OI.R (1980~ 33 !5) 505

F. GENERAL

FI0. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

86:3492 Beal, R.C,, 1985. Ocean research with synthetic

aperture radar. Johns Hopkins A PL tech. Dig., 6(4)-293-299.

From its inception more than a decade ago, SAR oceanography at APL has grown into a substantial interdepartmental effort involving many aspects of science and engineering. This article presents a brief tutorial of aperture synthesis and highlights APL's past, present, and potential future role in SAR oceanography. APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

86:3493 Manirre, Roger and Jean Jaubert, 1985. Coral reefs

mapping and cartography in the Red Sea (Aqaba Gulf). Oceanologica Acta, 8(3):321-330. (In French, English abstract.)

Coral reef mapping was conducted by (1) digitizing aerial photographs (color diapositives) and storage of the resulting red, blue and green numeric images in the computer memory; and (2) interactive com- puter processing of the numeric images. Results were promising; assets and prospects of the technique are detailed. Centre de Teledetection et d'Analyse des Milieux Nat., Ecole Nat. Super. des Mines de Paris, Sophia-Antipolis, 06565 Valbonne cedex, France.

86:3494 McDonough, R.N., B.E. Raft and J.L. Kerr, 1985.

Image formation from spaceborne synthetic ap- erture radar signals. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 6(4):300-312.

APL is one of a relatively few facilities that can digitally process satellite SAR data. Development of the processor requires the availability of a high- speed computer system and the use of complex algorithms for efficient operation. The algorithms, in essence, perform a 2-D convolution of the radar returns with a nonstationary matched filter. The resultant image quality depends on the accuracy maintained in reconstructing the complete radar signal phase history and in compensating for such effects as beam squint, Earth rotation, and range cell migration. This article describes in some detail the APL processing algorithms and implementation techniques. APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

86:3495 McGoldrick, L.F., 1985. Remote sensing for ocean-

ography: an overview. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 6(4):284-292.

The problem of obtaining proper sampling of the averaged quantities treated in analytical and numer- ical models is now the most significant limitation on advances in physical oceanography. Within the past decade, many electromagnetic techniques have been applied to the study of the ocean. Satellites now promise nearly total coverage of the world's oceans in only a few days to a few weeks of observations. This article reviews the early and current techniques applied to satellite oceanography and describes some future systems that will be orbited during the remainder of this century. Both scientific and technologic capabilities are discussed. APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

86:3496 Mezhelovsky, N.V., 1984. Remote sensing. Volume

18, Proceedings of the 27th International Geo- logical Congress, Moscow, 4-14 August 1984. VNU Science Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 228pp.

The 12 papers in this volume cover applications of remote sensing to mapping the U.S.S.R., petroleum and mineral exploration, neotectonics, seismicity and geodynamics, and hazard evaluation and miti- gation. Remotely-sensed physical features (circular units in the ocean-continent transition zone and of Precambrian shields) are topics of two papers. (msg)

86:3497 Sharp, M.J. and P.A. Keddy, 1986. A quantitative

technique for estimating the boundaries of wet- lands from vegetation data. Environ. Mgmt, 10(1): 107-112. The Landplan Collaborative Ltd., 319 Woolwich St., Guelph, ON N1H 3W4, Canada.

86:3498 Smith, G.L. (guest editor), 1985. [Remote sensing inl

Ocean sclence---IL Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory program. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 6(4):274-360; 10 papers.

The second of two consecutive issues on ocean science (the first was devoted to in-situ physical oceanography research at APL) concentrates on remote sensing applications. Three overviews discuss the history of oceanography and ongoing research at

506 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (6)

APL; remote sensing measurements of wind stress, sea surface altimetry and ocean color; and physical processes involved in synthesizing a radar aperture in space. Remaining papers concern a digital signal processor successfully applied to SAR data; re- motely-sensed surface gravity waves and storm activity correlations; wind speed estimates from SAR versus scatterometers; SAR images of internal waves in the Andaman Sea and New York Bight; modulation of SAR backscattered energy by the interaction of surface waves with internal wave surface currents; and the capability of SAR wave images to update global wave forecast models. (msg)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)

86:3499 Bentley, C.R., 1984. The Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical

and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS): introduction and summary of measurements performed. Ant- arct. Res. Ser., Am. geophys. Un., 42:1-20.

