genderi da sazogadoeba: saqarTvelo · 5 Sesavali genderi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli terminia, romelsac...

genderi da sazogadoeba:

saqarTvelo

Tbilisi 2008

angariSi momzadda da gamoicema gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika” - farglebSi.

angariSi Sesrulebulia sazogadoebrivi politikis institutis mier (IPS). avtori: nana sumbaZe

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT gaeros ganviTarebis pro-gramis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika”- ofiss Semdeg misamarTze:Tbilisi saqarTvelos parlamentis administraciuli Senoba. rusTavelis gamz. 8, oTaxi 034; tel/faqsi:923662. www.genderandpolitics.ge an sazogadoebrivi politikis instituts misamar-Tze: Tbilisi, WavWavaZis gamz. 10.tel/faqsi: 220060 www.ips.ge

wignis dizaini:gio sumbaZe

angariSSi warmodgenili Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi avtors ekuTvnis da SesaZlebelia ar emTxvevodes gaeros ganviTarebis proeqtis - ”genderi da politika” - Sexedulebebs

Copyright UNDP 2008

saavtoro uflebebi daculia

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Sinaarsi:

Sesavali...............................................................................................................................5Tavi 1: kvlevis mizani .......................................................................................... 9Tavi 2: Tanasworoba ............................................................................................. 15

genderi sazogadoebriv sarbielze ................................................................ 34

Tavi 3: sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba ........................... 34Tavi 4: dasaqmeba ...................................................................................................... 73

genderi pirad cxovrebaSi .................................................................................... 94

Tavi 5: genderi ojaxur cxovrebaSi ........................................................ 94Tavi 6: adamianuri da sociluri kapitali ....................................... 116Tavi 7: win gadasadgmeli nabijebi ........................................................... 145

bibliografia .................................................................................................................. 154

danarTi I. eTnikur umciresobaTa damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT ................................................................................................. 160danarTi II. qarTveli qalebi qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi .............................................................................................................. 162danarTi III.genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciebi ........ 168 danarTi IV.respondentTa nusxa ....................................................................... 175danarTi V. fokus-jgufebis nusxa ................................................................. 178Gender and Society: Georgia .......................................................................... 179danarTi VI. fotoxma ............................................................................................... 333

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kvleva ganxorcielda gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT. avtors surs Tavisi gulwrfeli madliereba gamoxatos gaeros ganviTarebis programis proeqtis ”genderi da politika” TanamSromlebis da saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWos mimarT Rirebuli rCevebi-saTvis. gansakuTrebul madlobas vuxdiT baia romelaSvils da Carita jaSs, am xel-naweris ganxilvisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

es naSromi mravali adamianis erToblivi TanamSromlobis Sedegia. avtori gansa-kuTrebul madlobas uxdis Semdeg pirovnebebs:maia maisuraZes, ekaterine fircxalavas da anastasia qitiaSvils, aseve sazogadoebrivi politis kvlevis institutis mkvlevarTa jgufs informaciis Segrovebis, savele sam-uSaoebis Catarebis da gamokiTxvis monacemTa analizisaTvis; TinaTin erisTavs da sofio qitiaSvils monacemTa kompiuterSi SeyvanisaTvis; interviuerebs; siRrmiseuli intervi-uebis respondentebs, fokus-jgufis ganxilvis monawileebs da gamokiTxvis respondent-ebs im interesis, droisa da ZalisxmevisaTvis, rac maT am proeqts moaxmares.

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Sesavali

genderi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli terminia, romelsac mamakacisa da qa-lis cnebis klasifikaciisaTvis iyeneben. rogorc universaluri kategoria, praqtikulad yvela kulturaSi genderi socialuri cxovrebis erTgvar centralur maorganizebel principad gvevlineba (Wharton, 2004). genderi, rogorc kategoria, socialurad konstruirebulia, anu es kategoriaa, romelsac kultura qmnis. kulturiT aris aseve gansazRvruli masTan dakav-Sirebuli molodinebi. genderi efuZneba sqesis biologiurad gansazRvrul kategorias. rogorc xiluli kategoria, sqesi aadvilebs kategorizaciis da stereotipizaciis process. adamianebis jgufebad kategorizacia amcirebs jgufis SigniT mravalferovnebas da zrdis jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs (Fiske & Taylor, 1991). genderi moqmedebs mraval sferoSi - kulturaSi arse-bul simboloebSi, normatul cnebebSi, socialur institutebsa da orga-nizaciebSi, subieqtur identobaSi (Scott, 1986).

genderuli diferenciacia, iseve, rogorc genderuli uTanasworoba univer-saluria da yvela sazogadoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (Kimmel, 2000). is biologias eyrdnoba da misi gansazRvreba cvalebadobs:

• erTi sazogadoebidan meoreSi; • erT kulturaSi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi;• pirovnuli mowifulobis mixedviT;• sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris erT kulturaSi; • individebs Soris.

genderis diferenciaciis arseboba udaoa, magram sadaoa genderze da-fuZnebul Zalauflebisa da resursebis ganawilebis Sefasebis da kriteri-umebis samarTlianoba. qalis uflebebis gaZlierebis momxreTa kritikosebi xSirad amboben, rom qalebi kmayofilebi arian sakuTari TaviT da maT ar surT cvlilebebi. marTalia, bevri qali sulac ar iRwvis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Casabmelad, an saimisod, rom meti Zalaufleba moipovos ojaxSi, an sazogadoebaSi zogadad, magram kritikosebi uyuradRebod toveben im faqts, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi es imitom xdeba, rom qalebi ver acnobiereben arsebul SesaZleblobebs tradiciul da patriarqalur ojaxSi aRzrdis gamo, an imis gamo, rom ar floben realur informacias arsebul SesaZle-blobebze. sinamdvileSi qalebs xSirad ar eZlevaT saSualeba gaakeTon re-aluri da informirebuli arCevani da amgvarad Tavi daaRwion uuflebo mdgomareobas. rogorc amarita seni aRniSnavs, SesaZloa qalebi Tavadac

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ar iyvnen dazRveulni tradiciuli ”mamakacuri” faseulobebisagan, da ”rom mxolod moqmedebis Tavisufleba ar aris sakmarisi, saWiroa aseve azrovnebis Tavisuflebac” (Sen, 2001. gv. 15).

qalebi Seadgenen msoflio mosaxleobis naxevarze mets da miuxedavad amisa, ukiduresad mwirad arian warmodgenilni arCeviT organoebSi, saxelmwifo organoebSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebT Soris da kerZo biznesSi. qalebi Raribi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen da samyaroSi sadac mamakacebi domini-reben naTlad aris gamokveTili sazogadoebis maskulinuri xasiaTi.

meoce saukunis meore naxevridan genderuli Tanasworoba ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba. nebismieri sazogadoebis keTildReoba warmoudgenelia, Tu misi mosaxleobis naxevari ubeduria. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi qalis Sroma ganm-sazRvrelia sursaTis, wylis da energiis wyaros mopovebis saqmeSi, ase rom, ganviTarebis dagegmva Raribi qalebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT unda daiwyos (Sen & Grown, 1987). mamakacebi ufro momgebian pirobebSi arian qalebTan SedarebiT cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi. amitomac, ganviTarebis Zal-isxmeva pirvel rigSi qalebis gaZlierebaze iyo mimarTuli im programebSi, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programiT iyo wamowyebuli samocdaaTian wlebSi da mas aerTianebda konceqcia ”qalebi ganviTarebaSi”. amgvari midgomis mizani iyo praqtikuli meqanizmebis Se-muSaveba qalebis gasaZliereblad da maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri sta-tusis gasaumjobeseblad (Barker, 2000).

genderuli Tanasworoba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebaa, igi qalisa da mamakacis ganviTarebisa da keTidReobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. rogorc 1994 wels Catarebuli gaeros saerTaSoriso mosaxleobisa da ganviTarebis konferenci-is samoqmedo gegmis reziumeSia aRniSnuli, ”qalis gaZliereba da misi sta-tusis gaumjobeseba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani mizania da ZiriTadi faqtoria mdgradi ganviTarebis misaRwevad.”

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qalis winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad gadamWreli nabijebi gad-aidga 1979 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna ”konvencia qalis winaaRmdeg yvela saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Taobaze”(CEDAW). 2004 wlisaTvis am doku-mentze 179 qveyanas qonda xeli mowerili.

gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebSi aRiniSna saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciebis, maT Soris gaeros ganviTarebis programis politikis im strategiebis, romlebic metwilad qalis mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofx-vraze iyo orientirebuli, iseTi strategiebis SecvliT, rolebic ufro met yuradRebas qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebul moTxovnebze amaxvilebd-nen; es strategiebi gaerTianda ”genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis, e.w. genderuli meinstrimingis” saxeliT. mamakacisa da qalis moTxovnebis dak-mayofileba mxolod samarTlianobis sakiTxi ar aris, mravalricxovani da rTuli kavSirebis gamo SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi sqesis problemebis izolorebulad mogvareba. kavSiris erT magaliTs gvTavazobs amarita seni, rodesac igi samxreT afrikaSi aRricxuli gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis maRali sixSiris monacemebs ganixilavs. es daavadebani upiratesad mamakacebs aReniSnebaT da ufro xSirad gamowveulia dedis mier orsulobis periodSi sakvebis arasakmarisi odenobiT miRebiT. sakvebis simcire aferxebs embrionis zrdas da ganapirobebs mcire wonas axalSobilebSi, rac zrdasrul asakSi gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebis saxiT vlindeba (Senn, 2001).

”genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswineba (meinstrimingi) warmoadgens imis Sefasebis process, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs qalisa da mamakacis cxovrebaSi nebismieri saxis dagegmil qmedebas, - sakanonmdeblos, politikur Tu pro-gramuls, nebismier sferoSi da yvela doneze. es strategia miznad isaxavs qalis, da aseve, mamakacis sazrunavi da gamocdileba gaxdes yvela saxis politikis da programis dagegmvis, ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa da Se-fasebis ganuyofeli nawili yvela sferoSi _ politikurSi, ekonomikursa Tu sazogadoebrivSi ise, rom qalma da mamakacma Tanabari mogeba naxon da uTanasworoba ar damkvidrdes. Tanasworobis miRweva genderuli meinstrim-ingis saboloo mizans warmoadgens”. ”gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo, 1997”.

aqedan gamomdinare, msgavsad midgomisa ”qalebi ganviTarebaSi” genderuli meinstrimingi miznad isaxavs genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevas, magram amas axorcielebs masStabis gafarToebis, mamakacebis CarTvis xarjze da agreTve imiT, rom ”genderul perspeqtivas yvela kanons da socialur standarts, nebismieri politikis Camoyalibebas, kvlevas, dagegmvas, propagandirebas, gan-viTarebasa da monitorings miusadagebs” (Gender Gap, 2005). garda imisa, rom

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es midgoma ufro samarTliania, mas SeuZlia meti damcveli moizidos da ufro qmediTi gaxdes msoflios mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis keTildReo-bis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. vinaidan qalebs dabrkoleba xvdebaT cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, genderul meinstrimings Seemata qalisTvis uflebamosilebis gamaZlierebeli strategia.

genderuli Tanasworoba, romelic warmodgenil naSromis sagans warmoadgens, SefasebiTi koncefciaa da amdenad misi Sinaarsi davis sagani SeiZleba iyos. SefasebasTan da kritikasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqturoba Ria da SeuzRudav kritikas, sajaro msjelobasa da ganxilvas moiTxovs (Sen, 2004). angariSis avtors ara aqvs ambicia WeSmariteba warmogidginoT, igi imedovnebs, rom es naSromi wvlils Seitans genderuli sakiTxebis sajaro msjelobis sagnad gadaqcevis saqmeSi da mkiTxvels genderTan dakavSirebuli problematikis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiares gaxdis.

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Tavi 1

kvlevis mizanitradiciul sazogadoebebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovanwilad saqarTveloc miekuTvneba, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mamakacis kuTvnil samoqmedo asparezad aRiqmeba, kerZo ki - qalis sferod. Tanasworobis sakiTxebi, genderuli mova-leobebi da uflebebi gansxvavebulia am or sferoSi. es angariSi genderul problemebs sajaro da kerZo sferoSi cal-calke ganixilavs, aseve exeba genderul gansxvavebebs adamianur da socialur kapitalSi. raki iTvleba, rom genderi kulturuli warmonaqmnia, ganixileba genderuli problemebi eTnikur umciresobebSic, somxur da azerbaijanul TemebSic. agreTve ganxi-lulia afxazeTis konfliqtiT gamowveuli zemoqmedeba iZulebiT gadaadg-ilebul qalebisa da mamakacebis cxovrebaze. savele samuSaobi Catarda 2007 wlis seqtember-noemberSi.winamdebare kvleva miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi genderuli perspeqtiviT danaxuli zogadi mdgomareobiT warmodgenas. am miznis misaRwevad gamoyen-ebuli iqna sxvadasxva meTodologia.

1. literaturis mimoxilva. analizi gaukeTda sxvadasxva saxis moxsenebsa da analitikur publikaciebs genderis zogad sakiTxebsa da genderTan dakavSirebul mdgomareobaze saqarT-veloSi. arsebuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi moxda statistikuri monace-mebis Segroveba. yvelaze met dabrkolebas mkvlevarebi swored statisti-kuri monacemebis Sekrebisas waawydnen. garda gaeros ganviTarebis programis xelSewyobiT gamoqveynebuli bukletisa (qalebi da mamakacebi saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2007), qalebze da mamakacebze gancalkevebuli monacemebi an ar moi-poveba, an arazustia.

2. siRrmiseuli interviuebi. interviuebi aRebul iqna eqspertebisgan genderis sferoSi, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisa da sxvadasxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisgan: saerTo jamSi, ormocdaSvidi siRrmiseuli interviu iqna Catarebuli, ZiriTadad TbilisSi (ixileT monawileTa sia danarTi IV).

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tabula 1. gamokiTxuli pirebi saqmianobis mixedviT

* ramdenime prlamentis wevri, romelTaganac iqna interviu aRebuli, aseve politikuri partiis lideri iyo.

eqvsi gansxvavebuli tipis intervius gzamkvlevi iqna Sedgenili, romlebic Seicavda kiTxvebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: monawileoba, genderuli Tanasworoba, ekonomikuri aqtioba, janmrTeloba, ganaTleba da kriminaluri mdgomareoba.

N0 sfero mamakaci qali sul

1 genderis eqspertebi - 12 12

2 parlamentis wevrebi* 3 4 7

3sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi

1 5 6

4mTavrobis pasuxismgebeli pirebi

2 3 5

5ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi

3 2 5

6politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi

1 3 4

7profesiuli kavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi

1 1 2

8iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi

1 1 2

9biznesiT dakavebuli pirebi/mewarmeebi

- 2 2

10 Jurnalisti 1 - 1

11samRvdeloebis warmomadgeneli

1 1

sul 14 33 47

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3. ganxilvebi fokus-jgufTan (fj)cxra fokus-jgufis Sekrebas mTlianobaSi daeswro 100 adamiani. es Sekrebebi Catarda:

TviTdasaqmebul qalebTan sofel TanianT karSi (fj1);adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa forumis wevrebTan (fj2);iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan zugdidSi, orjer (fj3 da 9).marneulel axalgazrdebTan (fj4);axalcixis universitetis studentebTan (fj5);axalqalaqel axalgazrdebTan (fj6);Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis or jgufTan (fj7 da 8);

diskusiebis dros gamoyenebuli iyo oTxi tipis gzamkvlevi, pirveli - qali politikosebisTvis, meore axalgazrdebisa da studentTa jgufebisaTvis, me-same - TviTdasaqmebuli qalebisaTvis da meoTxe - iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis.

ganxilvebis umTavresi Tema iyo genderuli Tanasworoba, qalis roli sa-zogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebSi, samsaxureobrivi winsvlis gzaze arsebuli SesaZleblobebi da dabrkolebebi, TviTdasaqmeba, da yoveldRiuri cxovre-bis sirTuleebi.

4. mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze (gamokiTxva)saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxva genderul sakiTxebze ganxorcielda saqarTvelos yvela 9 regionSi, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikasa da Tbi-lisSi. respondentTa SesarCevad gamoyenebuli iyo ierarqiuli albaTuri SerCevis meTodi. misi meSveobiT gapirobebul iqna respondentTa Sesabam-isoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi arsebul ganawilebasTan demografiuli maCveneblebis (qali/kaci; soflis/qalaqis macxovrebeli; asakobrivi jgufi) mixedviT. warmomadgenlobiTi SerCeva Sedgeboda 1087 adamianisgan (44.1 % qali da 55. 9 % mamakaci). imisaTvis, rom calke Catarebuliyo analizi eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, damatebiT 52 adamiani gamoikiTxa ax-alqalaqsa da ninowmindas raionebSi. amgvarad sul gamokiTxul iqna 1139 respondenti.

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tabula 2 respondentebis regionebis mixedviT danawileba

nax.1respondentTa ganawileba sqesisa da asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT

mamakacebi qalebisaerTo jami

17-24

25-49

50-65

66>

sul 17-

2425-49

50-65

66>jami

1 Tbilisi 23 49 22 16 110 30 64 30 32 156 266

2 aWara 9 16 11 6 42 10 20 14 11 55 973 guria 4 9 3 3 19 4 9 4 4 21 404 imereTi 18 36 16 9 79 18 41 18 20 97 176

5 kaxeTi 10 19 11 7 47 10 22 10 11 53 100

6 mcxeTa-mTieneTi 3 6 3 2 14 3 8 4 3 18 32

7 raWa-leCxumi 1 4 1 1 7 1 4 1 6 13

8 samegrelo 10 23 9 8 50 7 23 15 12 57 107

9 qvemo qarTli 10 24 10 10 54 13 28 15 15 71 125

10 Sida qarTli 7 16 7 6 36 7 18 9 9 43 7911 samcxe-javaxeTi 6 11 5 3 25 6 11 6 4 27 52

jami 101 213 98 71 483 109 248 125 122 604 1087

damatebiTi axalqalaqisa da ninowmindisTvis

6 11 5 3 25 6 11 6 4 27 52

saerTo jami 107 224 103 74 508 115 259 131 126 631 1139

kacebi

qalebi

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gamokiTxulTa Soris umravlesobas (55.7%) daqorwinebulebi warmoadgenen, 3.2 procenti erTad cxovrobs xelmoweris gareSe, 25.0 procenti ar aris qorwinebaSi, 4.0 procenti ganqorwinebulia.qarTvelebi warmoadgenen gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas (90.3%), somxebi Seadgendnen 4.0 procents, azerbaijanelebi 2.0 procents, sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi 3.7 procents. gamokiTxulTa 91.1 procenti saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli, 3.9 procenti mahmadiania, 2.9 procenti gregorianeli da 2.2 procenti sxva konfesias miekuTvneba.qalebi da kacebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian ganaTlebis mixedviT. gamokiTxul mamakacTa 46.7 procenti da qalebis 47.5 procents aqvs miRebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba.umravlesoba (94.8%) flobs qarTuls da qalebi da kacebi am mxriv erT-maneTisagan ar gansxvavdebian magram kacebis ufro did nawils (72.0%) qalebTan SedarebiT (66.9%) SeuZlia rusulad metyveleba.

kiTxvari, romelic am gamokiTxvisTvis iyo Sedgenili Sedgeboda 151 kiTxvisa-gan. kiTxvebi Semdeg sakiTxebs Seexeboda:• genderul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi arsebul damokidebule bebs da Rirebulebebs;• saojaxo rolebsa da ojaxSi arsebul Zalauflebis struqturas;• damokidebulebas biWebisa da gogonebis ganaTlebis mimarT, qalebi sa da kacebis SesaZlo samsaxureobriv warmatebebs da unarebs;• mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis misaReb qcevebs, maT valdebulebebs, qalis da mamakacis momxiblav Tvisebebs;• damokidebulebas qali politikosebisa da xelmZRvaneli qalebis mimarT.

gamokiTxva tardeboda respondentis saxlSi, piris-pir intervius meSveobiT. gamokiTxvas atarebdnen gamocdili interviuerebi. gamokiTxva 20-dan 40 wu-Tamde grZeldeboda.

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5. foto xma.

foto xma warmoadgens inovaciur, monawileobaze damyarebul sakvlev meqanizms, romelic SeimuSava uangma da barisma (Wang, Burris & Ping, 1996). is efuZneba Tvalsazriss, rom adamianebi sakuTari cxovrebis eqspertebs warmoadgenen. fotosuraTebis gadaRebis, da maT mixedviT ambis Txrobis sa-SualebiT xdeba dainteresebul mxareTa informireba (Wang, Cash & Powers, 2000). TxuTmet iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirs (igp) zugdidSi, romelTagan 6 mamakaci da 9 qali iyo, gadaecaT fotoaparati, raTa maT dRis ganmav-lobaSi aesaxaT TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba. jgufi orjer Seikriba, pirvel jerze maT ganumartes davaleba da misces miTiTebebi, Tu rogor unda gamoeyenebinaT aparati, xolo meore Sekrebisas sTxoves gadaRebuli suraTebis kvaldakval moeTxroT ambebi. am meTodis upiratesobas warmoad-gens SesaZlebloba movlenebi danaxul iqnen uSualo monawilis TvaliT, an rogorc mas uwodeben, ”emikuri” (emic) perspeqtiviT (Strack, Magill & McDonough, 2004).gadaRebul iqna 300-ze meti suraTi. TiToeul respondetze saSualod, 10 fotosuraTi SeirCa ambis mosayolad. jgufur garemoSi, moderatoris daxmarebiT, igp-ebi yvebodnen TavianT istorias da suraTebis daxmarebiT ganixilavdnen im sirTuleebs, rac Tan sdevda maT yoveldRiur yofas.

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Tavi 2 Tanasworoba

Tanasworoba, es Temaa romelsac Zalze xSirad axseneben genderze saubri-sas. mas ganmartaven, rogorc ”adamianis ganviTarebis im safexurs, romelzec adamianis uflebebi, valdebubulebebi da saSualebebi ar ganisazRvreba imiT, is mamakacia, Tu qali” (Lopez-Claros & Zahidi, 2005. gv. 1). Tanasworoba gadaw-yvetilebis miRebisa da resursebis marTvis ZalauflebasTan aris gadajaW-vuli; is cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iCens Tavs, iqneba es sajaro, Tu kerZo da adamianur da socialur kapitalSi aisaxeba.

cvlilebebis miuxedavad, genderi dResac statusis maCvenebelia da mamaka-cad yofna bevrad ufro fasobs, vidre qalad (Wharton, 2004).genderuli Tanasworoba da qalebis gaZliereba gancxadebulia aTaswleulis deklaraciaSi, rogorc ”qmediTi gza siRatakesTan, SimSilTan da avadmyo-fobasTan sabrZolvelad da aseve, rogorc WeSmaritad mdgradi ganviTarebis stimuli”.

saqarTveloSi genderTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis aucileblo-ba aSkarad gamokveTilia. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis matebam swrafad iklo mTeli rigi mizezebis erTobliobis gamo, iseTebis rogoricaa migracia, ekonomikuri pirobebiT gapirobebuli Sobadobis Sem-cireba, da unayofo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda (reproduqciuli jandacvis kanonmdeblobisa da politikis mimoxilva da analizi, 2005). saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli demografiuli problemebi gadaudebel da radikalur gadawyvetilebebis miRebas moiTxoven, rac SeuZlebelia genderTan dakav-Sirebuli problemebis mogvarebis gareSe. araTanasworuflebianoba Tavs iCens saarCevno da aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalebis dabal warmomadgen-lobaSi, araformalur da dabalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebis seqtorSi qalebis siWarbeSi, mamakacebSi ki narkotikebze damokidebulebis, aseve danaSaulsa da satransporto SemTxvevebSi daSavebulTa odenobis zrdaSi.

