General Science Prepared By General ... · Underground stem = Dry ginger (Sukku) / Ginger, Turmeric...

General Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com

Prepared For Technical SI Exam of 58

General Science Part 1 Notes, Questions with Answers

1. The World of Plants 1) Physics is the branch of science that deals with measurement, motion, sound,

light, electricity, electronics etc. Chemistry deals with the study of materials, their characteristics (metallic, non-metallic, taste, odour, acidic, basic etc.) and uses. The study of the micro-organisms, plants and animals is called Biology. The branch of Biology that deals with herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees is called Botany and the study of animals is known as Zoology.

2) Medicinal plants: Plants are used not only as food, but also as medicines to cure many diseases. These medicines are obtained from plants. The plants that have medicinal properties are known as herbal plants.

3) 50,000 to 75,000 tons of mango pulp has been exported to foreign countries from Krishnagiri district of Tamilnadu every year. This gives considerable income to the farmers. It also increases the income of the nation.

4) Nowadays, plant-based medicines are preferred throughout the world. To find out the medicinal values of plants researches are done worldwide .

From ancient days, plants are being used to cure several diseases in our country.

The herbal plants grow naturally in forests, mountains and hills and some are found in the road sides.

5) Uses of Herbal plants

Pea egg plant (Thuthuvalai) = cures cold, cough

Carry me seed (Keezhanelli) = cures jaundice

Nee (Vembhu) = germicides, regulates body temperature and destroys intestinal worms.



Gooseberry (Nelli) = cures mouth ulcer, regulates body temperature

Holy basil (Thulasi) = cures cold, cough, fever

Country borage (Karpuravalli) = increases sweating, cures cough and fever

Sweet flag (Vasambu) = cures abdominal diseases

Turmeric (Manjal) = used as germicide and cosmetic

Veldt grape (Pirandai) = increases appetite, cures digestive problem

Ginger (Inji) = cures digestive disorders

Pepper (Milagu) = cures throat infection

6) Flowers and cosmetics

We all love beautiful flowers such as rose, lily, jasmine, etc. Flowers play a key role in the preparation of cosmetics like bathing soap, talcum powder, deodorant and perfumes.

7) SPICES

Spices are obtained from many parts of plants. By adding them to the food, the food gets good smell and colour.

Spices increase the amount of food eaten and the digestion rate. Many parts of plants such as leaves, stems and flowers are used as spices.

Some spices are also used as medicines. Dry ginger, mint and fenugreek are used as medicines for common cold, fever and stomach ache. Turmeric and clove are used as antibiotics and antiseptics.

Kerala is known as the Spice Garden of India



8) Parts of the plants used as spices

Seed = Fenugreek (Vendayam), Fennel (Sombu), Mustard (kadugu)

Underground stem = Dry ginger (Sukku) / Ginger, Turmeric (Manjal)

9) Underground stem

Ginger and turmeric are the stems of the plant found under the ground.

These stems do the function of food storage.

10) Fibre plants

The dress, the jute and the gunny bag we use are the products of fibre plants.

Our cotton dress is the gift from the cotton plant. Coir ropes are produced from the coconut fibre.

Jute fibre is obtained from the plant Jute. It is used to make gunny bags.

Apart from this, fibre plants are also used in making pillow, bed, mat and mattress. Fibres are also used to weave clothes, make nets and handicrafts.

There are many kinds of fibres. Fibres are classified based on the parts of the plants from which they are obtained.

Long, thin, strong strand obtained from plants is known as fibre.

11) Stem fibres

Plantain fibre and Jute are obtained from the stem of their plants.

12) Leaf fibres

Fibres are obtained from the leaves of Aloevera and Pineapple. These are called as leaf fibres.



13) External fibres

Fibres obtained from the outer region of the seed are known as external fibres.

eg. Cotton, Coconut, Silk cotton.

14) Plants in construction

Wood is used in building constructions and making furniture.

15) Nowadays Jute is cultivated not only for fibre, but also for some other purposes. It is used in the preparation of bio-plastics since it has 85% of cellulose. Bio-plastics are biodegradable.

Teak: Construction material, furniture

Jack fruit : Construction material, Fruits

Mango tree : construction materials, fruits

Eucalyptus tree : Oil, paper

The part of the tree that is used for various construction purposes is called wood. The dark inner region of the stem is called heartwood and the outer region is called as sapwood.

Sapwood helps to conduct water in plants. Heartwood gives strength and rigidity to the plant. It is stronger than sapwood. Mostly heartwood is not infected by fungus, termite, borers. It is hard and resistant to fungus due to the presence of gum, latex, resin and oil. It is more lustrous and is used for building purposes. Sapwood is infected by fungus and termites. Many trees grow in and around our place. Knowing about their uses will be more useful for our life.

16) GIFT OF NATURE – PLANTS



Herbs, shrubs and trees are inevitable for our life. Plants fulfil the basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Forests are necessary for getting rainfall. Trees purify the air.

Silk cotton tree : Matchstick, matchbox, toys, bed, pillow

Coconut tree : Thatching construction, tender coconut, coconut

Mulberry tree : Tennis racket and Hockey stick

Pine tree : Railway sleepers, ship building

Willow tree: Sports materials, Cricket bat

Babul bark tree : (Karuvelam tree) Parts of bullock cart

Sandal tree : Sandal, craft, furniture

17) 1. Thickest African tree found in Zimbabwe is Boabab tree.

2. Orange trees yield fruits for about 400 years.

3. Rafflesia produces the largest flowers. The diameter of the flower is one

metre.

4. Red wood tree doesn't easily catch fire

5. From a watermelan, 6,00,000 watermelon plants can be produced and from them watermelon weighing 180 tonne can be obtained.

