General Nuclear Medicine Part 2
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Transcript of General Nuclear Medicine Part 2
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For Medical StudentsFor Medical Students
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Liver scanHepatobiliary scintigraphyGI Tract• GI bleeding study• Meckel’s diverticulum• Gastroesophageal studiesBrain scanNuclear cardiology
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The biggest organ, 1500 gAnatomy: 4 parts- Right, Left, Caudate, and Quadrate lobesHistology:
Hepatocytes or polygonal cellsRE cells (Kupffer’s cells)
phagocytosisBlood Supply:
Portal vein 75 %Hepatic artery 25 %
THE LIVER
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Tracer: 99mTc-sulfer colloid/ phytateRoute : IV injectionMechanism : Phagocytosis by RE cells (liver,spl,BM)Visualization : Liver and SpleenTechnique:
Patient preparation : noneImaging : 15-20 min. Pi.Static 6 views ; Ant, Post, RL, LL, RAO, LAOSPECT images
Diagnosis : Diffuse & focal lesions focal defect(s) -nonspecific (abscess, metastasis, cyst etc.)
LIVER-SPLEEN SCAN(Routine Liver Scan)
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Normal Liver Scan Abnormal Liver Scan:Multiple focal defects
LIVER-SPLEEN SCAN
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Tc-99m RBC LIVER SCAN
Aim: hepatic hemangioma [hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor ]U/S: Typical hyperechoic mass in 60%CT scan: Classical findings in 50-75%MRI has an accuracy of between 90-95%Tc-RBC imaging is the most specific test for Dxcavernous hemangioma. (Sens 90% for lesions >1.5-2 cm; Spec approaches 100%; Acc 90-95%).With SPECT lesions down to about 1 cm in size can be detected [SPECT sensitivity by size: 1.5 cm (100%), 1 cm (65%), 0.5 cm (20%)].
Ref: www.auntminnie.com
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Vascular Study SPECT
HEPATIC HEMANGIOMA
Imaging: Flow, Static, Delayed***Positive : activity with time hot lesion
3-D image
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Liver scanHepatobiliary scintigraphyGI Tract• GI bleeding study• Meckel’s diverticulum• Gastroesophageal studiesBrain scanNuclear cardiology
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HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING
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Tracers : 99mTc-IDA derivatives (Tc-99m DISIDA, Mebrofenin)Route : IV injectionMechnism : Carrier-mediated, non sodium dependent organic anion transport processTechnique : - Fasting 4-6 hr
- Dynamic study for at least 1 hour +/-delayed imaging
Visualization : Liver and biliary system including gallbladder until excretion into small bowel (normal = within 1 hour)
HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING
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Gallbladder disease :Acute cholecystitis*
• Non-visualization of the GB after 4 hrs
• sen > 95% , spec > 98%Biliary tract obstruction
DDx biliary atresia vsneonatal hepatitis
Biliary leakage
HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING: INDICATIONS
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Tc-99m DISIDA
Visualization :Liver and biliary system including
Right & left hepatic ductsCommon hepatic ductCommon bile ductGallbladder Until excreted into small bowel
Within 1 hour
NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING
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DISIDA Scan-Dynamic Study
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Is it normal study ?
Acute cholecytitisNo visualization of GB
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Acute cholecystitisSevere chronic cholecystitisProlonged fastingIntercurrent severe illnessAcute pancreatitisSevere liver diseaseS/P cholecystectomy
DDx Nonvisualized GB
Ac chole wo gallstone !
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False-negative Test
It is found less than 5% of patients, and may be associated with:Incomplete cystic duct obstruction Acalculous cholecystitisAccessory cystic duct Duodenal diverticulum simulating GB activity
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DDx biliary atresia & neonatal jaundiceSen 97-100%, spec 82-94%, and accuracy of 91%Findings of BA:
Good hepatic uptakeNo visualization of GBNon-visualization of the biliary tree and bowel
Findings of neonatal hepatitisVariable hepatic uptake // Fn.Visualization of GBPresence of radioactivity excretion into small bowel
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
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J SRIPRAPAPORNEarly images 24-hr image
BILIARY ATRESIA
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HB Scintigraphy in BA
Normal uptake and excretion of the tracer in a jaundiced neonate excludes the diagnosis of biliary atresia.Children should be studied before age of 3 months Beyond 3 months of age, the prolonged obstruction will begin to affect liver function and hepatic extraction of the tracer will deteriorate making differentiation from hepatitis more difficult.