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politikur sistemis avtoritarulidan demokratiulze gadasvla TavisTavad ver uzrunvelyofs genderul Tanasworobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi gardamaval periods gacilebiT meti uTanasworobis motana da rogorc mamakacebis, aseve qalebis mdgomareobis gauareseba SeuZlia (Hawkesworth, 2002). 1991 wels damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan saqarTvelom Zalian mSfoTvare xana gamoiara eTnikuri omebiT oseTsa da afxazeTSi, Zalauflebis Zalismieri SecvliT, samoqalaqo omisa da revoluciis saxiT, rac Zalze uaryofiTad aisaxa mosaxleobis mdgomareobaze. struqturul cvlilebebTan dakavSire-bulma politikam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moitana da kidev ufro gaaRataka mosaxleoba. ekonomikuri siduxWiris fonze 250 000 iZulebiT gadaadgile-buli piri darCa usaxlkarod da ukve aTwleulze met xans savalalo pi-robebSi cxovrobs. am fonze genderuli uTanasworoba rogorc mosaxleobis, ise xelisuflebis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mier Tavsmoxveuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rogorc raRac ucxo, saqarTvelosTvis arasaWiro ram, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi ki rogorc instrumenti, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba cxovrebis tradiciuli wesis moSla.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyofilia genderuli Tanasworoba. mamakacebi da qalebi saqarTveloSi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, rac areklilia konstituciaSi da kanonebSi.qveynis evropasTan integraciisa da universaluri Rirebulebebis gaziarebi-saken miiswrafis gamoxatvis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelom 1994 wlidan moyoleb-uli xeli moawera umTavres saerTaSoriso konvenciebisa da xelSekrulebebs, romlebic eyrdnoba adamianis uflebebis midgomas genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi. saxelmwifo icavs am dokumetebSi Camoyalibebul mTel rig moTxovnebs, magram is, Tu ra saxiT xdeba am moTxovnebis Sesruleba, is agde-buli damokidebuleba, cinizmi da dapirispireba, rac Tan axlda ojaxuri Zaladobis kanonis miRebas, rom araferi vTqvaT genderul problematikasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis sxvadasxva muxlebis asamoqmedeblad saWiro fon-debis gamoyofis Seferxebaze, aseve qalebis dabal warmomadgenlobaze arCeviT da aRmasrulebel marTvis organoebSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saerTa-Soriso dokumentebisadmi daqvemdebareba formaluri xasiaTisaa da igi gam-

oiyeneba mxolod saCveneblad, da ara realuri warmatebis miRwevisTvis.

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saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis kalendari saxelwifos qmedebebi genderis problemebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTveloSi 1994 wels daiwyo, roca qveyana SeuerTda ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg dis-kriminaciis yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”.

1994 22 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom xeli moawera ”konvencias qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela saxis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”.

1995 15 seqtemberi. saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo qalTa sakiTxebze gaeros meoTxe msoflio konferenciaSi ”Tanasworobis, ganviTarebisa da mSvido-bisaTvis”, romelzec saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebma waradg-ines qveynis angariSi. am konferenciis Sedegad 189 saxelmwifos mTavrobebi, maT Soris saqarTvelosic, SeTanxmdnen da daamtkices qalebis ganviTarebisa da gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma, romelic aseve ”pekinis samoqmedo platformis” saxeliT aris cnobili. igi miznad isaxevs qalebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas da pirobebis Seqmnas maT gansax-orcieleblad.

1997daiwyo gaeros da saqarTvelos erToblivi proeqti ”qalebi da ganviTare-ba” (1997-2000). proeqti miznad isaxavda genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze codnis gaRrmavebasa da TamanSromlobas mTavrobasTan genderuli Tanas-worobis politikis ZiriTadi prinicipebis gansasazRvrad.

27 noemberi. prezidentis brZanebuleba N0 593, ”pekinis samoqmedo platforma 2000 wels”

momzadda erovnuli samoqmedo gegma pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxor-cielebis mizniT.

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1998 20 Tebervali. prezidentis N0 48 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad dafuZnda ”saxelm-wifo komisia saxelmwifo politikis srulyofisaTvis qalebis xelSewyobis mizniT”. komisia Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc mTavari sameTvalyureo organo saxelmwifo genderuli politikis gansaxorcieleblad. komisias xelmZR-vanelobda rusudan beriZe, im dros adamianis uflebaTa sakiTxebze saqarT-velos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile. komisia Sedgeboda 24 wevrisagan (Tvrameti qali da eqvsi mamakaci), parlamentis, samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebisagan.

24 aprili. konferenciam ”qalebi da sazogadoeba” miiRo da daamtkica ”erovnuli samoqmedo gegma qalTa pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad saqarTvelo-Si 1998-2000 wlebSi”, romelic SeimuSava saxelmwifo komisiam. gegmaSi Sem-degi prioritetebi iyo gamoyofili:

• instituciuri meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;• qalis rolisa da monawileobis gaZliereba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi;• ekonomikuri politika;• qalebi da siRaribe;• qalebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;• qalebi da janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba;• qalTa uflebebi.

18 ivnisi. samoqmedo gegma damtkicda prezidentis N0 308 brZanebulebiT. masSi aisaxa pekinis samoqmedo platformis 12 sakiTxidan Svidi. erovnul gegmaSi Semdegi sakiTxebi Sedioda:

• instituciuri meqamizmebis Camoyalibeba;• qalebis monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi;• ekonomikuri politika;• qalebi da siRaribe;• qalebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi;• qalebi da janmrTeloba;• qalTa uflebebi.

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199928 agvisto. prezidentis brZanebuleba N0 511-iT ”qalTa adamianis uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebis RonisZiebebis Taobaze” saxelmwifo komisiam SeimuSava da amocanebi dausaxa 13 samTavrobo uwyebas. es amocanebi miznad isaxavda qalis uflebebis xelSewyobasa da qveyanaSi qalebisTvis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.

moismines pirveli moxseneba ”konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb” (CEDAW).moxseneba moamzada eqspertTa jgufma, saqarTvelos uSiSroebis erovnuli sabWos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mdivnis moadgilis miTiTebebis safuZ-velze, prezidentis 1997 wlis 27 noembris N0 598 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad.

gansaxilvelad iqna gadacemuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier momzade-buli ”Crdilovani moxseneba” CEDAW-is ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.

28 agvisto. prezidentis dadgenileba N0 64-is Tanaxmad damtkicda 2000-2002 wlebis samoqmedo gegma qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifo komisiam, CEDAW-is komitetis wevrebis SeniSvnebis safuZvelze moamzada ”samoqmedo gegma”.

200025 Tebervali. prezidentis N0 64 brZanebulebis Tanaxmad damtkicda qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani gegma (2000-2002).

28 agvisto. damtkicda prezidentis brZanebuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis vadis 2004 wlamde gagrZelebas.

8 seqtemberi. niu iorkSi Catarebul aTaswleulis samitze msoflios 189 qveyanam da maT Soris saqarTvelom, ikisra valdebuleba, rom 2015 wl-isaTvis saqarTvelo miaRwevda ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs”. genderis Tema Tansdevs da aisaxeba aTaswleulis ganviTarebis yvela miznebSi. speci-fiurad genderis sakiTxebs pirdapir ori mizani - N0 3 da N0 5 .

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aTaswleulis ganviTarebis rvave mizani morgebul iqna saqarTveloSi ar-sebul viTarebasTan. yoveli miznisTvis SemuSavda Sesabamisi amocanebi da ganisazRvra indikatorebi. saqarTvelosTvis morgebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 3-isTvis: ”genderuli Tanasworobis ganviTareba da qalTa gaZliereba”, ganisazRvra ori amocana: amocana 8: genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa dasaqmebis sferoSiamocana 9: Tanaswori xelmisawvdomoba politikis sferoSi da menejmentis yvela doneze

aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 5: dedis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaamocana 11: 2000-2015 wlebSi dedaTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblis sami meoTxediT Semcireba

2003 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiis dokumenti miRebul iqna martSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dokumenti Seicavs genderTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, masSi isini ar aris detalurad ganxi-luli.

agvistoSi, genderis problemebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebma parlamentSi wamoayenes iniciativa politikur partiebSi qvotebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. es winadadeba deputatebis mier ugulvelyofili iqna, kenWisyris proceduraSi 235-dan mxolod 67 - ma deputatma miiRo monawileoba.

2004gaeros ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT gamoqveynda pirveli erovnuli moxseneba ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi”, romelSic mox-seniebulia genderuli sakiTxebi.

15 agvisto. daiwyo gaeros ganviTarebis programis da saqarTvelos parlamen-

tis erToblivi proeqti ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”.

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30 agvisto. evropisa da evro-atlantikuri integraciis saqarTvelos saxelm-wifo ministris N0 109 brZanebulebiT Seiqmna sagangebo jgufi, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina rekomendaciebi genderuli Tanasworobis qmediTi insti-tuciuri meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad.

27 oqtomberi. parlamentis spikeris 105/3 brZanebulebiT da gaeros ganvi-Tarebis programis proeqtis ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi” mx-ardaWeriT, Camoyalibda saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan gender-uli arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sabWo. sabWos uZRveboda spikeri da igi Cvidmeti wevrisagan Sedgeboda, aqedan Svidi parlamentis wevri iyo (parlamentis Tavmjdomare, parlamentis wevrebi nacionaluri moZraobidan da axali memerjveneebi), sami warmomadgeneli iyo samTav-robo struqturidan (Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialur saqmeTa samin-istro, saqarTvelos evropuli integraciis saxelmwifo ministris kabineti, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosa da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis kabineti), xolo eqvsi adamiani warmoadgenda arasamTavrobo seqtors. sabWos mandati ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo genderul politikis formulirebiT da masze meTvalyureobis gaweviT, kanonmdeblobis genderis TvalTaxedvidan ganxil-viT da kanonebis saerTaSoriso normebTan da standartebTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofiT.

2005 28 ivnisi. saqarTvelos mTavrobis N0 109 dadgenilebis safuZvelze da aras-amTavrobo organizaciebis iniciativiT daarsda ”droebiTi samTavrobo komi-sia genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebze”. sakonsultacio sabWos msgavsad isic Sedgeboda parlamentis wevrebisagan, samTavrobo struqurebisa da arasaxelmwifo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisagan, sul 15 warmomadgenlisa-gan, saidanac 4 arasamTavrobo seqtors warmoadgenda. komisias daevala, SeemuSavebina erovnuli koncefcia da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis gegma.

2006TebervalSi, gaeros sxvadasxva saagentoebis mxardaWeriT (gaeros ganviTare-bis programa, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalebisaTvis, gaeros mosaxleobis fondi), komisiam da sakonsultacio sabWom Seqmnes samuSao jgufi, romelic am komisiisa da mrCevelTa sabWos ramdenime wevrisagan da agreTve, mTav-robis wevrebisagan, arasamTavrobo qalTa organizaciis wevrebisa da adami-

anis uflebaTa ombudsmenis kabinetis wevrisagan Sedgeboda. samuSao jgufma

moamzada saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis strategiis gegma. gegma

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Seicavs saxelmwifos koncefcias genderuli Tanasworobis Taobaze; samwlian

samoqmedo gegmas; da rekomendaciebs monitoringisa da koordinaciis ganxor-

cielebis mizniT mudmivi genderuli Tanasworobis meqanizmis Sesaqmnelad.

24 ivlisi. parlamentma miiRo genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo koncep-

cia.

28 aprili. parlamentma miiRo kanoni adamianebiT vaWrobasTan brZolis Tao-

baze (trefikingi).

25 maisi. parlamentma miiRo kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msx-

verplTa dacvisa da mxardaWeris Sesaxeb.

maisSi miRebuli iqna Sromis kodeqsi. unda aqve aRiniSnos rom kodeqsis

mTeli rigi muxlebi, iseTebi rogoricaa, dasaqmebulTa uflebebis SezRudva

da dekretuli Svebulebis vadis Semcireba, ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso

standartebs da wina kodeqsTan SedarebiT ukan gadadgmul nabijs warmoad-

gens.

imave periodSi mTavrobam daamtkica adamianTa trefikingTan brZolis samo-

qmedo gegma.

seqtemberSi ministrTa kabinets waredgina genderuli Tanasworobis ganxor-

cielebis samwliani erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis proeqti.

14 noemberi. ZalaSi Sevida evropasTan samezoblo politikis samoqmedo

gegma. masSi ar aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli uSualod genderuli Ta-

nasworobis sakiTxebze.

gauqmda droebiTi samTavrobo komisia.

2007 maisSi genderuli Tanasworobis koordinaciis sakiTxebze pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis aRmasrulebeli Stodan gadaeca saxelmwifo ministrs reformebis koordinaciis sakiTxebSi.

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30 ivlisi. damtkicda ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolisa da misi prevenciis 2007-2008 wlebis samoqmedo gegma.

20 ivlisi. N0 97/3 brZanebulebiT ganaxlda saqarTvelos parlamentis Taj-

domareTa arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakitxebis sakonsultacio sabWos Semadgenloba.masSi Sevida eqvsi parlamentis wevri.

26 seqtemberi. momzadda da N0 539 samTavrobo brZanbulebiT damtkicda erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis (2007-2009) saboloo proeqti, romelic Semdeg sakiTxebs moicavs:

• genderul Tanasworobis disciplinaTSorisi komisiis Seqmna;• genderul Tanasworobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis SemuSaveba;• genderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRleba gen deruli sakiTxebis popularizaciis da maTze informaciis gavrcelebis meSveobiT;• genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis genderul Tanasworobze orientirebuli axali xedviT Secvla ganaTleb is sistemis yvela doneze.

26 seqtemberi. N0 211 brZanebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda genderuli Tanasworobis politikis SemmuSavebeli uZyebaT Sorisi komisia. komisiis aT wevrs, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebidan iyvnen warmodgenilni xelmZR-vanelobda kaxa benduqiZe, im dros saxelmwifo ministri reformebis koor-dinaciis sferoSi. komisiis miznebi Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:

• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis SemuSaveba;• saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis politikis monitoringi;• saxelmwifo genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis monitoringi; • genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis ganxilva;• saministroebSi genderul sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli pirebis daniSvna; komisia Seiqmna, magram misi Sekreba ar momxdara.

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genderuli uTanasworoba

genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba vlindeba im damokidebulebaSi, rom-lebic arsebobs zogadad Tanasworobis mimarT, mamakacebisa da qalebis mi-marT, qalebisa da mamakacebis sajaro saqmianobaSi monawileobaSi, im Zalau-flebaSi, romelsac isini floben, im resursebSi, romlebsac isini ganageben, im TavisuflebaSi, romliTac sargebloben, iseve, rogorc adamianur kapi-talSi - janmrTelobasa da ganaTlebaSi.

qveyanaSi arsebuli genderuli Tanaswrobis mdgomareobis amaswinandeli Se-faseba, ”realoba - qalebis Tanaswori uflebebi da Tanabari SesaZle-blobebi saqarTveloSi” (sanikiZe da sxv., 2006), miuTiTebs, rom samarTlebriv doneze arsebuli Tanasworobis miuxedavad, genderuli Tanasworobis misaR-wevad qveyanaSi kidev Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTeloSi genderuli uTanasworoba ar aris miCneuli seriozul problemad. kacebTan erTad bevri warmatebuli qali miiCnevs, rom qveyanaSi ar dgas Tanasworuflebianobis problema. gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba (45.4%) miiCnevs, rom (gamokiTxva) saqarTveloSi mamakacebi da qalebi Tanasworuflebianebi arian maSin, rodesac 42.1 % fiqrobs, rom qalebi, xolo 5.5 % rom mamakacebi arian daCagruli, 6.9%-s ki pasuxis gacema uWirs. arsebobs mniSvnelovani genderuli sxvaoba Tanas-worobis SefasebaSi. ufro met mamakacs (50.9 %) qalebTan SedarebiT (41.1 %) swams, rom arsebobs Tanasworoba (Chi square 27.6; df 3, p<001).zogadad genderul Tanasworobas sazogadoeba uyurebs, rogorc ufro xe-lovnurad Tavsmoxveuls, vidre rogorc realurad arsebuls. eqspert Tamar sabedaSvilis azriT, amgvari damokidebuleba SeiZleba sabWouri memkvidreo-biTobiT aixsnas. sabWoTa epoqaSi iTvleboda, rom qalebis ganTavisuflebis aucilebloba gazviadebuli iyo. Tanasworobis problema asocirdeboda kap-italizmTan, raRac iseTTan, rac sruliad ucxo iyo mosaxleobisTvis. meore mizezi ki is mosazreba gaxlavT, rom genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTx-ebi ucxouri donori organizaciebis mier finansdeba da amdenad rogorc qveyanaSi garedan Semotanil sakiTxad aRiqmeba. gamokiTxulTa (interviu) daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi aRniSnavs, rom Tanasworoba ar arsebobs, magram es faqti yovelTvis uaryofiTad ar aris aRqmuli:

”Tansworoba kargi ar aris. RmerTma samyaro ierarqiuli wesrigiT Seqmna. mamakacisa da qalis xelovnuri Tanasworoba qalebs ubedurebas uqadis” _ mamakaci notariusi

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genderuli Tanasworobis mniSvneloba, profesiuli saswavleblis direq-torma, irakli faCuliam gaaanaliza:

”imas, rasac Cven Tanasworobas vuwodebT, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu imas vigulisxmebT, rom mamakacma da qalma erTnairi fizikuri datvirTviT unda imuSaon, maSin es arasworia. Tavad ojaxis konteqstSi mamakaci da qali erTmaneTs avsebs da Tanasworobis sakiTxi Zalian bundovani xdeba. mamakac-sa da qals TavTavianTi movaleobebi akisriaT, romelic TiToeulma unda Searulos. Tu uTanasworobaSi imas vigulisxmebT, rom qalebi daCagrulebi arian, Cemi azriT, es ase araa.”

Tamar abramiSvili, eqsperti genderul sakiTxebSi ase afasebs genderuli Tanasworobis mdgomareobas:

”genderuli Tanasworoba demokratiis mTavari maxasiaTebelia, magram Cven Zalian nela mivdivarT misken. uTanasworoba sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoba.”

qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb azerbaijanul umciresobaSi (fj4) genderul Ta-nasworobasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli TvalTa xedva TvalsaCino gaxda fokus jgufebSi gamarTuli diskusiebisas, sadac yvela monawile aRiarebda genderuli Tanasworobis ar arsebobas, magram mas gansxvavebul Sefasebebas aZlevda. axalgazrda mamakacebis umetesoba amas normalurad miiCnevda. es Sexeduleba ase gamoxata erTma axalgazrda mamakacma:

”kavkasiuri mentalitetidan gamomdinare qali mudam ukana planzea. es mosazreba Rrmadaa ojaxSi fesvgamdgari.”

Tumca, imave jgufSi zogierTma qalma es mosazreba gaaprotesa da gamoTq-va survili qonoda meti damoukidebloba, qonoda samsaxuri, rom SesZle-boda sakuTari uflebebis dacva. erTma monawile axalgazrda qalma isic Tqva, rom mzad iyo sakuTar ojaxze uari eTqva samsaxureobrivi karieris sanacvlod: ”me minda Tanasworoba ojaxSi da vTvli, rom marto kaci ar unda sarge-blobdes yvela uflebiT. me bednieri verasodes viqnebi amgvar pirobebSi. mirCevnia, arCevani TviTon gavakeTo da sakuTari uflebebi davicva.”

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axalcixis universitetis studentebi (fj5) aseve ar iyvnen erTsulovani genderuli Tanasworobis mdgomareobis SefasebaSi. zogi miuTiTebda Ta-nasworobis arsebobaze, bevri ki aRniSnavda, rom Tanasworoba iyo kanoniT garantirebuli, magram ar iyo realizirebuli. Tumca, yvela erTsulovani iyo imis SefasebaSi, rom uTanasworoba qalaqTan SedarebiT soflad ufro metad iyo gavrcelebuli. qalebis mimarT mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba cxadad gamoCnda erTi axalgazrda kacis SeniSvnaSi:”mamakaci qalTan SedarebiT yvela sferoSi erTi TaviT win dgas.”

qal studentebma xazi gausves genderuli gansxvavebis mniSvnelobas:”qalebi mamakacebis Tanabrad unda iyvnen Cabmulni sazogadoebriv cxovre-baSi, radgan kacebi da qalebi gansxvavebulad azrovneben.”

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi (fj7) maTi axalcixeli Tanatolebis msgavsad, darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs Tanasworoba da rom qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacebi gacilebiT meti Tavisu-flebiTa da uflebebiT sargebloben. isini aseve xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom mamakacebi, maTi liderobisken miswrafebis gamo mudam cdiloben qalebze upiratesobis mopovebas. rogorc erTma mamakacma monawilem aRniSna:

”saqarTveloSi mamakacebi yovelTvis dominireben, maT mudam qalebze ufro maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT.”

”uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli mamakaci iyo ufrosi. saomrad mamakaci mid-ioda da ara qali, miwas mamakaci xnavda da amuSavebda, im dros, roca qali Sin rCeboda da bavSvebs uvlida.”

”qalebi da mamakacebi ar sargebloben erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT, samsaxure-obriv Tu sxva romelime sferoSi. Tanasworoba iluziaa da Sors aris re-alobisgan. Cven zustad unda ganvsazRvroT ras niSnavs Tanasworoba, radgan arsebobs SesaZlebloba orive sqesi Tanaswori iyos, magram saamiso samoqmedo asparezi da pirobebi ar arsebobs.” parlamentis wevri, nika rurua.qalebi da mamakacebi kanonis mixedviT Tanaswori arian, magram bevrma imaTgan vinc Cven gamovkiTxeT aRniSna gansxvaveba kanoniT gansazRvrul da faqto-briv Tanasworobas Soris.

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”kanoniT mamakaci da qali Tanaswori uflebebiT sargebloben, da kanonebi icaven qals diskriminaciisagan. metic, tradiciulad qals mudam pativis-cemiT epyrobodnen, magram realurad, iseve rogorc yvelgan msoflioSi, cxovreba mamrobiTi sqesisaa da mamakaczea orientirebuli, ase rom qali aranairad ar aris mamakacis Tanaswori.” - sakonsultacio sabWos wevri, baia romelaSvili.

da mainc, gamokiTxulTagan (interviu) xuTma gamoTqva rwmena, rom Tanas-woroba realurad arsebobs:

”roca me Cems pirad cxovrebas da Cems irgvliv adamianebs vakvirdebi, Ta-nasworobas vxedav yvela sferoSi. Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs genderis problema da mamakacebi da qalebi Tanasworni arian” - sajaro moxele eka zRulaZe.

genderuli stereotipebi

genderuli identuroba qalisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre kacisTvis. fiqroben, rom qalebs meti siTbo, eqspresiuloba da sxvebze zrunva axasi-aTebT, maSin, roca mamakacebi ufro meti SemoqmedebiTobiT, ZalauflebiTa da TavdajerebulobiT (Deaux & Major, 2000) gamoirCevian. qalebs zoga-dad miiCneven rogorc ufro sxvebze damokidebulebs, mamakacebs ki ufro damoukideblebs. amgvari damokidebuleba respondentebma (gamokiTxva) sam-saxureobriv winsvlaSi warumateblobis mizezebis Sefasebisas gamoamJRavnes. maSin, roca gamokiTxulTa umetesoba mamakacebis warumateblobis mizezs Zalisxmevis ukmarisobas miawerda (34.9% SedarebiT 27%-Tan qalebis SemTx-vevaSi), qalebis warumateblobis mizezs ki respondentebi ufrosebis maTdami damokidebulebiT xsnidnen da metic, isini varaudobdnen, rom xelmZRvaneli pirebi maT saTanadod ar afasebdnen (warumateblobis mizezad amas qalebis SemTxvevaSi 31.3 % da kacebis SemTxvevaSi 17 % miiCnevda). am Sexedulebas Tanabrad iziareben mamakacebi da qalebi. kidev erT stereotips - mamakace-bis siZlierisa da qalebis sisustis Taobaze xazi gausva axalgazrda qalma axalcixis fokus jgufSi:

”arsebobs stereotipi, rom mamakaci Zlieria da qali - susti da emociuri. rac sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom es marTlac asea.”