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Plants with medical value are called

(a) pulses (b) scented plants



(c) medical plants (d) barks

2. Of the following, which is the seed part of the plant used of food.

(a) thoor dhal (b) veldt grape

(c) banana (d) turmeric

3. Select the food-related industry from the following:

(a) coir making (b)gardening

(c) cotton cultivation (d) pickle-making

4. Name the unripe fruit that we have to consume for blood purification.

(a) gooseberry (b) neem

(c) veldt grape (d) carry me seed

5. Name the tree used in paper industry.

(a) Teak (b) Eucalyptus

(c) Coconut tree (d) Sandalwood tree

6. Which of the following is the stem part of the plant used as food item?

(a) Chilli (b) Drumstick

(c) Turmeric (d) Thoor dhal

7. Which of the following hrbal plants is used to cures jaundice?

(a) Keeezhanelli (b) Thulsi

(c) Vasambu (d) Manjal

8. Which of the following is the main source of Vitamin ‘C’?



(a) Manjal (b) Brinjal

(c) Vembu (d) Nelli

9. ……. are made from Mulberry tree.

(a) Cricket bats (b) Match sticks

(c) Hockey sticks (d) Railway sleepers

10. Which of the following does not catch fire easily?

(a) Sandal (b) Vembu

(c) Teak (d) Red wood

11. Kumbakonam is popular for…..

(a) Jasmine (b) Sugarcane

(c) Betel leaves (d) Mango

12. Bed and pillows are made from….

(a) Sandal tree (b) Coconut tree

(c) Silk cotton tree (d) Pine tree

13. The other name of Keezhanelli is….

(a) Omavalli (b) Carry me seed

(c) Purple fruited egg plant (d) Vembu

14. Which of the following is used to regulate the body temperature?

(a) Nelli (b) Vasambu

(c) Manjal (d) Pirandai



15. Which one of the following trees yields fruits for about 400 years?

(a) Mango (b) Banana

(c) Jack fruit (d) Orange

II. Match the following:

A. Trees Uses

1. Eucalyptus a. Parts of bullock cart

2. Silk cotton b. Railway sleepers

3. Coconut c. Tennis racket and Hockey stick

4. Mulberry d. Thatching, construction

5. Pine e. Match box

6. Babul bark tree f. Oil, papers

Ans: 1-f, 2-e,3-d, 4-c, 5-b, 6-a

B.

1. Carry me seed a. Treatment for digestive disorder

2. Ginger b. Abdominal diseases

3. Pepper c. Jaundice

4. Sweet flag d. Fever

5. Country borage e. Throat infection

Ans: 1-c,2-a,3-e,4-b,5-d

C.



1. Teak a. Oil, paper

2. Silk cotton b. Construction materials

3. Eucaluptus c. Cricket bat

4. Pine d. Match box

5. Willow e. Ship building

Ans: 1-b,2-d,3-a,4-e,5-c

D.

1. Ginger a. Cosmetic

2. Rose b. Tanjore

3. Paddy c. Herbal plant

4. Jasmine d. Zimbabwe

5. Baobab tree e. Madurai

Ans: 1-c,2-a,3-b,4-e,5-d

III. Fill in the blanks:

1. Carry mee seed (Keezhanelli) cures_________

Ans: Jaundice

2. Peppers cures _____

Ans: Throat infection

3. ______ are used in the preparation of cosmetics.

Ans: flowers



4. ______ used as germicide and cosmetic.

Ans: Turmeric

5. _____ State is known as Garden of Spices of India.

Ans: Kerala

6. Jute fibre is obtained from the _____ of plant.

Ans: Stem

7. The soft, outer region of the stem is called as ______.

Ans: sap wood

8. _____ wood is used for building purposes.

Ans: Heart wood

9. Fibers obtained from the outer regon of the cotton, coconut are known as ___.

Ans: External fibers

10. _____ cures mouth ulcer.

Ans: Gooseberry

11.______ is used as germicide and as cosmetic.

Ans: Turmeric

12. Tennis and Hockey sticks are made from____ tree.

Ans: Mulberry

13. The thickest Baobab tree is found in _______.

Ans: Zimbabwe



14. The main source of vitamin ‘C’ is____

Ans: Gooseberry

15. Agriculture is a branch of ______

Ans: Science

16. ______ is used to cure cold, cough and fever.

Ans: Thulsi

17. _____ play a key role in the preparation of cosmetics.

Ans: Flowers

18. Long, thin, strong, strand obtained from plants is known as _____

Ans: fibre

19. The dark inner region of the stem is called ____

Ans: heartwood

20. ______ cures mouth ulcer, regulates body temperature .

Ans: Gooseberry

21. _____ give good smell and colour to food.

Ans: Spices

22. ______ are used as medicians for common cold, fever and stomach ache.

Ans: Holy basiland ginger

IV. Answer the following questions in one or single world.

1. What is the common name of Country borage?



Ans: Karpuravalli

2. Name the herbal plant used to increase the appetite.

Ans: Pirandai

3. What is botany?

Ans:Science that deals with study of herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees.

4. Name the tree that is used in making parts of bullock cart.

Ans: Babul bark tree

5. Which herbal plant is used to destroy intestinal worms?

Ans: Vembu

6. Which part of the plant is used in chilliand drumstick?

Ans: Unripe fruit

7. Name two plants yielding stem fibers.

Ans: Plantain and jute

8. Name a tree used for making Railway sleepers.

Ans: Pine

9. Which tree yiels fibres for making coir?

Ans: Coconut tree

V. State whether the following sentences are true or false.

1. Purple fruited pea egg plant is used as medicine for jaundice.



Ans: False. Pea egg plant is used as medicine for cold and cough and “carry me seed” is used for jaundice.

2. Ginger is the root of the plant.

Ans: False. Ginger is the stem of the plant

3. Veldt grape is a medicinal plant.

Ans: True

4. Clove is the seed of the plant.

Ans: False. Clove is the “ flower bud” of the plant.

5. Slik-cotton tree is used to make match box.

Ans: True

2. Food Habits

1) Chewing Gum which contains artificial sugar and colour does not provide any nutrient.

2) Food items like noodles, contaminated roadside food with artificial flavour and chemicals, tinned and fast food are harmful to our health. Therefore it is good to avoid these food items.

3) What are the various sources of food?

Food items obtained from plants and animals:

The root, stem, leaf, flower, vegetable, fruit and seed of the plants are used as food. Different food items like milk, egg and meat are obtained from animals.

