Genetic diversity of mammals in Europe and conservation · Mediterranean Europe as an area of...
Transcript of Genetic diversity of mammals in Europe and conservation · Mediterranean Europe as an area of...
Genetic diversity of mammalsin Europe and conservation
Jan Zima
Institute of Vertebrate Biology , Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicKvetna 8, CZ-60365 Brno, Czech [email protected]
European Platform on Biodiversity Research Strategy Meeting"World Biodiversity and European Taxonomy. Strategie s in Taxonomy: Research in a Changing World"Průhonice, Czech Republic, May 2009
Talk Outline
� Fauna of European mammals� Diversity and taxonomy of the European mammalian
biota� Sources and origins of the diversity� Phylogeographic studies� Northern and cryptic refugia� Revealing traces of introduction attempts� Hybridization and hybrid zones� Conservation implications
260TOTAL
8Carnivora(Pinnipedia)
26Carnivora(Fissipedia)
33Cetacea
16Artiodactyla
42Chiroptera
36Eulipotyphla
8Lagomorpha
91Rodentia
number ofspecies
taxon
European Mammal Assessment2007
Mammalian species richness in Europe(native species only)
250TOTAL
25Carnivora
26Artiodactyla
42Chiroptera
39Eulipotyphla
1Primates
106Rodentia
10Lagomorpha
1Diprotodontia
number ofspecies
taxon
Mammalian species richness in Europe(introduced species included, cetaceans excluded)
Aulagnier et al.: Guide des mammifères d’Europe, 2008
Mammalian distribution mapping in Europe
Species diversity of European mammals
Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999, Academic Press
European Mammal Assessment2007
All vertebrates
Mammals Species richness of themammals and vertebratesin the Czech Republic(no. of species)
►
Krojerová-Prokešová et al. 2008: Folia Zool.
Biodiversity hotspots and endemism in Europe
Williams 1999 European Mammal Assessment2007
• 219 autochthonous species• 31 introduced species• 33 strictly marine species (cetaceans)
• 45 species differentiated recently
Mammalian species richness in Europe
Karyotypic races in the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros)
Zima et al. 1992; Puerma et al. 2008, Genetica
54
Karyotypic races in the European pine vole, Microtus subterraneus
X Y
X Y
○ 54-chromosome race
● 52-chromosome race
Macholán et al. 2001: J. Zool.
Karyotypic races in the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus)
Zima et al. 1997, Folia Zool.
50- chromosome race from central Europe
Type localities of the karyotypic races of the common shrew
(Sorex araneus)
Zima et al. 1996, Hereditas; Wójcik et al. 2003, Mammalia
The karyotype of the Drnholec race
Distribution of cryptic species from the common vole group
M. arvalis M. obscurus
M. levis
Microtus arvalis
Traditional view of glacial refugia situatedin the Mediterranean area
Bilton et al. 1998: Proc. R. Soc B
Alternative views of glacial refugia and postglacial colonizationMediterranean Europe as an area of endemism for small mammals ratherthan source for nortwards postglacial colonization
Bilton et al. 1998: Proc. R. Soc B
BiltonBilton et alet al.. 1998, 1998, ProcProc. R. Soc. B;. R. Soc. B;DeffontaineDeffontaine et al. 2005et al. 2005, Mol. , Mol. EcolEcol..