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genderuli upiratesobebi

mamakacis qalze upiratesobis cneba sazogadod Warbobs mamakacebSi (gamokiTxva). mtkicebulebas, rom mamakaci, rogorc wesi, yvelafers qalze ukeT akeTebs ar eTanxmeba qalebis 69 procenti da mamakacTa mxolod 44.7 procenti (genderuli gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovania, Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001).ojaxi qalis samyarod aris miCneuli. qalisaTvis ojaxis mniSvneloba mJRavn-deba, pirvel yovlisa, umravlesobis (56.1 %) mier gaziarebul azrSi, imis Taobaze, rom qali ufro bavSvis gazrdiTa da saxlis movliT unda iyos dakavebuli da ara profesiuli winsvliT (am mosazrebas ufro metad ma-makacebi iziareben - 63%, vidre qalebi - 48.5%. Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001); xolo 63.7 % im azrs iziarebs, rom qali ufro metad ojaxiT fasobs, vidre samsaxurSi warmatebiT. am SemTxvevaSic, meti mamakaci (68.1%) eTanxmeba am mosazrebas, vidre qali (60.2%, Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001).

umravlesoba (71. 4 %) eTanxmeba mtkicebulebas, rom yvelasTvis umjobesia, roca kaci muSaobs, xolo qali saxls uvlis. genderuli gansxvaveba aqac mniSvnelovania (Chi square 65.4; df 2, p<001), ufro meti kaci (79.8%), vidre qali (64.7%) iziarebs am Tvalsazris.

mamakacebis mimarT gamorCeuli damokidebuleba bevr SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs. es vlindeba imaSi, rom qaliSvilis yolas vaJis yolas amjobineben (kacebis 70.7% da qalebis 48.3% Chi square 75.6; df 2, p<001), upiratesobas aniWeben samsaxurSi mamakacis ayvanas (kacebis 55.1% da qalebis 37.2%, Chi square 47.2; df 2, p<001).

Zalaufleba da Tavisufleba

kultura ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra qmedebebi aris miCneuli qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis Sesaferisad. ”[kulturisaTvis specifiuri interpretaciebi axdenen Sromisa da socialuri sivrcis dayofis struqturirebas, zRudaven SesaZleblobebs, arCevanisa da qmedebebis xelmisawvdomobas, organizaciul da socialur rolebs, qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas da politikas, emsaxurebian da amyareben mamakacis interesebs da normad warmoaCenen mamakacis Zalau-flebas. am gziT qalis moTxovnilebebi da interesebi xSirad uxilavi xdeba. genderuli Zalaufleba xorcieldeba akrZalvebis, gariyvis, damcirebis da dakninebis gziT, rac zRudavs qalis cxovrebas. genderuli Zalaufleba Rrmadaa fexmokidebuli im faseulobaTa sistemaSi, romelic mamakacs privi-legias aniWebs imiT, rom ganadidebs mamakacurobasTan dakavSirebuli trad-iciul maxasiaTeblebs da aufasurebs qalTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebs (Hawkesworth, 2006).

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genderuli uTanasworoba mJRavnedeba im normebSi, romlebic aregulireben gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da resursebis ganawilebis Zalauflebas. pasuxi kiTxvaze - vin wyvets Tu ramdeni Svili unda iyolios ojaxma (gamokiTxva), Tanasworobazea orientirebuli, da umravlesoba (88.5 %), mi-iCnevs, rom es gadawyvetileba meuRleebma erToblivad unda miiRon. ojaxSi mamis Zalauflebis zegavlenis mimarT damokidebuleba garkveul-wilad iyofa. respondentTa did nawils (48. 2 %) miaCnia, rom mamebs ar unda qondeT dedebze meti Zalaufleba Svilebze, da imisda miuxedavad, rom mamakacebic da qalebic, iziareben am Tvalsazriss, mainc, gamokiTxulTa mniSvnelovani nawili (46.4%) met Zalauflebas mamakacs aniWebs.

Zalafleba resursebis marTvaze, rogorc sajaro, ise pirad cxovrebaSi, metwilad kacis upiratesobad aris miCneuli (interviu).

”uTanasworoba, pirvelyovlisa, sakuTrebaze uflebasa da resursebis kon-trolSi aisaxeba, resursebs ki umTavresad mamakacebi akontroleben” - in-terviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.

”uTanasworoba ZalzeT gavrcelebulia sazogadoebaSi. qalebis didi raode-noba Sromobs iseT sferoebSi, sadac ar aris bevri fuli” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.qalebi da mamakacebi ar arian erTsulovanni, im sakiTxSi unda SeeZlos Tu ara qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe xarjos sakuTari Semosavali (gamokiTx-va). gacilebiT meti qali (70.6 %) mamakacTan SedarebiT (52.2 %) miiCnevs, rom qali unda sargeblobdes am SesaZleblobiT (Chi square 37.6; df23, p<001). xolo mamakacs sakuTari Semosavalis xarjvis Tavisuflebas erT-nairad aniWeben rogorc mamakacebi (66.5 %), ise qalebi (66.1 %). qalebi da mamakacebi, erTnairad miiCneven, rom biWebi (93.1%) da gogonebi (92.8%) siyvaruliT unda daqorwindnen da ara garigebiT.

meti Tavisuflebis aucileblobis sakiTxi wamoiWra sakiTxis ganxilvisas ax-alqalaqSi (fj6), sadac metwilad eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben. axalgazrda qalma SeniSna, rom gogonebs ara aqvT Tavisufleba, meore monawilem ki aRniSna, rom ar icis ras niSnavs Tavisufleba, da rom daculi unda iyos raRac Sualedi imisaTvis, rom qalma Tavi ar igrZnos cixeSi da amave dros, arc moralis zRvars gascdes.

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kidev erTma monawile qalma Tavisufleba TviTSefasebas daukavSira:

”qalebi sakuTar TavSi ar arian darwmunebulni da amitom uWirT gadaw-yvetilebebis miReba da swored es aris imis mizezi, rom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba aqvT.”

ramdenime monawilem, umetesad gogonebma, aRniSnes, rom tradiciebi zRu-daven qalis Tavisuflebas da mxolod Sesabamis aRzrdas SeuZlia Secvalos viTareba da mentaliteti.uTanasworoba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia ojaxSi. fokus-jgufis qali monawileebi axalcixeSi (fj5) Ciodnen, rom gogonebs saRamos gareT gasvla ekrZalebaT, rom ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba ufro metad biWebs eZlevaT da rom ojaxSi yvelaferi biWebs ekuTvniT, radgan miiCneven, rom gogonebi gaTxovdebian da maT amitom araferi WirdebaT.

uTanasworobis fesvebi da misi mizezebi

genderuli uTanasworobis gamarTleba aris msoflio religiaTa swavlebe-bisa da maTi praqtikis nawili (Deckard, 1975). TiTqmis yvela wamyvan reli-giaSi, qorwilis dros qali sityvierad, an simbolurad gamoxatavs qmrisadmi morCilebis mzaobas. samRvdeloebas ZiriTadad mamakacebi Seadgenen, imisda miuxedavad, rom qale-bi mudmivad arian CarTulni religiur aqtivobebSi.

mamakacurobis mniSvneloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic mJRavndeba, sadac gamoCenil qalebs mamakacis Tvisebebs miaweren sajarod daxasiaTebisas, anda Seqebisas amboben, mamakaciviT irjebao.

”Tavad Tamar mefis SemTxvevaSic, misi saxelis patriarqaluroba TvalSisa-cemia. es dResac asea da Taobebi dasWirdeba am Sexedulebis Secvlas.” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

stereotipebad kristalizebuli tradiciebi didad ganapirobebs qalis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas.

”stereotipis Sesabamisad, qali pasiuria, dausaqmebelia da misi upirate-si samflobelo ojaxia, maSin, rodesac mamakaci profesiuli saqmianobiTaa dakavabuli.” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan.qalis daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis gamyareba gamudmebiT xdeba kultur-isa da aRzrdis meSveobiT.

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”Cven patara biWsac ki veubnebiT, ar itiro, biWs tirili ar SeSvenis, Sen Zlieri unda iyo, da ase Semdeg...” _ interviu parlamentis wevrTan, gu-guli maRraZesTan.

”ganviTarebis zogadi done da ekonomikuri SeWirveba qveyanaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc uTanasworobis gamamarTlebeli mizezi. qalebs ara aqvT pirobebi, rom TavianTi SesaZleblobebi srulad ganaxorcielon” - interviu eqspert-Tan, Carita jaSTan.

”adamianebi dRes genderul uTanasworobaze ar fiqroben, radgan maT amis dro ara aqvT, isini xvalindeli sarCos SovniT arian dakavebulni” - inter-viu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.

mamakacTan SedarebiT garemo qals gacilebiT naklebad uwyobs xels Ses-aZleblobebis ganviTarebaSi. Sesabamisad, qals gacilebiT meti Zalisxmeva Wirdeba warmetebis miRwevisaTvis.

”sazogadod qalebs gacilebiT meti Zalisxmevis gaReba uwevT sakuTari ufle-bebis realizebisaTvis ” - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZ-esTan.

uTanasworobis mizezebs ufro xSirad qalebs ukavSireben da ara sazogadeobas. bevri qalebs pasiurobas miawers da swored amas miiCnevs uTanasworobis miz-ezad. amavdroulad aqtiur qalebs sakmaod uaryofiTad afaseben.

”saqarTveloSi mamakacisa da qalis samuSao dayofilia sqesis mixedviT. aq-tiuri qalebis mimarT arsebobs skeptikuri damokidebuleba”. - interviu eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan.

qalebs xSirad abraleben, rom isini ufrTxian damoukideblobas:

”qals ar miaCnia marTebulad qmars gverdi auaros, an Tundac, Zmas Seepa-suxos, radgan is ufrTxis damoukideblobas.” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

uTanasworobis mimarT damokidebuleba da uTanasworobis xarisxi asakTan erTad icvleba. rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi ufro egalitarul, Tanasworbis momxre midgomas amJRavneben.

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”axalgazrda Taobas Tanasworobis misaRwevad meti saSualebebi aqvs. axal-gazrda qalebi dRes ufro aqtiurebi arian, vidre maT asakSi iyvnen Cveni dedebi”. - intervou parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan.

”uTanasworobis xarisxi gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT, iseve, rogorc soflisa da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. uTanasworoba bevrad ufro metad ig-rZnoba soflebSi, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebi cxovroben.” - interviu aras-amTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

ganaTlebis statusi da religia xSirad gansazRvravs Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebas. mTavar faqtorad aqac sqesi gvevlineba, radgan qalebi uTanasworobas mamkacebze ufro metad aRiqvamen.

”qalebi xedaven uTanasworobas, mamakacebi ki vera”. - interviu sajaro mox-elesTan, dalila xoravasTan.

cvlilebebi TanasworobaSi da maTi mizezebi

siRrmiseuli intervius respondetebi aRniSnaven dadebiT cvlilebebs gen-derul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSi:

”qalebis mosazrebebs sul ufro metad iReben mxedvelobaSi. es xdeba upi-ratesad im faqtis gamo, rom ekonomikuri krizisis ganmavlobaSi qalebma SeZles ojaxebis gadarCena, mamakacebi am dros verafers gaxdnen. dResac ki, bevr ojaxSi qalebi muSaoben da ara mamakacebi”. - interviu mcire biznesis mflobelTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan.

”Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebis cvlileba SeiniSneba mxolod bolo xanebSi, mas Semdeg roca cota ar iyos samarcxvino gaxda stereotipuli azrovnebis gamomJRavneba. amas garda, meti qali gamoCnda sazogadoebriv as-parezze. Tumca, kvlav problemad rCeba is, rom qali amasobaSi bevr trad-iciulad mamakacur rols kisrulobs, rogoricaa, ojaxis rCena, karieraze zrunva, magram tradiciulad qalis rolebi, rogoricaa ojaxze da avad-myofebze da agreTve xandazmulebze zrunva mamakacisaTvis araa sakmarisad prestiJuli da isev qalebs uwevT maTi Sesruleba”. - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.

”qalebis brZola ufro aqtiuri cxovrebisaTvis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvisa da liderobisaken qveynis evropuli Rirebulebebisaken swrafviTaa ganpirobebuli”. - interviu sajaro moxelesTan, mamuka axvledianTan.

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ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

genderuli uTanasworoba, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi da ojaxuri cx-ovrebis sferoSi, aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli realoba, magram ara rogorc problema. uTanasworoba aRqmulia ufro rogorc kulturuli memkvidreobis nawili. am mosazrebas iziarebs, rogorc mosaxleoba, aseve xe-lisufleba. imis dasturad, rom qveyana universaluri faseulobebisaken da evropaSi integraciisaken iswrafvis, saqarTvelos xeli aqvs mowerili im yvela mniS-vnelovan saerTaSoriso dokumentze, romelic miznad isaxavs genderuli Tanaworobis miRwevas. samarTlebrivi CarCoebi genderulad neitraluria, isini ar uSveben genderis safuZvelze raime saxis diskriminacias, magram saerTaSoriso dokumentebisa Tu qveynis kanonebisadmi daqvemdebareba formaluri xasiaTisaa, radgan diskriminaciasTan brZolis ZiriTadi saqmi-anobebi sabiujeto xarjebiT araa gamyarebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom saer-TaSoriso organizaciebis (SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento da gaeros ganviTarebis programa) daxmarebiT parlamentis sakonsultacio sabWo moqmedebs Tavis mandatis farglebSi, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis ganx-orcieleba ar dawyebula. Camoyalibebulia, magram moqmedeba ar dauwyia aRmasrulebel organos. politikis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi dokumentebi, rogoricaa (siRaribis daZlevis startegiuli moxseneba da evropis samezob-lo politika) genderul problematikaze ar arian fokusirebuli.ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo uwyeba, romelsac eqneboda genderu-li Tanaswrobis mxardaWerisa da masze meTvalyureobis gawevis mandati. winsvla TanasworobasTan damokidebulebis mimarT aRniSna mravalma, kon-sultaciaSi monawile pirma. igi cxadad aris gamokveTili axalgazrdebsa da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi.genderTan dakavSirebuli viTareba calke sakiTxad ar unda iqnes ganxi-luli, radgan igi ufro farTo problemis, RirebulebaTa sakiTxis nawilia. arsebuli mdgomareobis saTave unda veZioT qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa ugulvebelyofaSi, rac gansxvavebul sferoebSi vlindeba da asaxulia saer-TaSoriso da adgilobriv orgranizaciaTa mTel rig moxsenebebSi (mag. sax-alxo damcveli moxseneba 2007). manam, sanam ara ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, aramed adamianis uflebebi da misi keTildReoba ar iqceva arc qveynis gan-viTerbis politikis umTavres principad, ar unda velodeT mkveTr cvlile-bebs genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxSi da arc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevas.

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genderi sazogadoebriv sarbielze

Tavi 3sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileoba

niu-iorkSi 2000 wlis 8 seqtembers gancxadebuli aTaswleulis ganviTarebis rva miznidan erT-erTi, romelic 2015 wlisTvis unda iqnas ganxorcielebuli da romelsac saqarTvelom xeli moawera, pirdapir genderul Tanasworobas exeba. miznis amocana 9 moiTxovs qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis Tanabari xe-lmisawvdomobis gapirobebas politikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul da marTvis yvela doneze ganxorcielebul aqtiobebSi.

monawileoba sajaro cxovrebaSi da gansakuTrebiT, politikaSi qveyanaSi Ta-nasoworobisa da demokratiis erT-erTi indikatoria.saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Zlier dainteresebulia politikiT da zogadad, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT. Tumca problema, romelsac mosaxleobis didi nawili xSirad quCis saprotesto aqciebSi gamoyavs, sakuTari uZlurebis grZnobiT aris gapirobebuli, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ar aqvs SesaZle-bloba zegavlena moaxdinos qveynisaTvis mniSvenlovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT mamakacebisa da qalebis umravlesoba (82.4%) dainteresebulia politikiT da 95.3 procenti regularulad uyurebs axal ambebs televiziiT. yvelaze popularuli arxi iyo ”imedi”, mas mosdevda arxi ”rusTavi 2”.

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cxrili 3satelevizio axali ambebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT

axali ambebis garda, telearxi ”imedis” politikuri gadacemebic aseve yve-

laze didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.

cxrili 4 teleprogramebis ranJireba popularobis mixedviT

NNo satelevizio axali ambebiprocentiNo 1034

1 qronika (imedi) 89.1

2 kurieri (rusTavi 2) 66.2

3moambe (sazogadoebrivitelevizia)

24.5

4 rusuli tele arxebi 19.4

5 mzera (mze) 18.9

6 adgilobrivi telearxebi 12.7

7 axali ambebi (aWaris televizia) 10.7

8 azerbaijanis tele arxebi 2.4

9 somxuri telearxebi 2.2

10 Turquli telearxebi 0.2

No satelevizio programaprocentiNNo 1087

1 droeba (imedi) 84.4

2 reaqcia (imedi) 72.1

3 Ria eTeri (imedi) 65.5

4 post skriptumi (rusTavi 2) 51.1

5 Toq-Sou (rusTavi 2) 25.4

6 tabu (mze) 15.4

7dRis komentari (sazogadoebrivi televizia)

8.2

8 Ramis saubrebi (sazogadoebrivi televizia) 6.4

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gazeTebis mkiTxvelTa raodenoba gacilebiT mcire iyo maTTan SedarebiT, vinc axal ambebs televiziiT adevnebda Tvals; gazeTs qalebTan Sedare-biT odnav meti mamakaci kiTxulobda, mamakacebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen gazeTebs rezonansi, 24 saaTi, da sxva adgilobriv gazeTebs, qalebi ki ufro alias da kviris palitras kiTxulobdnen.

cxrili 5 gazeTebis popularoba

sazogadoebrivi interesis Semdeg qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze didi sur-vili monawileobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, es moTxovnileba ver kmayofildeba, moqalaqeebi Tavs uZlurad grZnoben zegavlena moaxdinon mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebze, rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis monawileobas quCis aqciebSi. gamokiTxvisas gacemuli pasuxebis mixedviT mosaxleobis 57. 8 procenti, rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, iziare-ben mosazrebas, rom saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari sakiTxebis mogvareba

No gazeTiprocenti

No1087

mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli

No479

qalebis procentuli maCvenebeli

No608

1kviris palitra

22.1 21.0 23.0

2asaval-dasavali

8.6 8.8 8.4

3adgilobrivi gazeTi

6.9 7.5 6.5

4 alia 6.5 5.4 7.3

5 rezonansi 6.2 8.2 4.66 24 saaTi 5.5 6.1 5.17 qronika 4.2 4.4 4.1

8 sityva da saqme 2.3 2.3 2.3

9 axali Taoba 1.7 1.7 1.6

10 axali versia 1.7 1.7 1.8

11 jorjian Taimsi 1.1 0.8 1.3

37

mxolod xalxismonawileobiT aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca maTgan mxolod me-sameds (29.2%) jera, rom rigiT moqalaqes SeuZlia zegavlena iqonios mTav-robis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebs da kacebs monawileobis erTnairi moTxovnileba gaaCniaT, maT gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT mis ganxorcielebaze. im aqtivobe-bis SerCevisas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SesaZleblad miaCniaT sakuTari uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qalebi naklebad aqtiur gzebs arCeven, iseTebs rogoricaa mitingebze daswreba (qalebis 20.6% da kacebis 17.7%), peticiaze xelis mowera (qalebis 36.3% da kacebis 32.8%), maSin rodesac mamakacebi upiratesobas quCis aqciebSi (kacebis 18.2 % da qalebis 14.8 %) da mitingebSi (kacebis 21.5% da qalebis 19.9%) monawileobas aniWeben.

nax. 2uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtiobebi

mosaxleobis realuri monawileoba gacilebiT ufro dabalia, vidre mo-qmedebis mzadyofna. rogorc gamoirkva, 2007 wlis ianvridan oqtombramde gamokiTxulTagan mxolod 7.8 procenti iRebda monawileobas koleqtiur aqciebSi. mamakacebis monawileoba aRemateboda qalebisas. aRniSnul periodSi erTxel mainc mamakacebis 10.7-ma da qalebis 5.5 procentma miiRo monawileo-ba koleqtiur aqciaSi. (Chi square 9.5;df 2; p<.05).

peticiaze xelmowera

Sexedulebebis gamoTqma

mitingebze daswreba

Sexvedrebze daswreba

monawileoba quCis aqciebSi

media saSualebebSi gamoCena

monawileoba sajaro diskusiaSi

monawileoba arasamTavroba org.

resursebis gacema

monawileoba profkavSiris saqmianobaSi

38

qalebi politikaSi

msoflios masStabiT qalebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni demokratiis dasam-yareblad, avtoritaruli reJimebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul yvelaze saxifaTo aqciebSi. (Jaquette & Wolchik, 1998). didi iyo qalebis monawileoba sabWoTa kavSirisagan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT organizebuli quCis aqciebis drosac (sabedaSvili, 2007), ”vardebis revoluciis” wina periodis quCis aqciebSi da 2007 wlis oqtomber-noembris aqciebSi.

saqarTveloSi qalebis aqtivoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi istoriuli re-alobaa. amasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze xSirad axseneben Tamar mefes, qal monarqs, romlis saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli qveynis dideba. qalebi iyvnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis moTaveni samxreT saqarTveloSi. muslimani qalebi icavdnen qalaq axalcixes ruseTis imperiis da saqarTvelos gaer-Tianebul jarisgan.

dRes mraval qals naxavT manifestaciaSi monawileTa Soris, an winasaar-Cevno saqmianobiT dakavebuls. problema qalebis mcire monawileobaSi ki araa, aramed igi qalebis interesebsa da saqmianobas maT xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis SeusabamobaSi, gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoSi, maT dabal warmomadgenlobaSia.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qal da mamakac amomrCevels Tanabar uflebebs aniWebs. xmis micemisas isini Tanabrad aqtiurni arian, rogorc soflad, ise qalaqSi (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, 2004), Tumca, Ta-nasworoba Zalze Sorsaa sasurvelisgan maSin, rodesac saqme exeba imas, Tu vin aris arCeuli mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze. gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalebis monawileoba politikaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi Zalze SezRudulia da Zlier CamorCeba gaeros mier dasaxul mizans, gansaz-Rvruls 30 procentiT.

genders politikaSi ori erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mxare aqvs. erTi - qa-lis warmomadgenlobas Seexeba, xolo meore - qalTa problemebze zrunvas. warmomadgenloba zrdis qalis problemebis ganxilvis da aseve genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebis albaTobas, Tumca, warmomadgenloba TavisTa-vad ver uzrunvelyofs sasurvel Sedegs.

39

”qalTa ubralod saTanado raodenobiT warmomadgenloba politikasa Tu parlamentSi sakmarisi araa, maSinac ki rodesac es warmomadgenlebi qalTa moZraobis wevrebi arian. moZraobas unda yavdes liderebi, romlebic mon-domebulni iqnebian qalis xma miawvdinon sazogadoebas. maT ar unda miaCn-deT sircxvilad sazogadoebaSi, an parlamentSi qalebis saWiroebebze Riad saubari. dRes es sakiTxebi marginalizirebulia da samarcxvinod iTvleba.” _ interviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.

qalebis monawileobis mniSvneloba da misi dadebiTi zegavlena erTxmad iqna aRiarebuli yvela eqspertisa da politikuri lideris interviuSi da im jgufur ganxilvebSi, romelic proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielda. inter-vius respondentebma da ganxilvebis monawileebma gamoyves ramodenime mizezi, romelic ganapirobebs politikaSi qalTa monawileobis mniSvnelobas:

demokratiis winapirobebi:Tanasworoba demokratiis safuZvelia.

”sazogadoeba Sedgeba mamakacebisa da qalebisagan, ase rom oriveni unda iyvnen warmodgenilni gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi”. interviu parla-mentis wevrTan, manana naWyebiasTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan.

”yvelfers ori sawyisi aqvs - mamakacuri da qaluri, yvela problema orive sqess exeba, amitom orives mosazreba unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.” fj2-is monawile.

nacionaluri moZraobis wevris, irakli qavTaraZis azriT:

”srulyofili demokratia SesaZleblobas aZlevs sazogadoebis yvela wevrs gamoxatos Tavisi azri da monawileoba miiRos gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. es niSnavs, rom Tu sazogadoebis naxevari qalebisgan Sedgeba da parlamentSi ki mxolod maTi aTi procentia warmodgenili, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom swor gzas ar vadgavarT”.