Nutrients



The constituents of the food which are essential for the body are called nutrients. Does a food contain more than one nutrient? Do you know any food without nutrients? Why do we need nutrients?

Types of Nutrient

• Carbohydrates - Provide energy

• Proteins - Help in growth

• Fats - Provide energy

• Vitamins - Help in physiological activities

• Minerals - Act as regulators in physiological activities

• Water - Transports food, regulates body temperature.

4) All vegetables, fruits and food items contain water in different proportion.

Water content in vegetables, fruits and food items:

Name of the food Water content Water melon 99%

Cucumber 95% Mushroom 92%

Milk 87% Potato 75%

Egg 73% A bread slice 25%

5) 1) Vitamins will be lost when vegetables and fruits are washed after cutting. Adequate amount of vitamins and minerals are present in the peels of fruits



and vegetables. We lose vitamins and minerals in cereals and pulses by washing it several times.

6) Deficiency Diseases:

Diseases caused due to the deficiency of nutrients in food that we eat are called deficiency diseases.

7) Deficiency diseases and their symptoms

Nutrient : Protein

Diseases : Kwashiorkar Food source : Fish, meat, egg (albumin), milk, peas, cereals Deficiency disease(1) : Kwashiorkar (children from 1-5 age) Symptoms : retarded growth, potbelly, swollen limbs.

Nutrient : Protein Diseases : Marasmus

Food source : Fish, meat, egg (albumin), milk, peas, cereals Deficiency disease(2) : Marasmus Symptoms : Thin limbs, weak appearance, enlarged head, loss of weight, retarded physical and mental growth.

8) Vitamins



Nutrient: Food source Deficiency disease Symptoms Vitamin A Fish liver oil, egg,

milk, ghee, butter, carrot, corn, yellow fruits, greens.

Night blindness

Defective vision, blindness in dim light

Vitamin B Whole grains, pulses, unpolished rice, milk, fish, meat, peas, gram, raw vegetables

Beri-beri Unhealthy nerve, muscle fatigue

Vitamin C Orange, lemon, gooseberry, green chillies, tomato.

Scurvy Bleeding gums

Vitamin D Fish-liver oil, milk, egg. It is also synthesized by the skin with the help of sunlight.

Rickets Weak and bow bones

Vitamin E Vegetable oils, green vegetables, whole wheat, Mango, Apple, Greens

Infertility Sterility and reduction of immunity

Vitamin K Green vegetables, Tomato, Cabbage, Egg, Milk and milk products.

Haemorrhage (blood does not clot)

Loss of excessive blood even for a small wound



9) Minerals

Calcium Milk, Fish, Wheat, Green Gram

Disintegration of bones and teeth

Weak bones and teeth.

Iron Meat, Apple, Greens, Dates

Anaemia Body fatigue, Giddiness.

Iodine Milk, Iodized Salt, Prawn, Crab

Goitre Inflammation in neck

10) Balanced Diet

A food that contains all the nutrients in the right proportion is a balanced diet. The following table shows the nutrients present in different food items.

S.No Food category Nutrients present 1.

Cereals: Rice, Wheat, Ragi (Finger millet) Bajra (Pearl millet), Sorghum, Corn, Barley, Rye

Carbohydrate, protein, a small amount of lipid, vitamin B, folic acid, iron, fibre.

2.

Pulses: Red gram, Black gram,Green gram, Horse gram,Bengal gram, Chick pea,Pea, Soya beans, Country beans etc.,

High protein content, a small amount of lipid, vitamin B, folic acid, iron, fibre

3. Milk and meat products: Milk, Ghee, Curd, Yogurt,

Protein, lipid, vitamin B, calcium



Skimmed milk,

Chicken, Liver, Fish, Egg, Mutton.

Protein, lipid, vitamin B

4.

Fruits and Vegetables: Mango, Guava, Tomato, Papaya, Orange, Water melon, Sweet lime, Grapes

Carotenoid, vitamin A, vitamin C, Iron, calcium

Gooseberry, Greens, Drumstick leaves, Coriander, Lettuce, Spring onion.

A small amount of lipid, carotenoid, vitamin B2, folic acid, calcium, iron, fibre

Carrot, Brinjal, Lady’s finger, Capsicum, Country bean, Onion, Drum- stick, Cauliflower.

Carotenoid, folic acid, calcium, Iron fibre.

5. Ghee, Oils: Butter, Ghee, Vanaspathi, Cooking oils like

Lipid, Essential fatty acids



Groundnut oil, Coconut oil, Gingely oil.

6. Sugar, Jaggery Carbohydrate, iron.

11) Jaggery provides more benefits to the body than sugar 12) Nutrition is the mode of intake of food

Nutrition:

How do living organisms get energy from these food substances? Ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation are the various stages of nutrition. Organisms consume both solid and liquid food substances by various methods.

Types of nutrition

1. Autotrophic nutrition Mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition. E.g.: Green plants, Euglena.

They prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

2. Heterotrophic nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism depends on other organisms for food as they cannot prepare their own food is called heterotrophic nutrition.

Types of Heterotrophic nutrition

Parasitic nutrition:

The mode of nutrition in which an organism depends on another living organism for its food and survival is called parasitic nutrition.

The plant Cuscuta depends on other plants for food. It is an example for parasitic nutrition.



Types of parasites:

Ectoparasites:

Organisms like headlouse, leech, etc. are found attached to the outer surface of the body of other living organisms (host) and get nourishment from the host. These are called Ectoparasites.

Endoparasites:

Roundworm lives inside the intestine of animals and human beings and derives food from it. So it is an endoparasite.

Saprophytic nutrition:

In saprophytic nutrition, the organism decomposes the dead plant and animal substances and converts them into simple molecules and absorbs them through their body wall.

E.g. Mushroom.

3. Special type of nutrition

Plants like Nepenthes, Drosera, and Utricularia are green in colour and are autotrophic. They are found in nitrogen deficient soil. They trap insects and assimilate them to get nitrogen from them. So they are called insectivorous plants.

