General Health Problems of Sheep/Goats

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2014 WINTER WEBINAR SERIES SHEEP & GOAT HEALTH PART IV: COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER – UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION

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This is the 4th presentation in a 5-part webinar series on Sheep & Goat Health.

Transcript of General Health Problems of Sheep/Goats

Page 1: General Health Problems of Sheep/Goats

2014 WINTER WEBINAR SERIESSHEEP & GOAT HEALTH

PART IV: COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS

SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER – UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION

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MOST COMMON DISEASES AFFECTING SHEEP AND GOATS

•Parasitic

•Respiratory

•Hoof

•Reproductive

•Metabolic

•Other diseases

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PARASITIC DISEASESSheep and goats can be affected by many different internal and external parasites.

INTERNAL (ENDO)

1. Helminths (multi-cellular)a) Nematodes

(roundworms)

b) Cestodes(tapeworms)

c) Trematodes(flukes)

2. Protozoa (single-cell)

EXTERNAL (ECTO)

1. Ticks

2. Keds

3. Biting lice

4. Sucking lice

5. Mites

6. Nasal bots (bot flies)

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INTERNAL PARASITESNEMATODES - ROUNDWORMS

Strongyle-type worms

Blood-feeding worms

• Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) *

• Bunostomum (hookworm)

“Scour” worms

• Cooperia (small intestinal worm)

• Nematodirus (threadworm)

• Oesophagostomum (nodule form)

• Teladorsagia (brown stomach worm)*

• Trichostrongylus (hair worm)*

• Trichuris ovis (whipworm)

• Lungworms

• Meningeal worm Bottle jaw - barber pole worm infection

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STRONGYLE-TYPE WORMS OF IMPORTANCE

HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS #1Barber pole worm

• Blood-feeding parasite that causes blood and protein loss (anemia) and bottle jaw and sudden death.

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS SPP. andTELADOSAGIA (OSTERTAGIA)

• Cause gastritis and enteritis in host: weight loss, diarrhea, production loss.

• Usually of secondary importance to Haemonchus in mixed parasitic infections.

• Short, simple life cycles: no intermediate host

• Able to go into hypobiotic (arrested) state (in animal) to survive unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g. winter).

• Control with management: pasture rest/rotation, clean pastures, annual pastures, mixed species grazing, tanniferous forages, browsing, minimum grazing heights, zero grazing, genetic selection, etc.

• Control with targeted, selective treatment(s) with effective anthelmintic(s); test for anthelmintic resistance every 2-3 years.

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OTHER ROUNDWORMSLUNGWORMSMUELLERIUS CAPILLARIES, DICTOCAULUS FILARIAL

• Prefer cool conditions. Muellerious requires an intermediate host.

• Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, finding larvae in feces (Baermann technique), and post-mortem exam.

• SymptomsUsually no signs of infectionIn severe cases, coughing, rapid breathing, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, and ill thrift.

• Most anthelmintics are effective against lungworms.

• Generally not very pathogenic; more problematic in goats , especially kids (?)

MENINGEAL WORM PARALAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENIUS

• Parasite of white tail deer

• Sheep, goats, and camelids are unnatural, dead end hosts (no eggs in feces) for parasite.

• Require intermediate host: terrestrial snail or slug

• Digestive tract central nervous system.Cause neurological symptoms , paralysis, death.

• Treat with fenbendazole, ivermectin, and anti-inflammatory drugs (Rx).

• Prevention (?)Monthly treatments with ivermectin.Control of snail, slug population

• Can be a significant problem on some farms.

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OTHER HELMINTH PARASITESCESTODES - TAPEWORMSMONIEZIA SPP.

• Only parasite that is visible in feces (tapeworm segments).

• Require intermediate host (pasture mites) to complete life cycle (6 weeks).

• Tend to be non-pathogenic; usually no benefit to treatment.

• Can treat with albendazole, fenbendazole (Rx), or praziquantel (Quest® Plus Gel, Rx).

TREMATODES - FLUKES FASCIOLA HEPATICA

• Oval-shape, leaf-like

• Require intermediate host (snail, slug) to complete life cycle (2-3 months).

• Diagnose by finding eggs in feces and post-mortem exam (liver damage, flukes in bile ducts).

• Cause liver damage and hemorrhage.Similar symptoms as barber pole worm: anemia, submandibular edema (bottle jaw), sudden death.

• Treat with albendazole, closantel (Rx), and Ivomec® Plus (Rx).

• Geographic distribution: Gulf Coast States, especially Florida, and Pacific Northwest.

