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![Page 1: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 1
Gene and How They WorkChapter 15
Topics you are not responsible for:SRP-RNADetailed structure of bacterial and
eukaryotic RNA polymerases, and tRNAs, ribosomes, and spliceosomes
specific promoter sequencesAlternative splicing
End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 - 3Do all mQuiz questions
![Page 2: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 2
How is genetic information used?
“Transcription” of code from DNA to RNA
“Translation” of code from RNA into A.A. sequence
![Page 3: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 3
How are genes arranged on DNA?
Template strand vs complementary strand
What are the functional regions of a gene?
![Page 4: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 4
How does RNA transcription occur?
How does RNA polymerase ‘know’ where to begin?
Promoters-- RNA polymerase binding site… and gene regulation
How does RNA polymerase ‘know’ where to end?
![Page 5: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 5
How does transcriptionproceed?
Binding to promoter
Opening of helix
Complementary base-pairing
Concurrent transcription
Transcription - 2Transcription
![Page 6: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 6
What are the functions of RNA?mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
(other types, e.g. snRNA, iRNA)
In eukaryotes,
How is mRNA modified before existing the nucleus?
Stabilizing the transcript5’ capping3’ poly-A tail
Removal of introns
Review Differencesin RNA and DNA
Structures (Chapter 3)
![Page 7: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 7
How are introns removed?
“RNA processing”
Introns & Exons
“snRNPs” & spliceosomes
Can be many introns
![Page 8: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 8
Where does translation occur?
Export to the cytosol
What is the Genetic code?
Codons specify AAs
How many codons?
How many AAs?-- Redundancy
Starting position
Ending position
![Page 9: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 9
Where is translation initiated and terminated?
Start Codons & Stop Codons
What is the “Reading Frame”?
![Page 10: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 10
What is the structureof ribosomes?
Large and small subunits
rRNA and protein constituents
tRNA binding sites
Model
![Page 11: Gene Structure and Function1 Gene and How They Work Chapter 15 Topics you are not responsible for: SRP-RNA Detailed structure of bacterial and eukaryotic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeb12a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Gene Structure and Function 11
What is the structure of tRNA?
Anticodons
Model
‘Charging’ of tRNAs -- aminoacyl tRNA synthestases
Translation video
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Gene Structure and Function 12
What are the 3 stages of translation?
Initiation-- formyl methionine-- ‘fMet’
Elongation-- elongation factors
Termination-- release factor
Initiation
Virtual cell animation
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Gene Structure and Function 13
How does the peptide pass between tRNAs during translation?
New t-RNA entersat the A-site
Peptide chain ontRNA in P-site is
passed new t-RNA
Ribosome translocates1 codon, and t-RNA
exists from E-site
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Gene Structure and Function 14
What happens during translation termination stage?
Termination
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Gene Structure and Function 15
What are effects of different types of mutations on gene function - I?
What is a “Missense” mutation?
What is a “Nonsense” mutation?
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Gene Structure and Function 16
What are effects of different types of mutations on gene function – II ?
What causes a “Frameshift” mutation?
What is a “Silent” mutation?