Animals based on nutrition:

Animals that feed only on plants are called herbivores. e.g. goat, cattle.

Animals that feed on other animals are called carnivores. e.g. tiger.

Animals that feed on both plants and animals are called omnivores. e.g. crow.



13) ways to prevent heart diseases / attack.

1. To be happy.

2. To maintain the body wieght according to the height of the individual.

3. To participate in games and practice proper exercises.

4. To avoid deep fried food items.

5. To avoid tobacco products in any form.

6. To eat fruits and vegetables more.

Which is a good food?

We have to maintain our organs in a good condition to lead a healthy life for a long time. It is based on the choice of food we consume. It is important to keep our internal organs like heart, kidney, lungs, etc. healthy. Participating in games and exercises are important for this. Junk foods and fried items should be avoided. Instead, food items

containing protein and fibre, like peas, cabbage and greens should be added daily. Eating steamed fish items and brinjal rich in ascorbic acid, prevent heart diseases. We have to take equal quantities of vegetables along with our food like rice, wheat, bajra(kambu), maize, ragi etc. Fruits should also be included in our diet.

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. Disease caused due to protein deficiency is _____

Ans: Marasmus

2. Deficiency of Vitamin C causes _____.

Ans: Scurvy



3. _______ is an omnivore.

Ans: Crow

4. Milk is rich in _______ .

Ans: Calcium

5. _______ regulate the physiological activities.

Ans: Minerals

6. ______ is used to strengthen the bone.

Ans: Calcium

7. ________ is saprophytic in nutrition.

Ans: Mushroom

8. Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of _____ .

Ans: Iron

9. ___ is synthesized by the skin with the help of sunlight.

Ans: Vitamin D

10. Rickets is a ____ deficiency disease.

Ans: Vitamin D

11. The constituents of food which are essential for the body are called _____

Ans: Nutrients

12. Deficiency of iron leeds to____.

Ans: Aneamia



13. The deficiency disease of Vitamin B1 is _____

Ans: Beri-beri

14. Enlarged head, loss of weight and retarded growth are the symptoms of _____.

Ans: Marasmus

15. Bleeding gums is the symptom of the disease _____.

Ans: Scurvy

16. Preparation of starch by the plants with help of sunlight, CO2, water and chlorophyll is called_____

Ans: Photosynthesis

17. Nepenthes is an _____ plant.

Ans: insectivorous.

18. ________ and ______ rich in ascorbic acid prevent heart diseases.

Ans: Steamed fish , Brinjal

19. Cockroach is a/an ______animal.

Ans: Omnivorous.

20. The organism that decomposs the dead plant and animal substances and converts them into simple molecules and absorbs them through its body wall_____.

Ans: Mushroom

21. ________ lives inside the body gut.

Ans: Roundworm



22. Animals which feed only on plants are called_____.

Ans: herbivores

23. Head louse and leech are examples of_______.

Ans: ectoparasite

24. Loss of excessive blood even for a small hurt is the symptom of _______ deficiency.

Ans: Vitamin K

25. Inflammation in neck is the symptom of ________.

Ans: Goitre

II. Choose the correct answer:

1. Which one of the following energy?

(a) Fat (b) Vitamins

(c) Minerals (d) Water

2. Which of the following at as regulators in physiological activities?

(a) Proteins (b) Fats

(c) Carbohydrates (d) Minerals

3. ________ help in growth of the body.

(a) Vitamins (b) Water

(c) Proteins (d) Fat

4. Which of the following has the maximum water content?

(a) Bread slice (b) Milk



(c) Egg (d) Cucumber

5. The disease caused by deficiency of protein is______

(a) Night-blindness (b) Beri-beri

(c) Marasmus (d) Rickets

6. Which one of the following is the disease caused by deficiency of Vutamin ‘C’?

(a) Kwashiorkar (b) Scurvy

(c) Rickets (d) Bery-bery

7. Goitre is due to the deficiency of_______.

(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin C

(c) Iodine (d) Iron

8. Night-blindness is due to the deficiency of_____.

(a) Iodine (b) Iron

(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin A

9. Which of the following caused by deficiency of Vitamin D?

(a) Rickets (b) Goitre

(c) Anaemia (d) Scurvy

10. which of the following adopts autotrophic nutrition?

(a) Cuscuta (b) Roundworm

(c) Green plants (d) Leech

11. Roundworm is an_______.



(a) Ectoparasite (b) Endoparasite

(c) Saprophyte (d) nsectivorous

12. ______ is an omnivore.

(a) Goat (b) Cattle

(c) Tiger (d) Crow

13. An example for an insectivorous plant is______

(a) Hibiscus (b) Drosera

(c) Cuscuta (d) Green plants

14. Animals which feed only on plants are called_____

(a) Omnivorous (b) Herbivorous

(c) Carnivorous (d) Insectivorous

III. Match the following.

A.

1. Vitamin A a. Kwashiorkar

2. Vitamin C b. Aneamia

3. Vitamin D c. Night-blindness

4. Protein deficiency d. Scurvy

5. Iron deficiency e. Rickets

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-e,4-a,5-b

B.



1. Herbivorous a. Tiger

2. Carnivorous b. Cow

3. Omnivorous c. Nephenthes

4. Insectivorous d. Leech

5. Ectoparasite e. Monkey

Ans: 1-b,2-a,3-e,4-c,5-d

IV. Answer the following in one or two words:

1. Which nutrient acts as regulator in physiological activities?

Ans: Minerals

2. What is the deficiency disease of iodine?

Ans: Goitre

3. What is the percentage of water content in potato?

Ans: about 75%

4. Which vegetable is rich in ascorbic acid?

Ans: Brinjal

5. Name one fibre food.

Ans: Beans

6. What are the two types of parasites?

Ans: (a) Ectoparasites (b) Endoparasites

7. Which age group of children suffer from Kwashiorkar?



Ans: 1-5 years

3. Changes Around Us 1. Changes in colour, temperature, place, shape and size of the substances are

considered as changes.

Changes that take place in a few hours, days, months or years are

called slow changes.

The changes that take place in a short duration of time are called

fast changes.