Measurements of many kinds were carried out at the 200 RIGGS stations over the period 1973-1978. Quantities determined included accumulation rate, strain rate, ice thickness, subglacial water depth, and gravity at 75-95% of the sites; temperatures and movement rate at 40-50% of the sites; seismic and radio wave velocities and electrical resistivities at 10-20 sites; and radar polarization at six sites. More extensive programs, including core drilling to 50-100 m, tidal-gravity recording, and long seismic refrac- tion profiles to investigate submarine geologic structure, were carried out at base camps. In addition, 13,500 km of airborne radar sounding were completed. Detailed seasonal tabulations of the types and locations of measurements are presented along with a brief season-by-season narrative. Geophys. and Polar Res. Center, Univ. of Wiscon- sin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

86:3500 Dolan, Robert and Harry Lins, 1985. The Outer

Banks of North Carolina. Report. Prepared in cooperation with the [U.S.] National Park Service. Prof. Pap. U.S. geol. Surv., 1177- B: 103pp.

An analysis of natural hazards and those associated with urban developments on barrier islands, as exemplified by the Outer Banks, is provided as part of an effort to promote sound environmental planning and decision making. Topics covered include barrier island dynamics, landforms, shore- line processes, geological history, historical devel- opment and land use, environmental hazards, and

man's impact. It is hoped that this overview will assist in identifying the patterns and systematics of the recurring phenomena associated with shoreline processes and in evaluating hazard mitigation tech- niques. (hbf)

86:3501 Hempel, Gotthilf (ed.), 1985. [The Antarctic Ill

expedition with R/V Polarstern 1984-85.1 Repts polar Res. (Ber. Polarforsch.), 25:209pp. (Ger- man, some English.)

Work of the third expedition of the R/V Polarstern to the Southern Ocean is systematically summarized. The first and final legs (from and to Europe) concentrated on air/sea trace chemical exchanges and SEABEAM mapping of the Small Meteor Bank and Romanche Trough. The three Antarctic legs concentrated on biology, particularly (as part of SIBEX) krill population dynamics; however, Ant- arctic Bottom Water formation was studied as well. Alfred-Wegener Inst. for Polar Res., Columbus Center, D-2850 Bremerhaven, FRG. (fcs)

86:3502 Ibrahim, A.W.E., 1985. Hydrochemical, biological

and sedimentological expressions of confinement in Jemsah Lagoon (Gulf of Suez, Egypt). Ocean- ologica Acta, 8(3):303-320. (In French, English abstract.)

86:3503 Nelepo, B.A. (ed.), 1983. Experimental investigations

under the international POL YMODE program. (Results of the 16th cruise of R/V Akademik Vernadskii.) Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 143pp. (Translated from Russian.)

Results of the 16th cruise of the R/V Akademik Vernadskii to examine the hydrophysical and hydro- chemical features of the synoptic eddy formation zone of the western Sargasso Sea are presented here. Seventeen papers discuss the general characteristics of synoptic eddies, their vertical and horizontal extent, thermohaline structure, current velocities and optical properties, as well as phytoplankton and seston distributions. The geomagnetic field and seafloor topography are discussed in the final chapter. This book is available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161, USA. (msg)

86:3504 Papa, L., 1985. [A three--dimensional numerical

model for the study of circulation and of transport and diffusion of pollutants in the Ligurian Sea.] Atti Assoc. ItaL Oceanol. Limnol., Congress 6:167-172. (In Italian, English abstract.) Dipt. di

OLR (1986) 33 (6) F. General 507

Fis., Univ. di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.

86:3505 Tait, R.I., 1985. The physical oceanography of the

Tyrrbenian and Ligurian seas. Atti Assoc. Ital. Oceanol. Limnol., Congresso 6:49-84.

This review covers bathymetric and physiographic features, temperature and salinity characteristics of the surface, Levantine intermediate and deep water masses, and short-term anff seasonal circulation of the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas. The apparently permanent deep thermohaline step-layer structure of the central Tyrrhenian suggests double-diffusion processes in the water column. Univ. of Liverpool, UK. (msg)

86:3508 Tapaswi, S.M.P. Jr., 1985. Bibliography on Quater-

nary paleoclimatic studies in the oceans. Documn Servs, natn. Inst. Oceanogr., Lib., India, DOSS- 11:56pp.

The reconstruction of past climates helps in devel- oping scenarios of future climatic trends; the data required for such studies are obtained from the oceans. This is particularly so in the case of reconstructions for the Quaternary, during which fluctuations of varying magnitude and duration occurred. This selected bibliography has been pre- pared with emphasis on data sources predominantly from the oceans; land-derived data sources were deliberately excluded. Documentation Services, Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.

86:3506 Dercourt, Jean et al., 1985. Presentation of 9

paleogeographic maps at 20 millions scale from Atlantic to Pamir between Lias and Present. Bull. Soc. gg'ol. Fr., (Suppl.)(8)l(5):637-652. (In French, English abstract.) Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. de Stratigr., 4 pl. Jussieu, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France.

