Generation and properties of HHG radiation · Generation of attosecond pulses Paul et al., Science,...
Transcript of Generation and properties of HHG radiation · Generation of attosecond pulses Paul et al., Science,...
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Generation and properties of HHG radiation
Anne L’HuillierLund University
1
TUTORIAL
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Multiphoton
Plateau
Cutoff
Generation of high harmonics
Order
Inte
nsity
ArFerray, J. Phys B 1988
McPherson, JOSA B 1987
Nd-YAG 1 mm
30 ps
Ar
2
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Generation of attosecond pulses
Paul et al., Science, 2001
Henstchel et al., Nature, 2001
Kienberger et al., Science, 2002
Single attosecond pulses3
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG : application
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Tunneling
Acceleration
Return and
recombination
Electron-wave
packet
Atomic
potential
Laser field
zteE
r
e
mti )cos(
420
0
22
2
Atoms in strong fields
5
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Tunneling
Acceleration
Return and
recombination
Electron-wave
packet
Atomic
potential
Laser field
Atoms in strong fields
Corkum, PRL,1993
Schafer et al. PRL, 19936
Eedt
vdm
pph ImvE 2
21
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Electron-wave
packet
Atomic
potential
Laser field
Atoms in strong fields
7
Not a laser
Not synchrotron
radiation / FEL
Parametric
process –
nonlinear optics
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-1 0 1 2 3 4 5-1
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1
Tid
T= Laser period = 2.6 fs
T/2
Elektron-
vågpaket
Atomär
potentialLaserfält
Atoms in strong fields
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2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650
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Electric field in time E(t)
Time domain Frequency domain
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Power spectrum |E()|2
2
T
2
1
From the time to the frequency domain
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Electric field in time E(t)
Time domain
Power spectrum |E()|2
Harmonics = Interferences of attosecond pulses
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-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000-1
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Attosecond pulses = Sum of phase-locked harmonics
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NOT: Incoherent radiation from a collection of atoms
A nonlinear optical phenomenon
Laser-like radiation
Spatially and temporally
coherent
Macroscopic emission
12
Phase matching
condition
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG : application
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Single atom response
Atom
FieldElectrons
Cutoff
Time
En
erg
y a
t re
turn
0 3
.2U
p
Eph= Ip+Ec
Multiple pulses per half cycle
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Time domain
Chirp
s
l
Attosecond time domain
Multiple pulses /half cycle
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Positive
chirp
Negative
chirp
Chirp
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Femtosecond time domainIndividual harmonics
Negative chirp
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)()()(
tIitiq
qqqetAtE
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)()/arctan(1 zIbzqzqkzk qqq Phase
matchingDispersion Gouy Single atom
response
Macroscopic response
s
l s
Dispersion= Neutral atoms + free electrons
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG : application
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”Atto team”Johan MauritssonPer JohnssonMathieu GisselbrechtThomas FordellKathrin KlünderMarcus DahlströmMiguel Miranda
”Harmonic team”Rafal RakowskiPiotr RudawskiJörg SchwenkeChristoph Heyl
”Seeding team”Erik Mansten
19
Group
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Laser
Via
40 fs, 800 nm, 1J
To
5 fs, 800 nm, 1 mJ, CEP
stabilized
From
40 ps, 1064 nm, 50 mJ
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• Inaugurated 1992
• Lund Laser Centre 1995
• European large scalefacility 1996
High-Power Laser Facility
Anders Persson
Claes-Göran
Wahlström
Sune Svanberg
500 m from
Multi
TW
laserHigh-
Intensity
laboratory
Attosecond
laboratory
1 kHz, 5 mJ,
35 fs phase-
stabilized
Intense
XUV
laboratory10 Hz, 40 TW
40 fs
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Gas medium
Gas jet
Effusive
cell
Hollow
wave guide
1 kHz-
pulsed
gas cell
Order
IntensityIo
nis
atio
n e
ner
gy
, I p
Order
Intensity
Order
IntensityIo
nis
atio
n e
ner
gy
, I p
20 eV
30 eV
100 eV
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Nisoli et al., 2002
Detection of High Harmonics
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Attosecond experimental setup
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG : application
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),().,(4
),(2
),(
0
22
2
trrtrEer
etr
mt
tri
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2 11
t
P
ct
E
cE
The problem
),(|.|),(),( trrtrtrd
),(),(),( trdtrNtrP
Coupled wave equations
Time-dependent Schrödinger equation
Strong Field Approximation
Coupled
problem!
Gaarde et al., 2006
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27
zkiNL
q
q
qqqeP
c
q
z
AikA
2
0
222 2
Simplification of the problem
Paraxial approximation
Slowly-varying envelope approximation
Uncoupled!
Time-dependent Schrödinger equation
27
19
29
25
M. B. Gaarde, K. J. Schafer,
M. Gisselbrecht, ALH
Profile at the
exit of the
medium
Temporal
profile
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Optimisation of the problem
Complete numerical optimization of
the number of photons vs:
- Confocal parameter,
- Focus position,
- IR intensity,
- Gas pressure
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG / Atto : application
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45 150 450
Photon energy (eV)
Spectral range and efficiency
Brabec and Krausz, RMP, 2000
Titanium
L-edge
> 700 eV
Seres et al., PRL 2004
XemJ
Murnane, KapteynMidorikawa, Salières
Multicolor / Low frequency
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Energy per pulse and divergence
Loose focusing
Long medium
20 mJ
0.5 mrad
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R. Zerne, PRL, 1997
M. Bellini, PRL, 1998
Coherence and Polarization of high harmonics
Spatial coherence: good!
Temporal coherence: limited by pulse
duration and chirp
Polarization: normally linear – can be made
circular by using two beams
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Number of Photons- Stability
5%
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Divergence and Pointing
4 %
Pointing
fluctuations : 3 %
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Tunability of high harmonics
Increasing
the intensity
Ch. Heyl
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Outline
1. HHG/ Atto for the beginner
2. HHG/ Atto for the more advanced
3. HHG : experiment
4. HHG : simulation
5. Properties of HH
6. HHG : application going on at the high-power laser facility
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Multi
TW
laserHigh-
Intensity
laboratory
Attosecond
laboratory
1 kHz, 5 mJ,
35 fs phase-
stabilized
Intense
XUV
laboratory10 Hz, 40 TW
40 fs
High-power laser facility
Electron
accelerationHolography
with harmonicsPreparation of a
FLASH
campagn
Per Johnsson
Attosecond
pulses
on surfaces
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Coherent diffractive imaging with Harmonics
Kapteyn, Murnane
Ravasio et al., PRL, 2010
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Digital In-Line Holography with Harmonics
Experimental resolution: 1 μm
Spot size ≈ 2 µmFocal length 27mm
Gas Cell
Single shot!
20 nm thin SiNmembrane
Electron BeamLithography
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Digital In-Line Holography with Harmonics
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Time-resolved electron microscopy
Imaging low energy
electrons => very
surface sensitive
XUV
IR
PEEM
Photoelectron emission microscopy
Spatial resolution: electron microscopy
Temporal resolution: pump/probe method
fs
as
Anders Mikkelsen41
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Images
800 nm
linewidth
200 nm
linewidth
SEM image PEEM + XUV laser
PEEM + IR laser PEEM + IR + XUV
All images: 80x80mm242
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Thank you for
your attention
and welcome
to Lund !