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PROTOZOA: COCCIDIA (EIMERIA SPP.)

• Single-cell protozoa

• Species specific

• Not all strains are pathogenic

• More complicated life cycle than worms, e.g. spores and asexual reproduction.

• Affects mostly young animals, 1-6 months of age, especially weanlings.

• Adults are largely immune, but serve as reservoirs of infection.

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COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA SPP.)

• Symptoms Clinical (5%) vs. sub-clinical (95%)Scours (diarrhea): none to mild to severeIll-thrift, anorexia, lethargy, dehydrationDirty hocks, rough coat, open fleece

• TreatmentDrench with amprolium (Corid) or sulfa antibiotic* for 5 days (Rx).Supportive therapy as needed.

• PreventionGood management, sanitation, and nutrition.Coccidiostats in feed, water, or mineral:Corid (Rx), Bovatec®, Rumensin®, or Deccox®.

COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA SPP.)

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EXTERNAL PARASITES

SYMPTOMS

• Ticks, mites, lice, kedsExcessive rubbing and scratching, Irritation and itchingBiting at selfLoss of hair, woolRaw areas

• Nasal botsNasal dischargeHead shaking, teeth grindingSnorting with head to ground

TREATMENT

• Specific treatment recommendations vary by pest.

• Insecticides* Mostly permethrin-basedPour-ons*, sprays, dips, and aerosols Some Rx

• Anthelmintics (Rx for goats)Ivermectin* (drench) Moxidectin (drench)

Ivomec® is only labeled for the control of nasal bots in sheep. Cydectin® is not labeled for external parasite control.

* recommended

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RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN SHEEP AND GOATS

• Respiratory problems are common in sheep and goats; they can have many causes, including bacteria, viruses, tumors, parasites, and aspiration.

• Common bacterial causes of pneumonia in sheep/goats include Pasteurella multocida, Mannheamia haemolytica, mycoplasma

• Respiratory disease is characterized by fever (>104°F), coughing, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing, weakness, and death.

• Prevent with management, e.g. good nutrition, sanitation, proper ventilation, and vaccination (pasteurella).

• Treat with antibiotics: penicillin, LA-200®, Nuflur®*, Naxcel®, or Excenel® (Rx)* and anti-inflammatory drugs (Rx)*.

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THREE HOOF DISEASES THAT COMMONLY INFECT SUSCEPTIBLE SHEEP AND GOATS.

FOOT SCALD

• An inflammation or redness between toes (claws) of hoof.

FOOTROT

• Infection of hoof: involves separation of horny portions of hoof from the underlying sensitive areas.

• Characteristic foul odor.

FOOT ABSCESS

• Bacterial infection of damaged hoof tissue, causing formation of abscess inside.

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FOOT SCALD

• Foot scald is caused by a bacteria that is present on all sheep and goat farms: Fusobacterium necrophorum.

• It is not thought to be contagious.

• Occurs during periods of wet weather.

• Seems to be more of a problem with goats than sheep.

• TreatmentTopical treatment or foot soak with zinc sulfate solution.

FOOTROT

• Foot rot requires the interaction of two anaerobic bacteria: F. necrophorum + Dichelobacter nodosus.

• D. nodosus does not infect healthy hooves.

• D. nodosus is introduced to a farm via infected hooves.

• D. nodosus can only survive outside of hoof for 14 d.

• Highly contagious.

• Hard to eradicate.

• Treatment and eradicationHoof trimming + foot soaking + culling (+ antibiotics/UK)

http://umaine.edu/sheep/files/2010/06/protocol-5-12.pdf

FOOT ABSCESS

• Foot abscesses are caused by bacteria that are normally found on farms, e.g. actinomyces spp.

• Usually an individual animal problem; mostly mature, heavy animals.

• TreatmentAntibiotics

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REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS

• Abortion

• Dystocia

• Ringwomb

• Prolapses

• Mastitis

• Pregnancy toxemia

• Milk fever

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ABORTIONTermination of pregnancy, stillbirths, weak offspring, congenital abnormalities1-5% loss is normal. Hard to know how many is normal in a small flock/herd.

• Infectious causes of abortion (zoonotic!)