86:3507 Lippson, A.J. (Environmental Center, Martin Mari-

etta Corporation) et al., 1985. Environmental atlas ot the Potomac Estuary. Power Plant Siting Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources; 280pp.

This atlas is designed to be a management and planning aid in assessing the environmental impact of future and existing power plant facilities; an information base to assist scientists and planners in identifying areas needing further study; and an aid to the planning of industrial, agricultural and urban development activities. The maps, graphs, and tables represent most of the available data on the Potomac, gathered from various monitoring programs and many systematic, large scale investigations. The text covers three subject areas: the estuary's physical and chemical characteristics, its biota, and human exploitation of the Potomac's renewable resources. Included are nine folio maps, ten tables, a glossary, reference citations, subject index, and additional aids for the reader such as a list of common place names. Although this atlas covers only the Potomac Estuary, the authors hope it may serve as a useful prototype. (lit)

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

86:3509 Addicott, W.O., 1985. Scope and status of the

Circum-Pacific Map Project. A summary of Circum-Pacific Map Project activities during 1983 and 1984 including regional panel meetings and the 1984 Panel Chairmen's Meeting. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-file Rept, 85-267:51pp. plus 23 tables.

The Circum-Pacific Map Project is an international effort to publish new maps of the Pacific Basin which relate known energy and mineral resources to the geology, tectonics and crustal dynamics of the region. The status of the project is updated to January 1985 in this report which focuses on the 1984 Panel Chairmen's meeting and also provides background information from the 1983 Project Meeting, summaries of 1983-84 regional panel meetings, plus important developments since the previous status report in 1983. USGS. (wbg)

FI30. Institutions and services

86:3510 Gilreath, H.E., 1985. APL's independent research and

development thrust in oceanography. Johns Hop- kins APL tech. Dig., 6(4):276-283.

Advances in satellite sensors, ocean instrumentation, and computer technology have opened up a new era in ocean research, promising rapid growth in the scientific understanding of the sea and the appli- cation of this new knowledge to the solution of both

508 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (6)

civil and military problems. As part of a coordi- nated, multiyear research and development plan, APL scientists and engineers are laying a foundation for future contributions in the fields of satellite oceanography, tactical oceanography and Chesa- peake Bay research. APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

86:3511 McCloskey, William, 1985. Chesapeake Bay research

institutions: a bay-wide presence. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 6(4):369-384.

Dedicated Chesapeake Bay researchers have worked for decades to produce a literature of interdisci- plinary knowledge on bay properties and species, but some say that the work is just beginning. The first formal research institution on the bay was estab- lished in 1925. More recently the four organizations of the Chesapeake Research Consortium, as well as other institutions, have increased this presence manyfold. The 1980s have marked the start of stronger political backing and more widespread public support for bay research. Meanwhile, a rich variety of bay research projects continues to seek knowledge of the chemical, physical, and biological processes that dictate the life of this great estuary. APL, Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

F170. Engineering and industry 86:3512

Shaw, D.C., 1985. Some aspects of the [M~I.I French flexible bag wave-energy device. Q. appl. Math., 43(3):337-358.

M.J. French (1977) has suggested a channel form wave energy absorber in which power is removed from the wave front by flexible bags along the channel walls. His simple theoretical model for such a device has, however, several drawbacks. Several two-dimensional models of the channel are exam- ined in which one or more of the dimensions are many wavelengths long. In particular, it is possible to apply realistic boundary conditions at the channel walls and obtain relationships between the wall stiffness and the decay rate of the wave front. Imperial Coll., London, UK.

FI80. Ships, submersibles, etc. 86:3513

Brooks, D.A., 1985. Sailing research vessels and the Arctic schooner Bowdoin. Eos, 66(5 I): 1227,1229-1230.

Since research in coastal and shelf waters may profit more from improved (and downsized) instruments than grander vessels, some thought should be given to the advantages offered by auxiliary-powered sailing research vessels such as the Bowdoin. She is a 60 ton, 27 m-long Gloucester fishing schooner - inspired ship rigged for ease of sail handling and maneuvering which was used for Arctic exploration by Donald B. MacMillan (whose experiences there date to the Peary expedition of 1908). Judged by the standards of capability, availability and cost, the ship is a worthy competitor to the typical fishing trawler now used. The ship's disadvantages (ill- suited for heavy lifting, dredging and coring oper- ations, etc.) are also discussed. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA. (wbg)

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

86:3514 Crane, S.R. and J.A. Moore, 1986. A management

strategy to reduce bacterial pollution in shellfish areas: a case study. Environ. Mgmt, 10(1):41-51.

