General

200 OLR (1988135 (21

where physical disturbance of the sediment by waves does not appear to preclude its utility. NERC, IMER, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLl 3DH, Devon, UK.

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

88:1298 Laubier, L. (organizer), 1987. 1976-1986: ten years

research in aquaculture. Part 2: crustaceans. Seminar, 26 November 1986. Oceanis, 13(2): 127-263; 8 papers. (In French, English ab- stracts.)

Ten years of research on the rearing of Crustacea are covered by papers addressing larval development and metamorphosis in homarid lobsters; osmoreg- ulation, viral diseases, reproduction and rearing biology, and nutritional requirements of penaeid prawns; neutral lipids in decapod crustaceans; and semi-intensive rearing of fish and shrimps in salt marshes on the French Atlantic coast. (lit)

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

88:1299 Addicott, J.F., J.M, Aho, M.F. Antolin, D.K.

Padilla, J.S. Richardson and D.A. Soluk, 1987. Ecological neighborhoods: scaling environmental patterns. Oikos, 49(3):340-346.

Environmental patterning-- ' the non-uniform, spa- tial and temporal distribution of resources and abiotic conditions that influence species or species interactions' is discussed and the concept of ecological neighborhoods is generalized to provide a means of scaling environmental patterns relative to particular species (by estimation of neighborhood size). Criteria and procedures for the application of

the ecological neighborhood concept are presented. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. (gsb)

E400. Books, collections (general)

88:1300 Munawar, M. (ed.), 1987. Phycology of the large

lakes of the world. Arch. Hydrobiol., 25(Ergebn. Limnol.):256pp; 13 papers.

Contributions on the phycology of large (~500 km 2 surface area) lakes in the Canadian subarctic, northern Europe, Russia, and the Central and East African rift valleys, as well as the North American Great Lakes, are presented. Topics include characteristics of phytoplankton and algal communities, eutrophication, metal toxicity, picoplankton as contamination indicators, invasions of marine species, and relationships between phytoplankton and physicochemical conditions and between Chl a and phytoplankton biomass. Inter-lake comparisons are made in several cases. (gsb)

E410. Miscellaneous

88:1301 Sheath, R.G., 1987. Invasions into the Laurentian

Great Lakes by marine algae. Arch. Hydrobiol., 25(Ergebn. Limnol.): 165-186.

Since 1850 ion concentrations have increased by ~ 3 times in the lower Laurentian Great Lakes due to anthropogenic inputs. There are presently eight marine-based benthic species (plus 11 potential phytoplankton invaders) in the Great Lakes drain- age basin. Taking into account seaweeds and phytoplankton from the northern Atlantic, the success rate of migration appears to be ~1.5%.

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (mul t id isc ip l inary)

88:1302 Brailovsky, V,L., 1987. A predictive probabilistic

estimate for selecting subsets of regressor variables. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 491:233-244.

There is an extensive literature on selecting subsets of regressor variables. The problem may be briefly described as follows. One has for some experiment the values of a set of explanatory variables, and the value of a response function, which may be subject to some additive error. The problem is to find a formula, depending on the variables, to predict the

OI.R 11988135 12) F. General 201

values of the response function. We specify a set of prospective regressors that we believe may be useful as components of the desired regression formula. In this article a procedure for finding a probabilistic estimate of the prediction quality of subsets of regressor variables is suggested. This estimate is not subject to competition bias and is not a monotone function of model complexity. It should provide an effective method for selecting the best subsets of regressor variables and an unbiased assessment of the prediction quality of the selected regression formula.

88:1303 Casey, M.J. and J. Vosburgh, 1987. Airborne hydro-

graphic surveying in the Canadian Arctic. Int. hydrogr. Rev,, 64(1):111-121.

In August 1985 Canadian hydrographers were the first to use airborne laser scanning techniques to locate and survey shipping channels through parts of the southern route of the Northwest Passage. This survey signaled the first time that an active airborne sensor was used for chartmaking purposes. Laser soundings were acquired in two of the highest priority areas and the processed results are being used in the compilation of a new nautical chart in the area. In 1986 the airborne team continued the sweep through the entire southern route. Canadian Hydrographic Serv., 615 Booth St., Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.

88:1304 Douglas, B.C., D.C. McAdoo and R.E. Cheney,

1987. Oceanographic and geophysical applications of satellite altimetry. U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983-1986. Revs Geophys., 25(5):875-880.

The marine gravity field has been determined to an extraordinary resolution and accuracy, and important solid earth geophysical interpretations have been made. In oceanography, statistical estimates of the variability of dynamic topography have been published, methods for incorporating altimeter data into numerical models have been developed and applied, and tentative but interesting determinations of the mean circulation have been made. Altimeter waveform analysis has made it possible to use altimeter data to determine elevations of major ice fields, and important new insights into the nature of satellite ephemeris error and its influence on altim- etrically derived sea surface topography have been achieved. Natl. Geodetic Survey, NOS, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.

88:1305 Fikioris, J.G. and J.L. Tsalamengas, 1987. Strongly

and uniformly convergent Green's function ex- pansions. J. Franklin Inst., 324(1): 1-17. Dept. of Electrical Engng, Natl. Tech, Univ., Athens, Greece.

88:1306 Grechanovsky, Eugene, 1987. Stepwise regression

procedures. Overview, problems, results, and suggestions. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.. 491:197-232.

Some problems, methods, and procedures in linear regression analysis are reviewed with emphasis on least-squares estimation and subset selection. The present state of subset selection is criticized for the lack of theoretical basis. To get this field out of its present stalemate, development of three lines of research (Interior Theory, Exterior Theory, and Comparative Theory) is recommended. The Interior Theory should investigate mathematical and statistical properties of subset selection procedures, the Exterior Theory should study relations between these procedures and the regression problems pur- ported to be solved by them, and the Comparative Theory should deal with comparative analysis of the procedures. Unsolved problems in the forward selection procedure are analyzed in detail, and some solutions are suggested for two versions of this procedure.

88:1307 Jones, B.E. (honorary editor), 1987. Eurosensors.

Third conference on sensors and their applications, Cambridge, 22-24 September 1987. J. Phys., scient, lnstrums, E, 20(9):1080-1132; 6 papers.

The editor describes the European 'sensor scene' and points out that although sensor research is strong in Europe, the ability to turn technological advance- ment into marketable product has been lacking. Invited papers on European sensor technology include discussions of the application of optical fibers and digital compensation, the use of 'smart sensors' and silicon sensors, and the application of sensor technology in intensive care (blood gas monitoring) and in industrial metrology. (gsb)

88:1308 Papathomas, T.V., J.A. Schiavone and Bela Julesz,

1987. Stereo animation for very large data bases: case study--meteorology. IEEE Comput. Graph. Applic., 7(9): 18-27.

As technological advances give rise to increasingly more powerful computers, applied mathematicians

202 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

are able to simulate phenomena of considerable complexity using numerical models. One of the problems is how to transform the voluminous output data from numerical form to a visual one. A weather simulation program produces numerical output which defines the values of several variables as functions of space and time. The model output is then used as the input to a graphic rendering system, which displays these complex data sets using stereo animation, employing novel techniques to add realism. Special geometrical configuration reduces the computation time by about two orders of magnitude. These techniques for representing four- dimensional data sets can easily be extended to display phenomena in other disciplines. AT&T Bell Lab., 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.

