.29** -1.34** 3.1** -19.39** -40.37**

L3 x T13 4.03** 0.22 14.35** -4.69* 43.01**

L3 x T14 42.26** 4.70** -6.80** -21.16** 112.60**

L3 x T15 59.83** 4.70** 13.69** -16.4** 31.08**

L3 x T16 48.20** 23.99** 27.95** -9.98** 50.92**

L5 x T12 41 .01** 13.67** 3.16** 0.60 -10.37

L5 x T13 15.37** 15 02** 5.03** -23.52** 56.00**

L5 x T14 16.76** 23.99** 4.38** -9.40** 118.83**

L5 x T15 13.02** 10.53** 1.86** -7.04** 96.95**

L5 x T16 8.31* 19.50** 8.10* 0.60 -43.20**

SEm ± 0.62 0.08 0.34 1.41 7.24

Table 18: Heterosis (%) over commercial check (HCH-9646) In respect of growth, earliness and early yield in male sterile based F1

Karnataka Shankarnag et al. (2006)

*,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively

45

L = CGMS line, T = Tester line

Male sterility

Table 19: Screening for fertility restorer and maintainer lines in chilli

Sr.

no.

Lines used as

male

F1 plant

populat

ion

Tester used as female (CGMS)

Remarks JNKVVA1 ACBGA1 ACBGA2

Fertilefertile in

F1 (%) Fertile

(fertile

in F1 (%) Fertile

fertile in

F1 (%)

1 Sankeshwar 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

2 Pant C-1 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

3 BVC-1 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

4 GUK-1 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

5 LCA-334 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

6 D. DABBI 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

7 KDSC210-10 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

8 P. jwala 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

9 B. Kaddi 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

10 GCV111 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

11 P. Sadabahar 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

12 BVC-37 40 40 100 40 100 40 100 Rf

13 AVNPC131 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 rf

14 X235 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 rf

15 Phule Jyoti 40 36 90 35 87.5 40 100 Rf/rf

16 Hisar Vijay 40 35 87.5 36 90 40 100 Rf/rf

17 KDSC510-10 40 34 85 00 00 00 00 Rf/rfRf= Fertility restorationrf= Sterility maintainer Temburne & Rao (2012)Jabalpur 47

Table 20: Pollen quantity and self-crossed fruit setting in F1

hybrid of CMS lines and maintainers in pepper

Crosscode

Number of F1

Self-crossed fruit-setting

rate (mean+SE)

FertilityCrosscode

Number of F1

Self-crossed fruit-setting

rate (mean+SE)

fertility

++ +- -- ++ +- --

M1 0 0 36 0.00+0.00 S M5 38 0 0 23.00+6.75 F

M2 0 0 38 0.00+0.00 S M11 40 0 0 48.00+10.3 F

M3 0 30 0 28.00+7.75 F M13 38 0 0 38.00+15.5 F

M7 0 0 21 0.00+0.00 S M14 34 0 0 34.00+12.2 F

M9 0 0 24 0.00+0.00 S M16 42 0 0 42.0+12.2 F

M10 22 0 0 46.00+13.5 F M19 34 0 0 50+11.5 F

M15 38 0 0 14.00+5.67 F M20 0 32 0 55.0+8.5 F

M18* 0 0 34 14.00+5.67 PF M21 40 0 0 11.0+5.65 PF

M28 0 0 36 0.00+0.00 S M24* 0 0 44 0.00+0.00 S

(++) = pollen quantity is equal to that of the male parent; (+-) = pollen quantity is equal to 50% of the male parent; (--) = lack of pollen grains or no pollen; SE = standard error; F= fertile; S = sterile; PF = partially fertile; * = no seed.