2. Reversible and Irreversible Changes

In some changes, the substance can be brought back to its original

state. Such changes are called reversible change.

The change in which the substance cannot be converted back into its original form is called irreversible change.

3. Desirable and Undesirable Changes:

Changes like raining, ripening of fruits, blooming of flowers, etc. are useful to us. Such useful changes are called desirable changes.

Changes like spoiling of food, eruption of volcano, rusting of iron, breaking of glass are not liked by us, as they are harmful and not useful to us. Changes which are not useful to us are called undesirable changes.

4. Periodic and Non-Periodic Changes

How many days are there between a new moon day and a full moon day?



Do the new moon and full moon occur at regular intervals? We understand that the new moon and full moon occur at regular intervals. Hence the changes that occur at regular intervals are called periodic changes.

Eruption of volcano, Earth quake, Land slide, Accident

We cannot predict how and when the above given changes will occur. So, the changes that do not occur at regular intervals are called non-periodic changes.

S.No. Periodic changes Non-periodic changes 1. Occur at regular

intervals. Do not occur at regular intervals.

2. Can be predicted (e.g.) weather.

Cannot be predicted e.g. earthquake.

5. Exothermic and Endothermic Changes

heat is liberated while in others heat is absorbed. Changes in which heat is liberated are called exothermic changes. E.g .burning of a matchstick, dissolution of detergent or washing soda in water.

Changes in which heat is absorbed are called endothermic changes. E.g. Dissolution of glucose or ammonium chloride in water.

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Release of the compressed spring is_____

(a) an irreversible change (b) a reversible change

(c) a non-periodic change (d) an undesirable change



2. Spoilage of food is______

(a) a reversible change (b) a fast change

(c) an undesirable change (d) a periodic change

3. Dissolution of washing soda in water is______

(a) an exothermic change (b) an irreversible change

(c) an undesirable change (d) an endothermic change

4. Which of the following changes is non-periodic?

(a) heartbeat (b) earthwuake

(c) occurance of day and night (d) oscillation of pendulum

5. Who was the first Indian woman travelled to the space?

(a) Marie Curie (b) Indira Nooyee

(c) Kalpana Chawla (d) Saira

6. Which of the following statement is correct?

(a) Our body loses weight in space (b) Ourbody gains weight in space

(c) Our eye sight becomes dull (d) All are correct

7. The time taken for a tree to turn into coal under the earth is______.

(a) 34 years (b) 3400 years

(c) 34000 years (d) 30 crore years

8. Which of the following is a slow change?

(a) Burning of paper (b) Brusting of crackers



(c) Rusting of iron (d) Glowing of electric bulb

9. Which of the following is a fast change?

(a) Growth of a child (b) Brustin of crackers

(c) Germination of seed (d) Curdling of milk

10. Which of the following is a reversible change?

(a) Batter into idly (b) Green vegetables into cooked food

(c) Making of ornaments from gold (d) Curdling of milk

11. Which of the following is an irreversible change?

(a) Evaporation of water (b) Melting of ice

(c) Making ornaments from silver (d) Ripening of fruits

12. Which of the following is a desirable change?

(a) Earthwuake (b) Accident

(c) Blooming of volcano (d) Landslide

13. Which of the following is a periodical change?

(a) Heart beat (b) Earthquake

(c) Eruption of volcano (d) Landslide

14. Which of the following is a non-periodical change?

(a) `Oscillation of pendulum (b) Phases of moon

(c) Occurrence of day and night (d) Earthquake

15. The reactions in which heat is liberated are called ____ reactions.



(a) Endothermic (b) Exothermic

(c) Adiabatic (d) Isothermic

16. The reactions in which heat is absorbed are called ____ reactions.

(a) Endothermic (b) Exothermic

(c) Adiabatic (d) Isothermic

17. In some changes, the substance can be brought back to its original state. Such changes are called _____ changes.

(a) Periodic (b) Non-periodic

(c) Undesirable (d) Reversible

18. Changes that are useful are called ____changes.

(a) Undesirable (b) Desirable

(c) Periodic (d) Irreversible

19. Dissolution of glucose in water is an example of_______ reaction.

(a) Adiabatic (b) Isothermal

(c) Edothermic (d) Exothermic

20. When Ammonium chloride is dissolved in water _____ is absorbed.

(a) Mass (b) Heat

(c) Time (d) Salt

21. Dissolution of quick lime in water is an example of _______ reaction.

(a) Exothermic (b) Endothermic



(c) Isochronous (d) Isobaric

22. Dissolution of detergent powder in water is an example of _____ reaction.

(a) Exothermic (b) Endothermic

(c) Isochronous (d) Isobaric

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Curdling of milk is an ______ change.

Ans: irreversible

2. Ripening of fruit is ______ change.

Ans: desirable irreversible

3. Burning of paper is a________ change.

Ans: fast

4. Melting of ice is a/an ________ change.

Ans: reversible

5. Seasonal changes are _________ changes.

Ans: periodic

6. Eruption of volcano is _____change.

Ans: non-periodic

7. When detergent powder is dissolved in water, heat is______

Ans: liberated

8. When glucose is dissolved in water, heat is ______



Ans: absorbed

9. Germination of seed is ____

Ans: slow change

10. Burning of paper is _______

Ans: fast change

11. Kalpana Chawla was the _______ who travelled to the space.

Ans: first Indian woman

12. She went round the world within _____

Ans: one and half hours

13. Useful changes are called ______

Ans: desirable changes

14. Velco was invented in the year _____

Ans: 1948

15. Velco is widely used in _______

Ans: foot wear

16. Dissolution of glucose is an ______

Ans: endothermic

17. Trees which are buried under the earth are turned into _____

Ans: coal

18. Release of compressed spring is _______



Ans: reversible

III. Match the following

1.

1. Burning of paper a. Desirable change

2. Rusting of iron b. Reversible change

3. Melting of ice c. Slow change

4. Ripening of fruits d. fast change

Ans: 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a

2.

1. Melting of Gold a. Reversible change

2. Melting of Tar b. Irreversible change

3. The batter from Idly or dosa c. Undesirable change

4. Eruption of volcano d. Reversible change

Ans: 1-a,2-d,3-b,4-c

3.