88:1309 Peled, Abraham et al., 1987. The next computer

revolution. Theme issue. Scient. Am,, 257(4):56- 169.

The next computer revolution involves parallel processing at rates of billions of operations per second. Up to a billion elements may be contained on a single chip. Magneto-optical devices may store 10 million characters per square centimeter. The requirements of these computers in terms of their architecture, building blocks, programming, data- storage, human interfaces and networks are discussed in separate articles, as are their potential applications in science, medicine and manufactur- ing. (fcs)

88:1310 Schutz, B.E., 1987. Satellite positioning. U.S. Na-

tional Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983-1986. Revs Geophys., 25(5):881-887.

Satellite positioning progressed significantly from 1983 to 1986. Greater reliance has been placed on the technique in surveying applications, other areas of geodesy, and geodynamics. Based on results and experiences gained, it appears Satellite Laser Rang- ing, Lunar Laser Ranging, TRANSIT positioning and the Global Positioning System will be used in a complementary manner. Laser techniques have established absolute positioning and reference systems in a global sense or over large areas, whereas GPS has been used to densify measurements in local areas. A reduction in TRANSIT activity was observed during the reporting period as greater emphasis was placed on GPS. Applications of other

techniques have been developed also, especially directed toward determination of geodetic and geophysical quantities or in support of particular missions, such as oceanographic satellites. Center for Space Res., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.

88:1311 Turner, J., 1987. The ARAMIS IAntarctic Research

in Applied Meteorology, Imaging and Soundingl remote sensing system. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull., 76:75-85.

A description of the remote sensing system recently installed in the Ice and Climate Division of the British Antarctic Survey, and details of the hardware are provided along with information on the applications software available. Current meteorological remote sensing research being carried out on the system is outlined and possible applications for other disciplines are described. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET, UK.

88:1312 Wouters, C.H., 1987. Techniques for combining light

microscopy and scanning electron microscopy: a survey of the literature. Review. J. Microsc., 1470):5-14.

A simple correlation is made when two preparations from adjacent parts of one specimen are investigated in two different microscopes. A more sophisticated method is the consecutive investigation of one specimen with two microscopes. A major problem in this method is the relocation of the area of interest. Several authors have presented solutions for this problem. It is preferable when one preparation is investigated in only one instrument, combining the LM and SEM techniques, thus making relocation redundant. Dept. of Histochem. and Cytochem., Univ. of Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.

88:1313 Yovits, M.C. (ed.), 1987. Advances in computers. Adv.

Comput., 26:476pp; 8 papers.

This review and tutorial articles cover decision support systems designed to complement and support human reasoning, unary processing, parallel algorithms, multiprocessor networking fault-tolerant computing, validation and testing of very large scale integration, software testing and validation, and issues involved with the reliability, management and life-cycles of distributed software. Perdue School of Sci., Indianapolis, IN, USA. (fcs)

OLR (1988) 35 (2) F. General 203

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

88:1314 Jensen, J.J. and F.R. Wooldridge et al., 1987. The

Navy GEOSAT Mission. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 8(2):169-271; 18 papers.

The design, equipment, and techniques of the GEOSAT mission are described. Launched March, 1985 into an 800 km altitude, 108 ° inclination orbit, generating 3-day near-repeat ground tracks, the altimeter had made 270 million sea level observations along 200 million km of ocean by the end of the 18-mo primary mission. The spacecraft was set on a 17-day exact repeat orbit in October, 1986 to optimize gathering of oceanographic data; applications to geodesy and oceanography are discussed. (lit)

88:1315 McConathy, D.R. and C.C. Kilgus, 1987. The Navy

GEOSAT Mission: an overview. Johns Hopkins APL tech. Dig., 8(2):170-175.

Limited GEOS and Seasat data sets have proven the satellite radar altimeter to be a versatile and powerful tool for remote sensing of the oceans. Altimetry data support Navy requirements in the areas of geodesy, operational measurement of fronts and eddies, winds, waves, and ice topography. The Navy GEOSAT Mission is working to satisfy these requirements by producing a dense, global altimetric database. An overview of the mission, radar altimetry, and ongoing applications of the data are presented. Kulgus: Space Dept., APL, Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

FII0. Meetings, seminars, committees

88:1316 Unesco (SCOR/ICES/IAPSO Joint Panel), 1986.

Progress on oceanographic tables and standards 198,3-1986. Work and recommendations of the U n e s c o / S C O R / I C E S / I A P S O Joint Panel. UNESCO tech. Pap. mar. Sci., 50:59pp.

First is the report of the chairman on the panel's activities during 1983-1985. Two major topics were considered: production of Volume 4 of the Inter- national Oceanographic Tables, covering properties derived from the International Equation of State of Seawater (EOS-80); and a study of the thermo- dynamics of the carbon dioxide system in seawater. Matters concerning nomenclature and updating information for oxygen saturation calculations were also considered. Second is a summary report of the

first meeting of the editorial panel on the Ocean- ographic Manual (Moscow, 30 June--4 July 1986). Plans and contents of the proposed 'Manual on Processing of Oceanographic Station Data ' are given.

F130. Institutions and services

88:1317 Peck, D.L., 1987. Editorial. The role of the U.S.

Geological Survey in meeting environmental issues. Environ. Geol. Wat. Sci., 10(2):63-65.

Almost from its inception in 1879 the U.S. Geolog- ical Survey has been concerned with the application of earth science technology to problems related to the conservation and management of the land and its resources. Current programs include: geologic hazard studies in areas of earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides; basic research and geologic mapping at various scales; a National Digital Cartographic Data Base; focused research to isolate high-level radioactive waste; toxic waste and ground- and surface-water contamination; interagency research on acid rain; regional aquifer studies; plans for a National Water-Quality Assessment Program; and needed technical support for compliance with pollution-related regulations. USGS, Reston, VA 22092, USA.

88:1318 Smith, S.W., 1987. IRIS---a university consortium for

seismology. U.S. National Report to Interna- tional Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983- 1986. Revs Geophys., 25(6):1203-1207.

IRIS currently has 50 member institutions, each represented on the Board of Directors. Overall policy and scientific guidance is provided by this Board acting through a 7-member Executive Com- mittee and three 9-member Standing Committees representing each program element. Technical and management support is provided by the President, and a Program Manager or Director for the three operational programs: Global Seismographic Net- work (GSN), Portable Array Studies (PASSCAL), and Data Management Center (DMC). The histor- ical background of IRIS and current operational programs are reviewed. Inc. Res. Inst. for Seismol., 1616 N. Fort Myer Dr., Arlington, VA 22209, USA.

88:1319 Southward, A.J. and E.K. Roberts, 1987. One

hundred years of marine research at Plymouth [U.K.]. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 67(3):465-506. The Lab., Mar. Biol. Assoc., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.