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qalebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis stili

”bevrs miaCnia, rom qalebi ufro pragmatuli, konstruqtiuli da naklebad araprognozirebadebi arian”. interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, kaxa kukavas-Tan; qeTi maxaraSvilTan. eqspertTan, marina musxeliSvilTan. Tumca, zogs emociuroba upiratesobad miaCnia, rac qalis gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ufro did rols TamaSobs.” interviu sajaro moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan.

sakiTxebi, romelsac qalebi yuradRebas aqcevenyuradRebis gamaxvileba im sakiTxebze, romlebic tradiciulad qalis prob-lemadaa aRqmuli.

”qalebis monawileoba garantia iqneba imisa, rom qalisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa skolamdeli da saskolo ganaTleba, yuradReba mieqce-va”. interviu eqspertTan Carita jaSTan.

TanamSromlobiTi damokidebulebaqalebSi ufro maRalia TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobis xarisxi.

”qalebi qmnian ufro TanamSromlobiT atmosferos, rasac Sedegad ufro gawonasworebuli da mSvidobiani gadawyvetilebebi moaqvs”. mamakaci fj.7-is monawile.

”qalebi erTmaneTs usmenen da es maT ubiZgebs erTad ifiqron problemebze”. qali fj 4 -is monawile.

aseve gaisma Tumca ki SefarviT sapirispiro, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba qalebis aqtiuri monawileobis mimarT, rogorc erTma axlagazrda kacma aRniSna jgufuri ganxilvisas axalqalaqSi: ”qals SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba politikaSi, Tu mas ambiciebi ara aqvs”. (fj 6).

rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrs, gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTeben, rom saxezea genderuli gansxvaveba qalis politikaSi CarTulobis Taobaze (Chi Square 25.7; df 2; p<.001) - qalebis umetesoba mxars uWers qalebis monawileobas (54.7%), mamakacebis ufro mcire raodenoba (39.1%) Tvlis, rom qalebis politikaSi ufro metad CarTviT qveyana mxolod moigebs. Tumca, orive sqesis warmomadgeneli saprezidento kandidatis rolSi upiratesobas ani-

41

Webs mamakacs, Tumca amas mamakacebis ufro didi nawili akeTebs (Chi Square 25.7; df 2; p<.001). erTnairi Rirsebebis mqone mamakaci da qali kandidatis pirobebSi mamakacebis 9.2 %, da qalebis 21.5 % aris mzad qal saprezidento kandidats dauWiros mxari.

qalebi parlamentSiqalebi eleqtoratis 59.0 procents Seadgenen, magram sakanonmdeblo or-ganoSi qalebis monawileoba qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan dRemde mcirea. saqarTvelos parlamenti 2004 wels 235 wevrisagan (erTmandatiani maJoritarebi - 85 da proporciuli siiT arCeuli deputatebi - 150) Sedge-boda. maTgan qali iyo mxolod 23, rac parlamentis wevrebis 10.4 procents Seadgenda. qalTa warmomadgenloba 2008 wlis parlamentSi 6 procentamde Semcirda da miaRwia saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis istoriaSi yvelaze da-bal niSnuls. aRsaniSnavia, rom faqtiurad saqarTvelos parlamentSi qalTa raodenoba arCeulze naklebia, radgan orma opoziciuri partiebiis siiT arCeulma qalma deputatma - eka beseliam da fiqria CixraZem uari Tqves mandatis aRebaze.

Nnax. 3qalebis wili qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi (1990 wlis uzenaesi sabWo da 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2008 wlebis parlamenti)

42

saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi kombinirebuli, proporciuli da ma-Joritaruli sistemiT tardeba. qali politikosebisTvis maJoritar depu-tatad gasvla ukiduresad rTulia. 2004 wels maJoritaruli wesiT ar-Ceuli 71 parlamtentis wevridan mxolod sami, anu 4.2 procenti (nino burjanaZe, sofio larculiani da nana patarkaciSvili), xolo 2008 wels erTi (rusudan kervaliSvili) iyo qali. proporciuli sistemiT qalebis arCevis Sansebi odnav ukeTesia, Tumca, partiuli siebi qal kandidatebs, rogorc wesi siis bolo poziciebs uTmoben, ase rom, parlamentSi adgilis albaToba ufro maRalia, mcire partiuli danawevrebis pirobebSi, rodesac erT partias aqvs bevri adgili mopovebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom swored ase moxda 2004 wlisa da 2008 wlis parlamentSi, proporciuli sistemiT arCeuli qali deputatebi mxolod 13.3 procents Seadgendnen 2004 da 5.3 procents 2008 wels.

dabali warmomadgenlobis fonze, is Tanamdebobebi, rac qalebs ekavaT, mar-Tlac STambeWdavia. 2001 wlidan nino burjanaZe parlamentis Tavmjdomare iyo. 13-dan 3 komitets qalebi Tavmjdomareobden; elene TevdoraZe adamianis uflebebisa da samoqalaqo integraciis, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis, xolo nino nakaSiZe evropasTan integraciis komitets xelmZRvanelobda. 25 Tavmjdomaris moadgiledan 4 qali iyo (adamianis uflebaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis, evropasTan integraciisa, iuridiul sakiTxTa da sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetebi). nacionaluri moZraoba-demokratebis saparlamento umravlesobis fraqcias maia nadiraZe, xolo danarCen Svid fraqcias mamakacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. tradicia gagrZelda 2008 wlis parlamentSi. rusudan kervaliSvili aris parlamentis Tavmj-domaris moadgile, xaTuna gogoriSvili saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitetis Tavmjdomarea, sami deputati - magda anikaSvili, eka xerxeu-liZe da xaTuna oCiauri komitetebis (janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa, adamianis uflebaTa da samoqalaqo integraciis da ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis) Tavmjdomaris moadgileebi arian.uaxloes wlebSi dadebiTi cvlilebebi genderuli Tanasworobis sferoSi mosalodneli araa, radgan sxvaoba udablessa da umaRles warmomadgeloba-Si bolo Txutmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 2.2 procents Seadgens, amdenad, gaeros mier dasaxuli mizani 30 procenti sagangebo Zalisxmevis gareSe, miuRweveli Cans.

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qalTa sakiTxebis warmoCena politikaSi kidev ufro uaresadaa dayenebuli, vidre qalebis warmomadgenloba parlamentSi, da is Zalian iSviaTad xde-ba parlamentarTa yuradRebis sagani. rogorc sworad SeniSna erT-erTma gamokiTxulma eqspertma, am sferoSi qali deputatebis aqtioba didad ar gansxvavdeba maTi mamakaci kolegebisagan.

qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSiparlamentTan SedarebiT viTareba qalTa warmomadgenlobis mxriv adgi-lobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi ukeTesia. 2006 wlis adgilobriv arCevnebSi arCeulTagan 11.5 (prpocenti) qali iyo. 1998 wlidan arCeuli qalebis raode-nobam iklo, rac saarCevno kanonis cvlilebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

nax. 4 qalebi adgilobriv TviT-mmarTvelobaSi

soflis sakrebuloebis ricxvi, romelic TviT-mmarTvelobis yvelaze dabal safexurs warmoadgens da sadac qalebis didi raodenobaa warmodgenili, 2002 wlisaTvis Semcirda. imave kanonis Tanaxmad, sakrebuloebi regionebSi yalibdeba ara pirdapiri xmis micemis wesiT, aramed rogorc asocirebuli organo, romelic Sedgeba ufro dabali donis, soflis, Temis, dabisa, Tu qalaqis TviT-mmarTvelobis organoebis erTeulebis xelmZRvanelebisagan.

2006 wels adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis organoebis ricxvi Semcirda 998-dan 75-mde, arCevnebi Catarda Sereuli sistemiT - proporciuli da maJori-taruliT, rac imas niSnavda, rom gamarjvebisTvis kandidats xmebis umrav-lesoba unda mieRo. es ki Zalze rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa qalebisaTvis

44

(bagratia, 2006). 2006 wels proporciuli sitemiT arCeuli deputatebidan qalebi 16.3 procents Seadgendnen, maJoritarebidan amis naxevars - 8.3 pro-cents.

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg qveyanaSi samjer Catarda adgilo-brivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. maTSi msgavsi tendencia gamoikveTa: rac ufro didi da mniSvnelovania administraciuli erTeuli, miT naklebia qalebis warmomadgenloba (mag. 1998 wels qalebis warmomadgenloba iyo 15 procenti soflis sakrebuloSi, 13 procenti dabaTa sakrebuloebSi, 9 pro-centi regionul sakrebuloSi da 7.4 procenti qalaqis sakrebuloSi).

2006 wlis arCevnebSi arc erTi qali merad ar aurCeviaT. Tbilisis sakre-bulos 37 wevrTagan 25 arCeul iqna proporciuli da 12 maJoritaruli sistemiT, maTgan mxolod xuTi iyo qali. metic, 66 gamgebels Soris qalebi 5.5 procents Seadgenen. 2006 wels qalebis yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli iyo konfliq-tur regionebSi (64.3 procenti zemo afxazeTSi da 21.4 procenti liaxvis xeobis saarCevno ubnebSi); amis sapirispirod, qalebis procentuli maCvene-beli yvelaze dabali iyo eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi: marneulSi qalebi mxolod 1.9 procents, xolo bolnisSi - 4.7 procents Seadgendnen.mravali gamokiTxuli eqspertisa da politikosis azriT qalebis warmomad-genloba TviT-mmarTvelobaSi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre qalebis monawileoba parlamentSi. ”Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobSi Caeban, radgan mosaxleoba ufro dakavSirebulia sakrebulos wevrebTan”. - interviu sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan.

2006 wlis 5 oqtombris arCevnebamde, arCevnebis mimarT sazogadoebis cnobierebis donisa da TviT-mmarTvelobaSi qalebis rolis damokide-bulebis dadgenis mizniT saqarTvelos ramodenime regionSi Caterebul iqna gamokiTxva. sul gamokiTxul iqna 603 adamiani. Sedegebma erTmniS-vnelovnad gamoavlina mosaxleobis dabali monawileoba adgilobrivi

problemebis gadaWraSi. mosaxleobis mxolod 13.9 procentma (8.9 % mamakaci da 5.0 % qali) aRniSna sakuTari CarTuloba. kTxvebze, rom-lebic qalebis aRmasrulebel organoebSi monawileobas Seexeboda, respondentTa naxevrze metma (58.7-ma % - 50.6 % mamakacma da 67.4 % qalma) aucileblad, an sasurvelad miiCnia, qalebis warmomad-

45

genlobis gazrda. ojaxur valdebulebebi, tradiciebi, survilisa da gamocdilebis nakleboba yvelaze xSirad iyo dasaxelebuli qa-lis politikaSi monawileobis damabrkolebel mizezad. aRsaniSnavia, rom ufro meti qali (38.4 %), kacebTan SedarebiT (33. 5 %) aRniS-navda valdebulebebs ojaxis winaSe, rogorc qalTa monawileobis xelSemSlel pirobas. amasTan gamokiTxulTa 53.7 procenti miuTiTebda politikos qalebisa da kacebis gansxvavebul muSaobis stilze. gansx-vavebas kacebze (51.5 %) metad qalebi (60.3 %) aRniSnavdnen. qalebi (39.7 %) saparlamento, saprezidento Tu adgilobrivi ar-CevnebSi upiratesobas qal kandidatebs, xolo kacebi _kac (43.9 %) kandidatebs aniWebdnen. qalebisa da kacebis TiTqmis Tanabari raode-noba (qalebis 29.1% da kacebis 28.4%) miuTiTebda, rom kandidatis sqess ar qonda raime zegavlena maT arCevanze xmis micemisas.

nax. 5arCevnebSi kandidatebisadmi upirtaesobis miniWeba maTi sqesis mixedviTwyaro: adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi adgilobriv qalTa monawileobis Taobaze mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebi (2006).

qali respondentebi

kaci respondentebi

46

qalebi aRmasrulebel organoebSi2004 wlamde mTavrobaSi orad-ori qali ministri iyo (garemos dacvis da kulturis). axalma xelisuflebam, romelic 2004 wels movida saTaveSi, xazi gausva qalis ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas politikur cxovrebaSi. am gancxadebis kvaldakval 2004 wlis ministrTa kabinetSi, oTxi ministri qali Sevida (Tamar lebaniZe, _ garemos dacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia, infrastruqturs ministri, eTer astemirova, _ iZulebiT gadaadg-ilebul pirTa da gansaxlebis ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili - saxelmwifo ministri evropasTan inegraciis sakiTxebSi). Semdgom kidev erTi qali - salome zurabiSvili dainiSna sagareo saqmeTa ministrad. amdenad, im dros ministrTa kabinetis SemadgenlobaSi qalebi 20 procents Seadgendnen. ma-gram, 2007 wlis dekembrisaTvis mxolod ori ministri qali SemorCa mTav-robas - zinaida bestaeva, saxelmwifo ministri samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi da eka tyeSelaSvili, iusticiis ministri. ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo ministris moadgileebTan mimarTebaSi. 46 moadgilidan 9 an 19.6 pro-centi qali iyo. 2008 wlis noemberSi damtkicebul ministrTa kabinetSi isev 2 qali ministri iyo, sagareo saqmeTa ministri eka tyeSelaSvili da ekonomikis ministri ekaterine SaraSiZe. 10 saministros TanamSromlebsa da sazRvargareT saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa Soris qalebi Seadgendnen 51.8 procents, rac mTliani raodenobis naxevarze metia, magram am saministroTa gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalebis wils mxolod 27. 8 procenti Seadgenda (sociologiuri gamokvlevis angariSi, 2007).

sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ministrTa kabinetSi qalebis ufro farTo warmomadgenlobis mimarT SedarebiT nakleb dadebiTia, vidre maTi arCeviT organoebSi warmomadgenlobis mimarT. gamokiTxul eqspertTa da politiko-stTa umetesobas urCevnia qali ministris moadgiled ixilos da ara min-istrad (mag. interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan), vinaidan maTi azriT, qalebs SeuZliaT yoveldRiuri samuSaos ukeT warmarTva, maSin rodesac mamakacebs ukeTesi xedva aqvT. sxvebi mi-iCneven, rom qalebi ar arian sakmarisad aqtiuri (interviu parlamentis wevrTan zurab tyemalaZesTan). bevrs miaCnia, rom ministris sqess ara aqvs mniSvneloba da rom mTavari profesionalizmia (interviu eqspertTan, marina musxeliSvilTan). ministris sqesi ki ara, armed mis mier gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miaCnia bevrs mniSvnelo-vani:

47

”mTvaria gawonasworebuli politikis warmarTva, gansxvavebuli mosaz-rebebis gaTvaliswineba, problemebis genderis TvalTaxedviT ganxilva. am SemTxvevaSi sul erTia, mamakacia ministri, Tu qali. amdenad, mTavari amoca-naa strategia agebul iqnes Tanasworobis principze”. _ interviu eqsperT-tan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan.

gamokiTxvis monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi maRali Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis aucilebel maxa-siaTeblebs mosaxleoba erTnairad afasebs. xuTidan oTxi Tviseba, romelsac umniSvnelovanesad miiCneven - profesion-alizmi, gamWriaxoba, moraluri sispetake da poziciis simtkice saerToa qalebisa da kacebisaTvis. mexuTe mniSvnelovani Tviseba mamakacisaTvis aris pirovnuli kavSirebi, qalisTvis ki moqniloba. Tumca im TvisebebSi, romlebic naklen mniSvnelovnad aris Sefasebuli qalebsa da kacebs Soris gansxvaveba ufro gamokveTilia. ase magaliTad, qalis SemTxvevaSi, kargi garegnoba, xolo kacis SemTxvevaSi, ufrosis mimarT erTguleba da partiuli kuTvnilebaa ufro mniSvnelovani.

nax. 6 saxelmwifo uwyebebSi maRali Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad sasurveli Tvise-bebi

qalisTvis

kacisTvis

profesionalizmi

gamWriaxoba

moraluri sispetake

poziciis simtkice

moqniloba

ganaTleba ucxoeTSi

piradi kavSirebi

axalgazrdoba

damsaxureba

ufrosis erguleba

partiis wevroba

48

genderi politikur partiebSipolitikuri partiebis genderuli politika, iseve, rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebuli interesi da yuradReba genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT garkveulwilad gansazRvravs qalis monawileobas politikur saqmianobaSi, rogorc erovnul aseve adgilobriv doneebze. qveyanaSi 180 partiaa (saqarT-velos politikuri landSafti, 2006). TvalsaCino partiaTagan sams qali xelmZRvanelobs, kerZod, ”win, saqarTvelo”(salome zurabiSvili), ”imedi” (irine sariSvili) da ”qalTa partia” (guguli maRraZe), romelic swored 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win iqna Camoayalibebuli. es erTaderTi qalTa partia, romelmac arCevnebSi monawileoba blokSi, or partiasTan erTad miiRo.

zusti informacia politikur partiebSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis saerTo raodenobaze da gansakuTrebiT ki maTSi qalebis raodenobaze ar aris xe-lmisawvdomi. gamokiTxul partiul liderTa umetesobam miuTiTa, rom zustad ar icis partiaSi gaerTianebuli qalebis raodenoba (interviu kon-servatoruli partiis liderTan, kaxa kukavasTan, respublikuri parti-is erT-erT liderTan, Tina xidaSelTan, mrewvelebis partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis mixedviT (sum-baZe, 2007), mosaxleobis mxolod 4. 7 procenti (aqedan 5.2 % mamakacebi da 3.6 % qalebi) aris raime politikuri partiis wevri.

qalebi gaerTianebuli arian partiebSi, magram maT ZiriTadad vxvdebiT mmarT-velobis dabal doneze da maTi warmomadgenloba partiis gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi saSualod 9 procentia (saqarTvelos politikuri land-Safti, 2006).

”qalebi saerTod, iSviaTad iReben monawileobas koncefciis SemuSavebasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. maTi mxolod mcire nawilia drodadro sim-bolurad warmodgenilni partiebis maRal eSelonebSi. aseT qalebs mamakaci kolegebi Cveulebriv axasiaTeben, rogorc mamakacuri TvisebebiT SemkulT da maT mimarT aRtacebas gamoxataven amgvari sityvebiT ”mamakacuri”, an ”mamaci”. - interviu eqspertTan, xaTuna sanikiZesTan.

arsebul viTarebaSic partiebi gansxvavdebian genderuli sakiTxebisadmi interesisa da umaRles struqturebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis mixedviT. qalebi axal memarjveneTa partiis 4000 aqtiuri wevris naxevars Seadgenen. isini aseve kargad arian warmodgenlni saparlamento fraqciaSic, sadac isini fraqciis mesameds Seadgenen (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, manana naWyebi-

49

asTan). respublikur partias xelmZRvanel organoSi ori qali yavs (interviu partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan). axlad Seqmnili partiis ”Tavisufali saqarTvelo” cxra damaarsebels Soris xuTi qalia (interviu partiis erT-erT liderTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan). leiboristuli partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi ori qalia (interviu partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan). mewarmeTa partiis Tbilisis aT raionul organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa nax-evars qalebi Seadgenen (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan). sxva partiebTan SedarebiT ”win saqarTvelos” xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze yvelaze meti qalia, rac albaT imiT aris gamowveuli, rom partiis lideri qalia interviu partiis wevrTan, eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.

2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis politikuri partiebis sia aranairad ar migvaniSnebs partiuli saqmianobis sadaveebSi qalebis monawileobis gazrdaze. arCevnebSi daregistrirebuli 12 erTeuls Soris, (blokebi da damoukidebeli partiebi), qalebis mxolod 9.2 procents ekava partiul siebSi adgilebi 1-dan 10-mde, 20.8 procents 11-dan 20-mde, xolo 15.0 procents 21-dan 30-mde. saerTo jamSi, qalebi partiuli siebis 25.5 procents Seadgendnen, magram rogorc adrec avRniSneT, Zalze mcire raodenobas qonda Sansi yofiliyo arCeuli. dasaxelebul maJoritarTa kandidatebidan, qalebi 10.1 procents Seadgendnen. yvelaze didi raodenoba leiboristulma partiam (10 kandi-dati), blokma, romelSic qalTa partia iyo gaerTianebuli (10 kandidati) da respublikurma partiam (9 kandidati) daasaxela.

Cans qalebisTvis mxolod ramdenime specifikuri da meorexarisxovani samuSaoa garantirebuli (interviu sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaS-vilTan). qalebi Cveulebriv CarTulni arian saarCevno procesSi, amow-meben ra eleqtoratis siebs, kardakar awarmoeben partiis kandidatebis

sareklamo kampaniebs, asruleben mdivnis movaleobas saarCevno komisiebSi (interviu partiis liderebTan, kaxa kukavasTan da zurab tyemalaZ-esTan; eqspertebTan, marine TabukaSvilTan da xaTuna sanikiZesTan). amis sapirispirod, axali memerjveneebis partiis saarCevno adminis-traciaSi mravali qalia. isini administraciis 70 procents Seadgenen (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006).

monawileobis garda, partiebis interesi genderTan mimarTebaSi aisax-eba partiaSi qalTa seqciis arsebobaze, romelic muSaobs qal-amom-rCevlebze da qalTa sakiTxebis lobirebaze.

50

ramdenime partias - axal memarjveneebs, mewarmeebs, leiboristebs, kon-servatorebsa da respublikelebs aqvT qalebis ganyofileba (saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006), (interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, manana naW-yebiasTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan, leiboristuli partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan). garda imisa, rom mewarmeTa partias 1993 wlidan aqvs qalTa seqcia, partiis wevrebis colebma daarses qalTa klubi, romelic ZiriTadad humanitaruli moRvaweobiTaa dakavebuli (interviu partiis liderTan, zurab tyemalaZ-esTan). axal memarjveneebsac 2002 wels, daarsebis dRidan aqvT qalTa klubi. misi mizania partiis eleqtoratis gazrda. klubi aseve intensiurad muSaobs qali politikosebis momzadebaze, raTa isini aqtiurad CaerTon adgilobriv da erovnul politikaSi (interviu partiis wevrTan, manana naWyebiasTan). leiboristul partiasTan moqmedebs qalTa sabWo. (interviu partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan).

respublikur partias aqvs ganyofileba, romelic qalTa politikuri saqmi-anobis gaZlierebas da maTi interesebis dacvis strategias ayalibebs (http://www.republicans.ge/). strategiis mixedviT qalTa mxardaWera unda ganxor-cieldes ganderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis gazrdiT, partiis gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoebSi qalTa monawileobis mxardaWeriT, qalTa problemebis gadaWriT da politikaSi genderuli komponentis gaZlierebiT.

partiis verc erTma liderma ver migviTiTa maT manifestSi qalTa sakiTxebis arsebobaze. metic, axali memarjveneebisa da leiboristuli partiis garda, arc erTi partia ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas qalebze, rogorc eleqtoratze. isini amis aucileblobas ver xedaven. rogorc erTma mamkacma parlamentis wevrma aRniSna:

”saqarTveloSi xalxi xmas aZlevs ojaxuri solidarobis safuZvelze”

misi gancxadeba savaraudod efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom ojaxSi gadaw-yvetilebas mamakaci iRebs.

saqarTvelos wamyvani politikuri partiebis saqmianobis Seswavlam gamo-amJRavna, rom partiis wevrebi ar arian sakmarisad gaTviTcnobierebuli genderul sakiTxebSi. maT dRis wesrigSi ara aqvT gaTvaliswinebuli qalebis politikaSi CarTvis aucilebloba (politikuri landSafti saqarTveloSi, 2006).

