Gene Technology Genomics - the study of entire genomes Human genome project Began in 1990...
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![Page 1: Gene Technology Genomics - the study of entire genomes Human genome project Began in 1990 International effort to sequence the human genome. 2.9 billion.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649e365503460f94b2509d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gene Technology
• Genomics - the study of entire genomes• Human genome project• Began in 1990• International effort to sequence the human genome. • 2.9 billion DNA base pairs in the human genome• Sequenced and mapped ~25,000 genes
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Human Genome Project
• Findings:– Suprisingly few genes for the large human
genome– Most DNA is non-coding – does not code for a
protein– Many genes found in humans are the same as in
other species– All humans are almost genetically identical
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Manipulating genes
• Genetic engineering – moving genes from one organism into another
• DNA extracted out of cells using a simple chemical process. Cells are opened and then DNA is separated from the rest of the cell parts.
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Gene manipulation
• Specific sequences of DNA can be excised out of the genome of organisms. – Ex. Gene for human insulin
• Restriction enzymes - enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sequences of nucleotides.– Cuts it down into more manageable pieces
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Restriction enzymes
• Sticky ends - overhang created by some restriction enzymes cutting in an offset manner.
• Blunt ends - cleavage that leaves DNA cut straight across.
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Recombinant DNA
• Cloning vector - a carrier that is used to clone a gene and transfer it from one organism to another.
• Plasmid – ring of DNA found in bacterium in addition to its main chromosome.
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Recombinant DNA
• Donor gene - a specific gene isolated from an organism– Ex. Insulin gene needed to produce insulin for
diabetes patients• Recombinant DNA - the combination of DNA from
two or more organisms. • The donor gene can be placed into an organism to
give it a new characteristic. • Organisms with recombinant genes may be called
transgenic, recombinant, or genetically modified.
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Genetically Modified or Transgenic Organisms
• Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs used in agriculture, medicine, industry, and basic research.
• Bioremediation – using microbes for environmental cleanup.
• First GMO was a genetically engineered bacterium that can digest oil.
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Food Crops
• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene that produces insecticide is inserted to many crops.
• Transgenic rice with added vitamin A reduced vision impairment in Asian countries.
• Crops can also be modified to make them easier to grow and to increase nutrition values.
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Livestock
• Livestock engineered to grow faster, more muscle, less fat, and even more milk with specific proteins in it.
• Some GMOs are sold as unique pets
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Medicinal uses
• Gene for insulin is spliced into cloning vector and inserted into a bacterium to produce needed protein for diabetes patients.
• Hemophilia patients also are treated with proteins produced this way.
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MRSA
• Due to the excessive use of antibiotics a new bacteria that is resistant to multiple antibiotics has grown rampant.
• MRSA is a type of Staphylcoccus aureus that has developed resistance to penicillin and methicillin, the two drugs normally used to treat staph infections.
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Gene therapy
• Copies of normal gene are cloned by bacteria and then inserted into viruses or transport vesicles.
• Limited success because human body has many protections against the invasion and genetic change that viruses cause.
• Used to treat cystic fibrosis today. These patients have a defective gene for an enzyme in secretory cells.
•Gene therapy – replacing an absent or faulty gene with a working one.
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Stem cells
• Unspecialized cells that have the potential to differentiate.
• Bone marrow cells give rise to various blood cells.
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Stem Cells
• Cells in new embryos are able to develop into any type of cell except germ cells.
• They can be grown in tissue cultures.
• Tissues can be re-implanted into a patient whose tissues are damaged.
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Cloning
• Clone – member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. – Ex. Asexual reproduction in bacteria, budding in plants
and fungi, and self-fertilization of plants and animals • Very few large animals can clone themselves. • In 1997, Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut announced he had
cloned the first mammal, a sheep named “Dolly”.
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Ethical and Social Issues
What do you think about stem cell
research, genetically modified
organisms, and cloning? Should it be allowed? Do the benefits out way the risks?
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More DNA Technologies
• Gel electrophoresis – electric current used to separate fragments of DNA.
• DNA fingerprint – pattern of bands created by fragments from an individual’s DNA. – Used in Forensics to indicate who was at the scene
of a crime.
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DNA Fingerprints
Which of the suspects committed the crime?
A. Suspect 1
B. Suspect 2
C. The boyfriend
D. None of the above
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• PCR – process that replicates DNA sequences
• Place host DNA, primers, polymerase, and nucleotides in a test tube and control temperature to start and repeat process over and over again.
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Other DNA Technologies
• Probe – short DNA or RNA strand with attached radioactive or fluorescent materials to “tag” specific sequences. – Nucleotide sequences are complementary to the
gene of interest• Southern blot – used to indicate certain fragments that
hybridized with a probe.
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DNA Sequencing
• The process of determining the exact order of every nucleotide in a gene.