General properties and applications of ceramicseng.sut.ac.th/ceramic/old/images_news/54.pdf ·...
Transcript of General properties and applications of ceramicseng.sut.ac.th/ceramic/old/images_news/54.pdf ·...
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02/08/52 ceramic properties/ S.T.Rattanachan 1
General properties and applications of ceramics
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General properties of Ceramics
Mechanical PropertiesThermal Properties Electrical PropertiesMagnetical, dielectrical PropertiesBiomedical Properties
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Mechanical properties of ceramicsBrittle but high hardnessHigh strength, no yield strength, no plastically deformBetter compressive strength than tensile strength
30 max25 maxCan be 100%40 maxFair100 maxPoorpoor
300 max250 maxUp to 50%400 maxPoor to excellent900 maxGoodGood to excellent
100 maxDoes not yield0600 maxPoorCan be 2600ExcellentOK in compressive
Tensile strengthYield strengthElongationCompressive strengthImpactHardnessCreep strengthFatigue strength
PlasticsMetalsCeramicProperty
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Strength, hardness and the lattice resistance
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Dislocation motion in structure
Pure metal: easy
Covalent solid: difficult due to the interatomic bonds must be broken and reformed.
Ionic crystal: easy on some planes, but hard on others.
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Fracture strength of ceramics
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Cracks and flawsPores in the sintered ceramicThermal cracksCorrosion
m
CTS a
Kπ
σ =
www.buildinggreen.com/features/flyash/mehta.cfm
σTS = tensile strengthKC = fracture toughnessam= critical crack length
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Tension and compressive strength
a) In tension, the largest flaw propagates unstably
b) In compression, many flaws propagates stably to givegeneral crushing
TSC σσ 15≈
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Transformation toughening of partially sterilized zirconia (PSZ)
Tetragonal monoclinic under stressing
ZrO2 + CaO, MgO, Y2O3 PSZ (tetragonal + monoclinic phase)
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Creep of ceramics
Creep becomes a problem when the temperature is greater than about 1/3Tm
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Fatigue failure of ceramics
mechse.illinois.edu/.../hsia/ceramics/index.html
Intergranular crack growth under static loading at 1000°C in alumina
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Fatigue cracks
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Thermal properties of ceramics
Heat capacityThermal conductivityThermal expansion
http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=hardness_tests_of_ceramics&DokuWiki=d99751440a3300b461e0fc9eb51c4d39
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Heat capacity
Energy required to raise the temperature of a material one degree.Unit: cal/ºC or cal/g.ºC (metric system), Btu/ºF (english system)Specific heat: the ratio of the heat capacity of material to that of water at 15ºC.Less hear energy is required to raise the temperature of porous ceramic than dense ceramics.
• water has a specific heat capacity of 1 cal/g ºC, ethyl alcohol have a specific heat of 0.58 cal/g ºC.
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Thermal conductivity of ceramicsHeat flow through a materialUnit: cal/sec.cm3.ºC หรือ W/m.KMetal: high conductivity (free electrons)Most organic materials มีการนําความรอนไดไมดี เนื่องจากเปนพันธะโคเวเลนท มีโมเลกุลขนาดใหญและไมเปนผลึก
Ceramics: มีชวงการนําความรอนไดกวาง ขึ้นอยูกับชนิดของพันธะและโครงสรางผลึก ถาเปนผลึกเดี่ยวๆ จะนําความรอนไดดี
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Thermal expansion
การเปลี่ยนแปลงขนาดของวตัถุเมื่อมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงอณุหภูมิ บอกคาในรูปของ Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α)หนวย: in./in./ºF, cm/cm/ºC
12
210
10
0
TT turein tempera change T and Tbetween )l-(llength in change
T ureat tempertlength
/
−=Δ=Δ
=
ΔΔ
=
Tl
lwhere
Tllα
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Example
The percent expansion of Al2O3 between 0 and 1000ºC is approximately 0.86%, estimate the average linear coefficient of expansion of Al2O3 between 0-1000ºC
CxTll
°==Δ
Δ= − /106.8
10000086.0/ 60α
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02/08/52 ceramic properties/ S.T.Rattanachan 18
Thermal expansion of ceramics
วัสดุที่มีพันธะอิออนิกจะมีคา thermal expansion สูงเหมือนโลหะความแข็งแรงระหวางพันธะนอยจะมีคา thermal expansion สูง ความแข็งแรงของพันธะสูง มี % covalent มาก จะมีคา thermal expansion ต่าํการขยายตัวเนื่องจากความรอนของวัสดุที่เปน close-packed with cubic symmetry จะมีคาเทากันทุกทิศทาง (isotropic)วัสดุที่มีโครงสรางแบบไมสมมาตรจะมีการขยายตัวในแตละทิศทางไมเทากัน (anisotropic) วัสดุที่มีคา thermal expansion ต่าํ จะมีคา thermal shock resistance ดีดวย
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Electrical properties of ceramics
Electrical conductivityInsulatorSemiconductorSuperconductor
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Electrical conductivity
จํานวนของตัวนําไฟฟา (n)ประจุของตัวนํา (q)การเคลื่อนที่ของตัวนํา (μ)
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
−
=
cmvoltscm
carriescoulombs
cmcarries
cmohmunits
nq
/sec/1: 3
μσ