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qali da mamakaci politikosebis mimarT arsebuli molodinebi

gamokiTxulma eqspertebma da politikosebma gamoxates sakuTari molodine-bi qali da mamakaci politikosebis mimarT (interviuebi). mravali maTgani aRniSnavda, rom isini ar ganasxvavebdnen qal da mamakac liderebs sqesis mixedviT da moelodnen, rom rogorc qal, ise mamakac liders eqneboda iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa patiosneba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, goniereba, adamianebTan urTierTobis unari, rom eqneboda kargi ganaTleba da anali-tikuri azrovnebis unari, iqneboda patrioti, gulTan axlos miitanda ada-mianebis sazrunavs, eqneboda imis swori xedva, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli da eqneboda amisTvis saWiro resursebi (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; eqspertebTan, lela xomerikTan da Carita jaSTan; saxelm-wifo moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan). magram am saerTo molodinebis garda, aseve dasaxelebuli iqna calkeuli Tvisebebi, romlebsac respopndentebi ufro metad qal an mamakac politikosebSi xedavdnen.

qali politikosebisgan gansakuTrebiT moelodnen principulobas, xalxis interesebis msaxurebas, miukerZoeblobas da sandoobas, diplomatiurobasa da araagresiulobas, simSvides, imas, rom igi iqneboda Tbili da mzrunveli, moqnili da kompromisebze wamsvleli, rom mas eqneboda mosmenis unari da sakuTari xedva (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, uruzmak karkusovTan; mosamarTlesTan, rusudan WanturiZesTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; lei-boristuli partiis wevrTan, nana devaZesTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan, profesiuli saswavleblis direqtorTan, irakli faCuliasTan, sakonsultacio sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan; mcire mewarmesTan, marina aRuSaSvilTan). eqspertebi darwmunebulni arian, rom imisTvis, rom qali warmatebuli iyos, man ar unda miiCnios sakuTari sqesi Semaferxebel faqtorad da ar unda qondes amis gamo arasrulfas-ovnebis kompleqsi (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, eka zRulaZesTan). qalSi Serwymuli unda iyos kargi politikosisa da kargi diasaxlisis Tvisebebi (profesiuli saswavleblis mamakaci maswavlebeli). qali qaluri TvisebebiT unda iyos Semkuli da arasodes ar unda daaviwydes, rom qalia, (interviu sajaro moxelesTan, dalila xoravasTan; parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tye-malaZesTan). politikosi qali unda iyos Tavdajerebuli, igi darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom kargi politikosia (interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan). mamakaci politikosisagan gansxvavebiT politikosi qalisgan eqspertebi moelian socaluri sakiTxebis wina planze wamowevas da iseTi politikis mxardaWeras, romelic gazrdis social-ur usafrTxoebas (interviu qalTa sabWos mamakac wevrTan). qalebisagan

52

aseve moelian qalTa uflebebis dacvas, mravalSviliani dedebis mimarT met yuradRebas, qalebis xelSewyobas samsaxureobriv winsvlaSi (interviu patrulTan, lia barkaulTan).meores mxriv, mamakaci politikosebisagan moelian rom isini iyvnen qariz-matulni, principuli, gabeduli, naklebad damokidebuli socialur ga-remocvaze, mkacrebi da swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebis unariT Semkulni, SeeZloT radikaluri reformebis gatareba da iyvnen SorsmWvretelni (in-terviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan; maswavle-belTan, nana kemulariasTan; sajaro moxelesTan, maka mdivanTan, profe-siuli saswavleblis direqtorTan, zaza ciramuasTan). adarebs ra, mamakac da qal politikosebs, eqsperti Semdeg mosazrebas gamoTqvams:”mamakacebs viwro fokusi aqvT, isini ideebs arCeven imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu ramdenad aris maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, yuradRebas ar aqceven garemos, maSin, rodesac qalebi ukeT acnobiereben viTarebas, isini real-isturad azrovneben da politikaSi ufro pragmatulni arian”. - interviu eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.

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politikosisaTvis aucilebeli Tvisebebi

gamokiTxvis pasuxebi miuTiTeben, rom respondentebs igive, zemoT dasaxele-buli Tvisebebi mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT rogorc qali, ise mamakaci poli-tikosebisaTvis, Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli TanmimdevrobiT. yvelaze mniS-vnelovnad miCneulia, rom mamakaci politikosi iyos Zlieri, damoukidebeli, gabeduli, gamgebi da SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana. qali politikosi ki, iyos Zlieri, damoukidebeli, gamgebi, SeeZlos sakuTari azris gatana da iyos gabeduli. amave dros arsebobs molodini, rom qali politikosi iyos ufro TanamgrZnobi, Tbili da gamgebi.

nax. 7mamakaci da qali politikosis sasurveli Tvisebebi

qali

kaci

Zlieri

damoukidebeli

gamgebi

riskiani

TanamgrZnobi

mzrunveli

Zalauflebis mqone

mosiyvarule

Tbili

agresiuli

rbili

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politikosebis mimarT ndobarespondentebs (gamokiTxva) moeTxovebodaT daesaxelebinaT xuTamde poli-tikosi kaci da qali, romlebic maTi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. dasaxelebulTa Soris qalebze meti (20) mamakaci (23) aRmoCnda. yvelaze meti ndobiT ma-makaci politikosebidan sargebloben levan berZeniSvili, mixeil saakaSvili, zviad ZiZiguri, koba daviTaSvili da Salva naTelaSvili. qali da kaci respondentebis Sefasebani gansxvavebulia, mamakacebSi yvelaze meti ndobiT mixeil saakaSvili, xolo qalebSi levan berZeniSvili sarge-blobs.

nax. 8ndobiT aRWurvili mamakaci politikosebi

qalebi

kacebi

l.berZeniSvili

m.saakaSvili

z.ZiZiguri

k.daviTaSvili

S.naTelaSvili

l.gaCeCilaZe

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tabula 6mamakaci politikosebis ranJireba maTdami gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT

rangi politikosi

dasaxelebuli mamakacebis mier

%

N0 479

dasaxelebuliqalebis mier%

N0 608

sul

%

N0 1087

1berZeniSvili, levani

10.2 15.5 12.9

2 saakaSvili, mixeili 11.1 9.4 10.1

3 ZiZiguri, zviadi 6.9 11.3 9.44 daviTaSvili, koba 6.3 8.1 7.3

5naTelaSvili, Salva

7.5 5.4 6.3

6.5 gaCeCilaZe, levani 5.0 5.6 5.3

6.5 xainrava, goga 6.1 4.8 5.3

8 oqruaSvili, irakli 4.0 5.3 4.7

9berZeniSvili, daviTi

3.7 4.8 4.3

10patarkaciSvili, badri

2.7 2.0 2.3

11 kukava, kaxa 2.3 3.3 2.8

12 usufaSvili, daviTi 1.9 3.1 2.6

13gamsaxurdia, konstantine

1.2 2.1 1.7

14 ugulava, gigi 0.8 1.6 1.3

15 subari, sozari 1.2 0.8 1.016 maisaSvili, gia 1.0 0.6 0.8

17 gurgeniZe, lado 0.6 1.0 0.8

18 zurabiSvili, daviTi 0.2 1.1 0.719 subeliani, koba 0.6 0.8 0.7

20 baRaTuria, jondi 0.6 0.8 0.7

21patiaSvili, jumberi

0.4 0.6 0.5

22 xaindrava, ivliane 0.6 0.8 0.5

23 wereTeli, gigi 0.4 0.6 0.5

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politikos qalTa Soris yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben da maRali ndobiT sargebloben: Tina xidaSeli, nino burjanaZe, salome zurabiSvili, elene TevdoraZe, eka beselia, maia nadiraZe, manana naWyebia, nestan kirTaZe da ana doliZe. qalebma da mamakacebma erTnairad didi ndoba gamoxates xuTi qali politikosis mimarT.

nax. 9ndobiT aRWurvili qali politikosebi

tabula 7qali politikosebi, ranJireba maTdami gamoxatuli ndobis mixedviT

rangi politikosi

dasaxeleblimamakacebismier % N0 479

Ndasaxelebuliqalbis mier

N0 608

sul%

N0 1087

1 xidaSeli, Tina 24.4 35.2 30.42 burjanaZe, nino 20.9 30.6 26.33 zurabiSvili, salome 15.4 19.7 17.84 CixraZe, fiqria 8.1 9.0 8.65 TevdoraZe, elene 3.1 5.4 4.46 beselia, eka 3.1 3.9 3.67 nadiraZe, maia 2.3 2.6 2.58 naWyepia, manana 1.2 1.5 1.49 kirTaZe, nestan 1.2 1.3 1.310 doliZe, ana 1.0 0.6 0.811 maRraZe, guguli 0.2 1.0 0.612 kalandaZe, nino 0.2 0.8 0.514 aronia, nazi 0.6 0.3 0.414 verulaSvili, eka 0.4 0.3 0.414 samadaSvili, salome 0.2 0.3 0.318 gogoriSvili, xaTuna 0.2 0.2 0.0918 sariSvili, irina 0.2 0.2 0.0918 tlaSaZe, Teo 0.2 0.2 0.0918 lazaSvili, naTia 0.2 0.2 0.0918 arCvaZe, manana 0.2 0.2 0.09

T.xidaSeli

n.burjanaZe

s.zurabiSvili

f.CixraZe

e.TevdoraZe

qalebikacebi

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gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalebis dabali CarTulobis mizezebi

qalebis dabali warmomadgenloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi SeiZle-ba sxvadasxva mizezebs mivaweroT. es mizezebi SesaZloa iyos Tavad qalebSi, anu maT unarebsa da survilSi misdion politikur karieras, maT saojaxo movaleobebSi, SezRudul finansur da droiT resursebSi, anda ufro far-Ted, zogadad garemoSi, iseTSi, rogoricaa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, saxelmwifo politika da kulturuli tradiciebi.

mizezebi, romlebic qalebs miewerebaTramodenime respondentma politikur cxvrebaSi CarTvis survilis ar qona da dabali TviT-Sefaseba, daasaxela qalebis mwiri warmomadgenlobis ZiriTad mizezad (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan; eqspertTan, lika nadaraia-sTan).

”mTavari faqtoria qalSi survilis ar qona gaxdes politikosi” –- SeniSna fokus-jgufis mamakacma monawilem (fj 7).

Tumca es mosazreba uaryo axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile axalgazrda qalma, romelmac aRniSna, rom es qalis brali araa:

”qals ise zrdian, rom mas ar uCndeba politikaSi CarTvis survili. mas uy-alibeben warmodgenas imis Taobaze, rom qalis adgili saxlSia” – (fj6).

fokus-jgufSi msjelobisas qalTa mcire CarTulobis mizezad zogma adami-anuri resursebis nakleboba da qalebis mcire SesaZleblobebi daasaxela, sxvebma ki aRniSnes qalis Tvisebebi - sxvebze damokidebuleba, sifrTxile, riskis gawevis naklebi survili, romlebic qals xels uSlis CaerTos poli-tikaSi, an warmarTos damoukidebeli politika.

”politikaSi qalebi moyavT, isini TviTon ar modian. qarTul politikaSi ver naxavT qals, romelic politikaSi sakuTari miswrafebis gansaxorciele-blad, an Tavisi saTqmelis gasaJRereblad movida. amitom isini imeoreben imaT gzavnilebs, vinc isini politikaSi moiyvana”. - interviu eqspertTan, lela gafrindaSvilTan.

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ramdenime eqspertma da politikosma, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebma miu-TiTes kidev erT, maTi azriT, Zalze mniSvnelovan resursis simcireze qalebis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod finansebis ukmarisobaze, rac SeiZleba qalis politikaSi CarTvis erT-erT mTavari damabrkolebel mizezad iqnes miCneu-li (interviu parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, kaxa kukavasTan; eqspertTan, lika nadaraiasTan; arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan).

mizezebi, romlebic ojaxur cxovrebas miewerebagamokiTxulTa umravlesoba, aseve fokus-jgufis monawileebi gamoyofd-nen drois naklebobas, dakavSirebuls saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebTan, rogorc qalTa dabali monawileobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors (interviu parlamenrtis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, eqspertTan, lika nadaraiasTan; arasamTav-robo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan; eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan) (aseve: saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, 2006).

rogorc axalgazrda qalma aRniSna axalqalaqSi:

”mamakacebs meti dro aqvT, ase, rom maT SeuZliaT qondeT sxvebTan urTier-Toba da iyvnen sazogadoebis nawili. qalebi sazogadoebaSi nakleb aqtiuri arian” - (fj 6).

xazi gaesva imasac, rom mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebs ara aqvT SesaZle-bloba mTeli TavianTi dro da energia politikur moRvaweobas dauTmon da bevri imogzauron (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, zurab tyemalaZesTan).

mizezebi, romlebic garemos miewerebadasaxelebul iqna mizezebis mTeli rigi, romlebic qalTa kontrols ar eqvemdebareba:

pirvel yovlisa, bevrma qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba daasaxe-la, rac saxlSi damxmaris daqiravebis saSualebas ar iZleva.amasTanave, kulturuli tradiciebi da stereotipebi, romlebic zRudavs qalis sazogadoebriv sfroSi moRvaweobas iqna dasaxelebuli erT-erT mTa-var mizezad (interviuebi parlamentis wevrebTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan, nika ruruasTan; eqspertebTan, lika nadaraiasTan, marine musxeliSvilTan).aseve, qalTa CarTulobis simciris mizezad dasaxelda qalTa moZraobis da aseTi moZraobis gamokveTili lideris ar arseboba. _ interviu eqsperTtan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.

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monawileobis gazrdis gzebiqalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis gazrdis mTeli rigi saSualebebi iqna dasaxelebuli. iseve, rogorc es iyo nakleb CarTulobis mizezebis Ziebisas, gamosavali SeiZleba napovni iqnes Tavad qalebSi, maT ojaxur Tu ufro farTed aRebul garemoSi.

qalebieqspertebi da fokus-jgufis monawileebi pirvel rigSi xazs usvamdnen qalTa gaaqtiurebis mizniT zomebis miRebis aucileblobas. (interviu nacio-naluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qarvTaraZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, qeTevan maxaraSvilTan; eqspertTan, nato SavlayaZesTan).

isini agreTve saubrobdnen imazec, rom aucilebelia Tavad qalebma gamoiCi-non iniciativa:

”qalebi ufro aqtiurebi unda gaxdnen, isini unda SeebrZolon stereotipebs, warmoaCinon is problemebi, romelTac awydebian, gamoaSkaraon sazogadoebaSi arsebuli usamarTloba da uTanasworoba”. - interviu parlamentis wevrTan, nika ruruasTan.

kvlevisas aSkara gaxda, rom mis monawileebs qalis SesaZleblobebis ga-Zlierebis aucilebloba miaCniaT principul sakiTxad.

”muSaoba mosaxleobis donidan unda daviwyoT, gansakuTrebuli zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli qalis SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad. es ki aucileblad ganapirobebs qalebis gamoCenas ufro maRal doneze”. - fokus jgufis qali monawile. (fj 2).

ganaTleba da Treningi miCneulia SesaZleblobebis zrdis ZiriTad meqanizmad _ (interviu eqspertebTan, nato SavlayaZesTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan da xaTuna sanikiZesTan).

”ganaTleba aris qalTa gaaqtiurebis saSualeba, rac Sedegad mogvcems maT ufro aqtiur Cabmas politikur cxovrebaSi”. _ interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.

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ganaTlebis miRebasTan erTad xazgasmuli iyo qalTa kompetenciis gazrdis pirobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba:

”qalebs ar akliaT aqtiuroba, magram ra Tqma unda, isini ufro kompeten-turi unda gaxdnen, rac gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. unda imarTe-bodes Sekrebebi da msjelobebi, qalebs aseve unda mieceT saSualeba isau-bron farTo auditoriis winaSe”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.

ojaxirogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bevrma respondentma qalis sazogadoebriv cxovre-baSi CarTvis damabrkolebel erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad qalis saojaxo saqmeebiT datvirTva daasaxela. amdenad, saxelmwifo politikis daxmarebiT am tvirTis Semsubuqeba, iseve, rogorc arsebuli stereotipebis Secvla da ojaxuri movaleobebis meuRleebs Soris ganawileba miCneul iqna qalTa monwileobis gazrdis efeqtur saSualebad.

”gamosavali aris qalis saojaxo saqmeebis tvirTis Semcireba, es ki SesaZle-belia imiT, rom saojaxo saqmeebi qalTan erTad mamakacmac itvirTos da aseve SesaZlebelia socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT. ar arsebobs imis gamarTleba, rom qali yvelaze nayofier asakSi Sin zis. magram mas ubralod uwevs amis gakeTeba, radgan sxva gza ara aqvs. roca pirobebi gaumjobesdeba, qalebis monawileobac gaizrdeba. aseTi cvlilebis magaliTia arasaxelm-wifoebrivi da media seqtorebi, sadac qals Semosavlis miRebis SesaZle-blobebi eZleva, ris xarjzec mas SeuZlia bavSvs momvleli auyvanos”. - in-terviu respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan.

”40 wlis asakSi, roca qals reproduqciuli miznebi ukve miRweuli aqvs, is aqtiurad gamodis sazogadoebriv asparezze. saxelmwifom xelsayreli pi-robebi unda Seuqmnas qalebs maTi moRvaweobis gasafarToeblad imiT, rom uzrunvelyos bavSvis movla. anda kacebi unda Seexidon qals bavSvis aRz-rdaSi”. - interviu eqspertTan, baia romelaSvilTan.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma xazi gausves finansebisa da mamakacis daxmarebis aucileblobas:

”imisaTvis, rom politikosi gaxdes, qals misi qmris an mamis finansuri mx-ardaWera esaWiroeba”. (fj 7)

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garemosaxelmwifo politikadiskusiebis monawileebma da eqpertebma aRniSnes, rom qalTa monawileobis gazrdis aucilebel pirobas qalis gaaqtiurebis mimarT saxelmwifos mier Tanmimdevruli politikis gatareba warmoadgens. ”parlamentSi mxolod da mxolod qalebis raodenobis zrda ver moitans sa-survel Sedegebs. genderuli politika yvela doneze unda xorcieldebodes. genderuli Tanaswrobis miRweva Cven unda daviwyoT sabaziso ganaTlebis sistemaSi mamakaci maswavleblebis raodenobis gazrdiT”. - interviu eqsperT-tan, marine TabukaSvilTan.

stereotopebis Secvla genderuli sakiTxebze TviT-cnobierebis gaz-rdis meSveobiTeqspertebis azriT, qalis monawileobis gazrda mxolod maSin gaxdeba Ses-aZlebeli, rodesac gaizrdeba genderuli sakiTxebis mimarT sazogadoebis mgrZnobiaroba da Seicvleba is stereotipi, romelic qals warmogvidgens, rogorc aqtiurs mxolod da mxolod kerZo, arasajaro sferoSi:

”stereotpebi skolaSi unda Seicvalos, qalis, rogorc lideris rolis warmoCeniT”. - interviu eqspertTan, marine musxeliSvilTan.

qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvla samarTlianobis, Tavisufleb-isa da liberalizmis xarisxis gazrdiT. cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi monawileobis gazrdis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad miiCneven kvlevis monawileebi, rogorc qalebi, aseve kacebi. qveyanaSi vi-Tarebis Secvla, gansakuTrebiT ki mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba sabolood xels Seuwyobs qalis ufro aqtiur CarTvas sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi. aseve aucilebelia sazogadoeba gaxdes ufro toler-antuli amgvari cvlilebebis mimarT.”qalebs Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis meti SesaZleblobebi unda mieceT imisaTvis, rom gamoxaton sakuTari azrebi da gadadgan Sesabamisi nabi-jebi. Tumca, amis misaRwevad maT stimulireba esaWiroebaT, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis da piar-kampaniebis gziT. rac ufro metad CaerTveba qali politikaSi, miT ukeTesia”. - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.

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”qali misi naRvawiT unda Sefasdes, rac misi politikuri karieris ganm-sazRvreli gaxdeba, da ara fuliT, an piradi kontaqtebiT”. - interviu eqsperTtan, lika nadaraiasTan.

asociaciebis da moZraobebis Seqmna, partiebSi demokratiis donis amaR-leba eqspertebisa da diskusiebis monawileTa TvalsazrisiT, sxvadasxva saxis qalTa asociaciebis, moZraobebisa da klubebis Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs qalebis Cabmas sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi. amdenad es warmoadgens qalTa monawileobis gaZlierebisaken mimarTul aucilebel nabijs.

”qalTa organizaciebis gaZlierebis da fondebis mozidvis Sedegad gamoCnde-bian liderebi imaT Soris, vinc warmatebiT moaxerxebs qalTa organizaciebis saerTo platformis bazaze gaerTianebas, qalTa moZraobis Camoyalibebas, xels mokidebs qalTa ganaTlebas da wamoiwyebs sajaro debatebs genderis Temaze”. - interviu eqsperTtan, lika nadaraiasTan.

profesiuli gaerTianebebis gaZliereba erT-erT gzad aris danaxuli.

”profesiuli kavSirebis gaZliereba droTa ganmavlobaSi win wamowevs qal-liderebs, Tumca amas Wirdeba dro da fuli” (fj 2-is monawile).

aseve xazgasmuli iyo politikuri partiebis demokratizaciis da maTSi gen-deruli Tanasworobis politikis realizaciis aucilebloba:

”aucilebeblia cvlilebebi moxdes politikur partiebSi. Tu maTi mmarT-veloba ar aris demokratiuli, Tu isini ar aZleven qalebs monawileobis SesaZleblobas, ar unda velodoT, rom isini demokratiulad moiqcevian, maSin rodesac xelSi aiReben Zalauflebas”. - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.

”politikuri partiebi sazogadoebis, da ara romelime kerZo jgufis poli-tikuri interesebis instrumentebad unda iqcnen. amgvari cvlileba kars gauRebs rogorc mamakacebs, ise qalebs.” - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.

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qvotirebis SemoRebaqvotebis SemoReba saerTaSoriso masStabiT monawileobis gazrdis yvelaze gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens. igi iTvleba saukeTeso droebiT RonisZie-bad iseTi qveynebisaTvis, sadac demokratia jer srulyofilad araa ganvi-Tarebuli. saqarTveloSi damokidebuleba aseTi RonisZiebis gatarebis mimarT TiTqmis erTsulovnad uaryofiTia, mas ewinaaRmdegebian qali da mamakaci politiko-sebi, da eqsperti (interviu parlamentis wevrTan, elene TevdoraZesTan, nika ruruasTan; respublikuri partiis erT-erT liderTan, TinaTin xidaSelTan; nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan). (aseve, saqarTvelos politikuri lanSafti, 2006).

mravali mosazreba iqna gamoTqmuli qvotirebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca mZa-fri winaaRmdegoba, rogorc sakiTxSi garkveul, ise masSi Cauxedav pirebTan, vfiqrobT ZiriTadad sabWouri memkvidreobiT unda iyos gapirobebuli. sab-WoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sabWo qvoturi sistemis safuZvelze iyo formirebu-li, rac uzrunvelyofda qalebis da aseve sxvadasxva profesiisa, Tu asakis adamianebis monawileobas.

winaaRmdegobis erT mizezad uTanasworoba iqna dasaxelebuli:

”yvelaferi politikur aqtiobazea damokidebuli, ase, rom monawileobis gasazrdelad xelovnuri wesebis SemoReba ar aris gamarTlebuli, radgan SesaZleblobebi Tanabaria orive sqesisTvis da yvelaferi pirovnebis un-arzea damokidebuli” - interviu nacionaluri moZraobis wevrTan, irakli qavTaraZesTan.

magram zogi, Tumca qvoturi sistemis SemoRebis winaaRmdegia, magram mainc xedavs misi mxardaWeris aucileblobas:

”me qvoturis winaaRmdegi var, magram vaRiareb, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi es SesaZloa aucilebeli da droeibiTi RonisZieba iyos” - interviu aras-amTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

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isinic ki, vinc parlametSi qvotirebis SemoRebis momxreni arian (pala-mentis wevri, kaxa kukava, guguli maRraZe; eqsperti nato SavlayaZe; lei-boristuli partiis wevri, nana devaZe) sakiTxs sifrTxiliT ekidebian da miuTiTeben qalTa diskreditaciis safrTxeze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver mox-erxdeba Sesabamisi qal kandidatebis moZieba (interviu eqspertTan, nato SavlayaZesTan; parlamentis wevrTan, guguli maRraZesTan).

sistemis momxreni ganixilaven sxvadasxva modelebs, romelTagan SeiZleba SeirCes yvelaze misaRebi. aseve aucilebelia Ria diskusiis warmarTva mo-cemul sakiTxze (interviu eqspertebTan, lika nadaraiasTan da Tamar abra-miSvilTan; parlamentis wevrTan, kaxa kukavasTan).