204 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

F170. Engineering and industry

88:1320 Kanegaonkar, H.B. and Achintya Haldar, 1987.

Non-Gaussian response of offshore platforms: dynamics. J. struct, Engng, Am. Soe. civ. Engrs, 113(9):1882-1898. School. of Cir. Engng, Geor- gia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.

88:1321 Kanegaonkar, H.B. and Achintya Haldar, 1987.

Non-Gaussian response of offshore platforms: fatigue. J. struct. Engng, Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 113(9): 1899-1908. School of Cir. Engng, Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta GA 30332, USA.

88:1322 Langley, R.S., 1987. A statistical analysis of low

frequency second-order forces and motions. Appl. Ocean Res., 9(3): 163-170. Coll. of Aeronautics, Cranfield Inst. of Tech., Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.

88:1323 Leira, B.J., 1987. Multidimensional stochastic lineari-

sation of drag forces. Appl. Ocean Res., 9(3):150- 162. Div. of Structural Engng, SINTEF, 7034 Trondheim NTH, Norway.

88:1324 Mavrakos, S.A. and P. Koumoutsakos, 1987. Hy-

drodynamic interaction among vertical axisym- metric bodies restrained in waves. Appl. Ocean Res., 9(3): 128-140. Dept. of Naval Architecture and Mar. Engng, Naval Architecture Lab., 42, 28is Octovriou, 106 82 Athens, Greece.

88:1325 Pickford, K.H., 1987. Permitting California outer

continental shelf petroleum development projects. J. Petrol. Technol., 39(6):713-716.

Permitting is a costly, time-consuming, and complex process. Because both federal and California state acreage are involved in offshore development and associated onshore facilities, both federal and state environmental and permitting requirements must be met. Years of review by numerous regulatory agencies are required before the project may pro- ceed; delays and expenses generated by the permitting process adversely affect its economics and the need for large amounts of technical information early in the process alters the normal evolution of project design. Restrictions and constraints imposed by regulatory agencies affect all aspects and ulti- mately determine project viability. Phillips Petro- leum Co., USA.

88:1326 Stansby, P.K. and M. Isaacson, 1987. Recent

developments in offshore hydrodynamics: workshop report. Appl. Ocean Res., 9(3):118-127. Simon Engng Lab., Univ. of Manchester, MI3 9PL, UK.

F190. Navigation, cartography, etc.

88:1327 Carrera, Galo, 1987. A method for the delimitation of

an equidistant boundary between coastal states on the surface of a geodetic ellipsoid. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1): 147-159.

The mathematical apparatus available to geodesists for the task of positioning on the surface of a reference ellipsoid is used to develop a new maritime delimitation method. The method is based on two combinatorial algorithms and requires only the geodetic coordinates of the baseline points of at least two coastal States. The end result of this method is a set of turning points from which the boundary can be drawn. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

88:1328 Czartoryski, Jerzy, 1987. Accuracy of cartographic

processes in the construction of nautical charts. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1):79-90.

This evaluation is based on a production path which includes computer-assisted cartographic techniques. For proper evaluation, it will be necessary to examine the subject matter in three stages. Stage One deals with the accuracy of the 'Source Data.' This paper deals mainly with Stage Two, all cartographic and chart production activities from the time the cartographer receives the source documents to where the chart is printed and released. Stage Three involves the nautical chart user. The goal, in that case, would be to establish what degree of accuracy the user needs and expects. Canadian Hydrographic Serv., 615 Booth St., Ottawa, ON K I A 0E6, Canada.

88:1329 Fiadeiro, P., 1987. Calculation of exact position using

intersection, resection and distances with least squares adjustment. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1)'71- 77. Capitao de fragata Engenheiro Hidrografo, Inst. Hidrografico, Rua das Trinas 49, Lisbon, Portugal.

88:1330 Garrison, J.D., 1986. Status of the worldwide

OMEGA navigation system. Navigation, Wash- ington D.C., 33(3):168-179.

OLR (t 988) 35 (2) F. General 205

The 1984 edition of the Federal Radionavigation Plan states that OMEGA is a vital navigational aid to maritime and aeronautical interests and will remain part of the future U.S. radionavigation system mix until at least the year 2000. This report reviews the Coast Guard's plans for supporting OMEGA to insure that it remains a viable, cost- effective system. Early development and present configuration of the system are briefly reviewed, including transmitter locations and transmission parameters for each station. System performance goals, including specifications of transmitted signal parameters, are reviewed. USCG, OMEGA Navi- gation Syst. Center, Alexandria, VA, USA.

88:1331 Guenther, G.C. and R.W.L. Thomas, 1987. Opti-

mum utilization of positioning data in SDS Iii [shipboard data system III]. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1):35-58. NOAA/Natl. Ocean Serv., 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.

88:1332 Neder, M.J., 1986. Past, present and future appli-

cations of OMEGA nagivation technology. Nav- igation, Washington D.C., 33(3):250-256.

The first generation OMEGA offered affordable, worldwide navigation, principally in the North Atlantic and other oceanic areas requiring Sole Means of nagivation certification. The second generation OMEGA/VLF featured maturing software and improved signal reception and handling characteristics which enabled it to meet the more stringent RNAV certification requirements. The third generation OMEGA/VLF NAVIGATION MANAGEMENT (NMS) now combines OMEGA/VLF navigation information with a variety of position sensor inputs, including VOR/DME, DME/DME and GPS. DAC Internatl., Inc., Austin, TX, USA.

88:1333 Stenborg, Erik, 1987. The Swedish ]multi-shipl

parallel sounding method state of the art. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1):7-14. Sjofartsverket, Sjokar- teavdelningen, 601 78 Norrkoping, Sweden.

88:1334 Uttam, Bahar (ed.), 1986. ]Special issue on the

OMEGA system.] Navigation, Washington D.C., 33(3):167-256; 8 papers.

An overview of the status of OMEGA, a radio- navigational system that will probably be available beyond the year 2000, is presented. Individual authors, concerned with various technical and political aspects of the system, describe the OMEGA

plan, signal characteristics, coverage, and applications; also included is a survey of its users and application of time transfer for OMEGA transmit- ters using NAVSTAR GPS. (hbf)

F220. Medicine and public health

88:1335 Daigo, Kinue, Osamu Arakawa, Tamao Noguchi,

Atsushi Uzu and Kanehisa Hashimoto, 1987. Resistibility of two xanthid crabs Zosimus aeneus and DMra perlata against paralytic shellfish poison and tetrodotoxin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53(5):881-884. Lab. of Mar. Biochem., Univ. of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113, Japan.

88:1336 Nagashima, Yuji, Junichi Maruyama, Tamao No-

guchi and Kanehisa Hashimoto, 1987. Analysis of paralytic shellfish poison and tetrodotoxin by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatog- raphy. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53(5):819-823. Dept. of Food Tech. and Engng, Tokyo Univ. of Fish., Konan, 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108, Japan.

88:1337 Richards, G.P., 1987. Shellfish-associated enteric

virus illness in the United States, 1934-1984. Estuaries, 10(1):84-85.