Electrical conductivity ขึ้นกับชนิดของพันธะและโครงสรางผลึกวัสดุที่มีคาการนําไฟฟาดี เรยีกวา ตัวนําไฟฟา (electrical conductor: metal,some ceramics and some organics)วัสดุที่มีคาการนําไฟฟาต่ํา เรียกวา ฉนวนไฟฟา (electrical insulator: ceramics and organics)วัสดุที่มีคาการนําไฟฟาปานกลาง เรียกวา สารกึ่งตัวนํา (semiconductor: covalent ceramics)การนําไฟฟาของวัสดุขึ้นกับอุณหภูมิดวย
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Ceramics: Ionic conductivity
Defects in ceramicPositive ionsNegative ions
Point defect:
Schottky Frenkel
vacancyinterstitial
Energy barrier
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Applications of zirconia oxygen ion conductive ceramics
Oxygen sensors : ZrO2+CaO/Y2O3
ใชงานที่อุณหภมูิ > 600ºC
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Applications of zirconia oxygen ion conductive ceramics
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)ใชงานที่ 900-1000ºcออกซิเจนความดันสูงอยูดานที่เปนอากาศ สวนออกซิเจนความดันต่ําจะอยูดานเชื้อเพลงิ
โมเลกลุของออกซิเจนรับอิเล็คตรอนจาก air electrode ไดเปน oxygen ions ซึง่แพรผานชั้นบางๆของ zirconia ไปที่ fuel electrode Oxygen ions ใหอิเล็คตรอนกลายเปน molecule และรวมกับไฮโดรเจนไดเปนน้ํา เกิดกระแสไฟฟาไหลและไมมีเสยีงดังจากการจุดระเบิด มีเพียงน้ําและความรอนเทานั้น
2 H2+ O
2=> 2 H
2OOverall Cell Reaction:
O2+ 4 e- => 2 O2-Cathode Reaction:
2 H2+ 2 O2- => 2 H
2O + 4 e-Anode Reaction:
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Solid oxide fuel cells
46% electrical efficiency in producing 109 kW of electricity and 64 kW of hot water (Netherlands 1998-2001)
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Electrical insulator
No overlap of electron energy bands and no low-energy mechanisms for electron conduction.The resistivity decreased as the temperature increasesThe resistivity decreased as the amount of impurities increase
Energy bands in an insulator (courtesy: ASM International)
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Applications of electrical insulators
SiO2, Al2O3, BeO, MgO, mullite, silicon nitride, aluminium nitride
Integrated circuit chip carriers
Substrates for printed circuits
Spark plug insulator
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Semiconductors
มีenergy gap ที่เต็มและวางซึ่งการนําไฟฟาจะเกิดขึ้นไดเมื่อมี
พลังงานความรอนหรอืไฟฟาเพยีงพอ
Intrinsic semiconductorExtrinsic semiconductor: p-type and n-type
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n-type and p-type silicon
N-type: TiO2, Nb2O5, CdS, BaTiO3, BaOP-type: Ag2O, CoO, Cu2O, Te, Se
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Applications of ceramic semiconductors
Rectifier: เครือ่งไฟฟาที่ใหกระแสไฟฟาผานไดทิศทางเดียวและสามารถแปลงจากกระแสสลับเปนกระแสตรง
Thermistor: ควบคุมความตานทานไฟฟา (ตามอุณหภูมิ) ใชใน temperature sensor, heater systemVaristor: เครือ่งมือที่มีคาความตานทานไฟฟาเปลี่ยนแปลงตามคาความตางศักย โดยมีความตานทานสูงที่ความตางศักยต่ําและความตานทานต่ําเมื่อความตางศักยสูง
Electrode, heating element, Igniters
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Superconductivity
Meissner effecthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4XEQVnIFmQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VGACLNfZ8s
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Progress in the discovery of superconductive materials with increased Tc
From Clarke, D.R. 1987
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Dielectric, Magnetic and optical behavior
Dielectric propertiesPolarization DielectricCapacitancePiezoelectricityPyroelectricity
Magnetic propertiesOptical properties
Absorption and transparencyColorPhosphorescenceLasersRefractionElectro-optics and integrated optic devices
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Dielectric properties
Good electrical insulatorElectric dipole dielectric
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Polarization
Electronic polarizationOrientation (dipole) polarization,Space charge polarizationAtomic or ionic polarization
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Dielectric constant
Relative dielectric constant (k’) = the degree of polarizability or charge storage capability of a materialLow dielectric constant insulatorHigh dielectric constant capacitorDielectric constant is affected by temperature
ASM international
8.85 x 10 -14 farads/cm
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Capacitance
Store electric chargeวัสดุที่มี polarizability มากจะมีคา relative dielectric constant และเก็บประจุไดมากดวย
vaccumofty permittivi Edielectric theof thicknesst electrodes theof area totalA
0
0
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′=
tAKEC
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Functions of a capacitor
Energy storageBlockingCouplingBypassingfiltering
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High dielectric constantBaTiO3Perovskite above 120°CCurie temperature: cubic to tetragonal, spontaneous random polarization ->permanent dipole domains
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CapacitorsSingle-layer capacitorMultilayer capacitor
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PiezoelectricityQuartzBaTiO3
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3
TItanates, niobates with perovskite structure
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Application of Piezoelectricity
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Pyroelectricity
เมื่อใหความรอน วัสดุจะมีการขยายตัว เนื่องมาจากการ polarization Hexagonal ZnS, tourmaline, BaTiO3, etc.