”qvoutris SemoReba nayofier Sedegs moitans sanam warmomadgenloba gzas gaikvalavs. arsebobs mravali modeli, romelTaganac SeiZleba arCevanis ga-keTeba, magaliTad, sistemis danergva saarCevno kanonmdeblobis doneze, anda partiebis motivireba im partiebis finansuri mxardaWeris gazrdiT, visac eqneba genderis TvalsazrisiT dabalansebuli saarCevno sia” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.

qalebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebSisamoqlaqo sazogadoebas ganmartaven rogorc nebayoflobiTi organizaciebisa da dainteresebuli jgufebis seqtori, romelic ganapirobebs sajaro aqcie-bis organizebis mxardaWeras (Hawkesworth, 2002).profesiuli kavSirebi, interesTa jgufebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, sa-Temo organizaciebi da eklesia, politikasTan erTad ganixileba samoqalaqo seqtoris nawilad da moqalaqeTa monawileobis sarbielad.

profesiuli kavSirebiprofesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi gaerTianebis ufleba aRiarebu-lia 1997 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos kanoniT profesiul kavSirebis Ses-axeb. kanoni aRiarebs koleqtiuri molaparakebebis warmoebis da gaficvis mowyobis uflebas. saqarTveloSi ZiriTad profesiul kavSirs warmoadgens saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba (spkg), romelic Sedgeba 26 seqtoris mixedviT dakompleqtebuli kavSirebisagan, sadac sul 261,500 ada-miania gaerTianebuli, rac mTeli daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis 45 procents Seadgens. qalebi profkavSiris wevrebis 54 procents Seadgenen. profkavSiris sawevro ganisazRvreba xelfasis mixedviT da is Seadgens mis 1 procents (www.Gtuc.ge) (interviu profkavSirebis prezidenTTan, irakli petriaSvilTan). es

kavSiri sabWoTa epoqis memkvidre organizaciaa. profkavSirebis realuri

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zemoqmedeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze sakmaod SezRudulia, Tumca xelmZ-Rvaneloba, romelic 2006 wels iqna arCeuli winandelze ufro aqtiurad aris CarTuli mSromelTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi. spkg-s xelmZRvanelobs mamakaci da mis oTx TanaSemweTagan mxolod erTi, aWaris profesiuli kav-Siris xelmZRvaneli aris qali. kavSiris komiteti 26 wevrisgan Sedgeba. isini spkg-s seqtoruli da regonuluri organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi arian. maT Soris mxolod samia qali. qalebi ukeT arian warmodgenilni kavSirebis moadgileebis doneze, sadac Seadgenen 65 procents. amasTanave, profkavSirSi moqmedebs qalTa organizacia _ ”qomagi”.

profkavSiri aris saerTaSoriso Tavisufali profesiuli kavSirebis konfed-eraciis wevri, romlis xuT prioritets Soris aris Tanasworoba da genderi (www.icftu.org). Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia, gaeros saagento, romlis wevric saqarTvelo 1993 wlidan aris, akritikebs saqarTvelos Sromis kod-eqsSi arsebul ramdenime muxls da xazs usvams imas, rom kodeqsi zedmet Tavisuflebas aniWebs damqiravebels da zRudavs daqiravebulis uflebebs, rac ar aZlevs mSromelebs sakuTari uflebebis dacvis SesaZleblobas (re-zonansi, 1 aprili, 2008). kodeqsi gansakuTrebiT agresiulia qalebis mimarT, radgan sadekreto Svebulebis vada Zalze moklea da samuSaos usafrTxoeba, rac samuSaos dakargvis risks gulisxmobs, Zalze dabalia. meore gavleniani gaerTianeba aris saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa da mec-nierTa Tavisufali profesiuli kavSiri, romelic 10700 wevrs aerTianebs da sadac did umravlesobas, 95 procents, qalebi warmoadgenen. kavSiris gadawyvetilebis mimReb da aRmasrulebel organoebSi saxezea genderuli uTanasworoba. kavSiris xelmZRvaneli qalia, misi gadawyvetilebis mimReb organoSic qalebi umravlesobas (70%-s) Seadgenen, 27 daqiravebuli muSaki-dan mxolod oTxia kaci.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaqarTveloSi sakmaod ganviTarebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori. misi ganvi-Tareba ucxoeli donorebis Zlieri xelSewyobis safuZvelze oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan daiwyo. amJamad qveyanaSi registrirebulia 40, 000 arasamTavrobo organizacia, Tumca eqspertebis SefasebiT maTgan mxolod 10 procentia mo-qmedi. seqtori araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, organizaciaTa umravlesoba dedaqalaqSia koncentrirebuli. aqvea insti-tuciurad yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli da warmatebuli arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi. arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa udidesi nawili mravalfun-qciuria, iTavsebs ra mTel rig gansxvavebul saqmianobebs - mag.momsaxure-biT uzrunvelyofas, garkveuli intersebis lobirebas, politikaSi kvlevebis warmoeba, monitorings.

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qalebis sajaro saqmianobaSi Cabma saqarTveloSi saTaves mecxramete sauku-nidan iRebs, roca ramdenime uwyeba dafuZnda, romelTa mizani qalebisTvis ganaTlebis micema iyo da romlebsac ZiriTadad gamoCenili sazogado moR-vaweebis debi an meuRleebi uZRvebodnen. aseTi pirveli sazogadoeba ”wminda ninos saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba” 1846 wels Camoyalibda. mas bevri mimdedvari gauCnda da qalebis ganaTleba, qalebisaTvis profesiuli da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, sko-lebSi qarTuli enis swavleba, aseve qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis Seqmna da bavSvTa aRzrdaSi axali meTodebis Semotana maT ZiriTad saqmianobad iqca (xomeriki da javaxiSvili, 2005). mravali axlad Seqmnili organizacia muSaobda maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis socilur problemebze. amas-Tan erTad Camoyalibda sazogadoebebi, romlebmac tradiciul saqmianobas politikuri mandati daumates. aseTi iyo ”qalTa wre xonSi”. igi 1903 wels Camoyalibda da qalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabmas isaxavda miznad. amave dros, Camoyalibda ramdenime sazogadoeba qalebis dasaqmebis mxar-dasaWerad. 1889 wels notio loluas profesiuli saswavlebeli dafuZnda foTSi. imave periodSi, qalebis saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebSi maswav-leblebis, mdivnebisa da sxvaTa profesiuli momzadeba xorcieldeboda. seqs muSakebis warmoebaSi dasaqmebis mxardasaWerad 1903 wels Seiqmna wminda maria magdalenas saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba, romelmac gaxsna TavSesafari. sazogadoeba TavSesafars da profesiul momzadebas sTavazobda 25 wlamde asakis qalebs, maT vinc acxadebda survils uari eTqva sxeuliT vaWrobaze. qalebi aqtiurad arian Cabmulni arasamTavrobo seqtoris moRvaweobaSi da saxelmwifo seqtorisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmZRvaneloben organizaciebs, sadac maT ufro xSirad ukaviaT xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi. 2008 wlis Teber-valSi Catarebulma kvlevam (Mincheva, 2008) gamoavlina, rom qalebi War-bobdnen mamakacebs rogorc dedaqalaqSi, ase regionebSi arsebul organiza-ciebSi. qalebi arasamTavrobo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa 58 procents Seadgenen TbilisSi da 63.8 procents regionebSi. metic, samecniero xarisxis mqone TanamSromelTa Soris 65.8 procenti qalia, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis umravlesobas (59.2%) aseve qalebi xelmZRvaneloben.

genderul Tanasworobas mxardasaWerad saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da donorebis mier ganxorcielebulma politikam xeli Seuwyo qalTa orga-nizaciebis Camoyalibebas. dResdReobiT qalTa, an qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave samocdaaTamde arasamTavrbo ogranizacia funqcionirebs, magram ar arsebobs mamakacis problemebze fokusirebuli organizacia.

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rogorc es samoqalaqo seqtorisTvis Cveuli praqtikaa, qalTa sakiTxe-bze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebi erTdroulad ramdenime sferoSi muSaoben da sxvadasxva saqmianobiT arian dakavebuli, iseTiT, rogoricaa momsaxureoba, konsultireba, Treiningi, kvleva da a.S. maTi umravlesoba muSaobs socialur problemebze, ganaTlebaze da gendrze.

nax. 10qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweobis sferoebi

socialuriproblemebi

ganaTleba

genderi

janmrTeloba

gansakuTrebulijgufebi

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qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis moRvaweoba maincdamainc ar Cans. rogorc erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, didia imis saWiroeba, rom resurse-bi ufro efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli:

”SeiniSneba pasiuroba, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT warumateblobebze, rac garkv-veuli saxiT damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. me moviTxov, rom gansakuTrebuli sifxizle da kritikuloba gamoviCinoT da saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi organizaciebis resursbi maqsimaluri efeqturobiT movixmaroT.” -interviu eqspertTan, nino cixisTavTan.

2004 wels, UNIFEM-is mxardaWeriT, qalebma Seqmnes samSvidobo qseli, saxelwodebiT qalTa erToba mSvidobisaTvis, romelmac asze meti monawile, organizacia, Tu calkeuli adamiani gaaerTiana. misi mizani Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:”pozitiuri da mdgradi mSvidobis miRweva qalebis monawileobi-sa da genderuli Tanasworobis saSualebiT”. Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli ukve wlebis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs qveyanaSi. magram miuxedavad mravalgzisi mcdelobisa, qalTa organizaciebma ver moaxerxes Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba da erTiani, mZlavri, sicocxlisunariani moZraobis Camoyalibeba. Tumca 2000 wels euTo _ demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianTa ufle-bebis ofisis mxardaWeriT Camoyalibda qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis koalicia. amJamad masSi 80 organizaciaa gaerTianebuli.

gaeros ganviTarebis programa gansakuTrebul interess iCens qalebis sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvis mimarT. am sferoSi mraval saqmianobas war-marTavs proeqti ”genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi”. proeqtis Tana-damfinanseblebi arian SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (SIDA) da saqarTvelos mTavaroba. igi xorciledeba erToblivad, gaeros ganviTare-bis fondisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis mier. proeqtis mizania wvlili Seitanos genderuli politikis gansazRvraSi, mxari dauWiros qalTa poli-tikaSi monawileobas, ufro zustad ki, gazardos qalTa SesaZleblobebi da monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva tipis organizaciebisaTemo organizaciebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenobas. isini ZiriTadad soflad funqcionireben. saTemo organizaciebis ganviTareba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da samxreT saqarTvelos milsadenis mSeneblobebTan aris dakavSirebuli. bolo xanebSi, saTemo orga-nizaciebi CarTuli arian adgilobrivi ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSavebaSi da amdenad gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis karg magaliTs iZlevian.

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qalebi aqtiurad arian CarTuli saTemo organizaciebis muSaobaSi da xSirad uZRvebian kidec maT. qalTa iniciativis TvalsaCino nimuSia Telavis raionis sofel vardisubnis saTemo organizacia. am soflis qalebi matylis sabnebs keraven. samwliani gamocdilebis safuZvelze maT SeZles kerZo seqtorisagan kontraqtebis uzrunvelyofa. interesTa jgufebi da momxmarebelTa kavSirebi jer kidev iSviaTobas war-moadgenen, Tanac arsebuli organizaciebi ar gamoirCevian aqtiurobiT. qalebs iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobebze am seqtorSi. profesiuli asociacie-bi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciis kidev erTi formaa. profkavSiris msagavsad, am organizaciebs xangrZlivi tradicia aqvT. sabWoTa epoqaSi maT sakmao gavlenac qondaT, isini gankargavdnen did qonebas da maRali presti-JiT sargeblobdnen. am kavSirebis umetesobas mamakacebi Tavmjdomareoben, erTis gamoklebiT, esaa mweralTa kavSiri, romelis Tavmjdomarec qalia.eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnili organizaciebi aseve saTemo organizaciebis nawils warmoadgenen. maTi, rogorc eTnikur warmomavlobaze dafuZnebuli ogranizaciebis mTavari mizania TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba da eTnikur sam-SoblosTan kavSirebis gamyareba, iseve, rogorc integracia saqarTveloSi.

amasTanave, arsebobs ramdenime sportze an hobize dafuZnebuli organizacia. maTi umravlesoba, safexburTo federaciis msgavsad, mxolod mamakacebs aer-Tianebs.

religiuri institutebisazogadod, miCneulia rom qalebi mamakacebze ufro religiurebi arian. qalebi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mrevlis ufro did nawils Seadgenen. Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentTa umravlesoba (91.1%) qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevlia. marTlmadideblebis garda respon-dentTa Soris sxva aRmsareblobis adamianebi iyvnen 3.9 procenti muslimebi, 2.9 procenti gregorianelebi, 0.8 procenti kaTolikebi. gamokiTxulTa 1.4 procenti sxva aRmsareblobas ganekuTvenboda. mamakacebze (8.7%) sagrZno-blad metma qalma (22.1%) miuTiTa, rom icavda mniSvnelovan religiur ritualebs. qveyanaSi arsebobs mTeli rigi monastrebisa, sadac berebi da monazvnebi moR-vaweoben. magaliTisTvis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiaSi 11 monasteria mamakace-

bisaTvis da 8 qalebisTvis. qveyanaSi aseve moqmedebs sasuliero akademia da seminaria. am saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi ganaTlebis miReba mxolod mamakacebs SeuZliaT. qalebs ganaTlebis miReba SeuZliaT 1988 wels daarse-bul saRvTismetyvelo institutSi, sadac sami kaTedraa: fsiqologiis

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da religiis, xelovnebisa da religis istoriis, xatebis restavraciisa da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis. aq studentTa 80.0 procents qalebi Sedgenen. registraciis wesebis Tanaxmad (ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wels), religiuri sa-zogadoebebi SeiZleba regisrtrirebul iqnen iusticiis saministroSi. am xnisaTvis registrirebulia 14 aseTi sazogadoeba (magaliTad, meSvide dRis adventistebi). maT wevrebs ZiriTadad qalebi Seadgenen, Tumca sazogadoebebs mamakacebi xelmZRvaneloben.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebiqalebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis mizans qveynisaTvis mniS-vnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi genderuli Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia cnobierebis amaR-lebiT genderis sakiTxebSi, rac Tavismxriv SeiZleba warmoadgendes sajaro sferoSi qalebis ufro sruli warmomadgenlobis Sedegs. Tumca, am miznisagan damoukideblad, qalis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Cabma TavisTavad unda ganixilebodes, rogorc mizani.

analizi cxadad miuTiTebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis Tval-sazrisiT saqarTveloSi arsebul genderul uTanasworobaze. im dros, roca mamakacebisa da qalebis interesi sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisa da politikis mimarT mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, is zegavlena, rac maT gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gaaCniaT, Zlier gansxvavebulia, mamakacebi qalebze Seudareblad met Zalauflebas floben. arCeviT da mmarTvelobis struqturebSi qalebis ufro meti warmomadgen-lobis aucilebloba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. magram aseve xSirad vlindeba sazogadoebriv asparezze qalis aqtiuri CarTulobis mimarT Rrmad fesvgadgmuli diskriminacia.

kulturuli stereotipebi, cnobierebisa da mgrZnobiarobis nakleboba, genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisTvis saWiro Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo politikis arqona, drois, aseve SesaZleblobebis da motivaciis ukmarisoba qalebSi, maTi dabali CarTulobis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli. situaciis mkveTrad gaumjobesebis mizniT saWiroa ganxorcielebul iqnes rigi RonisZiebebi:imis gamo, rom Tanabari monawileoba warmoadgens genderuli Tanasworobis mxolod erT-erT fasads, qalTa CarTuloba ganxilul unda iqnes genderu-li Tanasworobis mTlian konteqstSi.

mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens genderuli sakiTxebisadmi sazogadoebis mgrZno-

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biarobis gazrda da sazogadoebaSi qalis adgilis Sesaxeb tradiciuli war-modgenis Secvla. am miznis miRwevis saSualebebi Semdegia:media kampaniebi da sajaro cxovrebis yvela doneze genderuli Tanasworobis propaganda, formaluri ganaTleba sabavSvo baRidan umaRlesis CaTvliT. genderuli perspeqtividan unda iqnes gadasinjuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, maswavleblebma unda gaiaron specialuri Treningi, skolebSi da sabavSvo baRebSi unda iqnen moziduli mamakaci maswavleblebi,Camoyalibebul unda iqnes grZel-vadiani saxelmwifo politika. unda dai-wyos mTavrobis mier miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba.gadasinjul unda iqnes da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesatyvisobaSi unda iqnes moyvanili Sromis kodeqsi, raTa qalebs mieceT SesaZlebloba ganaxor-cielon Tavis movaleobebi orive, kerZo da sajaro sferoebSi.

amJamad qalTa monawileobis Zlieri sakanonmdeblo da saxelmwifo mx-ardaWeris gareSe SeuZlebelia sajaro sferoSi arsebuli genderuli uTa-nasworobis Semcireba. qvotirebis sistemis Semotana warmoadgens monawile-obis gazrdis pirdapir da swraf saSualebas. ZiriTadad sabWouri warsuliT gapirobebuli qvotirebis sistemisadmi arsebul Rrmad gamjdar uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Sesacvlelad unda wamowyebul iqnes sajaro diskusie-bi, warmodgenili unda iqnes qvotirebis sxvadasxva modelebi da kriti-kulad unda iqnes ganxiluli dagrovili saerTaSoriso gamocdileba. qalTa monawileobis mxardasaWer erT SesaZlo gzas warmoadgens politi-kuri partiebis stimulireba, raTa maT saarCevno siebis pirvel aTeulsa da oceulSi Seiyvanon qalebi. stimulireba SeiZleba gamoixatos maTTvis ufaso satelevizio drois gamoyofiT partiis saqmianobis propagandisaTvis, partiis wevrebis, qalebisa da kacebis, ufaso TreningiT.qalebis unarebisa da motivaciis gazrda unda moxdes qalebis metad CarTviT formalur ganaTlebis sistemaSi da specialur Treningis programebSi. maT unda mieceT sazogadoebaSi da mediaSi gamoCenis SesaZlebloba.mniSvnelovania qals SevuqmnaT pirobebi, raTa mas gamounTavisufldes dro sazogadoebrivi aqtivobisaTvis. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia qalis ekono-mikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, imiT, rom qals mieces saSualeba iqiraos

damxmare, SeiZinos sxvadasxva saxis momsaxureba da agreTve, ojaxur cx-ovrebaSi mamakacis ufro metad Cabmis meSveobiT.qalebis klubebsa da sxva nebayoflobiT organizaciebSi gaerTianeba da qalebis dawinaureba sabolood gazrdis qalTa monawileobas. momgebiani iqneba qalTa organizaciebis Seqmna da mxardaWera, gansakuTrebiT soflad da eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi, sadac SesaZlebloba

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imuSaon mamakacebis gverdigverd, sakmaod SezRudulia.saerTaSoriso gamocdilebam daadastura, rom qalTa moZraobebi, romlebic politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZvian, met warmatebas aRweven vidre ar-sebul institutebSi integrirebuli qalTa jgufebi. es gapirobebuli unda iyos moZraobebSi arsebuli didi kritikuli masiT da maT xelT arsebuli SesaZleblobiT Camoayalibon damoukidebeli strategiebi da politikuri miznebi (Gelb, 1989). ase, rom qalebis mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam SeiZleba radikaluri cvlileba moitanos, magram rogorc adrec SevniSneT, dRemde es mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi warumatebeli rCeba. erTianoba Tav-dapirvelad SeiZleba daefuZnos erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas.

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Tavi 4

dasaqmeba

siRaribe aRiarebulia, rogorc qveynis erT-erTi mTavari problema. msof-lio sasursaTo programaSi (2008 wlis maisi) warmodgenili gaeros gaT-vlebiT, saqarTvelo win uswrebs mxolod socialurad Raribi qveynebis umdables kategorias. gamoTvla efuZneba sursaTze daxarjuli Semosavlis wilis gansazRvras (alia, maisi, 27-28 2008). 2005 wels qveynis mosaxleobis 39.4 procenti siRatakis zRvars miRma iyo. siRaribis done soflis mosax-leobaSi ufro maRali iyo (41.7%) qalaqis (37.1 %) mosaxleobasTan Sedare-biT (saqarTvelo: siRaribis Semcirebis strategiis dokumenti. Sualeduri angariSi, 2006).

demografia erT-erTi aspeqtia, romelic ekonomikaze axdens gavlenas. 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi, or aRweras Soris, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda 1, 088.000-iT, 5,443.400-dan 1989 wels 4,355,400-mde 2002 wels.msoflio bankis moxsenebis ”wiTlidan ruxisken (2007), mixedviT qveynis ekono-mikuri perspeqtiva damZimebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mosalodneli 17 procentiani klebiT 2002-2025 wlebSi. 2025 wels 65 welze meti asakis adamianebi mosaxleobis 18 procenti iqneba, maSin rodesac 2002 wels isini 13 procents Seadgendnen. mosaxleobis dabereba did zewolas moaxdens saxelm-wifos xarjebze, gansakuTrebiT sapensio da xandazmulebze xangrZlivi movlis dasafaravi xarjebis gamo.

siRaribes saqarTveloSi ramdenime Tavisebureba gamoarCevs sxva, tradiciu-lad Raribi qveynebisagan. 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis win, iTvleboda, rom sabWoTa respublikebs Soris saqarTveloSi iyo cxovrebis yvelaze maRali done. es iyo qveyana, sadac Zalian maRali iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa wili. amdenad, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dabalma Se-mosavalma ver Secvala adamianuri kapitali _ ganaTleba da janmrTeloba, magram dabali Semosavalis zegavlena sul ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. da mainc, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebi, ufro dabali ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlavindeburad faseulad miiCneven Ta-vianTi Svilebis unarebis ganviTarebas da am gziT cdiloben Searbilon

siRaribis Sedegebi.

mTavroba siRaribes ebrZvis programis: gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo siRari-bis gareSe 2008-2012, aseve qveynis ekonomikis zrdisa da siRaribis sawinaaRm-

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dego socialuri programebis ganxorcielebis meSveobiT.

erT-erTi aseTi programaa saxelmwifo daxmareba siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof ojaxebisTvis. 2008 wlis aprilisaTvis, 467 749 ojaxma, romelTa wevre-bis saerTo raodenoba 1, 486 281-is tolia, mimarTa programas daxmarebis moTxovniT. es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis 39.8 procenti Tavs Raribad miiCnevs da saxelmwifosagan daxmarebas iTxovs. am ojaxebis 28.8 procentma daxmareba miiRo. did ojaxebTan SedarebiT, mcire zomis ojaxebi bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi arian. im ojaxebis 59.6 procenti, vinc miiRo daxmareba, erTi an ori wevrisgan Sedgeba.

nax. 11saxelmwifo daxmareba Rarib ojaxebs(2008 wlis aprilis monacemebi) wyaro www.ssa.gov.ge

genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens ekonomikaSi. qalebis raodenoba Warbobs, rogorc daxmarebis momTxovnTa Soris (55.3 % qali da 44.7 % mamakaci), ise maT Soris, vinc saxelmwifo daxmareba miiRo (56.7 % qali da 43.3 % mamakaci).qveynis mdidar adamianTa Soris mxolod TiTo-orola qalma SeZlo simdid-ris TviTon dagroveba. qalebis mamakacebze damokidebuleba mniSvnelovan-wilad ekonomikuri damokidebulebiTaa gapirobebuli. xelfasi zrdis qalis damoukideblobas.

wveri; 8,30%

wveri;

wveri;

wveri;

wveri;

wveri;

an metiwveri; 4,00%

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rogorc erTma Cvenma respondentma SeniSna:

”bolo wlebSi qalaqad mravali ojaxis Semosavali qalze damokidebuli gaxda da es xels uwobs Tanasworobas; mamakacis Tanasworad fulis qona niS-navs Tanaswori Tavisuflebis qonas” - interviu arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

erTerTma studentma gogonam aseTi mosazreba gamoTqva jgufur ganxilvisas (fj 7):

”rogorc ki qali ojaxSi Semomtanad iqceva, ojaxis Zalauflebis struqtu-ras is gansazRvravs, anu socialuri statusi qmnis gansxvavebas”.

siRaribis Sedegebi mravalmxrivia. siRaribe sul ufro metad aris gagebuli, rogorc ZiriTadi SesaZleblobebis SezRudva da ara ubralod, rogorc dabali Semosavlis qona. magram, siRaribis mravalganzomilebiani xasiaTis miuxedavad, Semosavali mis umTavres komponentad rCeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi ki Semosavali samuSaozea damokidebuli.

siRaribis msgavsad, umuSevrobac bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod Se-mosavalis dakargva. dasaqmeba statusis maCvenebelia. samuSaos garda zr-dasrul adamians drois Rirseulad daxarjvis cota alternativa gaaCnia. dasaqmeba zegavlenas axdens adamianis Tavmoyvareobaze, TviT-Sefasebaze, cx-ovrebiT kmayofilebaze da TviTefeqturobaze, anu moqmedebis ganxorcielebis unaris qonis aRqmaze, aseve socialur urTierTobebze, ojaxur cxovrebasa da prestiJze (Sullivan, 2004; Lauer, 1998).

adamianebi CarTulni arian dasaqmebis, rogorc formalur, aseve arafor-malur sferoSi. sqesis mixedviT diferenciacia exeba ara marto aqtiobis sferos-sajaro mamakacebisaTvis da kerZo qalebisaTvis, aramed aseve seg-regacias sferoebis SigniT. dasaqmebaSi aRiniSneba segregacia profesiebsa da TanamdebobebSi, aseve dasaqmebis formalur, araformalur sferoebsa da TviTdasaqmebaSi.

samsaxuris povna, an misi Seqmna TiTqmis yvelgan ufro Znelia qalisTvis, vidre kacisTvis. imisaTvis, rom qalma Tavisi adgili daimkvidros, rogorc muSa Zalam, mas kacTan SedarebiT ufro didi brZola da ufro meti faruli, Tu xiluli dabrkolebebis gadalaxva uwevs. finansurma gaWirvebam qalebs biZgi misca Cabmuliyvnen sxvadasxva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. mZime

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viTarebis gamo maT itvirTes pasuxismgebloba uzrunveleyoT TavianTi ojax-ebi saarsebo minimumiT. qalebma mamakacebze adre gaacnobieres, rom aRar dabrundeboda saxelmwifos mier samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofis dro da rom maT Tavad unda ezrunaT sakuTar momavalze. qalebi mamakacebze gacilebiT moqnilebi aRmoCndnen profesiis Secvlis TvaslazrisiT, maT ar iTakiles sakuTari kvalifikaciisaTvis Seuferebeli saqmis keTeba, umuSevrobas am-jobines arakvalificirebuli samuSaos Sesruleba _ quCaSi sigaretebisa da yvavilebis gayidva, TurqeTidan saqonlis Camotana, mawvnis gakeTeba da misi qalaqSi gayidva, bavSvebis momvlelebad da damlageblebad muSaoba, mcire biznesis wamowyeba. ase gaikvlia bevrma qalma gza axal ekonomikur real-obaSi, xSirad profesiisa da sakuTari miswrafebebis daTmobis xarjze.

dasaqmebis arafomalur sferoSi qalebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakacebs. qveyanaSi arsebuli dabali samuSao usafrTxoebis fonzec ki, arafomraluri struqturebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi im-yofebian. es Seexeba samuSao Zalis sakmaod did nawils - wvril movaWreebs, Sinamosamsaxureebsa da ZiZebs, romelTa umravlesoba qalebi arian.