Application of total and fecal coliform standards has reduced the incidence of shellfish-borne bacterial illnesses in humans, but viral diseases prevail. Hepatitis A contributed to 1,395 cases of shellfish- associated illness since 1961; 6,049 cases of shellfish-associated gastroenteritis were reported over the past 50 years, 75% occurring since 1980. The rate of disease outbreaks may increase further with better reporting practices. Necessary to reduce the incidence of these illnesses are: development of methods for detecting viral pathogens in shellfish and harvest waters, correlation of viral levels with potential viral and bacterial indicators and increased field monitoring and enforcement. NMFS, NOAA, SEFC, P.O. Box 12607, Charleston, SC 29412-0607, USA.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atmospheric pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300-Effects of pollution)

88:1338 Bean, M.J., 1987. Legal strategies for reducing

persistent plastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(6B):357-360.

206 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

A variety of legal strategies could be employed to address the problem of persistent plastics in the marine environment. At the international level, plastic pollution from vessels is addressed by the International Convention Relating to Pollution from Ships, though its operative provisions are not yet in force. Vessel source pollution can also be addressed through pollution laws, fishery and wildlife conservation laws, and fishing gear compensation programs, and various state measures focus on reducing or preventing the generation of plastic pollution from land-based sources. These include several laws that impose degradability standards for certain products or encourage recycling of plastic waste. Environ. Defense Fund, 1616 P St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036, USA.

88:1339 Cormack, D. and D. Fowler, 1986/87. Operational

oil discharges from ships: impact on the North Sea. Oil chem. Pollut., 3(4):307-325.

This paper attempts to put operational discharges (legal and illegal) into perspective, reviews the progressive influence of ever more stringent regulations and concludes that further increase in stringency need not be attempted and greater effort should be placed on increasing compliance with the latest MARPOL regulations. Warren Spring Lab., Dept. of Trade and Ind., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage, Hertfordshire SGI 2BX, UK.

88:1340 Day, R.H. and D.G. Shaw, 1987. Patterns in the

abundance of pelagic plastic and tar in the North Pacific Ocean, 1976-1985. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(6B):311-316.

The distribution and abundance of pelagic plastic and tar in the subtropical and subarctic North Pacific and Bering Sea in June-August 1985 were compared with observations from the same areas in 1976 and 1984. Densities of large plastic in subtropical waters averaged twice those in subarctic waters and eight times those in the Bering Sea. Small plastic concentrations in subtropical waters averaged 26 times those in subarctic waters and 400 times those in the Bering Sea. Concentrations of tar in subtropical waters averaged three times those in subarctic waters; no tar was found in the Bering Sea. Large plastic densities in the subarctic were similar in 1984 and 1985. Small plastic concentrations increased significantly between 1976 and 1985; concentrations of tar decreased slightly. Inst. of Mar. Sci., 200 O'Neill Bldg., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080, USA.

88:1341 Dicks, B., T. Bakke and I.M.T. Dixon, 1986/87. Oil

exploration and production: impact on the North Sea. Oil chem. Pollut., 3(4):289-306.

Current levels of impact are identified and potential future trends outlined. While local effects are manifest in most oil fields, no widespread effects have been seen. Continued biological and chemical monitoring, backed by appropriate research to improve monitoring procedures and understanding of impacts should preclude any danger of damage going undetected or becoming unacceptable. Oil Pollution Res. Unit, Orielton Field Centre, Pem- broke, Dyfed, SA71 5EZ, UK.

88:1342 Lentz, S.A., 1987. Plastics in the marine environment:

legal approaches for international action. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 18(6B):361-365.

Serious problems caused by plastics and other synthetic materials in the marine environment are well demonstrated. Legal regimes to address those problems internationally and regionally (Law of the Sea Convention, the London Dumping Convention, an international agreement on vessel-source pollution, and regional conventions) are described and compared. All provide appropriate forums for implementing specific mitigation measures and all should be fully utilized to regulate plastic pollution of the ocean. The Oceanic Society, 1536 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036, USA.

88:1343 Pruter, A.T., 1987. Sources, quantities and distri-

bution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(6B):305-310.

Persistent plastics are widely distributed at the surface and coastal margins of the global oceans, but many uncertainties remain about their specific sources, quantities and distribution. Awareness of the problem of plastic pollution has grown only recently, thus systematic observations have been neither extensive nor long enough to document the situation adequately. Major sources of these materials are from land, vessels and beachgoers. This paper reviews recent literature on the sources, amounts and distribution of various types of plastics in the marine environment. Nat. Resour. Consult- ants, 4055 21st Ave. W., Seattle, WA 98199, USA.

88:1344 Reggio, V.C. Jr., 1987. Rigs--to--reefs. Fisheries,

12(4):2-7.

While the rigs-to-reefs policy (the conversion of unused offshore oil and gas platforms to artificial

OLR (1988) 35 (2) F. General 207

reefs for use in fisheries enhancement) is not new, it is only now beginning to receive broad public and private support. The development of a national artificial reef policy, plan, and program in the U.S. began with the REEFS (Recreational, Environmen- tal Enhancement for Fishing in the Seas) task force in 1983 and was significantly advanced by the 1984 National Fishing Enhancement Act. A rigs-to-reefs policy will direct removal funds toward fisheries enhancement, not just the trash pile. Dept. of the Interior, Min. Mgmt. Serv., Gulf of Mexico Region, 1201 Elmwood Park Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70123, USA. (wbg)

88:1345 Rippey, S.R., W.N. Adams and W.D. Watkins, 1987.

Enumeration of fecal coliforms and E. coli in marine and estuarine waters: an alternative to the APHA-MPN approach. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 59(8):795-798.

The mTEC procedure--a membrane filtration technique which utilizes a primary, selective, differential medium to identify thermotolerant, G-, lac ÷ bacteria, then determines E. coil colonies by urease activity--is compared to the standard most probable number (MPN) method used to classify coastal waters for shellfish harvesting. 'Statistically indis- tinguishable' data were obtained with the two methods, suggesting that mTEC may be a useful alternative to MPN testing. The mTEC method is also faster, easier, more precise (especially when there are a large number of colonies/plate), and less costly. (gsb)

88:1346 Roberts, Leslie, 1987. Discovering microbes with a

taste for PCBs. Science, 237(4818):975-977.

Applying biotechnology to pollution control was the topic of a July, 1987 meeting at the University of Washington. Discussion included the use of non- engineered microbes to clean up Superfund sites, such as General Electric's attack on PCBs using LB400 at a dragstrip near Schenectady, New York. The evidence suggests that microbiologists are only at the beginning stages of discovering microorgan- isms able to biodegrade environmental pollutants. A model of the basic process involved is provided by DCB1, an anaerobic bacterium which works in a three-stage process along with two other organisms to degrade chlorobenzoate. Only one presentation focused on genetic engineering; at present both regulatory and scientific concerns (poor performance) about genetically modified organisms suggest the immediate need is a better understanding of the abilities of natural organisms. (wbg)

88:1347 Vauk, G.J.M. and Eckart Schrey, 1987. Litter

pollution from ships in the German Bight. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(6B):316-319.