1. Earth quake a. Endothermic changes

2. Weather b. Non-periodic changes

3. Buring of match stick c. Periodic changes

4. Dissolution of glucose d. Exothermic changes

Ans: 1-b,2-c,3-d,4-a



4.

1. Full moon and New moon a. Exothermic changes

2. Weather b. Endothermic changes

3. Buring of match stick c. Periodic changes

4. Dissolution of glucose d. Periodic changes

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b

4. Measurement and Motion 1. Measurement

What is measurement?

Measurement is a process of comparison of an unknown quantity with a standard (accepted) quantity of the same kind. The known constant quantity is called Unit. Here metre, kilogram and minute are units.

2. The need for Standard Unit

Any measurement that gives the same value for all is called Standard measurement. The units which are used in Standard measurement are called Standard units. Therefore, we infer that cubit, hand span, etc. are not standard units. Metre, kilogram and second are standard units.

3. Fundamental quantities

Length, Mass and Time are called fundamental quantities, because they can not be expressed in terms of any other physical quantity. The units which are used to measure the fundamental quantities are called fundamental units.

4. SI Units



(System International Units) In different parts of the world different system of units for measuring length, mass and time were in use. A few systems of units are

1. FPS system (Foot, Pound, Second)

2. CGS system (Centimetre, Gram, Second)

3. MKS system (Metre, Kilogram,Second)

In order to overcome the difficulties of using different systems of units, an International system was adopted in 1960. This was accepted by scientists all over the world.

This system is called SI units.

Physical quantity SI Unit Symbol Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s

5. Measurement of length

The distance between two points is called length. The SI unit of length is metre. To measure length we use measuring tape, metre scale etc.

6. Multiples and submultiples of length

larger distances such as the distance between two places are expressed in kilometre. This is called multiple of length. We express smaller lengths such as length of a pencil, pen nib etc. in centimetre and millimetre. These are called submultiples.



Physical quantity

SI unit Multiples Sub Multiples

Length Meter Kilometer millimetre,centimetre 1 metre = 1000 millimetres

1 metre = 100 centimetres

1 kilometre = 1000 metres

7. Measurement of mass

The mass of a body is the amount of matter contained in it. The SI unit of mass is kilogram. We use beam balance, physical balance and electronic balance for measuring mass.

8. Multiples and submultiples of mass

We use units quintal and metric tonne to measure larger quantities of sugarcane bundles, cotton bales, etc. Similarly, we use units gram and milligram to measure smaller quantities of gold, silver, spices, etc. These are called multiples and submultiples of mass.

Physical quantity


Mass kilogram quintal, metric tonne

Gram, milligram

1 gram = 1000 milligrams

1 kilogram = 1000 grams



1 quintal = 100 kilograms

1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms

9. Measurement of time

Time is the interval between two events. The SI unit of time is second.

For measuring time we use pendulum clock, wristwatch, wall clock, stop clock etc. In olden days people used sundial, sand clock, water clock etc. For measuring time accurately we use atomic clock.

10. Multiples and submultiples of time

Larger time intervals are expressed in minute, hour, day, week, month, year etc. These are called multiples of time. Any time interval less than 1 second is expressed in millisecond, microsecond etc. These are called submultiples of time.

Physical quantity


Time Second minute, hour, day, week, month, year

millisecond, microsecond

1 minute = 60 seconds

1 hour = 60 minutes

1 day = 24 hours

1 year = 365 1/4 days

1 second = 1000 milliseconds



1 second = 1000000 microseconds

11. Motions

If an object does not change its position with respect to time, it is said to be stationary or at rest.

If the object changes its position with respect to time then it is said to be in motion. Hence motion is defined as the change of position of an object with respect to time.

An object may appear to be stationary for one observer and appear to be moving for another. An object is at rest in relation to a certain set of objects and moving in relation to another set of objects. This implies that rest and motion are relative.

Types of motion

When an object moves along a straight line, it is said to be in linear motion. Motion of a freely falling body and motion of a lift are examples for linear motion.

Circular motion

if an object moves along a circular path, it is said to be in circular motion. Motion of the tip of hands of a clock and a point marked on the blade of the fan are some more examples for circular motion.

Rotational Motion

If a body revolves about an axis, it is said to be in rotational motion.

Eg. Spinning top, Motion of a fan, Motion of a merry-go-round

Periodic motion



If an object repeats the same type of motion at regular intervals of time it is said to be in periodic motion.

Eg.

Motion of a child in a swing,

Motion of the pendulum in a wall clock,

Motion of the string of veena while plucking,

Motion of the moon revolving around the earth,

Motion of the earth revolving around the sun,

Random Motion

When an object moves at different speeds and in different directions, it is said to be in random motion.

Eg. A fish swimming in a tank, The movement of a football during a game

Multiple Motion

The motion of the wheels of a bicycle is rotational, whereas the motion of the bicycle is linear. The wheels of a bicycle perform rotational as well as linear motion simultaneously. Similarly, a rolling ball and a drilling machine perform more than one type of motion simultaneously.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. SI unit of length is_____

(a) centimetre (b) millimetre

(c) metre (d) kilometre



2. The symbol for SI unit of mass is___

(a) g (b) kg

(c) mg (d) cg

3. 1 metric tonne is equal to_____

(a) 1000 kilograms (b) 100 kilograms

(c) 1 kilogram (d) 10 kilograms

4. SI unit of time is____

(a) second (b) minute

(c) week (d) day

5. 1 hour=_____ seconds

(a) 60 (b) 3600

(c) 24 (d) 1000

6. Movement of a branch of a tree in air an example for_____

(a) Linear motion (b) Circular motion

(c) Periodic motion (d) Rotational motion

7. The motion of a rolling ball is _______ motion.

(a) Circular (b) Linear

(c) Rotational (d) Multiple

8. When a bicycle is in motion, the mouth which is used to fill the air will perform _______



(a) Random motion (b) Periodic motion

(c) Circular motion (d) All of these

9. The vegetables are weighed with the help of a_____

(a) scale (b) balance

(c) measuring jar (d) watch clock

10. Which one of the following is not the unit of length?

(a) Hands pan (b) Metre

(c) Kilometre (d) kilogram

11. 1kilometre is equal to _____

(a) 10000 millimetre (b) 10 metre

(c) 1000 metre (d) 100 metre

12. ______ days are equal to one year.