The high population density of animals, raised on a relatively small floodplain area, represents one of the major sources of bacterial pollution in Tillamook Bay (Oregon). This paper summarizes the history of the agencies involved with the problem and presents the current approach to alleviate bacterial pollution in the bay without unduly penalizing other industries in the Tillamook Basin. Some of the legal aspects of reducing water pollution in shellfish harvesting areas and the jurisdiction of federal agencies in these matters are discussed. Recommendations to reduce bacterial output by the major source categories in the basin are offered, and criteria for bay closure to shellfish harvest are developed to protect the public from bacterially contaminated shellfish. Dept. of Agric. Engrg., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

86:3515 La Noce, T., R. Pagnotta, M. Pettine and A. Puddu,

1985. [The effects of pollution from the Tiber River, Italy, on the coastal ecosystem.] Atti Assoc. Ital. OceanoL Limnol., Congresso 6:147-156. (In Italian, English abstract.) CNR Ist. di Ricerca sulle Acque, Rome, Italy.

86:3516 Lewbel, G.S., 1985. Strengths and weaknesses of

damage assessment programs: the Ixtoc-I and

OLR 0986) 33 (6) F. General 509

Burmah Agate oil spills, and the benthic macro- infauna of the Texas continental shelf. Tex. J. Sci., 37(4):269-310.

Since the Ixtoc-I and Burmah Agate oil releases occurred concurrently and affected an area pre- viously studied during the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf (STOCS) program, they provided the first opportunity to test damage assessment programs. Twelve STOCS sites were sampled and compared with new sites. Recommendations for acquisition of baseline data included increased sampling frequency, formation of permanent vouch- er collections, obtaining life history and toxicological information, and performing chemical analyses before biological analyses (biological findings within the STOCS area could not be attributed to the spills, since no residues were found in the benthic samples). LGL Ecol. Res. Assoc., Inc., 1410 Cavitt St., Bryan, TX 77801, USA. (gsb)

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

86:3517 Duinker, P.N. and G.E. Beanlands, 1986. The

significance of environmental impacts: an explo- ration of the concept. Environ. Mgmt, 10(1): 1-10.

Use of the concept of impact significance over the past 15 years in EIA documentation is reviewed and some recent attempts at elucidating the concept are summarized. Four perspectives emerged from a series of workshops on the ecological basis for EIA; the following synthesis is proposed: any exercise in judging the significance of an environmental impact should thoroughly consider (1) the importance of the environmental attribute in question to project decision-makers, (2) the distribution of change in time and space, (3) the magnitude of change, and (4) the reliability with which change has been predicted or measured. The implications of considering these factors are discussed. Fac. of Forestry, Univ. of New Brunswick, Bag Service No. 44555, Fredericton, NB E3B 6C2, Canada.

86:3518 Heinonen, K.C., 1985. Gill nets: O, what a tangled

web .... Oceans, 18(6):62-67.

The gill net fishery off the California coast and its regulation by state and federal agencies are dis- cussed. Objections to the method include indis- criminate loss of pregnant fish, the immature of larger species, marine mammals (sea lions, harbor seals, dolphins, porpoises, whales and sea otters),

and seabirds. The problems are compounded by a poor data base (complicated by gillnetter non- cooperation), confusing regulations, international interests, increased use of gillnetting, and exclusive use of gillnetting by Indo-Chinese refugees legally barred from owning larger vessels suited to trawl net fishing. The only consensus is the necessity of increased research and monitoring. (gsb)

86:3519 Herricks, E.E. and D.J. Schaeffer, 1985. Can we

optimize biomonitoring? Environ. Mgmt, 9(6): 487-492.

Biomonitoring is an element of environmental management that must become more sophisticated to meet the demands of legislation and public concern for environmental safety. Data collection and analysis techniques must improve if environ- mental scientists are to take full advantage of the information content of field and laboratory bio- monitoring efforts. Associated issues include test system selection and the data characteristics of various biomonitoring techniques. Optimization is a possible approach to resolving conflicts between legal defensibility, scientific accuracy, and the requirements of environmental managers. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Illinois, 208 North Romine, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

86:3520 Humphrey, P.B. (ed.), 1985. Marine mining: a new

beginning. Conference proceedings, July 18-21, 1982, Hilo, Hawaii. State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, Coun- ty of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program; 319pp. $12.00

Although the conference on which this volume is based was held in 1982, dollar values have been updated to reflect 1984 and many ex post facto enhancements were added. Topics include world marine resources in manganese and polymetallic sulfide nodules and crusts; marine mining tech- nology; metal recovery processes and waste dispos- al; onshore and offshore impact assessment of mining and processing activities; and international (UNCLOS) and national legislation activities. An appendix comprises a bibliography concerning sea- mount ferromanganese nodules and crusts. (slr)

86:3521 Johnston, C.S., 1985. The seaweed potential of

Orkney [Islands, Scotlandl waters. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 87B(1-2):1-14. Inst. of Offshore Engrg., Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.