A 60 m length of beach at Helgoland was sampled approximately every third day for a year to determine the composition of litter deposited there. A total of 8473 items with a total weight of 1320 kg were identified as shipping wastes in the 106 samples. Plastics of all types composed 75% of the items; wood represented 65% of the total weight. Ships' waste from along the main shipping routes in the southern German Bight may be a dominant source of the litter. The objects found were originally manufactured in 26 different nations. Inst. fur Vogelforschung, Vogelwarte Helgoland, Postfach 1220, D-2192 Helgoland, FRG.

88:1348 Wolfe, D.A. (guest editor), 1987. Plastics in the sea.

Selected papers, Sixth International Ocean Dis- posal Symposium, Pacific Grove, California 21-25 April 1986. Special issue. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(6B):303-365; 13 papers.

The papers presented in this issue provide both a summary of problems linked to persistent plastics and debris and a representative selection of the research topics presented at the symposium, which was organized for the exchange of ideas and information and to generate recommendations for future studies. A major theme, at-sea disposal of synthetics, runs through descriptions of the sources, quantities, and distribution of plastics in general, in the North Pacific, and in the German Bight. Following an overview of biological effects, are more detailed accounts of the effects of entanglement and ingestion on northern fur seals; California sea lions and elephant seals; Laysan albatrosses and wedge- tailed shearwaters (Hawaiian Islands); marine birds and mammals (Newfoundland); gannets (German Bight); and sea turtles. Two papers consider legal strategies for reducing plastic debris and possible legal approaches for international action. Ocean Assessments Div., NOS, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. (hbf)

F260. Resources, management, economics

88:1349 Brander, K., 1987. How well do working groups

predict catches? J. Cons. int. Explor. Met, 43(3) :245-252.

208 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

Catch forecasts, on which annual TACs for many species are based, are made by assessment working groups for the year ahead: i.e., the forecast for year n is made in year n-1. In making forecasts these groups also calculate expected catch for the current year. Thus a second forecast for year n is made during year n. Here the 'year ahead' and 'current year' forecasts are adjusted for changes in fishing mortality and compared with the actual catch to judge how accurate the forecasts are. 'Current year' forecasts are considerably more accurate than 'year ahead' forecasts and some conclusions about the causes and consequences are drawn. MAFF, Direc- torate of Fish. Res., Fish. Lab., Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.

88:1350 Cognetti, G., 1987. Editorial. Artificial reefs: myth or

reality? Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(7):367-368.

Recent experiences and experiments with artificial reefs in the Mediterranean area are discussed. (fcs)

88:1351 Gunderson, D.R. and S. Sundby (guest editors),

1987. Comparative biology, assessment, and management of gadoids from the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Selected workshop papers, Seattle, 24-28 June 1985. Special issue. Fish. Res., 5(2-3):105-330; 16 papers.

The sessions, general coverage, discussions, and recommendations resulting from the workshop are summarized in the lead article, which notes, by way of introduction, the similarities between the eco- systems of the Gulf of Alaska-Bering Sea and the Norwegian coast-Barents Sea. The second presentation is a summary of five papers detailing the physical and biological environment of the study areas. Additional papers, selected for their excellence, rather than as a representative cross-section, consider the life history and ecology of the gadoids; changes in the abundance and distribution of walleye pollock; migration rates of saithe; the growth, maturation, distribution, and reproduction of cod; the impact of fish density on catching efficiency; potential sources of gear-related sampling bias; the effects of aging and of species and fishery interactions on estimates and assessments of some gadoid populations; and gains from improved management of stock. Univ. of Washington, School of Fish., Seattle, WA 98115, USA. (hbf)

88:1352 Lenanton, R.C.J. and I.C. Potter, 1987. Contribution

of estuaries to commercial fisheries in temperate

Western Australia and the concept of estuarine dependence. Estuaries, 10(1):28-35.

Fisheries catch statistics are considered in conjunc- tion with life cycle data. Since virtually none of the commercially important marine finfish in temperate Western Australia can be considered to be entirely dependent on estuaries, these species would be best regarded as estuarine opportunists rather than estuarine dependents. W.A. Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 20, North Beach 6020, WA, Australia.

88:1353 Mallik, T.K., 1987. Coastal Zone Management

Programme in Kerala, India. Environ. Geol. Wat. Sci., 10(2):95-102.

Kerala, a small Indian state between the Western Ghat Mountains and the Arabian Sea, one of the world's most densely populated coastal zones, has been subject to severe coastal erosion and flooding, encroachment of beaches and harbors, and saltwater intrusion, As a result, a program administered by the Centre for Earth Science Studies was developed to address these and related problems. The studies underaken by this program aimed at the efficient management and control of the coastal environment are outlined. Geol. Survey of India, Mar. Geol. Div., 63, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Rd., Calcutta 700040, India. (hbf)

88:1354 Waldichuk, Michael, 1987. Viewpoint. Mineral

extraction from the sea and potential environmental effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(7):378-380.

Although the extraction of common salt, magne- sium, and bromine from seawater has been carried on for some time, extraction of other substances seems unlikely, and pollution problems are largely limited to disposal of unwanted salts associated with NaC1 operations in low-latitude developing countries. The extraction of strategic metals, such as cobalt, from manganese crusts is not far off and could produce destruction of bottom habitats by dredging and excess turbidity and deposition by tailing disposal, but would occur in 800 to 2500 m of water, beyond the depths of commercially exploited fisheries and rich benthic fauna. Exploitation of nearshore sand and gravel deposits, phosphorites, and placer deposits of metals, which is dependent on future price and demand, would likely cause the greatest disruption of habitats and have the greatest impact on fisheries. W. Vancouver Canada Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Canada. (hbf)

OLR (1988) 35 (2) F. General 209

F290. International concerns and or- ganizations

88:1355 Da Pozzo, Carlo, 1987. Laws of the Sea. Toward a

new marine geography. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 18(7): 376-377.

The marine areas of the world continue to grow in importance with respect to economic exploitation, trade and transport, and political and military policy. The problems associated with these activities are growing apace. Their definition and solution may fall to practitioners of a new discipline, 'marine geography.' Two study groups already carry this title. Dipart. di Sci., dell' Ambiente e del Territorio, Univ. of Pisa, Italy. (fcs)

88:1356 Dickson, David and Colin Norman, 1987. Science

and mutual self-interest. Science, 237(4819): 1101-1102.

While some recent results of European scientific collaboration are quite visible (including the Ariane rocket, and a spacecraft rendezvous with Halley's Comet), cultural and linguistic differences, and political and economic rivalries are impeding still closer cooperation. The benefits of cooperation are great: the ability to compete on more equal terms with the U.S., and the fostering of cooperation in other fields (telecommunications, defense procure- ment). Economic concerns are now promoting cooperation on technological research with commercial applications and 'networking' is replacing the centers of excellence approach to research. (wbg)

F310. Contemporary development of science (especial ly oceanography)

88:1357 Lederman, L.L. et al., 1987. Science in Europe.

Science, 237(4819):1125-1188; 9 papers.