China Ma et al. (2013)48

Non conventional breeding methods

TraitGamma rays (kR) EMS (mM) Total

viablemutants10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

Tall mutant - 1 3 1 - 2 - 5 1 - 13

Profuse branching - 2 4 3 - - 1 7 2 - 19

Curved leaf 1 - 4 - - 1 - 3 - - 9

Diminished morphology

1 - 2 2 4 - - 1 - - 10

Dwarf plant 1 - 4 2 2 1 - 1 2 4 17

Flower mutant - 2 6 1 - - 2 12 4 - 27

Rosette leaf - - - - - - - 2 - - 2

Pointed fruit apex - 1 1 1 - - 1 5 - - 9

Male sterile 1 - 7 4 4 - 1 6 1 3 27

Long fruits - 1 4 1 - - 1 16 1 - 24

Dark green fruits - - 6 2 2 - 2 14 1 - 27

Yellowish green fruits - 1 4 - - - - 1 - - 6

Total 4 8 47 17 12 4 9 67 8 7 190

Table 21: Viable mutations frequency for various traits in M2 generation

Tamil Nadu Sridevi and Mullainathan (2011)50

Sr. No.

Mutant typeMutagen

DoseVariety Generation Frequency

1 Tall mutant (high yielding) 0.3 % EMS Co -1 M3 13.63

2 Tall with short fruit mutant 0.2 % EMS Co -1 M3 9.09

3Tall with crinkled fruit mutant

0.3 % SA Co -1 M2 9.09

4 Dwarf mutant 0.3 % EMS Ujwala M2 13.63

5Short fruit mutant (high yielding)

0.3 % EMS Co -1 M2 11.36

6 Erect fruit mutant 0.2 % EMS Co -1 M3 13.63

7 Yellow slender fruit mutant 0.01 % SA Co -1 M3 4.55

8 Long thick fruit mutant 0.02 % SA Co -1 M2 11.36

9 Long slender fruit mutant 0.02 % SA Co -1 M2 4.55

10 Seedless mutant 0.03 % SA Ujwala M2 4.55

11 Non viable mutant 0.03 % SA Co -1 M2 2.27

12Viable chlorophyll deficient mutant

0.2 % EMS Co -1 M2 2.27

Table 22: Frequency (%) of morphological mutants in C. annum after chemical mutagenesis

Calicut Abdul et al. (2010)51Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) Sodium azide (SA)

Treatment no.

Growth regulator (mg/l)No. of shoots/explant

V1 V2 V3 V4 Mean

T1 2.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 2.23 2.25 1.98 1.1 1.8

T2 3.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 2.8 2.8 2.5 1.2 2.3

T3 4.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 3.1 2.9 3.0 1.9 2.7

T4 5.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 3.2 3.0 3.7 2.2 3.0

T5 6.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 3.8 5.1 4.2 3.6 4.1

T6 7.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 4.9 5.1 4.7 3.8 4.6

T7 8.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 4.1 4.8 3.8 2.9 3.9

T8 9.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA 2.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.0

Mean 3.66 3.3 3.44 2.4

CD 0.05 T=0.08; V=0.06; Interaction=0.17, V1= KtPL-19; V2= Pusa sadabahar; V3= ArCH-001; V4= Salem

New Delhi Ranjan et al. (2010)

Table 23: Effect of different growth regulators on multiple shoot formation on shoot tip explant

52

Ranjan et al. (2010)New Delhi

Table 24: Effect of different growth regulators on direct orgenogenesis from cotyledon explant

53

Treat.Medium + growth regulator (mg/l)

No. of buds/explant

V1 V2 V3 V4 Mean

T1 MS+2.0 BAP+1.0 IAA 1.89 1.90 1.00 0.75 1.38

T2 MS+4.0 BAP+1.0 IAA 2.25 2.10 1.95 1.09 1.85

T3 MS+6.0 BAP+1.0 IAA 4.25 4.1 3.0 2.9 3.5

T4 MS+8.0 BAP+1.0 IAA 5.1 5.7 4.7 3.2 4.7

T5 MS+10.0 BAP+1.0 IAA 4.2 4.8 3.2 2.0 3.5

T6 MS+0.5 TDS 2.0 2.5 2.1 1.1 1.9

T7 MS+1.0 TDS 6.2 6.9 5.2 4.5 5.7

T8 MS+1.5 TDS 5.2 5.2 4.2 2.5 4.9

T9 MS+2.0 TDS 4.2 3.9 2.1 1.2 2.8

mean 3.9 4.1 3.0 2.1

TDZ= Thidiazuron

V1= KtPL-19; V2= Pusa sadabahar; V3= ArCH-001; V4= Salem

Abiotic and Biotic stress resistance

SN Genotype

100

marketable

fruit wt. (g)