”qalebis didi raodenoba muSaobs dasaqmebis araformalur seqtorSi, romelic arc regulirdeba da arc kontrolirdeba. swored aq vawydebiT diskriminaciis sastik formebs, seqsualur Zaladobasa da mtrul garemos” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar sabedaSvilan.

meores mxriv, mamakacebi metad arian warmodgenilni formalur seqtorSi. formalur seqtorSi dasaqmebulTagan qalebi 47.5 procents, xolo mamakacebi 52.5 procents Seadgenen. meti adamiania dasaqmebuli kerZo seqtorSi (77.0%) sazogadoebriv seqtorTan SedarebiT (23.0%). qalebi ukeT arian warmodge-nilni saxelmwifo seqtorSi (dasaqmebul qalTa 25.8 procenti), vidre ma-makacebi (dasaqmebul mamakacTa 20.5 procenti) (qalebi da mamakacebi, 2006).saxelmwifo seqtorTan SedarebiT kerZo seqtori ufro maRali xelfasis miRebis SesaZlebloba iZleva, magram qalebi orive seqtorSi mamakacebze dabal xelfasis iReben. statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, 2005 wels saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave qalebis xelfasi saSualod 89.3 lari iyo,xolo mamakacebis 184.1 lari. qalebis saSualo Semosavali kerZo seqtorSi Seadgneda 134.7 lars, xolo mamakacebisa - 210.6 lars. genderuli gansx-vavebebi ufro mkveTria saxelmwifo seqtorSi (94.8 lari), SedarebiT kerZo seqtorTan (75.9 lari), rac albaT kerZo seqtorSi arsebuli samuSaos Ses-rulebis xarisxze orientirebuli midgomiT aixsneba. Cveni gamokiTxvis dasaqmebuli respondentebis 58.3 procenti kerZo seqtorSi muSaobs, 33.4 procenti TviT-dasaqmebulia, 12.5 procenti saxelmwifo samsax-

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urSia da 8.3 procenti ki - arasamTavrobo organizaciebSia gaerTianebuli.

samuSaos usafrTxoeba qveyanaSi dabalia. saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciam (ITUC CSI IGB 2007 – profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebis darRvevebis wli-uri mimoxilva) sastikad gaakritika saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2006 wels. organizacia mas saerTaSoriso standartebis dar-Rvevad miiCnevs. mis mixedviT kodeqsi nergavs ”daiqirave-gaagde”-s politikas, radgan dasaqmebuli SeiZleba samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebul iqnes yovelg-vari dasabuTebis gareSe. miCneulia, rom axali Sromis kodeqsi ukan gadadgmuli nabijia wina kod-eqsTan SedarebiT qalebis uflebebis TvalsazrisiTac. winamorbedi kodeqsis Tanaxmad, momuSave dedebs, romelTac yavdaT 3 wlamde asakis bavSvi, neba eZleodaT samsaxurSi erTi saaTiT gvian misulyvnen da erTi saaTiT adre daemTavrbinaT muSaoba. es muxli axal kodeqsSi aRar aris. moqmedi kodeqsis Tanaxmad meZuZur dedas mxolod erTi damatebiTi saaTi eZleva Sesvenebi-sTvis. SezRudulia fuladi kompensacia sadekreto Svebulebisas. xelfasis odenobisgan damoukideblad, qals ar SeuZlia miiRos 150 larze meti TveSi, rac Seadgens 600 lars mTeli sadekreto SvebulebisTvis. ”es demografiuli problemisTvis didi dartymaa, qalebi, romlebsac didi xelfasi aqvT da Svilis yolas ganizraxaven, aRar iReben sadekreto Sveb-ulebas da muSaoben bavSvis gaCenis dRemde. es ki ueWvelad aryevs rogorc dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobas.”- interviu profesiuli kavSirebis Tavmj-domaresTan, irakli petriaSvilTan.

dasaqmeba statusis niSania, is aseve aZlevs adamians saSualebas gaeqces yoveldRiur problemebs, Caebas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, daamyaros so-cialuri kavSirebi, moaxdinos TviTrealizacia da amdenad xels uwyobs adamianuri da socialuri kapitalis ganviTarebas. samuSao, rogorc mamaka-cis, ise qalis identurobis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma uCvenes, rom pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs dasaqmebasa da cxovrebiT kmayofilebas, bedierebas, TviTSefasebasa da optimizms Soris rogorc ma-makacebSi, ise qalebSi. magram dasaqmeba maic ufro mniSvnelovania mamaka-cisaTvis. amaze isic miuTiTebs, rom dasaqmeba kacebze ufro met zegavlenas axdens, vidre qalebze, Tumca, tvirTis gaormagebis miuxedavad, dasaqmeba

qalebzec dadebiTad moqmedebs. dasaqmeba cxovrebiT kmayofilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli: dasaqmebul mamakac-Ta 34.0 procenti dausaqmebelTa 23.0 procentTan SedarebiT, da dasaqmebul qalTa 24.3 procenti dausaqmebel qalTa 19.2 procentTan SedarebiT, cx-ovrebiT kmayofilia.

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dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 57.1 procenti dausaqmebelTa 47.3 procentTan Se-darebiT da dasaqmebuli qalebis 58.0 procenti dausaqmebel qalebis 50.0 procentTan SedarebiT Tavs ufro bednierad grZnobs.dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 65. 2 procents dausaqmebel 58.9 procentTan Se-darebiT da dasaqmebuli qalebis 51.1 procents dausaqmeblebis 46.8 procent-Tan SedarebiT, maRali TviT-Sefaseba aqvs.

dasaqmebuli mamakacebis 52.2 procenti da dausaqmebeli mamakacebis 48.9 procneti optimistia. dasaqmebli qalebis 54.9 procenti da dausaqmebeli qalebis 50.4 procenti optimistur ganwyobas inarCunebs.

qalebis wilis zrda samuSao ZalaSi TvalSisacemia msoflios yvela re-gionSi (Pollert & Fodor, 2005), da mainc, qalebisTvis samsaxuris Sovna ufro Znelia. gaCnda iseTi koncefciebi, rogoricaa qorwinebis barieri da or-sulobis barieri, rac niSnavs, rom gaTxovil da orsul qalebs samsaxurSi miRebaze uars eubnebian da gaTxovil qalebsa da dedebs samsaxuridan was-vlisken ubiZgeben.

dasaqmebulma qalebi ki SeiZleba ori saxis, horizontaluri da vertika-luri segregaciis msxverplni gaxdnen.

horizontaluri segregaciaarsebobs tradiciulad qalisa da tradiciulad mamakacis profesiebi. sqe-sis mixedviT profesiuli segregacia gavrcelebulia mTel msoflioSi. ase magaliTad, aSS-Si qalebi iseT profesiiT muSaoben, sadac qalebi 70 pro-cents Seadgenen, xolo mamakacebi ki iq, sadac 70 procents mamakacebi Sead-genen. 2002 wels, dasaqmebul qalTa mesamedze meti koncentrirebuli iyo Semdeg profesiul kategoriebSi: maswavlebeli, mdivani, menejeri da ad-ministratori, jandacvis sferos profesiebi, sacalo vaWroba, sabanko saqme da dazRveva. (Convey, et al., 2005). viTareba metnaklebad msgavsia globalu-rad: dasaqmebuli qalebis sami meoTxedi mTel msoflioSi 7 profesiaSi moRvaweobs: meddebi, mdivnebi/mbeWdavebi, saxlebis momvlelebi, buRal-trebi da molareebi, damlageblebi, momvlelebi, mkeravebi (Wharton, 2004). sqesis mixedviT profesiuli segregacia mTel rig faqtorebze, maT Sorisa ekonomika, socialur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebze aris damokidebuli. qalebisTvis mamakacuri profesia ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, maSin, rodesac mamakacebis naklebobaa. es gamovlinda yvela qveyanaSi omis periodSi da axlac TvalSi sacemia qveynebSi, sadac dabalia Sobadoba. sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli Tanasworuflebianoba aseve amcirebs segregacias.

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saqarTveloSi monacemTa arseboba ar iZleva zusti daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas profesiuli segregaciis Taobaze magram Cveni dakvirvebis sa-fuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSic zemoT naxsenebi saqmi-anobebiT umetesad qalebi arian dakavebulni.

qalebis samsaxureobrivi miRwevebi ufro metad xelovnebasTan da ganaTle-basTanaa dakavSirebuli. amas nawilobriv adasturebs saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciklopedia, romelic 1975-1987 wlebSia gamoqveynebuli da aseve, ”vin vin aris”, romelic 2006 wels gamoqyveynda.

saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciklopediaSi 321 qarTveli qalia CamoTvlili. maT Soris naxevarze meti (59.9%) xelovnebis warmomadgenelia, 14.6 procenti mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi, xolo qalebis 6.2 procents warmoebaSi dakavebuli qalebi Seadgenen.

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nax. 12saqarTvelos sabWoTa enciloklopediaSi moRvaweobis sferos mixedviT qalebze Sesuli statiebis ganawilebawyaro: m. maisuraZe, gamouqveynebeli angariSi

”vin vin aris” Seicavs monacemebs 227 qalze. aqac, qalebis udides wils (42.7%) xelovnebis da samecniero sferos (21.6%) warmomadgenlebi Sead-genen

jandacva,

gmirebi,

warmoeba,

mecniereba da ganaTleba,

politika,sporti,

sxva,

xelovneba,

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nax. 13qalebi ”vin vin aris”- is mixedviT, 2006

qalebis saSualo Semosavali mamakacebis Semosavalze mcirea. amis mizezi isaa, rom is sferoebi, sadac qalebi muSaoben, nakleb anazRaurebadia. mamakacebi ufro maRalanazRaurebad, ufro prestiJul profesiebs irCeven. magaliTad, notariusebs Soris Zalze cotaa mamakacebi. rogorc erTma Cvenma respon-dentma aRniSna amis mizezi is aris, rom:

”es ar iTvleboda maincadamainc prestiJul profesiad da arc maRal kvalifikacias moiTxovda.”

”mamakaci mudam maRal anazRaurebad samuSaos eZebs, radgan ojaxi unda uz-runvelyos. ekonomikuri SeWirvebis dros qalebma moaxerxes sakuTari adgi-lis povna, daTanxmdnen dabal anazRaurebad samsaxurebs, xolo mamakacebis didma nawilma amjobina Sin darCena da colis xarjze cxovreba. ”interviu qalTa sabWos wevrTan, baia romelaSvilTan. qalebis saqmianobis sferoebi, anu ganaTlebis, jandacvis, sastumroebisa da restornebis, _ is sferoebia, sadac saSualo anazRaureba yvelaze dabalia. ase magaliTad, saSualo yovelTviuri xelfasi ganaTlebis sferoSi 2007 wlis meore kvartalSi iyo 147.3 lari, jandacvaSi - 183.3 lari da sastum-roebisa da restornis momsaxurebaSi 344.4 lari. yvelaze maRali xelfasebi finansur saqmianobas (943.8 lari) da wiaRiseulis mopovebas (644.8 lari) ukavSirdeba. es tradiciulad mamakacis saqmianobebia. imave periodSi qalis

saSualo Semosavali iyo 211.2 lari, xolo mamakacisa - 320.9 lari (statis-

jandacva,

sporti,

politika,

mecniereba,

Jurnalisti,sxva,

xelovneba,

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tikis departamenti). Tumca, im saqmianobebSic ki, sadac mamakacebi arian wamyvan poziciebze, qalebs mamakacebze naklebs uxdian. amis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom qalebis, karieraSi saojaxo movaleobebis gamo xSiria wyveta. Sromis bazarze dabrunebisas isini veRar aRweven iseT winsvlas, rogorc mamakacebi. genderis sferos eqspertebi profesiebSi dam-kvidrebul genderuli uTanasworobis uaryofiT Sedegebze saubroben:

”genderuli wonasworoba imas niSnavs, rom mamakaci da qali erTnairad arian warmodgenilni. ganaTlebis sistemaSi kacebis didi naklebobaa, rac Zalian cudia. saubari jansaR atmosferoze SeuZlebelia iq, sadac darRveulia genderuli balansi. es imas niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da qalebs, an mamakacebs SeuZliaT ama Tu im sferos monopolizireba, ris Sedegadac arc mamakaci da arc qali ar aris Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi.” - interviu eqspertTan, Carita jaSTan.

”Cven ukmayofilo varT Cveni mamakacebis CauxedavobiT genderis sakiTxebSi, magram amasTanave, vaRiarebT, rom maT qalebi zrdian, radgan CvenSi bavSvebs dedebi da bebiebi zrdian, sabavSvo baRebSic yvela maswavlebeli qalia, igive viTarebaa dawyebiT skolebSi. aucilebelia mamakaci maswavleblebic CaerTon saqmeSi, dawyebiTi klasebis doneze. es Zalian mniSvnelovania.” - in-terviu eqspertTan, marina TabukaSvilTan.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca qali mamakacis profesiaSi axerxebs SeWras. rogorc Cvenma respondentma taqsis mZRolma qalma gviTxra:

”taqsis mZRoli umuSevrobis gamo gavxdi. samuSao ver viSovne da Cemma me-zobelma taqsis mZRolebma mirCies muSaoba taqsis mZRolad damewyo, rad-gan Zlieri qali var. ase rom, Cemi xasiaTis gamo gadavwyvite es saqmianoba wamomewyo.”

iseT sferoebSi, sadac sertifikatis aReba da amisTvis gamocdebis Cabarebaa savaldebuloa, aSkarad igrZnoba qali TanamSromlebis ricxvis mateba. 257 mosamarTlidan 126 qalia, Tumca sasamarTlos samive Tavmjdomare mamakacia. genderuli balansi sasamarTlos TavmjdomareebSi ukeTesia saubno sasamarT-loebis doneze, sadac 56 Tavmjdomaridan 26 qalia. presasTan urTierToba mTlianad qalebs eTmoba da yvela spikeri mosamarTle qalia.

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vertikaluri segregaciasayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom qalebs da kacebs dawinaurebis gansxvavebu-li SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT. msoflio masStabiT mcirea qalebis raodenoba gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa Soris. am mxriv arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss. gamokiTxvam (sociologiuri gamokiTvis angariSi, 2007), romelic gaerom Caatara saukeTeso genderuli Tanasworobis mqone organizaciebis gamosavlenad uCvena, rom didia sxvaoba dasaqmebul qalTa procentul maCvenebelsa da gadawyvetilebis mimReb Tanamdebobebze arsebul qalTa procentul maCvenebels Soris.

nax. 14wyaro: saukeTeso genderuli maCvenebelis mqone organizaciis gamosav-lenad Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvis angariSi (2008)

farmakologia

jandacva

dazRveva

sabanko sistema

vaWroba

komunikacia

kvebisa da sasmelebiswarmoeba

mZime mrewvelobasamSeneblo kompaniebigasamarTi sadgurebi

gadawyvetilebis

mimRebebi TanamSromlebi

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dasaqmebis sferoSi mamakacuri kulturaa gamefebuli. amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom mamakaci mamakacurad iqceva rogorc tradiciulad mamakacis, ise trad-iciulad qalis profesiaSi moRvaweobisas, maSin rodesac qali CveulebrivaT mamkacurad iqceva mamakacur profesiebSi (Wharton, 2004).samsaxurebrivi winsvla qalisTvis ufro rTulia, vidre mamakacisTvis. im sirTules, romelsac saukeTeso monacemebis mqone qalebi awydebian maRal-anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasawinaureblad, didi xnis win ewoda ”minis Weri”- uxilavi barieris arseboba, romelic winsvlis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva. mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba, rodesac isini tradiciulad qalebis saqmianobas ewevian, egreT wodebul ”minis eskalators” isini zemoT ayavs.

mamakacma respondentma gagviziara qalur profesiaSi muSaobis gamocdile-ba:

”me ukve cameti welia Jurnalisti var. vmuSaobdi JurnalebSi, radioSi, gazeTebSi da televiziaSi. iq yvelgan qalebi umravlesobas Seadgenen. max-sovs, radioSi Cemi ufrosi qali iyo da roca iq daviwye muSaoba, Zalian uxaroda, rom rogorc iqna mamakaci TanamSromeli gauCnda. TanamSromlebic Zalian gaxarebulebi iyvnen rom iq mivedi, da me TviTonac bednieri viyavi. mamakac Jurnalistebs qondaT privilegiebi mxolod imitom, rom mamakacebi iyvnen.” - interviu Jurnalist aleko elisaSvilTan.

qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlaze msjelobisas wamoiWra qalis mier samsax-ureobrivi winsvlis dagegmvis aucileblobis sakiTxi. gamokiTxulTagan zogi miuTiTebda imas, rom aucilebelia qalebma sakuTar karieraze izrunon; zogma amisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebic wamoayena:

”imisaTvis, rom swori gza daanaxo, didi samuSaoa gasawevi, radgan bevrs mi-aCnia, rom qali Sin unda ijdes, bavSvebi gazardos da ojaxs da meuRles mixedos. aseTi warmodgena unda mokvdes saqarTveloSi. qali unda muSaobdes, damoukidebeli unda iyos da es Zalian sasargeblo iqneba qveynisTvisac, ojaxisTvisac, bavSvebisTvisac da meuRleebisTvisac.” - interviu arasamTav-robo organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan, Tamar JvaniasTan.”qalebis kariera damokidebulia Tavad qalebze da maT meuRleebze. Tu qali gaTxovilia da qmari araa winaaRmdegi, da Tu qalis saqmianoba ar SeuS-lis xels ojaxis keTildReobas, maSin ratomac ar unda imuSaos qalma? meores mxriv, Tu es ojaxur problemebs warmoSobs, qali unda dafiqrdes da gadawyvitos Rirs Tu ara karieris gagrZeleba”. - interviu profesiuli

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saswavleblis direqtorTan, irakli faCuliasTan.

Cvenma gamokiTxvamac daadastura qalis muSaobis mimarT arsebuli gansx-vavebuli damokidebuleba. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom yvelasaTvis ukeTesia, rodesac mamakaci muSaobs da qali ojaxs uvlis, magram aq saxezea genderuli gansxvaveba, ufro meti mamakaci (79.8%) vidre qali (64.7%) fiqrobs ase (Chi Square 39.9%; df 2; p<.001). qalebis da mamakacebis damokodebulebebi aseve gansxvavebulia mamakacisaTvis dasaqmebisas privilegiebis miniWebis mimarT (Chi Square 39.9%; df 2; p<.001). mamakacebis umetesoba (54.4%), qalebTan SedarebiT (37.7%) mamakacebisTvis privilegiebis miniWebis momxrea. mamakacebi da qalebi (87.6%) Taxmdebian, rom qmrebs colebze maRali xelfasi unda qondeT.

interviuebis dros da fokus-jgufebis Sexvedrebze monawileebi aRniSnavdnen, rom samsaxurSi xSirad xdeba qalebis azrebis ugulvebelyofa. saerTod sam-saxurSi mamakacebs ufro met moTxovnebs uyeneben, vidre qalebs. amave dros, umuSevrobis Sedegebi ufro mZimea kacebisaTvis.

qalebis dawinaurebis sakiTxi, respondentTa azriT, damokidebulia saqmi-anobaze da samuSaos moTxovnebze.

”kulturis an ganaTlebis sferoSi muSaobisas qalebi SeiZleba elodnen dawinaurebas, magram sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa mag. politika, konfliqtebis gadaWra an raime sxva mniSvnelovani sfero, mamakacebs dawinaurebis bevrad meti Sansi aqvT”

”TanamSromlis ayvanisas upiratesobis qalisTvis, an mamakacisTvis miniWeba damokidebulia samuSaos specifikaze. arsebobs samuSaos saxeobebi, romelic qalis Tvisebebzea orientirebuli, iseTebze rogoricaa komunikabeluroba da ara trivialuri azrovneba, aseT SemTxvevaSi qalebs aniWeben upirateso-bas, xolo roca mamakacuri Tvisebebia saWiro, mamakacebi ayavT”. - interviu biznesis warmomadgenelTan, naTia TurnavasTan.

