General Psychology PSYC 200 Personality. But first… What do we think about app-email-wtf
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Transcript of General Psychology PSYC 200 Personality. But first… What do we think about app-email-wtf
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General PsychologyPSYC 200
Personality
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But first…
• What do we think about https://www.crystalknows.com/http://www.dailydot.com/technology/crystal-app-email-wtf/
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Announcements
• Extra credit: 10 points per– Go to Psych lecture & write 1 page – next one
April 30th 5:30 pm – Topping Room– Go to Science Museum, take 3 selfies of psych
exhibits, write one page– Participate in RATS study & write 1 paragraph
about experience
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Sources and Credibility
• How do we decide what is credible?
“Since this anthology discusses psychology, a science based on a lot of assumptions, it cannot be considered reliable information”
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Outline
What is Personality?
How do We Measure it?
Trait Approach
Psychodynamic Approach
Humanistic Approach
Social-Cognitive Approach
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I What is Personality?
• An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
• Across time, across situations
• Trait: A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
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Across different situations?
• Trait vs. Situation
• Long time controversy
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I How Do We Measure It?
• Self-Report: Just ask people– MMPI
• Projective Tests– Standard set of ambiguous stimuli that elicit
unique responses
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What do you see?
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Figure 12.1 Sample Rorschach InkblotSchacter, Gilbert and Wegner: Psychology, First EditionCopyright © 2009 by Worth Publishers
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Figure 12.2 Sample TAT CardSchacter, Gilbert and Wegner: Psychology, First EditionCopyright © 2009 by Worth Publishers
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I How Do We Measure It?
• Self-Report: Just ask people– Drawback: self-reports can be limited
• “Are you conceited?”
• Projective Tests– Drawback: Don’t work (can’t predict behavior)
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Four Major Approaches
• differ dramatically • methods used• questions asked• assumptions made• current popularity
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II Trait Approach
• identify core traits• enduring predispositions• e.g., introverted, conscientious, helpful
• focus on description• not explanation
• self-report methodology• personality inventories• MMPI
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“Oh, God! Here comes little Miss Perky.”
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“Big Five”
• leading personality inventory• Avoids overlap, captures variation
• reliable• stable over time, different data
• valid• e.g., high conscientiousness and low neuroticism are
correlated with successful job performance
• cross-cultural validity
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• www.outofservice.com
http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/results/?oR=0.725&cR=0.722&eR=0.312&aR=0.861&nR=0.188
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OCEAN
• Openness• Conscientiousness• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Neuroticism
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• Openness to Experience• curious; vivid imagination• like variety and unusual ideas; unconventional• like the abstract, ambiguous, and subtle
• Conscientiousness• self-disciplined and dutiful; prefer order• prefer planning over spontaneity; detail-oriented; careful and exact
• Extraversion• get energy from being with others• energetic and enthusiastic; talkative
• Agreeableness• compassionate and cooperative; value harmony• friendly, generous; feel others’ emotions; soft-hearted
• Neuroticism• anger prone; anxious and irritable• unstable, moody; often depressed and stressed
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Nature or Nurture?
• surprisingly high heritability rates for many personality traits
• e.g., introversion/extraversion
• evidence for genetic basis to personality• twin studies• adoption studies• family patterns
• Does environment matter too?
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V Psychodynamic Approach
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• historical value• personality is shaped by desires and needs that
are outside of our awareness• power of the unconscious
• psychic determinism• assumption that all psychological events have a cause• no free choice
• primary methodology involved projective tests• Rorschach Test
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It’s just a simple Rorschach ink-blot test, Mr. Bromwell, so calm down and tell me what each one suggests to you.”
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• Freudian slips
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Freud
• first comprehensive theory of personality• late 1800s
• physician specializing in neurotic disorders• no known physical cause
• unconscious motivations• sex• aggression
• mind is like an iceberg• mostly hidden
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Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Structure of the Mind
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• tensions among the id, ego, and superego shape our personality
• pleasure = id• reality = ego• morality = superego
• anxiety is a driving force• defense mechanisms help relieve anxiety
• unconscious coping mechanisms
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Defense Mechanisms
• repression• blocking emotionally threatening memories or impulses
• projection• attributing your own unacceptable feelings or impulses to someone
else
• displacement• directing an unacceptable impulse onto a safer and more socially
acceptable target
• reaction formation• transforming an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
• regression• returning to younger stages of development
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• rationalization• providing a reasonable sounding explanation for an
unreasonable behavior
• denial• refusing to admit that something unpleasant or taboo is
happening
• sublimation (+)• transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired
goal
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Defense Mechanisms• Elise accuses other women of talking too much when she is really the
one who talks too much.
• John got in a lot of fights as a child. When he started high school he channeled that hostility into playing football.
• Mr. Egosi forgot to mail the letter inviting his mother-in-law to spend the winter with them.
• After failing an exam, Kenny slams the door as he leaves the classroom.
• Lisa dresses in provocative clothes and uses suggestive language although she actually fears that she is unattractive.
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Personality Development
• which conflicts we have when shape our unique personalities
• fully formed by age 6• 6 psychosexual stages
• differentiated by area of the body
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Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
Oedipus Complex
Psychosexual Stages
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Oedipus Complex
• phallic stage• boys• develop powerful attraction to Mommy
• see Daddy as rival
• castration anxiety• eventually give up and identify with Daddy
• If you can’t beat him, join him
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Electra Complex
• girls• attracted to Daddy• fantasize about getting rid of
Mommy• develop penis envy (??)
• feel inferior to boys
• girls never get over their penis envy entirely unless they give birth to a boy
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Fixations
• “stuck”• too much or too little gratification; can’t resolve
conflicts• manifest as distinct personality characteristics or
flaws• oral fixation → eating disorders, excessively needy• anal fixation → stubborn, obsessive-compulsive• phallic fixation → jealous, sex-role identity problems
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Approach
• biased case studies• vague terms• gender, race, and
cultural biases• just plain wrong about
many things
• unparalleled impact• emphasized talk
therapy• got us thinking
about the unconscious
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IV Humanistic Approach
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• 1960s-70s• emphasized free will
• personality shaped by our choices
• emphasized potential for growth• reaching optimal states of being
• upbeat, positive about human nature• core motives are good, not evil• optimistic to the point of being naive
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Self-Actualization• Abraham Maslow• living up to one’s fullest potential• MLK, Helen Keller, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas
Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln
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Unconditional Positive Regard• Carl Rogers• necessary for optimal, healthy personality development• individual differences stem from different conditions of
worth imposed on us• impact on parenting
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Social-Cognitive Approach
• Personality: How we think about situations and behave in response to them
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• emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations– Mischel : Traits alone often don’t predict behavior– Also Mischel – marshmallow study
• and the importance of mental processes• how we interpret and respond to events• how we view ourselves and our place in the world
• locus of control• do we view ourselves as controlling, or as controlled by, our
environment
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Locus of Control
Internal• what happens is result
of our actions• high sense of control• self as effective and
powerful• take credit for
successes and responsibility for failures
• “can do” mentality
External• what happens is result
of chance, fate, luck, other forces
• low sense of control• feel less powerful or
effective• tend not to take credit
for successes or failures