Ascorbic acid

mg/100g

Fruit set

percent

Number of

fruits per

plant

Fruit yield

(q/ha)

1 CCA-3331 100.8cf 136.3d 9 33c-e 53.34b 23.63ef

2 CCA-336B 141.9c-e 47.84h 14.00c-e 39.90c 24.69ef

3 CCA-984A 308.1b 32.86i 10.68c-e 5.61d 7.970g

4 Mr. Lee Na3 333.1b 144.8c 31.28b 68.96a 95.33a

5 PBC-142 77.85f 153.1b 15.02cd 33.62c 11.24g

6 Maor 152.3cd 166.4a 6.66e 36.46c 22.87ef

7 CCA-119A 189.3C 54.5h 26.28b 61.76ab 45.68c

8 CCA-3288 295.1b 75.71g 12.66c-e 28.86c 35.72d

9 Susan's Joy 499.6a 85.70f 7.33de 29.78c 64.23b

10 CO-5678 99.85ef 93.74f 41.33a 63.30ab 25.76ef

11 Suryamukhi 110.6d-f 90.41f 40.66a 37.85c 17.00fg

12 NS-1701 146.7c-e 173.6d 12.66c-e 38.40c 21.26ef

13 Jwala 105.5d-f 113.7e 16.66c 71.00a 30.62de

LSD (p=0.05) 43.99 7.89 7.25 10.20 8.834

SEm+ 15.07 2.70 2.48 3.49 3.026

Means within the column followed by the same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 0.05 level by DNMRT

Dahal et al. (2006)Nepal

Table 25: Effect of Temperature stress (30.8 to 16.0 0C) on fruit setting, yield and other quality characters

55

GenotypeSalinity level

Control 2 EC 4 EC 6 EC 8 EC MeanDry weight of the plant (g)

LCA 235 17.35 17.62 16.84 14.87 9.24 15.18LCA 315 18.36 17.29 14.99 11.91 6.31 13.85LCA 324 16.82 16.52 13.38 8.87 5.55 12.23LCA 224 16.86 15.23 12.95 9.22 4.99 11.85CA 960 18.38 18.20 15.74 12.92 8.56 14.76

G4 10.03 17.08 16.65 13.71 9.15 14.92Pod weight (g)

LCA 235 2.56 2.60 2.46 2.33 2.03 2.40LCA 315 3.43 3.03 2.46 1.87 1.23 2.41LCA 324 2.36 2.30 2.23 1.67 1.23 1.96LCA 334 2.53 2.36 2.06 1.60 1.03 1.92CA 960 2.73 2.83 2.23 1.50 1.06 2.07

G4 2.93 2.70 2.26 1.70 1.33 2.18Number of pods per plant

LCA 235 12.23 12.00 11.66 9.00 6.66 10.33LCA 315 6.33 6.00 4.66 1.00 0.33 3.66LCA 324 8.33 8.00 6.00 3.66 2.00 5.60LCA 334 9.66 8.33 6.66 3.66 0.66 5.80CA 960 9.66 8.66 7.00 3.66 2.33 6.26

G4 9.33 10.00 8.66 4.33 2.66 7.00

Kameswari & Prasad (2005)Bapatala

Table 26: Effect of different salinity levels of irrigation water on a plant growth characters of chilli genotypes

56

Causal Organism : Colletotrichum spp. Infection occurs during periods of excess irrigation

or rain Small, watersoaked lesions that expand rapidly.

Fully expanded lesions are sunken and range incolor from dark red to black in concentric rings

Causal Organism : Tobacco Mosaic Virus Transmitted by : whitefly Mosaic patterns consisting of bands of light

green or yellow alternating with dark green. Sometimes the leaves are crinkled or distortion. Plant growth is stunted.