(a) 24 (b) 365

(c) 1000 (d) 3600

13. Which of the following system is accepted as international standard system?

(a) CGS (b) F P S

(c) M K S (d) S I

14. 100kilogram is equal to____

(a) 1 metric tonne (b) 1 quintal

(c) 1 tonne (d) 1000 milligram



15. Which one of the following is used to measure liquids?

(a) Litre (b) Second

(c) Micro second (d) Hands pan

16. Which one of the following is a linear motion?

(a) Motion of cycle wheel (b)Motion of a lift

(c) Rolling ball (d) Drilling machine

17. The motion of a drilling machine is _____

(a) circular (b) linear

(c) circular and linear (d) oscillatory


1. One metre = 100 centimetre

2. One kilometre= 1000 metre

3. One quintal = 100 kilogram

4. One minute = 60 seconds

5. The mass of gold is measured by the unit _____

Ans: gram

6. Rice, sugar etc are measured by the unit_____

Ans: kilogram

7. Generally sugarcane is weighted by the unit _____

Ans: tonne



8. The mass of the chemicals present in a tablet are expressed in the unit____

Ans: milligram

9. Many physical quantities have both ______ and ______.

Ans: magnitude, unit

10. ________ is the multiple unit of length.

Ans: Kilometre

11. The mass of a body is the amount of ______ contained in it.

Ans: matter

12. For measuring time accurately, nowadays we use _____ and ______.

Ans: electronic, atomic clock

13. Motion of the moon around the earth is _______ motion.

Ans: rotational

14. _____ is defined as the change of position of an object with respect to time.

Ans: Motion

15. Centimetre, gram, second is called___ system of units.

Ans: CGS

16. Centimetre, millimetre are called _______ of metre.

Ans: submultiples

17. ____ is defined as the interval between two events.

Ans: Time



18. Motion of a body dropped from the top of the building is_____ motion.

Ans: linear

19. ______is called as Father of Robot.

Ans: Issac Asimov

20. Robot is a______

Ans: human machine

III.Match the following.

1.

1. Thickness of a five rupee coin a. Kilometre

2. Breadth of a classroom b. centimetre

3. Distance between two places c. millimetre

4. Height of your friend d. metre

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b

2.

1. mass a. 1 kilometre

2. length b. 1 metric tonne

3. time c. kilogram

4. 1000 m d. metre

5. 1000 kg e. second

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-e,4-a,5-b



IV. Answer the following in one or two words.

1. What is the device used to measure time accurately?

Ans: Atomic clock

2. Define time.

Ans: Time is defined as the interval between two events.

3. What is length?

Ans: The distance between any two points.

4. Name the various units of mass.

Ans: Gram, kilogram, quintal and metric tonne.

5. Mention any two tools to measure length.

Ans: Tape, metre scale

6. What are the balance used to measure mass?

Ans: (a) Beam balance (b) Physical balance (c) Electronic balance.

7. Give an example of rotational motion.

Ans: Motion of a spinning top.

5. Magnetism 1. How magnets were discovered? It is an interesting story.

There was a region called Asia Minor, where there was a town called Magnesia. It was full of mountains, rocks and plateaus. The only occupation for the people was grazing the cattIe. There was a shepherd named Magnes.



While grazing the cattIe, Magnet was discovered by Magnes, they called it Magnet and also Magnetite. Magnetite was the ore with attracting property found in that region.

2. Magnetites are natural magnets. They are called magnetic stones. 3. Natural magnets do not have a definite shape. When a magnet is freely

suspended, it always comes to rest in north- south direction. That is why they are called leading stones or lode stones.

4. After learning the method of changing the piece of iron into magnet (magnetization) we have been making and using several kinds of magnet.

Such man-made magnets are called artificial magnets. Here some of the shapes of artificial magnets that we use in our daily life.

We understand that magnet attracts certain substances and do not attract some other substances.

Substances that are attracted by magnet are called magnetic substances.

Iron, cobalt, nickel are magnetic substances.

Substances that do not get attracted by magnet are called non-magnetic substances.

Paper, plastic are called non- magnetic substances.

The ends of a magnet have the strongest magnetic force. So most of the iron filings cling to the ends of the magnet. They are called poles of the magnet.

A freely suspended magnet always comes to rest in north-south direction.

North seeking pole is called north pole. South seeking pole is called south pole.



The Magnetic compass has been designed by using this directive property of the magnet.

5. Magnetic compass

A magnetic compass is a circular disc on which a small needle is pivoted at its centre. Different directions (North, South, East, and west) are marked on the compass. This needle can rotate freely and always point in the north-south direction.

The magnetic needle always rests in north-south direction. By using this magnetic compass we can find out different directions.

Attraction? or repulsion?

When we bring two north poles of two bar magnets closer, they move away from each other. Similarly when the south poles of two bar magnets are brought closer they too move away from each other.

When a north pole of one magnet and a south pole of another magnet are brought closer, they pull towards each other.

Like poles repel each other.

Unlike poles attract each other.

Do magnets lose their properties ? When?

Magnets lose their properties if they are heated or dropped from a height or hit with a hammer.

Storage of magnets

Improper storage can also cause magnets to lose their properties. To keep them safe, bar magnets should be kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the



same side. They must be separated by a piece of wood and two pieces of soft iron should be placed across their ends.

For a horse-shoe magnet a single piece of soft iron can be used as a magnetic keeper across the poles.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. It is a natural magnet.

