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1 Thctp chuyên đhttp://coltech.vnu.edu.vn/~tantd/chuyende.htm Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.

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Thực tập chuyên đề

http://coltech.vnu.edu.vn/~tantd/chuyende.htm

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5 bài Viễn thông

• Fax

• Điều chế số

• PCM

• PAM-PPM-PWM

• PAM-4TDM

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C¸c §iÒu chÕ sè

ASK – FSK – PSK – QPSK – QAM

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Điều chế số (ASK,FSK,PSK...)

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• ASK kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn biªn ®é.

• FSK kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn tÇn sè.

• PSK kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn pha, víi nhiÒu lo¹i kh¸c nhau:– 2 pha hay c¬ sè 2 (2 PSK hay BPSK);

– 4 pha hay vu«ng pha (4 PSK hay QPSK) :

– 8 pha hay 16 pha (8 PSK hay 16 PSK)...

– TrÞ gi¸ tuyÖt ®èi hoÆc vi sai

• QAM §iÒu chÕ biªn ®é trùc giao

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ASK kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn biªn ®é.

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FSK kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn tÇn sè

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Kho¸ dÞch chuyÓn pha PSK

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4 -Pha (4 -PSK).

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H×nh 1. 8: S¬ ®å gi¶i ®iÒu chÕ QPSK

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kh«i phôc sãng mang tõ tÝn hiÖuQPSK

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§iÒu chÕ biªn ®é vu«ng pha (QAM).

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Kh«i phôc nhÞp cña d÷ liÖu

Kho¸ pha PLL

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M· ho¸ Manchester

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Bµi sè 2

®iÒu chÕ XUNG MÃ

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PCM

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Formatting and transmission of baseband signal

EncodeTransmit

PulsemodulateSample Quantize

Demodulate/Detect

Channel

Receive

Low-passfilter

Decode

PulsewaveformsBit stream

Format

Format

Digital info.

Textual info.

Analog info.

Textual info.

Analog info.

Digital info.

source

sink

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Sampling demo.(Speech properties and aliasing)

Voiced signal

Unvoiced signal

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• Giíi thiÖu nh÷ng kh¸i niÖm chung cña ®iÒu chÕPCM.

• M« t¶ c¸c lo¹i m· ho¸ PCM kh¸c nhau.

• M« t¶ viÖc truyÒn c¸c tÝn hiÖu xung trªn c¸c kªnh cã d¶i h¹n chÕ.

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• TÝn hiÖu analog lèi vµo ®i qua mét bé läc anti –aliasing th«ng thÊp vµ tíi bé lÊy mÉu.

• Bé l­îng tö ho¸ tiÕp theo sÏ quy ®Þnh mét gi¸ trÞ ®iÖnthÕ tíi h¹n (clcar – cut) ®èi víi c¸c xung, mµ biªn ®écña chóng ®­îc bao gåm trong mét kho¶ng ®· cho.

• Khi ®ã, tÝn hiÖu ®­îc l­îng tö ho¸ sÏ ®­îc ®­a tíi béchuyÓn ®æi A/ D ®Ó thùc hiÖn viÖc m· ho¸ nhÞ ph©ncña mçi mét xung.

• TÝn hiÖu ra A/ D song song sÏ ®­îc chuyÓn ®æi thµnhnèi tiÕp nhê mét bé chuyÓn ®æi song song/ nèi tiÕptheo sau.

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• TÝn hiÖu chuçi PCM ®­îc truyÒn qua kªnh truyÒn(c¸p kim lo¹i, sîi quang häc, hÖ tiÕp ©m radio) vµ ®Õnbé chuyÓn ®æi nèi tiÕp / song song mµ tõ (word) racña nã sÏ ®­îc chuyÓn thµnh mét gi¸ trÞ analog nhêbé chuyÓn ®æi D/A sau ®ã.

• §Çu ra cña bé chuyÓn ®æi lµ mét tÝn hiÖu nh¶y bËcxÊp xØ víi tÝn hiÖu analog ban ®Çu. Bé läc th«ng thÊptiÕp theo sÏ “lµm s¹ch” tÝn hiÖu vµ cung cÊp d¹ng sãng ban ®Çu.

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Qunatization example

t

Ts: sampling time

x(nTs): sampled valuesxq(nTs): quantized values

boundaries

Quant. levels

111 3.1867

110 2.2762

101 1.3657

100 0.4552

011 -0.4552

010 -1.3657

001 -2.2762

000 -3.1867

PCMcodeword 110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011 PCM sequence

amplitudex(t)

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ån l­îng tö hãa

• ån l­îng tö hãa (hoÆc ®é lÖch) lµ sù kh¸c nhaugi÷a tÝn hiÖu analog vµ gi¸ trÞ l­îng tö hãat­¬ng øng

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Quantization error

• Quantizing error: The difference between the input and

output of a quantizer )()(ˆ)( txtxte −=

+

)(tx )(ˆ tx

)()(ˆ

)(

txtx

te

=

AGC

x

)(xqy =Qauntizer

Process of quantizing noise

)(tx )(ˆ tx

)(te

Model of quantizing noise

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NÐn t­¬ng tù (Analog)

• Khi tÝn hiÖu tương tự ®­îc truyÒn ®i, nã sÏ®­îc nÐn tr­íc khi nã tíi ®­îc bé m· hãa PCM thÝch hîp. Khi tÝn hiÖu ®­îc thu nhËn, nã sÏ®­îc gi·n ra trong bé gi¶i m· PCM lèi ra, tu©ntheo luËt phô cho luËt nÐn.