Top three causesCampylobacter (vibrio)Chlamydia (enzootic, EAE)Toxoplasmosis (coccidia of cat)

Less common causesBorder disease (related to BVD)BrucellosisCache Valley Virus LeptospirosisListeriosisSalmonellaQ feverBluetongue (virus)

• Non-infectious causes of abortion Nutrition, stress, diseases, near-term situations

• During an abortion stormWear gloves!Isolate aborting ewes/doesRemove and destroy all bedding and aborted materialThoroughly disinfect pensSubmit samples for necropsy (50% chance of diagnosis) Feed antibiotics to remaining females (goats, Rx)Antibiotic injections to remaining females (Rx)

• PreventionMaintain a closed flock or herdVaccinate at-risk flocks/herds (vibrio, Chlamydia)Vaccinate replacement females (vibrio, Chlamydia)Purchase maiden ewes/doesFeed ionophore during late gestation (Rx).Feed antibiotic during late gestation (goats, Rx)Good sanitationKeep cats from contaminating feed and bedding

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DYSTOCIA (DIFFICULT BIRTHS)

• Disproportionate size Large offspringSmall pelvic opening

• MalpresentationElbow lockLeg(s) backHead backBreech (tail only)Swollen headSimultaneous birthsDead and deformedOther Backwards is also normal.

• RingwombFailure of cervix to dilate

• Assisting with difficult births

• If no progress after 45-60 minutes of hard labor (after water breaks), examine ewe/doe, identify problem (if any), and correct (if necessary).

• Wear gloves or OB sleeves.

• Make liberal use of lubricant.

• Gentle, steady pressure and manipulation.

• After 30 minutes of trying and no progress, call a veterinarian or experienced shepherd for help.

• Give antibiotic after assisted deliveries.

Special case: ringwomb Do not attempt to pull lambs/kidsC-section

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VAGINAL PROLAPSE

• Occurs during last month of pregnancy

• Contributing factorsExcessive body conditionMultiple birthsHigh fiber dietsLimited exerciseOvercrowding at feedersPrevious vaginal prolapseGenetic predisposition

• TreatmentReplace after cleaningUse suture, bearing retainer, harness, or truss to hold prolapse in until lambing.

• PreventionProper nutritionAdequate feeder spaceCull affected ewes and don’t save their offspring

UTERINE PROLAPSE

• Occurs immediately after or 12 to 48 hours after parturition.

• Can be life threatening

• Contributing factorsExcessive straining from difficult birthUterine infectionHypocalcemia

• TreatmentWash and replace (administer epidural, Rx)Uterine relaxant (oxytocin, Rx)AntibioticsOkay to keep for another year

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MASTITIS - INFLAMMATION OF UDDER

SUB-CLINICAL

• Mostly costly form

• SymptomsNothing obvious, but adverse effects on production.Can detect with SCC and CMT.

CLINICAL

• SymptomsLimpingNo (little) milk: starving lambs, kidsLumps in udderSwelling of udder, “hot” to touchDepression, fever, poor appetiteGangrene, death

• TreatmentSystemic antibioticsIntramammary antibiotics (Rx)

• Cull chronically-infected ewes and does.

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RISK FACTORS FOR MASTITIS• Most infections are caused by bacteria:

Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pasteurella spp., and coliforms (e. coli).

Mastitis is also a common symptom of OPP and CAE.

Predisoposing factors• Stressful conditions (e.g. weather)• Poor sanitation, hygiene• Teat and udder damage• Poor udder conformation• Heavy-milkers, age• Sore mouth• Genetic susceptibility

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PREGNANCY TOXEMIA AND MILK FEVER

• Metabolic diseases that commonly affectpregnant and lactating ewes and does.

Pregnancy toxemia Late gestation

Milk feverLate gestation (ewes)Early lactation (does)

• Diseases present with similar symptoms• Can be differentiated by response to treatment:

energy (glucose) vs. calcium.• Early treatment can be successful.• Is usually a flock or herd problem: primarily nutrition

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PREGNANCY TOXEMIA (KETOSIS)

• CauseInadequate energy (TDN) in late gestation diet

Low blood glucoseElevated ketone levels in urine

• SymptomsOff feed, lethargyLack of coordination, recumbency

• TreatmentEarly: oral propylene glycol, IV glucoseAdvanced: induce labor, c-section

• PreventionAdequate energy in late gestation dietUsually necessary (advisable) to feed grain, specially to high-producing ewes and does.

MILK FEVER (HYPOCALCEMIA)

• CauseLow blood calcium (Ca)Inadequate Ca in late gestation diet or failure to mobilize Ca reserves (too much Ca in diet).

• SymptomsOff feed, unsteady gaitLegs splayed out

• TreatmentOral, Sub-Q, or IV calcium solution

• PreventionProper amount of Ca in late gestation diet• Sheep: Ca requirements peak in late gestation• Goats : Ca requirements similar throughout gestation.