510 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (6)

86:3522 Mason, James, A.W. Newton, D.W. McKay and

J.A.M. Kinnear, 1985. Fisheries in the Orkney [Islands, Scotland] area. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 87.B(1-2):65-81. DAFS Mar. Lab., Victoria Rd., Aberdeen AB9 8DB, UK.

86:3523 Padan, J.W., J.E. Snider and J.P. Flanagan, 1985.

NOAA's approach to environmental concerns inherent in regulating a domestic deep ocean manganese nodule mining industry. In: Marine Mining." a new beginning. Conference proceed- ings, July 18-21, 1982, Hilo, Hawaii. State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, County of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program; 155-175.

Five years of research comprised a solid foundation for the programmatic environmental impact state- ment (PEIS) prepared by NOAA during the imple- mentation of the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act (DSHMRA) enacted in 1980. NOAA believes that exploration phase activities may pro- ceed without jeopardy to the environment, if they are of the type described in the PEIS. The DSHMRA is discussed, as are the regulatory framework for license phase activities and the PEIS findings that support specific regulations. Present and future research efforts are summarized. Finally, the status of NOAA's application process is noted. Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy, NOAA, Washington, DC, USA.

86:3524 Spagni, Daniel, Hugh Cameron, Glyn Ford, Luke

Georghiou and Jonathan Simnett, 1985. The mineral deposits in the oceans. Umschau, 10:594- 598. (In German.) Univ. of Manchester, FRG.

F280. Policy, law, treaties

86:3526 Bowen, B.J., 1985. Possible future directions in U.S.

marine mining laws. In: Marine Mining: a new beginning. Conference proceedings, July 18-21, 1982, Hilo, Hawaii. State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, Coun- ty of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program; 253-289.

This paper (from a 1982 conference on marine mining) discusses the possible types of legal juris- diction over seabed mining that a nation may assert, describes existing U.S. legislation and the need to include non-mineral resources in its scope. The author also discusses the impact of UNCLOS III on U.S. mining interests. Office of the General Counsel, NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC, USA. (lit)

86:3528 Wolfrum, C.R., 1985. German national legislation on

deep seabed mining. In: Marine Mining: a new beginning. Conference proceedings, July 18-21, 1982, Hilo, Hawaii. State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, Coun- ty of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program; 236-252.

The German Deep Seabed Mining Act (an interim measure, enacted in 1980, amended in February 1982) was designed to ensure nondiscriminatory access to seabed resources, encourage research and development on deep seabed mining and protect the investments already made in order to prevent German nationals from being placed at a compet- itive disadvantage in relation to those countries with interim legislation. The act's objectives and content, the need for a reciprocating states agreement, and relationship to the Law of the Sea regime are discussed. Univ. Kiel, Inst. for Intl. Law, Kiel, FRG. (lit)

86:3525 Williams, R., 1985. The potential impact of a krill

fishery upon pelagic fish in the Prydz Bay area of Antarctica. Polar Biol., 5(1): 1-4. Antarctic Div., Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas. 7150, Aus- tralia.

F290. International concerns and or- ganizations

86:3529 Leggett, J.K., 1985. Geoscience and the feasibility of

cheating on test ban treaties. Mod. Geol., 9(4): 329-357.

OLR (1986) 33 (6) F. General 511

'Geoscience is directly relevant to the furtherment of peace' in this sense: any steps toward global nuclear disarmament must be preceded by a test ban treaty. Moreover, while the responsibility of the non- nuclear signatories to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is to forego nuclear weapons development, this provision is contingent on the nuclear nations pursuing negotiations 'at an early date...on general and complete disarmament.' However, the U.S.A., U.S.S.R., and U.K. broke off negotiations for a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1980 because of the problem of verification. The paper here reviews evidence that verification is no longer an obstacle to the treaty, that present-day high-frequency seismic networks can detect underground explosions down to the strategically insignificant 1-kiloton level, and that attempts at 'decoupling' with the use of large, deep underground chambers would be detectable by satellite. 'Geoscientists are capable of appreciating the evidence and should make it known to those in power.' Dept. of Geol., Imperial Coll. of Sci. and Tech., London SW7 2BP, UK. (fcs)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especially oceanography)

86:3530 Hoffman, Antoni and M.H. Nitecki, 1985. Reception

of the asteroid hypothesis of terminal Cretaceous extinctions. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 13(12):884- 887.

