Genetic

Engineering

Selective Breeding• Humans use selective breeding

to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms

• Hybridization – The crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.– Luther Burbank and his amazing

Burbank potato.

• Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

Increasing Variation• Mutations can be

induced to help create variation in organisms.

• Extra chromosomes (polyploid) are bad for animals (Downs Syndrome) but good for plants. It usually makes them stronger.

Manipulating DNA• Genetic Engineering

is the process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism.

• Reading the Genetic Code– DNA extraction– Cutting and Labeling

DNA– Separating DNA– Reading the DNA

sequence– Making Copies (PCR –

polymerase chain reaction)

We do these same things when we are getting ready to do _________________ .

PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction• Making copies to work with.

DNA Fingerprinting

Vocab• Plasmid - circular DNA molecule found in bacteria• Genetic marker - gene that makes it possible to

distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t

• Recombinant DNA – DNA that has been created artificially. DNA from two or more sources is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule.

• Transgenic organism - term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

•

Transforming Bacteria

Transforming Plants

Transforming Animal Cells• Can be transformed similar to

plants.• Some eggs are large enough

to physically inject new DNA by hand. Which can “Knock Out” a gene

• Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms.

• Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.

• Using bacteria to make human insulin.

• Using genetic modification to improve food supply known as GM foods.

Transgenic Organisms - term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other

organisms

Transgenic Bacteria

Transgenic Plants

Transgenic animals

Produce clotting factors insulin HGH

Stronger plantsMore productionPest resistance

More production

Cloning• member of a population of genetically

identical organisms produced from a single cell

“Dolly”

• “Dolly” was an important break through not just because she was a mammal.

• Frogs were cloned back in 1950’s

• Why was dolly so special?– Research and answer this

question for me.

Human Genome Project

• The Human Genome Project is an attempt to sequence all human DNA.