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Liver scanHepatobiliary scintigraphyGI Tract• GI bleeding study• Meckel’s diverticulum• Gastroesophageal studiesBrain scanNuclear cardiology
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GI BLEEDING STUDYBleeding from lower GI tractActive bleeding is necessary for positive imaging.Preparation: NPOPosition: Supine- anterior abdomenTc99m-SC or Tc99m-RBC* (intermittent)Imaging:
Flow 1 minDynamic imaging for 1-2 hr with additional delayed images as required.
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Extravasation of the tracer into bowel lumenFocal area of increased activity, move // bowel movement
Pattern depends on site of bleeding & bowel peristalsis
•Tc-99m RBC
•Hepatic flexure
GI BLEEDING
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GI BLEEDING
ST, Date: 4-6-07GIV002-07
SA-ING THONGKAM
CINE MODE
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More sensitiveLess specificLess anatomical detailsLess invasiveLower riskSimpler
Less sensitiveMore specific-causeBetter anatomical detailsMore invasiveHigher riskNeeds more skills
Tc-99m RBC Scan vs Angiography
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Remnant of omphalomesenteric ductGastric mucosal lining*Common cause of lower GI bleeding in small childrenImaging:
Principal: Localization of ectopic gastric mucosaPatient preparation: NPO 4 hrRadiopharm: Tc-99m pertechnetate IV.Sequential imaging for 1-2 hr.Positive findings: Focal hot spot (RLQ) // stomach activitySen 85%, spec 95%
MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
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MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
Bladder
Stomach
M
Stomach
U. Bladder
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GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL STUDY
Esophageal transit study
Gastroesophageal reflux study (milk scan)
Gastric emptying study
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Indication: To detect GE reflux:-regurgitation of gastric contents esophagusTracers : Tc-99m phytate, Tc-99m SC 300 uCiTechnique :
NPO, oral tracer adm. within 30 sSupine imaging over EG junctionDynamic imaging for >10-20min. Views: anterior ( & posterior)
Positive : Activity from the stomach esophagus [N < 3 %, Abn >4 %]
GE REFLUX STUDY(MILK SCAN)
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GE Reflux (Milk Scan)Rdn study provides higher sensitivity but less anatomical details than esophagogramSensitivity and specificity for detecting GER are 75%-100% and 93%.
Ref: J Nucl Med 2004; Mariani G, et al. Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies. 45: 1004-1028
Ravelli, A. M. et al. Chest 2006;130:1520-1526
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Liver scanHepatobiliary scintigraphyGI Tract• GI bleeding study• Meckel’s diverticulum• Gastroesophageal studiesBrain scanNuclear cardiology
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1. Conventional Rdn. brain imaging
Tracers: Tc- 99m pertechnetate, Tc-99m DTPA*, Tc-99m glucoheptonateHydrophilic tracers:cannot pass normal BBB.(Normally no tracer accumulation in the brain tissue)Disrupted BBB abnormal uptake
2. Cerebral perfusion SPECT
Radiopharm.: I-123 IMP ,Tc-99m HMPAO*, Tc-99m ECDLipophilic tracers, can pass intact BBB.Uptake: proportion to regional cerebral blood flowIndications: CVD,epilepsy, dementias,parkinsonism, ect.