Several hundred geoscientists (of various specialities) from North America, Great Britain, Germany and Poland were polled in regard to their initial expo- sure, familiarity, expertise and opinion on the asteroid hypothesis of the terminal Cretaceous mass extinctions. Differences emerged, and while there was 'not even a hope' of identifying the underlying factors, it would appear that 'informed judgment' has national, cultural and linguistic characteristics. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. (fcs)

86:3531 Waldrop, M.M., 1986. NRC finds crisis in remote

sensing. Science, 231 (4734): 111-112.

The U.S. civilian remote sensing program is frag- mented and in deep trouble, according to a report from the National Research Council's Space Appli- cations Board. The problem results from the lack of a federal plan for overall management of the system which is now split along three axes: private and public sector (represented by Landsat and weather satellites); competing missions (research on new

sensors or satellite operations); and the artificial division between land, atmosphere and ocean pro- grams stemming from different ownership. There is yet another division representing civilian/military control which is not discussed in the report. (wbg)

F320. Literature of science

86:3532 Monahan, R.K. and F.C. Erk, 1985. Commentary.

The cost of biological books in 1984. Q. Rev. Biol., 60(4):473-476.

Comparison of the cost of the more than 500 books reviewed in the Quarterly Review of Biology in 1984 with those reviewed in 1982 revealed that the price per page of biology texts increased 15.7 per cent in two years, a rate more than twice that of the U.S. Consumer Price Index, thereby continuing a dec- ade-long trend. U.S. hard cover texts cost twice as much as soft and books in some categories (notably cellular biology) cost much more than books in others (animal behavior; history, philosophy, and ethics). However, the average cost of hard-bound biology texts ($53.57) is similar to the average cost of technical books :i~ the natural sciences ($55.29). Monahan is a ~13raduate Editorial Fellow, 1985, Quarterly Review of Biology. (wbg)

F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)

86:3533 Miller, J.A., 1985. Scientifics at sea. The Smithsonian

Institution salutes the 1838 U.S. Exploring Expedition, which launched the national mu- seums. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 128(25- 26):407-409.

An exhibit commemorating the 1838 U.S. Exploring Expedition opened at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. in November, 1985. The expedition (with its six ships, the controversial commander, Lt. Charles Wilkes, and nine scientists and artists) claimed the first sighting of the Antarctic continent (January 16, 1840). In addition, it accumulated more than 4000 cultural objects, 50,000 pressed plants and the first major collection of exotic animals to be brought to the U.S. Observations of the different ages of volcanic islands were later used to support the theory of plate tectonics. The expedition was in part responsible for the Smithsonian's establishment of a national museum and it marked the start of the U.S. commitment to scientific research. (wbg)

512 F. General OLR(1986)33(6)

F340. Biographies, obituaries, etc.

86:3534 Lester, P.F., 1985. Studies of the marine inversion

over the San Francisco Bay area...a summary of the work of Albert Miller, 1961-1978. Bull. Am. met. Soc., 66(11):1396-1402.

Results of Miller's field work included (1) a detailed description of the spatial and temporal variations of the structure of the marine inversion over the Bay area, (2) documentation of the characteristics of gravity waves and turbulence near the base of the inversion, (3) a variety of evidence that strongly supports significant cross-inversion mass flux, and (4) a hypothesis that explains the latter as the result of small-amplitude gravity waves in a tilted, strongly sheared inversion layer. Dept. of Meteorol., San Jose State Univ., San Jose, CA 95192, USA.

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

86:3535 Costa, J.A. de Almeida, 1984. [Annual review of the

Portuguese Hydrographic Institute.[ A nais Inst. Hidrogrhfico, Portugal, 5" 132pp; 20 papers. (In Portuguese, English abstracts.)

Papers in this issue address, among other topics, PCB analyses in fish and shellfish, petrochemical effluents and monitoring, wave-rider installation, ship maneuvering trials, water quality monitoring, tide data at two locations, beach evolution, a river navigation feasibility study, using fluorescent tracers in circulation studies, and side-scan sonar records and limitations. Inst. Hidrograf., Rua das Trinas, 49, 1700 Lisboa, Portugal. (sir)

86:3536 Jablonski, David, 1986. Background and mass ex-

tinctions: the alternation of macroevolutionary regimes. Science, 231(4734): 129-133.

