*Genes determine traits which are inherited and predictable. 2 nd Semester 1/28/2016 Sit according to the seating chart Reflect on 1 st Semester Expectations: *100 Class Points for Employability *Class/Homework (late Learning Lab Referral *Skyward/Swift Website (frequent) *Communicate (Team,) *Absent (check Swift and Team then teacher 2 days) Set up team jobs and communication in S-Drive Resources Tracking Traits1/28/2016 Learning Target:You will understand that family members tend to share some of the same traits. Success Criteria: Identify misconceptions regarding acquiring traits Obtain the Unit 4 OneNote from the Unit 4 folder in the S-Drive & save to an H-Drive folder for Unit 4 DMA: What is an inherited trait? Vocabulary: Complete the Genetics Glossary What you will know/be able to do by the end of this unit You will be able to explain that an organisms genes determine what traits it has and that traits can be dominant or recessive depending on the alleles found on their genes. explain that most of the cells in a human contain 46 chromosomes; two copies of each of 22 chromosomes and another pair that determines the sex of an individual. explain that gametes have half the genetic material of other body cells. What you will know or be able to do. explain the role of meiosis in passing genetic information from one generation to the next through gametes (sperm and egg cells). recognize that individuals such as Mendel contribute to the scientific enterprise and that what we know about science is the result of many experiments. predict traits using a Punnett Square for hybrid and dihybrid crosses read a karyotype chart and recognize the chromosome numbers and types Engage: It runs in the family Objective: Family members tend to share traits. What do you think this means? Engage: It Runs in the Family Turn to page 334. We will read the introduction paragraphs together. Read the Dear Counselor letter (in figure 7.2 on page 335) individually and quietly. Engage: It runs in the family Process and Procedure: 1. In OneNote page for Engage, write down the questions that Afraid and Wanting to Know More wrote for the genetic counselor in the letter. 2. Turn to your table partner. Discuss the pros and cons of being tested for myotonic muscular dystrophy. Complete the chart in OneNote. 3. Individually and quietly, write a paragraph about whether you would want to be tested. Explain your reasoning. 4. Using the list of statements about inheritance and one of your own, select 6 statements and fill in the chart. Check whether you think they are true or false. StatementTrueFalse Statements about Inheritance You inherit more traits from the parent you look most like. A person has to exhibit a trait to pass it on. A child receives equal amounts of genetic information from each parent. All traits are visible. If a person has dimples, at least one of his/her children will have them. Males and females are likely to have some of their own traits. Identical twins are always the same sex. Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. Homework: Reflect and Connect When your chart is complete, INDIVIDUALLY and quietly, work on the reflect and connect questions, #1-3 and 5 on pages using complete sentences. Also, do not forget to Define and use in a sentence the Genetics Glossary words Explain I: How do we get our traits? 1/29/2016 Learning Target: Mendel is the Father of Genetics Success Criteria: You will recognize that individuals such as Mendel contribute to what we know about science through the result of many experiments. You will be able to explain that an organisms genes determine what traits it has and that traits can be dominant or recessive depending on the alleles found on their genes. DMA: Do particular inherited traits make it more likely that you will have other traits? Example Engage Reflect and Connect 1. AWKM knows that the disorder has been passed from this grandmother to his father, and he understands enough about inheritance to predict that it is possible that his father passed the disorder to him. Engage Reflect and Connect 2. Genetic factors for inherited traits are present at birth, whereas acquired traits arise as the result of accidents or intentional changes that occur after birth. Cosmetic changes, scars, limps by accident, and environmentally induced behaviors are acquired traits. Classifying traits is not always straightforward. Some traits, such as height can be a combination of genes and diet. Engage Reflect and Connect 3. Doctors can observe the genes in the DNA contained in the blood cells called DNA Testing or Carrier Testing. 