88:1358 Philip, G.M. and D.F. Watson, 1987. Some specu-

lations on the randomness of nature. Mathl Geol., 19(6):571-573.

While Gaussian (normal) distributions in nature are frequently invoked, Bagnold (1983), after looking at a wide selection of natural data, concluded that Gaussian distributions were uncommon or nonex- istent. But why? Here, the work of Guba~ (1986) relating the etiology of Gaussian distributions to statistical mechanics is discussed. It is speculated that truly Gaussian distributions are achieved only

in systems of maximum entropy (disorder), a circumstance rare in nature, and that normal distributions are approached only as disorder is approached. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. (fcs)

88:1359 Saks, M.J., 1987. Accuracy v. advocacy. Expert

testimony before the bench. Technol. Rev., 90(6):42-49.

With the outcome of increasing numbers of legal cases depending on the expert testimony of scientists and technicians, courts face a serious problem. While expert testimony is essential for informed decisions about complex technical matters (in the legal sense, an expert is one who knows more about a subject than the average juror), owing to the adversarial nature of the U.S. legal system, that testimony may not be impartial. Professional asso- ciations may help improve the system by educating their members in the rules of evidence and procedure and the expert's role in the legal process, and providing guidelines to help them function as witnesses, not advocates. Univ. of Iowa Coll. of Law, Iowa City, IA, USA. (wbg)

F330. History of science (especially oceanography)

88:1360 Zetler, B.D., 1987. The evolution of modern tide

analysis and prediction--some personal memo- ries. Int. hydrogr. Rev., 64(1):123-139.

The science of tide analysis and prediction reached such high achievement early in this century that there was little improvement for about fifty years. However, as electronic computers became available, significant changes were introduced into all aspects of tide observation, analysis and prediction. By virtue of the author's service in the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Atlantic Meteorological and Oceanographic Laboratories and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, he has been a participant in many aspects of these changes, and records how they came about. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

F340. Biographies, obituaries, etc.

88:1361 Zwingle, Erla, 1987. 'Doc' Edgerton: the man who

made time stand still. Natn. geogr., 172(4):464- 483.

210 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

The story of Harold E. ('Doc') Edgerton, father of the stroboscopic light and high-speed photography, is told here in detail which includes personal notes and testimonials from past and present students, business partners, and colleagues (including Jacques Cousteau). In his words, the effect of teaming a strobe light and camera was 'to chop up time into little bits and freeze it so that it suits our needs and wishes.' The results were startling (the coronet of a splashing milk droplet), informative (cats use the underside of their tongue to lap), and useful (nighttime aerial-reconnaissance photography, underwater photography, and underwater archeology). Along the way he and two partners founded EG&G, a major developer of sophisticated electronics; he helped establish the New England Aquarium, holds more than 40 patents and received an Oscar from Hollywood; and at age 84 can still be found at work at M.I.T. in 'Strobe Alley.' (wbg)

F360. Science education

88:1362 Adelman, I.R., 1987. Placement of 1985 fisheries

graduates. Fisheries, 12(4):25-28.

The employment success of 1985 fisheries graduates was determined by surveying 150 universities (with 83 responding) and the results were similar for 1984 wildlife graduates: 66% of B.S. recipients and 77% of M.S. recipients were either employed or working on a higher degree and 79% of the Ph.D. recipients were employed. State fisheries agencies hired the most B.S. and M.S. holders (followed by private aquaculture agencies) while universities hired the bulk of the Ph.Ds. In the future, fisheries management and fish culture are expected to be the most popular specialties with computers/biometrics and popula- tion dynamics following next. Dept. of Fish. and Wildlife, Univ. of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. (whg)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

88:1363 Boicourt, W.C. et al., 1987. The Oceanography

Report. Physics and microbial ecology of a buoyant estuarine plume on the continental shelf. Eos, 68(31):666-668.

A study of the physical and biological processes involved in the C and N dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay coastal plume (which incorporates both

Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques) is described, and some preliminary results are reported. The study is part of the MECCAS (Microbial Exchanges and Coupling in Coastal Atlantic Systems) Project utilizing moored and drifting current meters; CTD surveys; measurements of dissolved inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll, bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, and zooplankton; and time series analyses of stocks and rates of uptake, production, and regeneration. (gsb)

88:1364 Dandonneau, Y. and G. Eldin, 1987. Southwestward

extent of chlorophyll-enricbed waters from the Peruvian and equatorial upwellings between Tahiti and Panama. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 38(3): 283-294.

The transition zone between waters deriving from the Peruvian and equatorial upwellings, and oli- gotrophic waters of the Central South Tropical Pacific, was examined by sea-surface chlorophyll sampling. Results from 118 transects (December 1979 to September 1985) show that this transition is generally associated with convergences between the westward South Equatorial Current and eastward flows, as indicated by contemporaneous temperature sections obtained from expendable bathythermo- graphs. The transition position varies between 5 and 17°S and variations occur mostly on time scales of a month or less. The Tuamotu atolls (15-22°S, 135- 150°W) were reached by waters deriving from the upwelling on 14% of the transects; this might help to explain the anomalous abundance of life on these atolls. Groupe SURTROPAC, Centre ORSTOM, BP A5, Noumea, New Caledonia.

88:1365 Kamykowski, Daniel, 1987. A preliminary biophys-

ical model of the relationship between temper- attire and plant nutrients in the upper ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 34(7A):1067-1079.

A biophysical model was constructed to examine the relationship between temperature increases and plant nutrient decreases in an upper ocean mixed layer and in underlying 2-m thick strata throughout the remainder of the euphotic zone. The formulation combines the effect of solar radiation on the water column heat budget and on nitrate uptake based on photosynthesis to simulate field observations of the nitrate-temperature relationship. The model exam- ines how the predicted nitrate-temperature relationships respond to changes in available solar radiation, thickness of the upper mixed layer, optical water type and the changes in biological efficiency

OLR (1988) 35 (2) F. General 211

throughout the euphotic zone. Required improve- ments include a more realistic treatment of inter- layer mixing in the physical model and of phytoplankton radiation utilization efficiency in the biological model. Future models can be combined with improved global data sets to yield realistic descriptions of how latitudinal patterns of water column temperatures and plant nutrient concentrations are determined. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA.

88:1366 Lebowitz, J.L. (ed.), 1987. Reports from the Moscow

refusnik seminar. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 491: 276pp; 22 papers.

This is the fifth time the N.Y. Academy of Sciences has published the proceedings of the Moscow Refusnik Seminar--an unofficial, quasi-regular convention for Soviet scientists who have lost their jobs (and often more) while awaiting emigration visas which may never come. The seminars were started in 1973, and are often attended by western scientists who, if they want more information, may contact the Committee of Concerned Scientists, 330 7th Ave., Suite 608, New York, N.Y. 10001. Some of the topics covered in this seminar are geomagnetics, fluid dynamics, gravitation, phase transition physics and chemistry, mathematics, statistics and multiobjective linear programming. (fcs)

88:1367 Poisson, Alain and C.-T.A. Chen, 1987. Why is there

little anthropogenic CO z in the Antarctic Bottom Water? Deep-Sea Res., 34(7A):1255-1275.