Study of evolutionary patterns among Late Cre- taceous molluscs suggests that the qualities which enhance survivorship of species and genera during non-catastrophic periods (such as degree of larval dispersal, geographic range and species richness) were ineffectual with respect to surviving mass extinctions. In the case of the latter there is some evidence that broad, supergeneric lineages were favored when broadly distributed geographically, regardless of the individual ranges of its constituent species. 'Large-scale evolutionary patterns are evi- dently shaped' by the alternation of these regimes,

with occasional mass events causing major compo- sitional shifts that have little relation to success on smaller scales, such successes often being lost entirely for unrelated reasons. Dept. of Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. (fcs)

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

86:3537 Kerr, R.A., 1986. Methane doubling upheld. Science,

231(4733):p.21.

Reanalysis and interpretation of solar spectra re- corded in 1950-51 at Jungfraujoch International Scientific Station in the Swiss Alps show that atmospheric methane levels have been increasing over the past ~35 years; original calculations suggested methane levels were constant until the late 1970s. The results support glacial ice analysis that indicates an increase of about 1 per cent per year for the past several hundred years. Carbon monoxide has also been increasing since 1950 by about 2 per cent per year over Europe. Computer modelling suggests that a 25 per cent reduction in the abundance of the hydroxyl radical is responsible for these effects. (wbg)

86:3538 Kerr, R.A., 1986. Geophysics briefing [California

earthquakes]: Parkfieid earthquake looks to be on schedule. Science, 231(4734): 116-117.

Participants at the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting dis- cussed the resumption of seismic activity in Park- field, California, following a hiatus apparently induced by the 1983 Coalinga earthquake; seismic and geodetic data continue to support the formally- endorsed prediction of a Parkfield earthquake in 1988. Other topics were the search for motion other than along the San Andreas, which accounts for only 60% of the relative movement between the Pacific and North America plates; scientists are examining the Utah Basin and Range Province, the Los Angeles area and the offshore Hosgri fault. At Long Valley caldera, seismic activity has tapered off since 1980 but the valley floor continues to bulge with a maximum uplift of 35 mm/yr. (msg)

86:3539 Peterson, I., 1986. The underwater sound of rain. Sci.

News, Washington, D.C., 129(1):p.4.

Hydrophone records of the sound of rain on a lake's surface showed that rain produces highly structured

OLR (1986) 33 (6) F. General 513

sound spectra, so distinctive that it can be dis- criminated from hail or snow. Computer models have been developed to investigate why the spectral peaks fall at a particular frequency and why heavy rainfall produces a higher spectral level than light rain. There are implications here for detecting and measuring rain over the oceans with buoys or bottom-mounted acoustic sensors. (wbg)

86:3540 Weertman, J., 1985. Transient mantle rheology.

Nature, Lond., 318(61M7):p.600.

Isostatic geoid anomalies indicate that the lower mantle is more viscous than the upper by an order of magnitude, but recent studies of glacial rebound rates and satellite data imply a constant viscosity, not in keeping with expectations. W.R. Peltier explains the disparity in this issue of Nature: glacial rebound, operating on a l&-10 ~ yr timescale, is registering transient creep strain rates, while geoid isostasy, operating on a 108 yr scale, is registering steady-state rates. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL 60201, USA. (fcs)

86:3541 Weisburd, S., 1985. 'Seeing' continents drift. Sci.

News, Washington, D.C., 128(25-26):p.388.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry and Satellite Laser Ranging are two new space-referenced meas- urement techniques which permit scientists to mon- itor movements of the Earth's plates on a yearly basis with a precision (in the case of VLBI) equivalent to measuring 100 football fields to within a hair's breadth. These measures confirm that the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart at a rate of ~ 1.9 cm/yr and that the Pacific Plate is sliding past the North American in a northwest direction at about 5.6 cm/yr. But ground based measurements provide evidence of a defor- mation somewhere in the vicinity of the San Andreas; locating it occupied scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Fran- cisco in late 1985. (wbg)

86:3542 Weisburd, S., 1986. Sonar soundings of the Gulf of

Mexico: sediment on the move. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 129(1):p.5.

GLORIA side-scan sonar images revealed swirls of sediments associated with the Mississippi Fan in the Gulf of Mexico, which probably resulted from submarine landslides during a period of lowered sea level. Other images indicated deformation of sedi- ment layers resulting from rising salt diapirs and domes on the slopes off Texas and Louisiana and

defined the edge of the carbonate platform west of Florida. (hbf)

86:3543 West, R.G., 1985. Ice ages--past and future. Mod.

Geol., 9(3):245-247.