C. O. : Alternaria spp.• Dusty black spot on

fruit and leaves• Fruit rot

C. O. : Phytopthera capsici• Dark lesions of the stem• Blighting of plant• Water soaked gray spot

on fruit & it mummifies57

Line Reference

Jwala Tewari and Ramanujam 1974

Karanja, Pant C-l, S 46-1, IC 18253, IC 1.8885, CA 196, Cross 218, PC 121490

Ihall et al. 1983

Pant C-1, Pant C-2, Capsicum L pirinsul Iconai and Nariani 1980

Jwala, C-9, CA-960 Dhanju 1983

Pant C-1, lorai, Loungi, Perennial, S 118-2 Sharma and Singh 1985

Ci-1, LIC-45, N-146 Nlemane et al. 1987

Pant C-1, Pusa Jwala, NP 46A, JCA 19 Sangar et al. 1988; Brar et al. 1989

Perennial, Surjamani Sooch et al. 1976

LS-VIII, LS-IV, IS-1 I Lundej, personal communication 1993

Sele 94-4-9-3, Sel 101-2-33(Pusa Jwala x Delhi Local), Sel 38-2-1

Tewari and Viswanath 1986

Table 27: Pepper germplasm and breeding lines reported to be resistant or tolerant to leaf curl viruses in India

Hundel (1999)Ludhiana 58

WD = whitefly density (whiteflies/leaf), Ovi = Oviposition (eggs/cm), OR = oviposition rate (eggs/whitefly)

Syarifin (2012)Indonesia

SN Accession Name

Resistance parameters

RIR

Class

Trichome

Density

trichomes/cm

Cuticle

Thicknes

(mm)WD Ovi OR

1 C. annum Sweet Chocolate 3.0+0.8 0.6+0.4 0.21-0.16 0.50 MS 47.3+5.6 5.9+0.1

2 C. annum Bisbas 11.8+2. 9.8+0.2 0.85+0.15 0.67 MR 43.8+3.4 4.1+0.2

3 C. annum de Arbol 2.0+0.8 0.2+0.4 0.19+0.38 0.75 MR 46.5+14,0 5.2+0.1

4 C. annum CM 331 0.3+0.5 0.0+0.0 0.00+0.00 0.92 R 78.5+ 6.6 5.0+0.1

5 C. annum California Wonder 4.0+0.8 2.5+0.4 0.65+0.17 0.50 MS 49.0+11.0 7.4+0.1

6 C. annum Kalifomische P. 12.3+1.0 0.8+0.5 0.06+0.04 0.67 MR 27.8 +2.9 5.7+0.1

7 C. annum Mild California 1.0+0.8 0.2+0.2 0.08+0.14 0.75 MR 61.0+19.6 7.3+0.1

8 C. annum California W. 300 1.5+0.6 0.2+0.4 0.25+0.35 0.90 R 63.0+10.1 7.6+0.0

9 C. annum Wonder v Kal, 1.0+0.8 0.3+0.4 0.33+0.58 0.67 MR 40.5+ 7,6 7.7+10.1

10 C. annum Gold California W. 2.5+1.3 0.3+0.2 0.12+0.10 0.83 R 80.0+ 9.8 7.8+0.1

11 C. annum Yolo Wonder Imp 7.0+0.8 2.3+0.5 0.32+0.08 0.67 MR 59.3+ 5.0 6.5+0.0

12 C. baccatum No. 1553 4.8+1.5 13.1+1.3 3.07+1.38 0.17 S 123.5+ 3.4 5.3+0.1

13 C. chinense RU 72-241 7.3+1.7 20.9+1.1 3.02+0.80 0.33 S 37.3+ 0.5 4.4+0.1

14 C. chinense AC 2212 6.8+1.3 0.2+0.2 0.03+0.04 0.81 R 75.8+ 7.3 6.5+0.2

15 C. chinense Miseucho 20.0+0.8 11.4+1.3 0.57+0.08 0.50 MS 132.5+ 6.6 3.7+0.2

16 C. chinense PI 281428 4.0+0.8 17.4+2.3 4.52+1.19 0.17 S 89.3+9.8 3.4+0.1

17 C. fruitescens L. Tabasco 18.3+2.4 30.8+2.4 1.70+0.25 0.08 S 54.5+6.8 3.8+0.0

59

Table 28: Mean of whitefly resistance parameters, value of resistance index (RI), resistance level (R class) and leaf characteristics for pepper accessions

Species

No. of

lines

screened

Disease incidence (%)