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COMMON DIGESTIVE/METABOLIC DISEASES

•Milk fever

• Pregnancy toxemia

• Acidosis

• Bloat

• Urinary calculi

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ACIDOSISGrain poisoning, grain overload, engorgement

• Production of large quantities of lactic acid which lowers rumen pH.

• Caused by rapid fermentation of carbohydrates.

• Associated with feeding grains, pellets, and by-product feeds. Can also occur on rapidly growing pastures and when feeding high quality silage.

• Clinical vs. sub-clinicalAcute clinical - life-threateningMild clinical - depression, diarrhea, bloatSub-clinical - reduced performance, laminitis

• TreatmentRemove grain from ration; feed haySodium bicarbonateAntacids

• PreventionGradual adaptation to high starch dietsDo not crack or grind grainsFeed additives: bentonite, sodium bicarb, limestone, rumen modifiers (ionophores), antibiotics, yeast.

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BLOAT

• Caused by an accumulation of gas in the rumen and reticulum; animal unable to belch. There are two kinds of bloat:

• Frothy Caused by diets that promote the formation of froth (foam): legumous forages, wet, grass pastures, cereal grain pastures, garden greens, and grain.

• Free gasCaused by diets that promote excessive free gas production: high-grain diets .

• Abomasal bloat can occur in artificially-reared lambs/kids. It is caused by improper milk feeding.

• SymptomsSeverity varies, can be life-threatening or self-curing.Distended abdomen, swelling on left side

• TreatmentVaries by severityPassage of stomach tube (free gas)Drench with vegetable oil, mineral oil, antacid

• PreventionIntroduce to feed or pasture slowlyFeed dry stemmy hay before allowing access to legume pasturesCommercial bloat preventatives, ionophores, baking sodaProper milk feeding.

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URINARY CALCULI (“WATER BELLY”)

• Blockage of urinary tract by calculi (kidney stones)Most common in wethers; intact males also susceptibleCaused by improper feeding (too much phosphorus, P)

• SymptomsRestlessness, anxiety, off-feedAbdominal pain, humped-up appearanceStraining, urine dribblingDistended abdomen, edema

• TreatmentDepends upon location of obstructionAmmonium chloride drench surgeryOften not rewarding

• PreventionFeed a properly balanced ration. Ca: P ratio of >2:1. Adequate forage in dietAdequate water intakeAddition of ammonium chloride to diet

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COMMON NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMSDifferential diagnoses: scrapie, rabies, meningeal worm, pregnancy toxemia, enterotoxemia

LISTERIOSIS (CIRCLING DISEASE)

• Bacterial disease caused by listeria monocytogenes (widespread)Primary source is spoiled feed and forage (especially silage).

• SymptomsInfection limited to one side of brainOne-sided appearance of paralysisDisorientation, drooling, drooping earLean against objects; walk in “circles”Can also cause abortion (zoonotic).

• TreatmentPrompt and aggressive antibiotic therapy: penicillin or tetracycline (Rx).

POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA (POLIO)

• Disturbance in thiamine metabolism.Commonly associated with high concentrate diets (lower rumen pH), high sulfur diets, amprolium (Corid), and ingestion of thiaminase or thiamine antogonists.

• SymptomsBlindness, star gazing, head pressing

• TreatmentHigh doses of thiamine (Rx).Complete recovery is possible if treatment is initiated in early stages of disease.

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INFECTIOUS KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS - PINK EYE

• Infectious and contagious; tends to occur as an outbreak in a flock or herd.

• Many causative organisms. Most common are Chlamydia psittaci ovis and Mycoplasma conjunctivae.

• SymptomsDischarge from eye, wet below eyeAversion towards lightRed and irritated membranesCloudy or opaque membranes

• Treatment Isolation in shady areaAntibiotic therapy: Terramycin® opthamalic, LA-200® (Rx), penicillin (Rx), mastitis treatments (Rx).

• PreventionMaintain a closed flock or herd.Quarantine new animals or those returning from show.

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SORE MOUTH (ORF)

• Most common skin problem in sheep/goats.Caused by a virus in pox family.Contagious to other animals and people (zoonotic)

• SymptomsLesions on mouth, nose, feet, limbs, udder, and genital areas.Takes 1-4 weeks for disease to run its course.

• TreatmentUsually unrewardingTreat secondary bacterial infections that may result.

• PreventionMaintain a closed flock or herd.Quarantine new animals and those returning from a show.Once infected, vaccinate to control outbreaks.Where gloves when vaccinating or handling infected animals.

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LAST WEBINARTHURSDAY, FEB 207 PM EST

TOPICDISEASE MANAGEMENT