Since climate change is of fundamental importance to our existence, its study is a most important scientific activity. And, because of man's influence via atmospheric pollution, we cannot generalize from what is known about past patterns of alternating cold and temperate periods. By providing a baseline for studying climate change, Quaternary research (the interdisciplinary study of environmental history in the Quaternary Period) makes it possible to investigate the critical question of the ocean/at- mosphere/continent interactions involved in cli- matic change and man's influence on them, a point that should be remembered by those who must decide about the support of pure research. Bot. Sch., Univ. of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK. (wbg)

F390. Educational literature

86:3544 Cardozo, Yvette and Bill Hirsch, 1985. Florida

artificial reefs---alive and growing. Sea Front., 31(6):324-333.

86:3545 Ellis, Richard, 1985. A sea change for leviathan. We

may soon see the day when the great whales, once feared to be on the brink of extinction, can range Earth's oceans unmolested. Audubon, 87(6):62-78.

86:3546 Iversen, E.S., 1985. Marine hatcheries: a myth that

survived and thrived. Sea Front., 31(6):365-374.

Reflecting on a century-long record of failures of hatcheries to supplement marine fish stocks shows us once again that trial and error is expensive and delays progress. With renewed interest in hatcheries to supplement natural stocks, this time with much more biological data and examples of success with the anadromous salmon, fisheries administrators are challenged. Will these new programs be scientifically and economically tested as to their value to recre- ational and commercial fishermen? Or will they--as others before them--be based on mythical benefits?

514 F. General OLR (1986) 33 (6)

86:3547 LaBastille, Anne, 1985. In the balance: Half Moon

Cay [Belize, the Caribbean's first marine reserve,] faces an uncertain future. Oceans, 18(6):32-38.

As early as 1928, when Belize was British Honduras, Half Moon Cay was designated a sanctuary for songbirds and waterfowl, and in 1982 the Belize government created a 16 m 2 marine preserve called the Half Moon Cay Natural Monument. Yet despite its historical record of preservation and current protected status, Half Moon Cay is a 'paper park' where export-minded fishermen comb the reef for commercially attractive species and tourists threaten the reef's ecology. Although recent attempts to encourage the government to actively protect the reef have been partially successful, the cay's long- term future remains uncertain. LaBastille is a commissioner of New York's Adirondack Park Agency. (msg)

86:3548 Laycock, George and Les Line (photographer), 1986.

The legacy of Gerasim Pribilof [the fur seals of the Pribilof Islands]. Audubon, 88(1):94-103.

86:3549 Maranto, Gina, 1986. Are we close to the road's end?

Man has emitted so much CO2 and other gases into the air that a global warming, leading to floods and climate changes, may soon drown our coastlines and alter the world. Special report. Discover, 7(1):28-50.

86:3550 Osborne, David, 1986. The origin of petroleum.

Atlantic, 257(2):39-54.

This summer the Swedish government will com- mence drilling in the Siljan Ring for oil and gas--an outrageous venture on the face of it because the underlying rock is composed of abiotic and inor- ganic granite. Most geologists believe that petroleum is a residue from the decomposition and geochemical

transformation of biogenic organic remains accu- mulated in sedimentary strata--hence the term 'fossil fuels.' The Siljan Ring, however, is the site of two curiosities: the granite itself has been thoroughly pulverized by the impact of a meteorite; and its outcroppings contain thick, tarry petroleum seeps. To Thomas Gold, a maverick astrophysicist at Cornell University, the presence of tar there poses no problem. He believes its origin to be abiogenic, its source lying deep in the crust, its presence at the surface permitted by pathways in the fractured rock. If Gold's abiotic hypothesis is correct, if the Swedes find oil in Siljan Ring, petroleum, or at the very least methane (the cleanest-burning natural fuel), may exist in almost limitless amounts, almost everywhere, at great but drillable depths. Gold's views are not widely accepted. The evidence, pro and con, is presented here for the layman. (fcs)

86:3551 Shinn, E.A., 1985. Mystery muds of Great Bahama

Bank. Sea Front., 31(6):337-346.

Vast milky patches in shallow Bahamian waters consist of suspended aragonite (CaCO3) crystals; they are called whitings after the small local fish commonly believed to cause the patches by stirring up lime mud when feeding. Some researchers maintain the patches are caused by spontaneous precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column. The author and others discovered that (I) the patches sometimes occurred over clean sandy bottoms; (2) current velocities within patches were no different; (3) no creatures were detected disturbing the bottom even in the middle of patches; (4) no large fish aggregations (let alone schools of whitings) were netted in the patches. Bioturbation as the cause of whitings seems to have been ruled out, but chemical analyses have failed to elucidate the nature and triggering mechanism of the proposed precipitation phenomenon. If this were not mystery enough, a milky white color variant of the blacktip shark inhabits the larger patches (and nowhere else, as far as is known); this leaves researchers with some interesting biological questions as well. (sir)