0 <10 10-20 21- 40 41-7071-100

C. annuum 291 1 15 93 182

C. baccatum 26 6 6 6 3 2 3

C. chinense 5 2 2 1

C. frutescens 2 2

C. pubescens 2 2

Disease evaluation R MR S HS

Table 29: Disease reactions of Capsicum accessions to

KSCa-1 isolate of Colletotrichum acutatum

Korea Yoon (2003)60

Pepper line PA-1 RO-4 BE-4C05A 2.42 * 2.53 * 0.09 *C05B 4.25 2.52 * 1.42 *C05C 3.47 * 3.73 0.91 *

CO10A 3.84 3.45 1.23 *CO10B 3.82 4.65 0.55 *CO10C 4.20 4.21 * 1.78 *C012B 4.32 2.80 * 1.06 *C012C 4.32 2.82 * 1.52 *C018A 3.62 * 3.45 1.32 *CO2.20 4.72 2.41 * 0.97 *CO5.04 3.70 * 4.27 * 0.99 *C02.16 4.82 4.88 0.93 *C03.15 3.30 * 4.85* 1.30 *PA 124 3.14 * 3.09 * 0.62 *PA 129 3.49 * 1.98 * 0.28 *PA158 4.55 3.02 * 0.57 *PA 172 4.09 4.05 0.40 *

Yolo Wonder 4.66 3.69 3.05

Table 30: Resistance of C. annuum germplasm to three isolates of Phytopthera capsici

*, Statistically different from the susceptible control Yolo Wonder according to the Waller-Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05. 0 (0% disease) - 5 (100% disease) scale

Andres et al. (2005)Spain 61

Table 31: Evalution of chilli germplasms against fruit rot (Phytopthera spp.)

Grade Reaction (% infection) Germplasm / Variety

0 Tolerant (0%) -

1 Resistant (1-10%) LCA-301, LCA-324, K-1, Byadagi Kaddi

3Moderately resistant

(11-25%)Pusa jwala, LCA-312, Co-2, No-8, SNK-8

5Moderately susceptible

(26-50%)

Hissar shakti, G-4, GPC-82, LCA-304, S-32,GPC-80,LCA-306, SNK-12, TNSP-33, SNK-11, Pant-C-1,Byadagi dabbi, LCA-206, PKM-1, GPC-69, No-20,No-71, Co-3, SIC-11-179, No-38, No-65, SIC-10-166, No-33, B-1-1, No-74, G-4, Dh-9-6-6, N0-70,SKN-10-1

7Susceptible

(51-75%)

KDSC-510-10, Co-1, KDSC-110-10, DS-1, R-11-22,LCA-307, Paprika, SNK-9, SNK-10

9 Highly susceptible (>75%) KDSC-210-10, S-32

Ekbote et al. (2002)Dharwad 62

GenotypesWilt incidence (%)

Reaction1st week 2nd week

Ajeet-6 20.00 20.00 MRArka Meghana 100.00 100.00 HS

Arka Iohit 71.43 71.43 SArka Harita 42.46 45.46 MSF-112-5-83 0.00 10.00 R

Jawahar-218 80.00 80.00 HSJCA-28.3 50.00 5O. 00 SKCS-2013 20.00 20.00 MRPant C-1 18.20 27.28 MR

Arka Suphala 87.50 87.50 HSPunjab Gucchedar 60.00 80.00 HS

Pusa Jwala 50.00 50.00 MSRavindra 40.00 60.00 S

SKAU-C-101 10.00 10.00 RTiwari 90.00 100.00 HS

HCA-283 100.00 100.00 HSArka Suphala 87.50 87.50 HS

Pusa Sadabahar 100.00 100.00 HSPC-6 10.00 1 0.00 R

ACS-201 11.12 33.34 MR

Table 32: Screening of different chilli genotypes against Fusarium wilt

R-Resistant, MR-Moderately resistant, S- Susceptible, MS-Moderately susceptible, HS-Highly susceptible

Raichur Rani et al. (2008)63

Variety

% Disease suseptibilityDate after Inoculation Field Resistant Evaluation7 14 21 61

Wonkyo 306 0 0 0 0.03 R R

Shinhong 5 23 32 75 M M

Cheonan jaelae 10 70 70 95 S MS

Table 33: Reaction of Wonkyo 306 To Phytophthora capsici.