• C¸c luËt nÐn sö dông trong ®iÖn tho¹i lµ luËt A vµ luËt µ. LuËt A th­êng ®­îc dïng nh­ lµchuÈn mực ch©u ¢u, cßn luËt µ lµ chuÈn Mü.

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Non-uniform quantization

• It is done by uniformly quantizing the “compressed” signal.

• At the receiver, an inverse compression characteristic, called “expansion” is employed to avoid signal distortion.

compression+expansion companding

)(ty)(tx )(ˆ ty )(ˆ tx

x

)(xCy = x

yCompress Qauntize

ChannelExpand

Transmitter Receiver

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M· hãa PCM vi ph©n

• Khi c¸c tÝn hiÖu analog ®­îc m· hãa PCM (©m thanh, h×nh ¶nh,...) rÊt nhiÒu mÉu trong mét hµng cã thÓ chØcïng mét møc l­îng tö hãa. Sau ®ã, nhiÒu m· PCM ®ång nhÊt sÏ ®­îc truyÒn ®i, ®iÒu nµy lµ thõa ®èi víi viÖc t¸i t¹o tÝn hiÖu nhËn ®­îc.

• DPCM cho phÐp truyÒn m· sè liªn quan ®Õn sù sai kh¸c gi÷a hai mÉu liªn tiÕp vµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ m· sèliªn quan ®Õn mÉu hiÖn t¹i. V× biªn ®é cña sù sai kh¸c nµy gi÷a c¸c mÉu lµ nhá h¬n biªn ®é cña b¶n th©n mÉu cho nªn DPCM cÇn cã sè c¸c bit nhá h¬n PCM th«ng th­êng.

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Gi¶n ®å m¾t

• MÆt giao cña c¸c tÝn hiÖu cã thÓ thu nhËn ®­îcnhê mét dao ®éng ký sÏ t¹o nªn c¸c h×nh ¶nh®­îc gäi lµ gi¶n ®å m¾t. Trôc thêi gian ®­îc®ång bé víi tÇn sè tÝn hiÖu trong khi tÝn hiÖu sÏ®­îc ®Æt cho trôc tung. Do tÝnh l­u ¶nh, métl­îng lín c¸c xung thªm vµo ®­îc nhËn biÕttrªn mµn h×nh

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Bµi 3

Thùc tËp Tele - FAX

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Fax

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• FAX - Simile lµ thiÕt bÞ sö dông m¹ng ®iÖntho¹i c«ng céng, cho phÐp truyÒn ®i xa métv¨n b¶n, hoÆc h×nh ¶nh tÜnh, t¹o b¶n sao copy cña tµi liÖu chÝnh t¹i bé thu.

• C¸c giai ®o¹n chÝnh lµ:

– QuÐt h×nh ¶nh ®Ó truyÒn.

– TruyÒn

– T¸i t¹o h×nh ¶nh nhËn ®­îc

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Bé§iÒu khiÓn

BéghÐp nèi víi

®­êng d©yModem

vµxö lý tiÕng

nãi

nguånBé ghi

Bé§iÒu khiÓn vµo/

raBé ®äc

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Khèi ®äc

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S¬ ®å chøc n¨ng truyÒn dÉn

Tµi liÖu

biÕn ®æi nèitiÕp / song

song

sensor CCD

biÕn ®æi A/ D

§ÖmRAM

M· ho¸ Modem ®­êng

®iÖn tho¹i

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S¬ ®å chøc n¨ng thu

§­êng ®iÖntho¹i Modem

Bé®iÖm thu

Gi¶i m·BiÕn ®æi song song/ nèi tiÕp IN

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S¬ ®å chøc n¨ng viÖc sao chÐp nguyªn b¶n

CCD

Bé®iÖm ¶nh

BiÕn ®æi song song/ nèi tiÕp IN

BiÕn ®æinèi tiÕp/ song

song

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Bµi 4

Bé truyÒn dÉn PAM 4 - kªnh

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PAM-4TDM

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Bé truyÒn dÉn PAM 4 - kªnh

• §­a vµo nh÷ng kh¸i niÖm chÝnh vÒ sù dånkªnh chia thêi gian.

• KiÓm tra sù ho¹t ®éng cña bé biÕn ®iÖu PAM.

• KiÓm tra sù ho¹t ®éng cña bé truyÒn dÉn PAM 4 - kªnh.

• KiÓm tra d¹ng sãng cña c¸c tÝn hiÖu.

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Bµi 5

§iÒu chÕ xung

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PAM-PPM-PWM

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QUANTIZERSAMPLERS(t)

CODEC

S(nT) S’(nT)

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Bé ®iÒu chÕ PAM

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H×nh 2.2: Bé ®iÒu chÕ PAM lÊy mÉu tù nhiªn

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Bé ®iÒu chÕ PAM lÊy mÉu b»ng

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H×nh 2.4: TÝn hiÖu PAM lÊy mÉu b»ng

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Bé thu PAM

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HÖ thèng truyÒn th«ng PAM víi ®­êng d©y vµ nhiÔu

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TÝn hiÖu t­¬ng tùC¸c xung lÊy mÉuTÝn hiÖu PAMTÝn hiÖu PWMTÝn hiÖu PPM

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Bé ®iÒu chÕ PWM.

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