BRAIN IMAGING
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Picker-Prism
SPECT BRAIN IMAGING
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Brain death: Tc-99m DTPA, Tc-99m HMPAO, TC-99M ECD
Cerebrovascular diseaseFocal seizureDementiaPsychitric disordersOthers
APPLICATIONS
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www.derriford.co.uk/nucmed
NORMAL BRAIN SPECT
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Flow study : no appreciable intracerebral blood flow in either the internal carotid or posterior cerebral circulations.Planar static images: “Hot nose” sign due to shunting of flow from int carotid to ext carotid system, which supplies face & scalp.Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT: No cerebral uptake
Www.cseserv.engr.scu.edu/StudentWebPages/DZepeda/brainscin.html
BRAIN DEATH
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SPECT
Static
FlowTc-99m HMPAO
BRAIN DEATH
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Stroke at left temporoparietal region
www.derriford.co.uk/nucmed
3D
STROKE
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FOCAL SEIZURE
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SPECT
www.derriford.co.uk/nucmed
ALZHIEMER’S DISEASE
Decreased perfusion at bilateral parieto-temporal regions
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PET
ALZHIEMER’S DISEASE
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A labeled amino acid called F-DOPA is used with PET to see if your brain has a deficiency in dopamine synthesis.
Striatral uptake PET
PARKINSON DISEASE
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Liver scanHepatobiliary scintigraphyGI Tract• GI bleeding study• Meckel’s diverticulum• Gastroesophageal studiesBrain scanNuclear cardiology
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NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
Radionuclide angiocardiography *
Equilibrium gated blood pool study (GBP or MUGA study)*
Myocardial infarct imaging
Myocardial perfusion imaging**
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RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY
First pass Rdn. angiocardiography
Equilibrium gated blood pool study (MUGA study)**
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FIRST PASS RDN.VENTRICULOGRAPHY
Tracers: Tc-99m agentsIndications:
Diagnosis of SVC obstruction (first pass)Calculation of ejection fraction: RVEF, LVEF
• EF = (ED-ES)/ED
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Equilibrium MUGA
Tracer: Tc-99m RBCFindings
Cardiac shape and sizeWall motion*: global, regionalStroke volume (ED counts - ES counts)Ejection fraction (EF): LV, RV
• EF = (ED counts - ES counts) / (ED counts)• Normal LVEF is typically 60-70%. (LVEF < 50% is definitely abnormal
• RVEF should > 41%.
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Equilibrium MUGA
Findings (cont.)LV outputs
• Phase analysis: dyskinesis eg. aneurysm• Amplitude analysis
Diastolic ventricular functionIndications
DDx CAD from cardiomyopathyPlan Rx valvular heart diseaseMonitoring cardiac toxicity from chemotherapeutic agent eg. adriamycin
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Equilibrium MUGA
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCT IMAGING
Tracer: Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP)Mechanism: Bind to calcium in AMI Indication:
Dx AMI
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MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
Tracers:Thallium-201 (Tl-201)Tc-99m MIBI (Cardiolyte)Tc-99m tetrofosmin
Principle: Myocardial perfusion of LV*Technique
Acquire rest & stress imagesStress: exercise or pharmacological tests
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EXERCISE STRESS TEST
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PHARMACOLOGICAL STRESS TEST
Dipyridamole (Persantin)
Dobutamine
Adenosine
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MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
Imaging techniquesPlanar images: 2DSPECT images*: 3D
• short axis,• long axis-LH, LV
Gated SPECT: contractile function (LVEF)Interpretation
Compare between rest & stress images• Fixed perfusion defect: infarct• Transient perfusion defect: ischemia
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Heart Orientation & Heart Plane
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Planes & SPECT Images
LAT
SEP
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MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING:INDICATIONS
Screening - preoperative evaluationDetection of CADEvaluation of extent & severityAssess myocardial viabilityPlan of Rx: revascularization vs medical RxPost MI evaluationPrognosis of CAD patients Assess outcome & efficacy of Rx (F/U)Dx restenosis after revascularization
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Normal Tc-99m MIBI MPI
STRESS
REST
STRESS
REST
SHORT AXIS
LONG HORIZONTAL AXIS
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Normal Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy
Polar Map
Bull’s Eye
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Fixed Defect:Inferolateral Wall MI
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Reversible Defect: Anteroseptal Wall Ischemia
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MPI: Summary
Myocardial perfusion study is an noninvasive nuclear medicine study that evaluate regional myocardial perfusion as well as LV contraction-EF and regional wall motion in a single setting.