(a) Bar magnet (b) Magnetite

(c) Ring magnet (d) Horse-shoe magnet

2. An object that is attracted by magnet.

(a) Wooden piece (b) Plain pins

(c) Eraser (d) A piece of paper

3. The people who made mariner’s compass for the first time.

(a) Indians (b) Europeans

(c) Chinese (d) Egyptians

4. A freely suspended magnet always comes to rest in the ______ direction.

(a) North-east (b) South-west

(c) East-west (d) North-south

5. Magnets lose their properties when they are

(a) used (b) stored

(c) hit with a hammer (d) cleaned



6. Mariner’s compass is used to find the

(a) speed (b) displacement

(c) direction (d) motion

7. Which of the following is used in lifts and escalators?

(a) Iron rod (b) Temporary magnet

(c) Electromagnet (d) Bar magnet

8. In which of the following electromagnets are used?

(a) Flying trains (b) Lifts

(c) Escalators (d) All the these

9. Which of the following is attracted by magnets?

(a) Paper (b) Nail

(c) Wooden scale (d) Plastic scale

10. Which of the following is not attracted by the magnet?

(a) Iron ball (b) Nail

(c) Chalk piece (d) Blade

11. Which one of the following principles is used in an electromagnetic train?

(a) Magnetic attraction and repulsion

(b) Forces of induction

(c) Vanderwaal’s force

(d) Dipole-Dipole attracrtion



12. The natural magnet was discovered by____

(a) Magnes (b) Thomas

(c) Magnesia (d) Robert Hooke

13. Which of the following is called natural magnet?

(a) Pyrolusite (b) Magnesite

(c) Magnesite (d) Magnesium sulphate

14. Which of the following is the characteristic property of natural magnet?

(a) They do not have definite shape

(b) They have definite shape

(c) They come to rest in east-west direction

(d) All the above

15. Natural magnets are otherwise called______

(a) bar magnet (b) lode stones

(c) electromagnet (d) ring magnet

16. Which one of the following is the shape of the natural magnet?

(a) Ring (b) Horse shoe

(c) Shapeless (d) Bar

17. Which of the following is the characteristic of an electromagnetic train?

(a) Do not have wheels (b) Runs faster than ordinary train

(c) Does not make noise (d) All the above



18. Electromagnetic trains are called suspension trains since they run_____

(a) on tracks (b) with high speed

(c) without touching the rails (d) by electricity

19. Cranes are used to lift heavy load with the help of_____

(a) bar magnet (b) powerful electromagnet

(c) horse shoe magnet (d) ring magnet

20. Which of the following is attached to the pin holder and the refrigerator?

(a) Magnet (b) Magnesium

(c) Copper (d) Silver

21. Which of the following attracts more iron fillings?

(a) Bar magnet (b) Horse shoe magnet

(c) Temporary magnet (d) Iron rod

22.The place at which the attractive force is more in a magnet is_____

(a) poles (b) centre

(c) entire surface (d) a midpoint

23. When two north poles of two bar magnets are brought closer there will be_____

(a) attraction (b) repulsion

(c) collision (d) none of these

24. When a North pole and South pole are brought closer, they show____

(a) attraction (b) repulsion



(c) move away from each other (d) all of these

25. Electromagnetic train is also called______

(a) electric train (b)ordinary train

(c) flying train (d) slow train


1. ______ are used to operate electromagnetic trains, lift and escalators.

Ans: Powerful electromagnets

2. Natural magnets are called _____ stones.

Ans: magnetic

3. The two ends of a magnet where the attractive force is more are called_____

Ans: poles

4. Powerful magnets are used to operate electromagnetic trains, lifts and _______

Ans: escalators

5. Natural magnets come to rest in _____ direction.

Ans: north-south

6. The substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called _______

Ans: non-magnetic

7. The attractive force is more at the _____ of the magnet.

Ans: poles

8. _____magnet attracts more iron filings at the two ends.



Ans: Horse shoe

9. _____ poles attract each other.

Ans: Unlike

10. The change in _______ pushes and pulls the electromagnetic train.

Ans: polarity

11. Electromagnetic train is also called ______train.

Ans: flying (or) suspension

12. Magnetites are the ______

Ans: natural magnet

13. Earth behaves like a _______

Ans: giant magnet

14. Electromagnetic train does not reuire______

Ans: Petrol

15. The electric current that changes constantly allows a change in ______ of electromagnets.

Ans: polarity

16. For _______magnet one should keep a piece of iron across the poles.

Ans: horse shoe

17. ________ proposed that earth behaves like a giant magnet.

Ans: William Gilbert



III. Match the following

1.

1. Magnes a. Chinese

2. Plastic scale b. Natural magnet

3. Nail c. Flying train

4. Electromagnetic train d. Non-magnetic substance

5. Mariner’s compass e. Magnetic substance

Ans: 1-b,2-d,3-e,4-c,5-a

2.

1. Natural magnet a. Electromagnetic trains

2. Lode stones b. Asia Minor

3. Powerful electromagnets c. Magnetites

4. Magnesia d. North-south direction

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b

3.

1. powerful magnets a. Magnetites

2. Magnetites b. Used by Chinese navigators to find the directions

3. Natural magnets c. Lift heavy iron loads

4. Magnets d. do not have definite shape.

Ans: 1-c,2-a,3-d,4-c



4.

1. Artificial magnets a. Strongest magnetic force

2. Non-magnetic substance b. Man-made magnets

3. Magnetic substance c. Plastic scale, wooden scale

4. Ends of a magnet d. Iron, nickel and cobalt

Ans: 1-b,2-c,3-d,4-a

5.

1. Ends of the magnets are called a. Poles

2. Magnetic needles always rests in b. North south direction

3. Magnetic compass c. Used to find out different direction

4. North pole and south pole of a d. Attraction

magnet brought closer leads to

Ans: 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d

IV. Answer the following in one or two words.

1. Who discovered natural magnet?

Ans: Magnes

2. What is north pole?

Ans: North seeking pole

3. What is south pole?

Ans: South seeking pole



4. What are the substances attracted by magnets?

Ans: Plain pins, nails, blade, iron

5. Name the substances not attracted by magnets?

Ans: Wooden scale, Plastic scale, Chalk piece

General Science Prepared By General ... · Underground stem = Dry ginger (Sukku) / Ginger, Turmeric...

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