Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

14
Genetic Engineering Chapter 1: History of Genetic Engineering Hikmet Geçkil, Professor Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Inonu University

Transcript of Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Page 1: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering Chapter 1: History of Genetic Engineering

Hikmet Geçkil, Professor

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics

Inonu University

Page 2: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Prehistoric Times • Since prehistoric times (circa 10,000 years ago),

domestication of organisms (both animals and plants) through artificial selection (aka. selective breeding)

Hikmet Geckil 2 Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering

Page 3: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering (a.k.a., recombinant DNA technology) is the direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another which was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

• Since 1976 the technology has been commercialised, with companies producing and selling genetically modified food and medicine.

Hikmet Geckil 3 Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering

Page 4: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Major Breakthroughs in Genetics

• Genetic inheritance (i.e., heredity) was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas: the foundation of modern genetics.

Hikmet Geckil 4

Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic Engineering

Page 5: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

• 1869 Isolation of nucleic acids (what he called nuclein) by Friedrich Miescher.

• 1902 Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri propose that inheritance is due to chromosomes.

• The term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905.

• 1910 Thomas Morgan demonstrated that the chromosomes carry the genes.

• 1948 Barbara McClintock discovered transposons.

Hikmet Geckil

Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic Engineering

5

Page 6: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 6

• 1940s-1950s Frederick Griffith's transformation experiment and DNA carries the genetic information

Colin MacLeod Oswald Avery

Frederick Griffith

Page 7: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 7

• Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey’s blender experiment

Page 8: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 8

1953 James Watson and Francis Crick with their DNA model: foundation to the era of ”molecular genetics”

Page 9: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

• 1961 Sidney Brenner, François Jacob & Matthew Meselson: messenger RNA.

• 1966 Marshall Nirenberg & Har Gobind Khorana: genetic code.

• 1990s- 2010s focus: large-scale genetics projects and entire genome sequencings.

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 9

Page 10: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering: The Tools of the Trade

• Two Important Tools

1. Restriction enzymes (enzymes to “cut” DNA)

2. Small DNA Vectors (plasmids, cosmids, phages) used to transfer the “pasted” DNA.

Hikmet Geckil 10 Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering

Page 11: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering: Major Breakthroughs

• 1969 Stewart Linn & Werner Arber discovered restriction enzymes in Escherichia coli.

• 1972 The first recombinant DNA molecule (i.e., combined the DNA from SV40 virus with the DNA from lambda virus) by Paul Berg, utilizing restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.

• 1977 DNA sequencing method by Frederick Sanger.

• 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by Kary Mullis.

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 11

Page 12: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

• 1996 The birth of the first cloned animal, Dolly the sheep.

• 2003 Human genome sequenced.

• Since the 1990s Gene therapy in clinical trials to treat diseases and conditions such as AIDS, cystic fibrosis, cancer, high cholesterol, etc.

Hikmet Geckil 12

Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic Engineering

Page 13: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Since 1976 Commercialization of genetically modified food, feed-stock, and medicine

• Insulin, growth hormone, erythropoietin, factor IX, interferons, interleukins, tissue plasminogen activator

• Vacine production

• Glo fish to help detect environmental pollutants

• Flavr Savr tomato, Golden Rice, GM potato, soya, and Bt corn, etc. Hikmet Geckil

Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic Engineering

13

Page 14: Genetic Engineering: Chapter 1- History of Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering: The Latest …

• RNA interference and other gene silincing technologies

• Gene and genome editing methodologies

• Other clinical translations: modified immune cells and stem cells

Hikmet Geckil Genetic Engineering: History of Genetic

Engineering 14