Late-winter and early-spring carbonate data compared v ~th summer data confirm that the Weddell Sea pack ice effectively blocks the air-sea exchange of gases. The upwelled old Weddell Deep Water (WDW) dilutes the anthropogenic CO, concentration in the winter surface water, which then mixes with Weddell Shelf Water and more WDW to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Since the WDW probably was formed before industrialization and winter surface water is also deficient in excess CO2, the AABW contains little anthropogenic CO 2. Dilution of the winter surface water by old WDW also explains why less excess CO, is found in the remnant winter water than in surf-ace water for the GEOSECS and IGY summer stations. The pre- industrial CO,, concentration is estimated to be 268 _+ 13/~atm. Lab. de Phys. et Chim. Mar., Univ. P. et M. Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (general interest)

88:1368 Hartley, K., 1987. Whale tracking is all up in the air.

Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 132(8):p.118.

When a pilot whale was released after beaching itself on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, it carried a small transmitter attached to its dorsal fin which permitted scientists to track it via satellite. This first long-term (seven weeks at the time of the report) satellite tracking of an ocean mammal was made possible by a down-sized transmitter, a microprocessor (which calculates the duration of a dive, and averages dives across 12 hour periods), and more powerful batter- ies. The scientists hope to track the cetacean for up to three months; the data shows the whale travelled ~600 miles in the first two weeks. (wbg)

88:1369 Hunt, Garry and Richard Fifield, 1987. Remote

sensing and the whole world picture show. New Scient., 115(1574):46-51.

The history of remote sensing by satellite is given an overview, and plans for ERS-I, the European Space Agency's proposed environmental satellite, are outlined. Text is accompanied by examples of false- color images. (fcs)

88:1370 Kerr, R.A., 1987. Searching land and sea for the

dinosaur killer. Science, 237(4817):856-857.

It is puzzling that a search for the crater left by the 100-km diameter comet or asteroid that hit Earth 65 million years ago, causing a mass extinction, has not yet been successful. One possible reason is that during the past 65 million years, 20% of the Earth's surface area has disappeared into the mantle at the site of deep-sea trenches. Clues that do remain reveal that an impact dislodged both continental and oceanic debris which suggests three possibilities: a near-continental strike (on ocean crust), a strike that almost bored through the continental crust, or multiple impacts (with at least one on a continent and one in the ocean). (wbg)

88:1371 Kerr, R.A., 1987. Awaiting the next Mexico City

earthquake. Science, 237(4819):p. 1118.

The seismic history of coastal Mexico makes the occurrence of a major earthquake which will shake Mexico City a certainty. Investigations show that the average time of earthquake occurrences on the Mexican coast is 30 to 50 years, whereas the 130 km segment of seafloor off Guerrero, Mexico has not

212 1". General OLR { 1988) 35 (2)

experienced a major event since 1909. In addition, the records of other segments of the Mexican coast indicate that recurrence times are proportional to magnitude, and on this basis several scientists have predicted that an earthquake of at least 7.5 has a 54% chance of occurring by 1991. (hbf)

88:1372 Komen, Gerbrand, 1987. Interactions of wind and

waves. [Report.] Nature, Lond., 328(6130):p.480.

Results presented at a workshop at the 2-5 May 1987 meeting of the WAM group suggest that research on ocean waves can now be used to predict large-scale responses of the ocean surface to wind forcing. A model developed by an international group of wave researchers, which includes both pre- and post-processing software, has been run suc- cessfully on several large computers and has been tested in many hindcasts with results that compare favorably with observations. Other work suggests the importance of air-sea temperature differences and changing wind directions on wave development and addresses the data assimilation problem. Dept. of COceanogr., Royal Netherlands Meteorol. Inst., P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. (hbf)

88:1373 Mantoura, R.F.C., 1987. Organic films at the

halocline. [Report.] Nature, Lond., 328(6131): 579-580.

The results of Zuti~ and LegoviCs study of bioge- ochemically important reactions within the freshwater-seawater interface (FS1) of a salt-wedge estuary (reported in this same issue) are the basis for this discussion of the unique chemistry of the FSI and the importance of studying salt-wedge estuaries in addition to tidally-mixed estuaries. The two major contributors to the non-linearity of the solution chemistry of the FSI are discussed: rapid completion of major ion ratio compositional changes (within the first 1 ppt of salinity), resulting in a large mass- action effect on inflowing river water, and the major decreases in ion-activity coefficients with increasing ionic strength. The effects of FSI chemistry on freshwater and marine species are also addressed. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, Plym- outh, Devon PL1 3DH, UK. (gsb)

88:1374 Monastersky, R., 1987. Abrupt extinctions at end of

Triassic. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 132(10): p.149.

Olsen et al. (1987) have described the abundant remains of tetrapods in the earliest Jurassic lake bed, lake shore, and sand dune sediments belonging to the McCoy Brook Formation, which outcrops along

the Bay of Fundy. Conspicuously absent from these finds are many Triassic animals that apparently became extinct during a preceding interval of less than 850,000 years duration. Evidence is now being sought that would link these geologically abrupt extinctions to the formation of a 70-km meteorite crater located in nearby Quebec. (hbf)

88:1375 Monastersky, R., 1987. Quake prediction: magnetic

signals? Sci. News, Washington, D.C.. 132(11): p.167.

Johnston and Mueller (1987) have reported ob- serving a change in magnetic field strength on two of the magnetometers within a network of sensors along the San Andreas Fault following the magnitude 5.9 earthquake at North Palm Springs, California, July 8, 1986. A general rise in magnetic field in the area was also noted in the five months preceding the event. Because the magnitude of these shifts (~1 nanotesla) was so small that it could readily be obscured by natural variations in the Earth's field, the use of magnetic shifts as a tool for predicting earthquakes is questionable. (hbf)

88:1376 Monastersky, R., 1987. More clues to the mysterious

ozone hole. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 132(12):p.182.

New evidence from interferometer measurements of two 'reservoir' species of chlorine adds to the accumulating evidence that chlorine is responsible for the depletion of stratospheric ozone above the Antarctic. The two chlorines (HC1 and C1ONO_,), normally nonreactive and harmless, were in short supply during September when ozone loss was greatest. Whether the hole is due to chemical reactions or the dynamic reorganization of winds is still being debated; meanwhile 40 countries recently approved international limits on CFC production and consumption. (wbg)

88:1377 Noma, Elliot and A.L. Glass, 1987. Mass extinction

pattern: result of chance. Geol. Mag., 124(4): 319-322.

Raup and Sepkoski 0984, 1986), as well as some of their critics and supporters, have employed statistical arguments marred by flaws. 'All reports, except for Kitchell and Pena's, contain lapses or errors in statistical inference....The pattern of extinctions [observed] is not significantly different from what would be expected by chance.' Glass: Dept. of Psychology, Rutgers Univ., Busch Campus, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. (fcs)

OLR 11988)35 12) F. General 213

88:1378 Raloff, Janet, 1987. Detoxifying PCBs. Sci. News,

Washington, D.C., 132(10): 154-159.