Optical sensors Gas-flow measurement
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Magnetic behavior
Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic(No net magnetization)
Ferrimagnetic(Net magnetization results)
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Application of magnetic ceramics
Soft ferrite: easily magnetized or demagnetized Hard ferrite: Permanent magnetization
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Optical behavior
AdsorptionTransparency, Index of refractionColorphosphoresence
Adapted from Kreidl, N.J. 1972
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Spectral colors and complementary colors
Lemon-yellowYellowOrangeRedPurpleVioletIndigoBlueBlue-green
VioletIndigoBlueBlue-greenGreenLemon-yellowYellowOrangeRed
410430480500530560580610680
Complementary colorSpectral colorλ (nm)
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Phosphoresence
The emission of light resulting from the excitation of the material by the appropriate energy source.Fluorescent lightOscilloscope screenTV screenPhotocopy lampsCa5(PO4)3(Cl,F) or Sr5(PO4)3(Cl,F) doped with Sb and Mn
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โรคกระดูกพรุน โรคมะเร็งกระดูก
Biomedical properties of ceramics
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เนื้อกระดูกบาง เปราะ แตกงายกระดูกสนัหลังงอ หมอนรองกระดูกเสื่อม
ขอเขาเสื่อม ขอสะโพกเสื่อม
อายุขัย ความชรา
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อุบัติเหตุ
กระดูกแตก ราวกระดูกหัก
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Bioceramic application
A. Cranial repair. B. Eye lens. C. Ear implants. D. Facial reconstruction. E. Dental implants. F. Jaw augmentation. G. Periodontal pockets. H. Percutaneous devices. I. Spinal surgery. J. Iliac crest repair. K. Space fillers. L Orthopedic support purposes. M. Orthopedic fillers N. Artificial tendons. 0. Joints.
www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Bioceramics.html
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รูจักวัสดุเซรามิกทางชีวภาพ
Incompatible materialsวัสดุทีเ่มื่อนําไปฝงในรางกายแลวทาํใหมีการสลายตัวและ
กอใหเกิดความเปนพิษ หรือมีสิ่งบงชี้วาสามารถทําใหเกิดการระคายเคืองตอเซลลและมีการตอตานของรางกาย
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Biocompatible materialsวัสดุที่เมื่อนําไปฝงในรางกายแลว มีการสลายตัวแตไมกอใหเกิดความเปนพิษ และอาจนําไปสูการตอเกิดเปนเนื้อเยื่อใหม บางครั้งเรียกวา Biotolerant ไดแก austenitic stainless steels หรือ ซีเมนตเชื่อมกระดูกประเภท polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)
รูจักเซรามิกทางชีวภาพ
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Bioinert materialsวัสดุที่เมื่อฝงในรางกายแลวไมสลายตัวใหสารที่กอใหเกิดพิษ และไมแสดงการกอใหเกิดเนื้อเยื่อกระดูกใหมดวย โดยไมมีการยึดเกาะกับเนื้อเยื่ออื่นๆ วัสดุเหลานี้ไดแก titanium alloys, alumina, zirconia, titania และ carbon
รูจักเซรามิกทางชีวภาพ
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Bioactive materialsวัสดุที่เมื่อฝงในรางกายจะแสดงปฏิกิริยาในกอเกิดเนื้อเยื่อกระดูกใหม ซึ่งจะเติบโตเปนกระดูกในอนาคต โดยมีการยึดเกาะกับกระดูกได โดยแรงภายนอกที่กระทําสามารถสงผานผิวสัมผัสของกระดูกและวัสดุ
นี้ได (bony in-growth) ไดแก Calcium phosphates and bioglasses
รูจักเซรามิกทางชีวภาพ
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สมบัติทางกลของ Bioceramic
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Hip joint replacements
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คุณสมบัติของ Ceramic femoral ball heads
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Bone
การเสียหายของกระดูก และการรักษา
http://video.about.com/orthopedics/Fractures-2.htmhttp://video.about.com/orthopedics/Hip-Replacement.htm
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Calcium phosphate cement
http://www.openradiology.org/zosirws/survey/vertebroplasty/cementsreview/calciumphosphate
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รากฟนและฟนเทียม (ฟนชุดที่สาม)
www.thonburihospital.com/th/clinic_detail.asp.
ZirconiaHard Porcelain