5. People under the age of 18 should not be tested because they do not have the emotional maturity to handle the result. People under the age of 18 should be allowed to be tested because then they can plan their life accordingly and always be on the lookout for cures or to mitigate the symptoms. Explain I: How do we get our traits Turn to page 346 in your textbook. We will read the introduction paragraph together. Explain Part I: How Do We Get Our Traits? Read the article Mendel: The Founder of Genetics on pages Answer the questions on your OneNote page. Best to review the questions before reading! Homework Genetics Glossary complete with definitions and sentence usage. Mendel: The Founder of Genetics OneNote questions answered Tracking Traits2/1/2016 Learning Target: To use a mathematical tool to predict the probability of the outcomes of crossing alleles Success Criteria:Determine the probability of certain genotype and phenotype traits of offspring that result from the cross of alleles of particular organisms (parents) as a result of sexual reproduction, not asexual. Check in:Glossary (definitions & sentences) Mendel the Father of Genetics page Pretest:Outcomes of Cross Fertilization Outcome of Cross Fertilization Pretest 1. A tall heterozygous garden pea plant is crossed with a short homozygous recessive garden pea plant. What is the probability (in ratio or percentage) of resulting genotypes and phenotypes of this cross? 2.Two garden pea plants that are heterozygous round and yellow are crossed. Round and yellow are both dominant traits. What is the ratio of the possible phenotypes of the offspring of this cross? Genetics Notes Genetics Notes: Genetics: The scientific study of heredity (how characteristics are passed down from generation to generation). Genes: Sequences of DNA which code for specific human characteristics. Genetics Notes: Alleles: A variation of a particular gene. For example, the gene for eye color has many different allelesblue, brown, green, etc. example: gene for eye color allele #1- blue eyes (light) allele #2-brown eyes (dark) example: gene for seed shape allele #1-round allele #2-shriveled Genetics Notes: Dominant: A form of a gene that is always expressed when it is present in an individual. Represented by a CAPITAL letter Recessive: A form of a gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele. Represented by a lowercase letter Example: gene for eye color allele #1-dark eyes are dominant (B) allele #2-light eyes are recessive (b) Genetics Notes: Rule for writing genotype: dominant trait designates the letter choice Brown eye color (B) and blue eye color (b) What about pea shape? Round is dominant over wrinkled What letters would we use? PpRwRr Genetics Notes: Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism. It includes both genes in a homologous pair of chromosomes (possibly both recessive and dominant). Example: BB, Bb, bb Genetics Notes: Phenotype: What an organism looks like! The outward expression of a trait/allele. Example: an individual with brown eyes (brown eyes is the phenotype) Genetics Notes: Homozygous: An organism with two identical alleles for a gene. (purebred, true-breeding) examples: BB or bb Heterozygous: An organism which has two different alleles for a gene. (hybrid) example: Bb Experience with Punnett Squares 1 No experience at all 2 very basic 3 ok, but need some review 4 pretty good 5 - expert Explain II: All about Alleles Punnett Square: A diagram geneticists use to predict... The genotypes the offspring could have. The phenotypes the offspring could have. Predict the possibility of both phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring. Purebred organisms have genes whose alleles are the same, either dominant or recessive, referred to as homozygous Hybrid organisms have genes whose alleles are dominant and recessive, referred to as heterozygous. Explain II: All about Alleles Monohybrid cross: Punnett squares that deal with one trait that has two different possibilities (alleles). Example: Eye color (blue eyes vs. brown eyes) Can also be purebred or hybrid cross A few tips for today Use the dominant feature to choose a symbol Ex. Tall vs. Short plants Tall is dominant What letter should the symbol be? Possible genotypes? TT Tt tt What would the phenotypes be? Tall TallShort Punnett Sample If tall is dominant over short plants and 2 homozygous plants for tall and for short are cross fertilized, what would be the Punnett Square? Working with Punnett Squares Steps for accomplishing monohybrid crosses: 1. Identify the trait. 2. Identify the dominant allele and assign a letter(s) to it. Remember, dominant is written in capital letter first in the genotype. 3. Identify genotypes of parents. 4. Identify gametes from parents. 5. Place gametes on sides of Punnett square. 6. Fill in offspring genotypes in center of square. 7. List probabilities of phenotypes and genotypes Practice Problem #1 Lets look at the whisker length in seals. Long whiskers are dominant over short whiskers. What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two long- whiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous? Practice Problem #2 In purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no horns is recessive. Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross of a purple people eater that is heterozygous for horns with a purple people eater that does not have horns. Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the possible offspring. Punnett Squares and Single Trait Crosses Open your OneNote page Punnett Practice and complete the page problems Refer to All About Alleles Explain II Part 1 Punnett squares pages Use the Working with Punnett Squares slide to complete your OneNote page Tracking Traits2/2/2016 Learning Target: Understand the results of a monohybrid cross Success Criteria:Punnett square of monohybrid cross Probability of zygote traits OneNote:Monohybrid Punnett Practice (include the cross at the beginning e.g. BB x bb) Gizmo:Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Tomorrow:Both assignments due Monohybrid Punnett Square Quiz Tracking Traits2/3/2016 Learning Target:Understand the system and results of a monohybrid cross Success Criteria:Demonstrate your knowledge of monohybrid cross and use of a Punnett Square Check In:Monohybrid Punnett Practice Submit:Mouse Genetics (One Trait) to the tray Assessment done!! Quiz:Monohybrid Cross Elaborate: Inheritance Patterns 2/4/2016 Learning Target: Sex-Linked (X-linked) inheritance Success Criteria:Be able to explain how sex-linked inheritance works Predict the genotypes and phenotypes resulting from the crossing of sex-linked genes. DMA:What are the sex chromosomes and how are they different from the 22 other autosomes in the human species? Video:Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits w/The Amoeba Sisters Lecture Notes:Sex-Linked Traits Assignment:Sex-Linked (X-Linked)Traits OneNote page Specify Genetic Information Type of Chromosomal Traits Autosomal: not on a sex chromosome X-Linked: located on an X chromosome Y-Linked: located on a Y chromosome Type of Trait Dominant: Trait is expressed in every generation Recessive: Trait might skip generations as it is hidden in their code Sex-Linked Traits Take Notes What is a Sex-Linked Trait (X- linked traits)? How is the X chromosome inherited? How does the inheritance of the chromosome affect the phenotype? Genes found mainly on the X chromosome. Xs are inherited by males and females. Males receive one X from mom. Females receive two Xs one from mom and one from dad. Males are more affected by X-recessive Males do not have ability to mask a recessive allele. More females may be affected by X-dominant Sex Linked Traits About 8% of males are colorblind while only.5% of females!! Color Blindness is X-linked recessive: Punnett Square and Sex-Linked Traits Sex-Linked Traits can appear on the X or the Y chromosome or both The gene for eye color in fruit flies is on the X chromosome, X-Linked The dominant allele is for red eyes, X R and the recessive allele expresses white eyes, X r Crossing a red eye male with a heterozygous female produces the following flies: Sex (X-Linked) Traits Consider baldness, color blindness, hemophilia and muscular dystrophy as recessive traits carried on the X chromosome. The Y axis does not have an allele to mask the trait. The dominant trait is to not carry these disorders i.e. NORMAL Now complete the OneNote page!! due tomorrow. Tracking Traits2/5/2016 Learning Target:Investigate the inheritance patterns of a single gene Success Criteria:Create a human in vitro with specific traits via modeling gamete and embryo formation DMA:When the chromatids divide to form individual chromosomes, haploid, what phase of meiosis is occurring? Why cant the zygote have diploid Y chromosomes? Question:Are you taster of PTC or Sodium Benzoate? Making a Human Turn to page 372 and read the Introduction Complete Process and Procedure steps 1 and 2 Fill in the Table for 2a on your OneNote page Read the Process and Procedure steps 3-8 Follow through with those steps to produce First Generation child Determine your gender acting as father or mother Pull 2 cards from each envelop, no cutting Fill in the table on OneNote Read step 9 and follow those instructions to produce the Second Generation child Fill in the table on OneNote Answer the Reflect and Connect on page 376 in OneNote Tracking Traits2/8/2016 Learning Target:Investigate the inheritance patterns of a single gene Investigate incomplete dominance Success Criteria:Create a human in vitro with specific traits via modeling gamete and embryo formation Describe the result of incomplete dominance DMA:What are Mendelian traits? Watch:Non Mendelian Traits with the Amoeba SistersNon Mendelian Traits with the Amoeba Sisters Complete:Making a HumanMaking a Human Assignment:Incomplete AliensIncomplete Aliens Tracking Traits2/9/2016 Learning Target: To use a mathematical tool to predict the probability of the outcomes of crossing alleles Success Criteria:Determine the probability of certain genotype and phenotype traits of offspring that result from the cross of alleles of particular organisms (parents) as a result of sexual reproduction, not asexual. Video:Dihybrid Cross and a Cat Called MooDihybrid Cross and a Cat Called Moo Practice:Dihybrid Cross Assignment:Dihybrid Cross in OneNote For Assistance:Dihybrid Punnett Square video clip Mitosis vs Meiosis2/10/2016 Learning Target: Review Mitosis and Meiosis Success Criteria: Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis Video:Difference Between Mitosis and MeiosisDifference Between Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis vs Meiosis from Thinkwell Review:Meiosis variation & genetic diversity See:Genetics Notes & Mitosis vs Meiosis (outbox) Worksheet:MeiosisMeiosis Tomorrow:Check Meiosis Worksheet Review for Unit 4 Test Last OneNote Check Tracking Traits2/11/2016 Learning Target:Determine your knowledge of genetics Success Criteria:Completed study and check Submit:Incomplete Aliens X-Linked Traits (export both to word document) -place in OneNote Folder Unit 4 Meiosis Worksheet -place in Meiosis folder Study:Unit 4 Study Guide (CCS on Swift with Key)