Originally identified phylogeographic clades in bank voles
W Balkan /W Balkan /Central EuropeanCentral European
CarpathianCarpathian
EasternEastern
E E BalkanBalkan
New data: Maximum likelihood tree ofCentral and South-eastern European populations of bank voles
Carpathian
Carpathianss
Balkans
Balkans
AlpsAlps
Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS
0,000
0,005
0,010
0,015
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t = t = tt ** uu
Mar
gina
l Pos
terio
rM
argi
nal P
oste
rior
Pro
babi
lity
Pro
babi
lity 2.12.1 (1.5(1.5--2.9) 2.9) kyky
Estimates of the divergence timeIsolation with migration model, Bayesian coalescent method (MCMC)
Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS
Riss glacialRiss glacial WWüürm glacialrm glacial
LGM
LGM
HoloceneHoloceneRiss / WRiss / W üürmrminterglacialinterglacial
Estimates of the divergence timeRange of rodent molecular clocks: 3.6% to 13% sequence divergence / MY/ MY
Kotlík et al. 2006, PNAS
ML estimateML estimate90% HPD90% HPD
The height of the last glaciation in Europe
Tatra pine vole, Microtus tatricus:the only mammal endemic to the Carpathian Mountains
Martínková et al. 2003, 2004, Folia Zool.
Distribution of chromosome diploid number amongEuropean pine voles (subgen.Terricola)
Phylogenetic relationships among voles of the genus Microtus, the position of theTerricola clade, and phylogenetic relationships of M. tatricus and M. bavaricus
Jaarola et al. 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.,Martínková et al. 2007, Folia Zool.
Distribution of the pine vole species endemic to the Alps
↓
↑↑↑↑↑
↑
↓
M. bavaricus
M. liechtensteini
Spitzenberger 2001
M. multiplex -liechtensteini
Phylogenetic position of the Bavarian pine vole and its karyotype (2n=46)
Martínková et al. 2007 Folia Zool.
Genetic structure and evidence for recent populationdecline in Eurasian otter
Hájková et al. 2006, J. Zool.
The hybrid zone between Mus musculus and M. domesticusin Europe
Macholán et al. 2007 Evolution
-musculus
Clines in the hybrid zone and frequency discontinuities for various genetic markers
Phylogeographic studies of mammals in tropical regions
A
B
C2
C1
D
Phylogenetic relationships within populations of a rodentgenus Praomys in western Africa
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
Clade A
Clade B
Clade C1
Clade C2
Clade D
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
Geographic distribution of the clades
Possible phylogeographic scenario Outgroup
Benin
C319
východní klád
západní klád B
západní klád A
Clade AClade B
Clade C1/C2
Clade D(separated to twonot supportedsubclades by Senegal river)
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
The lenght of branches is proportional to the number of mutationsThe size of circeles is proportional to the number of individuals with respective haplotype
13
4
7
10
5
4
h1 à h25
h27 à h44
h48 à h58
h26
h45
h46h47
4
H59 à h172
h59 à h80
Median Joining Network of haplotypesfound in Praomys rostratus in western Africa
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
Khoneyayérendé
Distribution of haplotypelineages ofPreaomys rostratusin western Africa
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
Possible taxonomic changes resulting from combinedmolecular analyses of mtDNA and microsatellites:possible discovery of a new species and invalidation of P. derooiweak congruence between both the sets of data
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Factorial axis 1
Fac
toria
l axi
s 2
mtDNA P. derooi
mtDNA P. sp. n.
mtDNA = P. sp. n., microsatellites (+ phenotype, habitat etc.) = P. derooi
„P. derooi“
„P. sp.n.“
Nicolas et al. 2008, Mol. Ecol.
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Even in the well-studied groups as mammals, the taxonomy is still in progress and many changes are steadily introduced.
• The current concepts of the species are not always sufficient torecognize reliably the species status. Well-supported phylogeneticlineages should be handled as valid species. Forget the subspecies?
• Support should be given to conservation genetic research.• Conservation of sites of high scientific interest such as cryptic
refugia or hybrid zones should be considered seriously.• Experience gained in European research should be applied in other
regions and training capacities should be provided to local students.• Conservation legislation should not generate administrative
obstacles preventing to perform the research work effectively.
Acknowledgements
Josef BryjaJeremy B. SearlePetra HájkováNatalia MartínkováPetr KotlíkMaarit JaarolaJaroslav PiálekFriederike SpitzenbergerMiloš MacholánAdam KonečnýDavid BiltonBoris KryštufekAnthony Mitchell-Jones…and many others