Research projects underway at a number of industry, government, and academic laboratories aimed at providing efficient, less costly PCB detoxification than currently possible, are described. The discovery of naturally occurring PCB degrading microbes in contaminated Hudson River sediments and else- where has stimulated interest in bioreactor detoxification. Other developing technologies exploit electrochemical dechlorination using sunlight and an electron donor; an electrode and a transfer catalyst; or ultrasound, light, and ozone. Potassium poly- ethylene glycolate and alcohol plus dimethyl forma- mide based methods are also discussed. (gsb)

88:1379 Rowland, F.S., 1987. Can we close the ozone hole?

Technol. Rev., 90(6):50-58.

The chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-ozone destruction issue is reviewed, beginning with a description of the way the ozone layer functions as a UV filter and the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of O~ by CFCs. The latter involves a chain reaction in which a single released chlorine atom can destroy ~100,000 O~ molecules. The importance of CFCs as green- house gases and their hypothesized role in the dramatic seasonal ozone decline over Antarctica as well as other smaller seasonal drops (Arosa, Swit- zerland; Caribou, Maine; Bismark, North Dakota) are discussed. The development and application of CFC-substitutes and progress in the establishment of international reduction programs are also described. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Calif., Irvine, CA, USA. (gsb)

88:1380 Sancetta, Constance, 1987. Cycles, steps and CO2:

paleoceanography in the United States from 1983-1986. U.S. National Report to Interna- tional Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983- 1986. Revs Geophys, 25(6):1363-1375.

Paleoceanography has experienced continued growth during the last three years. The First International Conference on Paleoceanography was held in Ztirich, 1983; a new journal began publi- cation in 1986; and nine legs of the R/V Glomar Challenger concentrated on paleoceanographic topics. Among the most active areas of research have been studies of changes during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs, identification of apparent 'Milan- kovitch cycles' throughout the geologic record,

deepwater dynamics during the last glacial interval, and the sequence of events during deglaciation. This report summarizes progress in paleoceanography made by U.S. scientists and emphasizes results which have important implications for conditions and processes within the water column and for the interpretation of ancient oceans. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.

88:1381 Sarmiento, J.L., 1987. Tracers and modeling. U.S.

National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983-1986. Revs Geophys., 25(6): 1417-1419.

Tracer studies during the period 1983-1986 are reviewed, emphasizing a survey of the North and tropical Atlantic (part of the Transient Tracers in the Ocean Project) and data from several Pacific projects concentrating on the tropics. Tracers used include CFCs, ~Kr, 3H, ~3HC, ~Ar, ~:Cs, I~O, -'2-'Rn, 224Ra, SHe, 9°Sr, pCOz, nutrients, and salinity. Transport, upwelling, ventilation, deep water formation, mixing, long-term temperature variability, residence times and dating studies are highlighted. The application of inverse modelling is discussed. GFD Prog., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. (gsb)

88:1382 Schink, D.R., 1987. Marine chemistry and pale-

oceanography in the United States, 1983-1986. U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1983-1986. Revs Geophys., 25(6): 1359-1362.

This overview offers some observations on the rapid-paced research and exciting results obtained over the past four years in these fields. The general recognition that average global temperature is increasing, perhaps faster than most models pro- jected, has resulted in U.S. research efforts being stepped up in two large programs, both in their final planning stages--the World Ocean Circulation Ex- periment and the Global Ocean Flux Study. Many scientific advances have stemmed from research related to the carbon cycle. Other avenues of discovery include investigations involving: sediment trapping, marine aggregates, the photochemistry of seawater, geochemistry of marine organic materials, methanogenesis, bioturbation and decomposition, diagenesis of aluminum, manganese nodules, estuaries, mesoscate features, ancient circulation patterns, and stable isotope analyses. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (hbf)

214 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (2)

F390. Educational literature

88:1383 Rossby, H.T., 1987. Recent studies of fluid motion in

the Gulf Stream. Maritimes, 31(3):1-4.

The development of neutrally buoyant, isopycnal floats at the University of Rhode Island, and what they show about flow variability in the Gulf Stream, are described. Grad. School of Oceanogr., URI, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. (fcs)

88:1384 Watt, K.E.F., 1987. Deep questions about shallow

seas. Nat. Hist., 96(7):61-65.

Over the past 20 years the author has studied an area 100 feet on a side in depths of 2-10 ft in search of an explanation for the great diversity of species in the shallow coastal waters of the Hawaiian Islands. Contrary to the Gause hypothesis that two similar species rarely occupy the same niche, 14 of the 89 species observed were the only representatives of their families, and of 27 families of fish, 6 represented ~50% and 2 of those had 12 and 14 closely related species, respectively. The presence of many predators, complex rocky and coral bottoms, vig- orous wave action, and rapid turnover of individuals influenced diversity. (lit)

88:1385 Wiley, J.P. Jr. and Douglas Faulkner (photogra-

pher), 1987. Manatees, like their siren name- sakes, lure us to the deep. Srnithsonian, 18(6):92- 97.

The West Indian manatee, once plentiful from Mexico to Brazil, is now endangered everywhere as are related species (the freshwater manatee of the Amazon, the manatee of West African rivers, and the dugong of Asia). Yet, as bad as conditions may be now (with their greatest threat in the U.S. coming from boat propellers, canal locks, fishing gear and cold weather), they were worse in the past when the manatee was hunted relentlessly for its meat, which tastes like veal. The possibly 1200 manatees that

inhabit the coastal shallows, rivers and springs of Florida receive a great deal of attention and affection from divers, photographers and naturalists, which may be disturbing in its own way. (wbg)

F420. Miscellaneous

88:1386 Kling, G.W., 1987. Seasonal mixing and catastrophic

degassing in tropical lakes, Cameroon, West Africa. Science, 238(4818): 1022-1024.

Lethal gas releases from Lakes Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon seem more lacustrine than volcanic in origin. Both events occurred in August and were only 2 years apart. Data show the period of deepest mixing and lake turnover also occurs during late summer in this region. Recent trends of decreases in both air temperatures and effective insolation relative to long-term means suggest that weakening of stratification, coupled with a predictable seasonal interval of reduced stability in August, may be responsible for the timing of these events. ©1987 by AAAS. Dept. of Zool., Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706, USA.

88:1387 Wasson, J.T., F.T. Kyte (comment), L.A. Frank, J.B.

Sigwarth and J.D. Craven (reply), t987. [Dis- cussion:] 'On the influx of small comets into the Earth's atmosphere. I. Interpretation.' Geophys. Res. Letts, 14(7):779-782.

Wasson and Kyte object to 'the tailored properties' of the Frank et al. icy cometesimals, and dwell particularly on the discrepancy between the antic- ipated influx of a rocky (dust) fraction and the lack of corresponding iridium accumulation on Earth. Frank et al. reiterate the reasons behind their arguments for a group of small comets not typical compositionally nor orbitally of the large comets, and find the present criticisms 'insufficient' to occlude their hypothesis. (fcs)

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