Variety Virus Anthracnose Bacterial Leaf SpotWonkyo 306 R MR MR

Shinhong S MS MSCheonan S M S

Table 34: Reaction of Wonkyo 306 to Virus, Anthracnose and Bacterial Leaf Spot.

Kwan et al. (1985)Korea

Three way F1 'wonkyo 306' with the multi resistance in Capsicum annuum

Taen jaelae (F1) Gimjanggochu

three way F1

WONKYO 306 (F6)

Selfed & subsequent selection

X(local selection)

Resistance to TMV, AnthracnoseGood yielding,

Susceptible toBacterial LS

64

Disease/insect /stress Resistant/tolerant source

Fruit rot (Colletotrichum sp.) C. chinense, Accr 1555, 1554, 906, Chinese Giant, Hungarian Yellow Wax, Spartan

Cercospora leaf spot California Wonder, Hungarian Wax

Bacterial leaf spot PI 163192, PI 260435, PI 163189, PI 163192, PI 271322, PI 32219

Phytophthora root rot PI 201234

Phytophthora nicotianae PBG 631, UHF-1

Root knot nematode Santaba

TMV Sonnette, Keystone Resistant Giant, YW, Yolo Y

Tolerant to drought Arka Lohit

Tolerant to salinity PLR 1

Table 35: Resistant / Tolerant sources

65

Achievement

Pusa Jwala Arka Lohit Arka Meghna

Resham patto Arka Gaurav Arka Mohini

GAVCH 1

Pusa Meghdoot66

Table 36: Varieties

Bell pepper Hot chilli

Introduced

California Wonder, Yolo Wonder, World Beater, Chinese Giant, Golden Wonder, Bull

nose, Sweet Banana

By IARIFrom USA

Selection

Arka Mohini, A. Gaurav, A. Basant IIHR Arka Lohit IIHR

Agnirekha, Phule Jyoti, Suryamukhi MPKV

Heterosis breeding : public sector

Solan Bharpur UHF, Solan CH-1, Punjab-27 Ludhiana

Hybrid (private)

Bharat, Laxmi, Mamta, super gold, chocolate wonder

Indo-American Tejaswini Mahyco

Indira, Larica Sandoz Agni Novartis

Green Gold Mahyco ARCH-236 Ankur Seeds

Hira, NAFCR-101 Nath Seeds Seoul HOE-808, HOE-888 Hoechest

Early Bounty, Gem Giant Suttons INDAM-5, 67, chilli-2006-1 Indo-American

NS-436 Namdhari

Hybrid (public)

P. meghdoot, P. Deepti (Kt-1), KTCPH-3 & 5 IARI (Katrain) Pusa Jwala, IARI

Solan Hybrid-1, Solan Hybrid-2 UHF (Solan) Kashi anmol, Kashi surkh IIVR

Arka Meghana, Arka Sweta IIHR67

High variability present in nature for quality and yieldcontributing characters.

Characters like fruits per plant, pricarp thickness, fruit size, fruitweight and oleoresin content can be used for selection.

Heterosis can be manifested using diverse germplasm. Easy and more hybrid seed production can be possible through

proper exploitation of male sterility system.Mutation can be employed to create new useful mutant for

crop improvement. In vitro cloning is more successful when cotyledon leaf was

used as an explants. Abiotic stress tolerant germplasm present in nature. Disease resistant cultivar can be developed through crossing

and backcrossing with resistance germplasm.68

Development of varieties with inbuilt resistance against CMV andanthracnose.

Genesis of varieties with less pungency and consumer preference. Exploitation of male sterility and chemical hybridizing agents in

developing new hybrids. Introduction of heat and drought tolerance germplasm as a strategy for

climate change. Development of location specific varieties. Development of varieties with high dry matter (chilli powder) output. To develop a varieties which can maintain as such capsaicin content

even after a longer storage period. Developments of varieties with higher antioxident and oleoresin

content. Use of wild relatives in breeding programme based on embryo rescue

and somatic hybridization techniques. Breeding for ornamental plant type.

Future thrust

69