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respondentebi gansxvavebul damokidebulebas gamoxatavdnen mamakaci ufro-sis, an qali ufrosis mimarT, magram saerTo jamSi upiratesobas mamakacebTan muSaobas aniWebdnen.qalis karieruli winsvlis ZiriTad dabrkolebad respondentebi (interviu) ojaxuri movaleobebiT gamowveul drois ukmarisobas miiCneven.

umuSevrobadasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis simwire qveynis siRaribis mTavar mizezs war-moadgens. oficialuri statistika 2000 wlidan 2006 wlamde periodSi uCve-nebs, rom umuSevroba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis mixedviT saqarTvelos ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi (15 welze ufrosi asakis adamianebi) meryeobs 10.3 procentidan 13.8 procentamde (saqarTvelo: siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiuli dokumenti. Sualeduri angariSi). umu-Sevrobis es 13.8 procentuli maCvenebeli zustad ar asaxavs dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul viTarebas qveyanaSi, radgan oficialuri kriteriumis mixedviT TviT-dasaqmebulad iTvleba yvela, vinc miwis nakveTs flobs. eqspertebis gamoTvelbiT umuSveroba 2007 wels 35-40 procents Seadgenda (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2007).

umuSevrobas qveyanaSi Taviseburi xasiaTi aqvs, is yvelaze maRalia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs Soris. 2005 wels umuSevari qalebis 39.6 pro-cents da umuSevari mamakacebis 38.4 procents umaRlesi ganaTleba qonda (qalebi da mamakacebi, 2006).

qalebis wili muSa ZalaSi mamakacebisaze naklebs Seadgens (mag. 2001 samuSoa Zalas Seadgenda 1.093.600 kaci da 1.019.700 qali, xolo 2006 wels 1.085.900 kaci da 935.900 qali). 2007 welsac ufro meti mamakaci (63.0%) vidre qali (48.0%) iyo dasaqmebuli.

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nax.15umuSevroba ekonomikurad aqtiur mamakacebsa da qalebSi(wyaro: statistikis departamenti).

umuSevrobasTan erTad. qveyanaSi Zalze gavrcelebulia arasrulfasovani dasaqmeba, rac gulisxmobs sruli datvirTviT muSaobas mwiri xelfasisaTvis, naxevar Statze muSaobas, rodesac adamians sruli Statze muSaoba surs, an iseT samuSaos Sesrulebas, romelic droebiTi xasiaTisaa, an ar Seesatyviseba adamianis codnasa da unars.

umuSevrobis done Zalze maRali iyo Cveni gamokixvis respondentebs Sorisac. gamokiTxulTa 61.6 procenti miuTiTebs, rom ar muSaobs. umuSevari qalebis wili (68.1%) Warbobs umuSevari mamakacebis wils (53.1%). umuSevar respon-dentebs Soris 38.1 procentma miuTiTa, rom eZebda, magram ver poulobda samuSaos, 9.1 procenti ver poulobda samsaxurs, magram arc aqtiurad eZebda mas, 8.3 procents muSaobis dro ar qonda, 23.6 procenti pensioneri iyo, 8.9 procenti studenti, 8.3 procenti ver muSaobda janmrTelobis da 3.7 pro-centi sxva mizezebis gamo. mamakacebi ufro aqtiurebi aRmoCndnen qalebTan SedarebiT: mamakacebi 45.7 procenti, qalebis 33.6 procentTan SedarebiT aqtiurad eZebdnen samsaxurs. qalebi ufro metad uCiodnen drois nakle-bobas - qalebis 11.4 procenti mamakacebis 3.0 procentTan SedarebiT acxa-debda, rom ar qonda dro, rom emuSava.

umuSevrobis uaryofiTi zegavlena izrdeba mis xangrZliobasTan erTad; misi Sedegebi aseve ufro mZimea pirvelad samuSaos dawyebis dagvianebisas. gamokiTxvaSi gamovlinda orive am faqtoris uaryofiTi zegavlena. umuSe-varTa mesamedze metma (37.5%) aRniSna, rom arasdros umuSavia. aseve didi

kaci

qali

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iyo umuSevarTa Soris im adamianebis wili (30.4%) vinc 10 welze metia umuSevari. qalebis adamianuri kapitali kacebisaze ufro Semcirebuli aR-moCnda, radgan umuSevari qalebis 72.9 procentma aRniSna, rom saerTod, an bolo 1 wlis manZilze ar umuSavia. msgavs mdgomareobaSi iyo umuSevar kacebis 59.2 procenti.

mamakacebi da qalebi erTnairad uCiodnen umuSevrobas da fulis ukmari-sobas. 44.5 procentma aRniSna sakuTari umuSevroba, 41.1 procentma ojaxis wevrebis umuSevroba da 72.1 procentma fulis nakleboba, rogorc maT Ziri-Tadi sazrunavi (respondentebs SeeZloT arCevani gaekeTebinaT 13 CamoTv-lili problemidan).

umuSevroba Semosavlis uqonlobaze gacilebiT metia; umuSveroba dakav-Sirebulia gariyvasTan da izolaciasTan, rac zrdis arajansaRi da sarisko qcevis albaTobas, iseve rogorc avadmyofobas. amitom is xSirad gansaz-Rvravs ara marto fizikur, aramed emociur sijansaRes. depresia, daqveiTeb-uli TviT-Sefaseba, sibraze da gaRizianeba, sircxvili, seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebebi, an TviTmkvlelobac ki, xSirad swored umuSevrobis Sedegia. umuSveroba uaryofiTad moqmedebs pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebzec. umuS-verobas moaqvs socialuri kontaqtebis gawyveta da ojaxis wevrebis mimarT mtruli damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba.mravali umuSevari da Raribi mamakaci umuSverobas pasuxobs alkoholis Warbi moxmarebiT, mravali xdeba depresiis msxverpli. danaSauli SeiZleba iqces alternativa. zogierTi qveynis monacemebidan Cans (mag. SvedeTi) kav-Siri umuSevrobasa da axlagazrdebis mier Tambaqos da narkotikebis mox-marebasTan, da aseve danaSaulis zrdasTan (Lauer, 1998).umuSevrobis es uaryofiTi Sedegebi damatebiTi problemebis winaSe ayen-eben qalebsa da bavSvebs. avisonma Seiswavla umuSverobis fsiqikuri jan-mrTelobaze zemoqmedeba mamakacebsa da qalebSi da saintereso gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. umuSevari qalebi ufro metad dganan fsiqikuri darRvevebis saSiSroebis, gansakuTrebiT SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevebis winaSe, maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro metad aRmoCndnen midrekili aRmoCndnen al-koholisa da narkotikebis moxmarebasa da depresiisadmi (Sullivan, 2004).

dasaqmeba SeiZleba emyarebodes adamianSi arsebul molodinTa Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas. Tu adamians swams, rom SeuZlebelia patiosani SromiT normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva, an rom misi samsaxureobrivi warmateba ufro viTarebazea damokidebuli, vidre mis Zalisxmevaze, Sei-Zleba davuSvaT, rom igi ar daiwyebs aqtiurad samuSaos Ziebas da Sedegad umuSevari iqneba. magram Cveni respondentebis SemTxvevaSi imis rwmena, rom

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patiosani SromiT SeiZleba normaluri cxovrebis donis miRweva ar aRmoC-nda dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli. rwmena imisa, rom patiosani Sroma nayofs gamoiRebs, Tumc Zalian dabali aRmoCnda, is meryeobs 27.2 procentidan 29.8 procentamde respodentebSi, genderisa da dasaqmebis statusis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeba. meores mxriv, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi rwmena, gansxvavebulia dasaqmebul da umuSevar mamakacebSi, magram ara qalebSi. meti dasaqmebuli mamakaci, (53.8%) umuSevar mamakacebTan SedarebiT (48.3%) darwmunebulia, rom warmateba ufro adamianis mcdelobazea damokidebuli, vidre viTare-basa an sxvebze. kompiuteruli unarebis floba SeiZleba dasaqmebisTvis kidev erT momge-bian faqtorad ganvixiloT. dasaqmebul mamakacTa 39.8 procents, umuSe-vari mamakacebis 26.3 procentTan SedarebiT SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba; dasaqmebis mixedviT gansxvaveba kidev ufro gamokveTilia qalebis SemTxveva-Si: dasaqmebulTa 45.0 procents, umuSevrebis 22.1 procentTan SedarebiT SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba.

umuSevrobis gadalaxvis gzebidasaqmebis mcire SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, rac saqarTvelosTvis bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSia damaxasiaTebeli, TviT-dasaqmeba an samuSaos sxva qveynebSi Zieba aris is ZiriTadi ori arCevani, romelic Semosavlis povnis maZiebels gaaCnia.

dasaqmebis Seqmna

gamokiTxam aCvena, rom dasaqmebulTagan yovel mesames (33.4 %) Tavisi bi-znesi aqvs, 8.3 procenti muSaobs arasamTavrobo organizaciaSi, romel-ic xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavad respondentma Camoayaliba.

TanianT karis qalebis ambavi, romlebmac sakuTari biznesi Seqmnes, ini-ciativis mniSvnelobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens.

TanianT karis qalebis iniciativaTanianT kari patara sofelia, sadac ormocdaaTamde ojaxi cxovrobs. is Tbilisidan 45 kilometris manZilze, duSeTis Tavzea ganlagebuli. maRali mdebareoba, sarwyavi wylis ar arseboba ar iZleva komer-ciuli miznebiT mosavlis moyvanis saSualebas. aris wlebi, rodesac ojaxebs Tavis samyofi lobio, kartofili an xorbilic ki ver moyavT. sabWoTa xanaSi soflis mamakacebi mSeneblobebze muSaobdnen, qalebi ki

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mezoblad mefrinveleobis fermaze iyvnen dasaqmebuli. qveyanaSi ganviTare-bulma socio-politikurma cvlilebebma soflis macxovreblebzec iqonia zegavlena. xalxi darCa usamsaxurod, yovelgvari Semosavlis gareSe.TanianT karis qalebma daiwyes ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosavali gzebis Zieba. maT wamoiwyes rZiTa da mawvniT vaWroba TbilisSi. mZime CanTebiT datvirTulebi isini fexiT 3 kilometrs gadiodnen qalaqSi mimaval avto-busze dasajdomad. ase gavida 4 weli da Semdeg qalebma ganizraxes kooperi-reba da avtobusis daqiraveba. mas mere avtobuss kviraSi orjer 17 qali qalaqSi miyavs. qalebma TavianTi klientebis ricxvi gaafarToves da gasayidi produqtic gaamravalferovnes; isini rZisa da mawvnis garda ukve yveliT, kvercxiT da agreTve sezonurad xiliTac vaWroben. maT produqciaze moTx-ovnilebis zrdasTan erTad, gaCnda rZis SeZenis aucilebloba. maT daiwyes rZis Sesyidva sakuTari da mezobeli soflebis macxovreblebisgan. momxmare-blis dainteresebam soflelebs stimuli misca sxvadasxva saqmianobis wamo-sawyebad; ori maTgani keravs zewrebs Tavisi klientebisTvis. sinamdvileSi qalebis am patara jgufma moaxerxa mTeli soflis stimulireba, imiT, rom sxvebisgan Sesyidul produqcias yidis. qalebi ojaxebs amarageben sursaTiT, wamlebiT, sigaretiT da tansacmliT. dRes ojaxebs ZiriTadad qalebi inax-aven, Tumca mamakacebi exmarebian maT, isini mwyemsaven Zroxebs da agroveben Tivas. Tavidan mamakacebis reaqcia meuRleebis iniciativis mimarT gansxvave-buli iyo. zogierTi nebas ar rTavda cols emuSava eWvianobis gamo, magram fulis Sovnis aucileblobam Tavisi gaitana da qmrebma pozicia daTmes. mamakacebi Seeguen colebis, rogorc ojaxSi mTavari Semomtanis axal rols da TandaTan maTi damokidebuleba colebis mimarT Seicvala. imis gamo, rom colze damokidebulebi gaxdnen, isini naklebad momTxovni arian, TandaTano-biT Semcirda ojaxuri Zaladobac. aseTi masStabis biznesi ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ojaxma normalurad icxovros, magram sakmarisia ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. amasTan es Semosavali qalebs siamayis grZnobiT avsebs, raki maT SeZles ekonomikuri krizisis gadalaxva sakuTari iniciativis da mZime Sromis meoxebiT (fj.1)

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migraciamigracia, TviT-dasaqmebis msgavsad warmoadgens umuSevrobisagan Tavis daR-wevis yvelaze xSirad arCeul saSualebas. SromiTi migracia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli globalizaciasTan da bevr qveyanaSi SeiniSneba. eqspertebis gamoangariSebiT, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi milion adamianze metma datova saqarTvelo (jaSi, 2005). SeuZlebelia im Tanxis gamoTvla, romelsac saqarTvelo iRebs SromiTi migrantebisgan, radgan sabanko gadmoricxvebTan erTad Tanxis nawili qveyanas araformaluri gzebiT aRwevs. calsaxaa, rom mravali ojaxi Tavs mxolod gadmogzavnili fuliT irCens. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi muSaobis mizniT yvelaze xSirad miemgzavrebian ruseTis federaciaSi (39.%), aSS-Si (14%), saberZneTSi (14%) da germaniaSi (13%). kvlevam cxadyo, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi (66.0%) gamgzavreba xor-cieldeba naTesavebisa da megobrebis daxmarebiT (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). gamokiTxulTa 17.2 procentma (gamokiTxva) ganaxcxada, rom maTi ojaxis wevri emigraciaSi. ufro xSirad es ojaxis erTi wevria (89.9%), Tumca arian ojax-ebi, romelTa 4 wevri sazRvargareT cxovrobs. Cveni monacemebi im qveynebze, sadac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis yvelaze didi nawili muSaobs emTxveva mi-graciis saerTaSorso organizaciis 2003 wlis monacemebs, romlis mixedviTac migrantTa udidesi nawili ruseTSi cxovrobs (36.1%), Semdeg saberZneTSi (17.85%) da mere aSS-Si (8.9%).

nax. 16qveynebi, sadac ojaxis wevrebi imyofebian emigraciaSi

ruseTi

saberZneTiaSSukraina

germania

TurkeTi

safrangeTi

espaneTi sxva

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migraciis yvelaze xSirad (65.9%) dasaxelebul mizezs ojaxis wevris mier samuSaos Zieba warmoadgens. 13.5 procentma qveyana datova maspinZeli qveynis moqalaqeze daqorwinebis gamo, 9.8 procentma swavlis gasagrZeleblad, 5.6 procentma mkurnalobis mizniT, 5.2 procentma, rogorc ojaxis wevris Tan-mxlebma pirma.

dadebiT SedegebTan erTad, migracias uaryofiT Sedegebic aqvs, romlebic aisaxeba migrantebze, maT ojaxebsa da samSobloze.

SromiTi migraciis ZiriTad upiratesobas is warmoadgens, rom migrants eZl-eva sakuTari Tavis da ojaxis rCenis saSualeba. bevr SemTxvevaSi migracia saSualebas aZlevs adamians ganaviTaros Tavisi unarebi, iswavlos axali ena, axali cxovrebis wesebi da ufro moqnili gaxdes. amave dros, gadmogzavnili fulis saxiT qveyanac naxulobs mogebas.

magram Znelia imis Tqma, es upiratesobebi gadaswonis Tu ara uaryofiT Sedegebs, radgan saxezea ojaxTan daSoreba (2003 wlis migraciis saerTa-Soriso organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT samuSaod wasuli qalebis 27 pro-centma samSobloSi meuRle, xolo 37 procentma Svilebi datova), stresi, mudmivi da droebiTi SromiTi migraciis uaryofiTi gavlena saqarTvelos demografiul suraTze, rac pirdapir aisaxeba mosaxleobis klebasa da saqarTvelos reproduqciuli resursebis potencialSi, droebiTi migraciis mudmiv emigraciaSi gadazrdis didi albaToba (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003).

adamianebis damokidebuleba potenciuri migrantebis mimarT gansxvavdeba migrantebis sqesis mixedviT (gamokiTxva). qalebi da mamakacebi (65%) erT-nairad miiCneven, rom Sin samsaxuris ver Sovnis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis wevri mamakaci emigraciaSi unda wavides, magram mxolod 23.8 procenti fiqrobs, rom igive unda gaakeTos qalma. qalebi da mamakacebi am sakiTxs sxvadasx-vagvarad uyureben (Chi Square 9.3; df 2; p<.005), mamakacze (19.6%) meti qali (27.1%) miiCnevs qalis emigracia mizanSewonilad.

migraciis feminizacia SedarebiT axali fenomenia. migraciis pirveli xanebi-sgan gansxvavebiT, SeiniSneba qalebis tendencia icxovron calke, qmrebisgan damoukideblad (Pollert & Fodor, 2005). saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri migranteb-is 48.7 procents qalebi da 51.7 procents mamakacebi Seadgenen (beriZe, 2004), xolo 2003 wlis migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis kvlevis mixedviT qalebi ekonomikur migrantebis 40.0 procents Seadgenen.

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qalebis migracia mamakacebis migraciisagan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba:qali migrantebis fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod 40 aSS dolariT aRemateba mamakacebis mier gamogzavnil Tanxas (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003).daojaxebuli qalebis dabrunebis albaToba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre mamakacebis (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003). dasaqmebis sfero, sadac qals SeuZlia muSaoba Zlier gansxvavdeba mamakacis dasaqmebis sf-erosgan da qalebze moTxovna dRiTidRe izrdeba. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (2003) gamokvlevis mixedviT, samuSaod sazRvargareT wasuli qalebis 33.1 procenti meddad, 9.2 procenti ZiZad, , 9.2 procenti Sina-mosamsaxured da 5.5 procenti maRaziis gamyidvelad muSaobs 4.3 procenti mimtanad (migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2003).

ZiriTadi sakiTxebisiRaribe qveyanis ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. misi mTavari mizezi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis simcirea. mosaxleoba gamosavals TviTdasaqmeba-sa da emigraciaSi eZebs. maRali migracia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis qveynis demografiuli mdgomareobas, romelic isedac cudia da romlis gauare-sebasac eqspertebi varaudoben. mosaxleobis zrdis kleba da amis Sedegad asakovani mosaxleobis mateba uaryofiTad zemoqmedebas moaxdens qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.

dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba kerZo seqtorSi muSaobs da bevric arafor-malur seqtorSia dasaqmebuli. samuSao adgilebis usafrTxoeba dabalia. axali SromiTi kodeqsi ukan gadadgmuli nabijad aris miCneuli, radgan is asustebs dasaqmebulTa uflebebs da reproduqciis motivacias qalebSi. mosaxleoba mxars uWers mamakacisa da qalis sferoebis dayofas, sazoga-doebrivis ufro kacis sarbielad, xolo kerZosi ki ufro qalis sarbielad miiCnevs.

dasaqmebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia qalebisa da kacebisaTvis. igi mamaka-cis identurobisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania da Sesabamisad kacis reaqcia umuSevrobaze ufro mwvavea. dasaqmebuli qalebi awydebian, rogorc hori-zontalur, ise vertikalur segregacias. arsebobs qalisa da mamakacis pro-fesiebi, mamakacis profesiebi ufro maRali Semosavalis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. samsaxureobrivi winsvlis miRweva qalisTvis ufro Znelia, vidre mamakacisTvis. qalebi ufro Warbad arian warmodgenilni dasaqmebis ara-formalur seqtorSi, xolo formalur seqtorSi isini ufro metad sajaro, vidre kerZo seqtorSi arian warmodgenili. migraciis zrda da misi feminizacia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis demografiul mdgomareobas da Sesabamisad saqarTvelos momavals.

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genderi kerZo sferoSi

Tavi 5genderi ojaxur cxovrebaSi

kerZo sfero qalis samyarod aris miCneuli.

”unda arsebobdes biologiuri da fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, Cvens kul-turaSi mainc, romlebic ganapirobeben imas, rom qalebi ojaxs uvlian, kace-bi ki qveyanas. qalebs Cvens kulturaSi ar moeTxovebaT samSoblos dacva da mtrebTan brZola” - interviu parlamentis wevr, kaxa kukavasTan.

”qali saxlis burjia, is ojaxis siwmindes unda icavdes, mamakacebs ar ak-isriaT am TvalsazrisiT amxela pasuxismgebloba”. - fokus-jgufis ganxilvis mamakaci monawile (fj.5).

ojaxi yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebuli universaluri institutia, is aucile-belia gadarCenisTvis, radgan is seqsualur, ekonomikur, reproduqciul da saganmanaTleblo funqciebs asrulebs.

kulturuli da istoriuli gansxvavebebis gamo Znelia, iseTi gansazRvrebis moZebna, romelic ojaxis yvela nairsaxeobas moicavs. merdoki (Murdock, 1949. gv.2) ojaxs Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: ”ojaxi socialuri jgufia, romelsac saerTo sacxovrebeli adgili, ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da reproduqcia axasiaTebs. is moicavs orive sqesis mozrdilebs, romelTagan ors mainc aqvs socialurad daSvebuli sqesobrivi urTierToba, erTi an meti sakuTari, an ayvanili Svili”. msoflioSi ojaxebis sxvadasxva tipebia gavr-celebuli da dRes ojaxis cneba aseve moicavs ojaxs, sadac erTi mSobelia, an homoseqsualur ojaxs.

ojaxSi cvlilebebi xSirad socialur cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rad-gan ojaxi areklavs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, imisaTvis rom mo-ergos axal realobas (magaliTad, Le Play, 1855, Durkheim, 1892).ufro xSirad ojaxebiss kategorizacia xdeba Taobebis mixedviT, erT, or, sam an oTxTaobian ojaxebad. yvelaze gavrcelebulia orTaobiani ojaxi, anu nuklearuli ojaxi, romelic mSoblebisa da erTi an meti Svilisgan

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Sedgeba. nuklearuli ojaxi SedarebiT axal movlenas warmoadgens da is industrializaciasTan da mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqSi gadasaxlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. is xazs usvams polarizebul genderul rolebs - mar-Cenali mamis da diasaxlisi dedis. nuklearuli ojaxis gverdigverd arsebobs ojaxis gacilebiT ufro Zveli forma, romelic Cveulebriv sami Taobisagan, naTesaobiTi (sisxliT monaTesave) da damoyvrebuli (qorwinebiT danaTe-savebuli), wevrebisagan: bebia-babua, mSoblebi, debi da Zmebi, mZaxlebi, deidebi, mamidebi, biZebi, biZaSvil-deidaSvil-mamidaSvilebi, Zmiswulebi da sxva naTesavebisgan Sedgeba.memkvidreobiTi wesebic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi da isini mamis an dedis naTesaobis mixedviT dgindeba. ufro xSiria mamis mxriv naTesaobiTi memkvidreobiToba. gaTxovebis Semdeg qmris ojaxTan cxovreba msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli formaa.

qarTuli ojaxi tradiciulad patriarqaluri iyo. iq sami, an oTxi Taobis warmomadgenlebi erTad cxovrobdnen. qalebi gaTxovebis Semdeg sacxovre-blad qmris saxlSi gadadiodnen. uxucesi mamakaci ojaxis Tavad iTvle-boda da umaRles avtoritets warmoadgenda. mis cols Zalaufleba qonda rZalze, romelsac unda ekeTebina dedamTilis mier gansazRvruli saojaxo saqme. bavSvebs TiTqmis ar qondaT sityvis ufleba ojaxuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas da wesiT ufrosebis morCilni unda yofiliyvnen. saqarTvelos zog kuTxeSi arsebobda ojaxis Tavi mamakacisa da qalis arCevis praqtika. ojaxis Tavi qali pasuxs agebda yvela im movaleobis Sesrulebaze, rac trad-iciulad qalis saqmianobad iTvleboda. is ojaxis wevr qalebs avalebda sxvadasxva saqmes, im dros, roca mamakaci kacebs Soris anawilebda saqmes da iRebda ojaxisTvis mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs (gogiCaiSvili, 1976).

qveyanaSi bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari Zireuli social-uri, politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ojaxur cxovrebazec aisaxa. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da socialisturi sistemis dasasrulma cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze moaxdina gavlena da axal realobebTan morge-bis aucilebloba warmoSva. sistemis dasasruli aRiniSna organizaciebisa da warmoebebis didi umravlesobis daxurviT, ramac masobrivi umuSevroba gamoiwvia. umuSevroba TiTmis yvela ojaxs Seexo da warmoqmna gaRaribeb-ulTa didi armia. im cxovrebis Semdeg, romelsac SeZlebuls vera, magram usafrTxos mainc uwodebdiT, axali realobebis pirispir mdgomma ojaxebma daiwyes gadarCenis gzebis Zieba. qalebi ufro swrafad moergnen situacias.

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viTarebis da mamakacebis pasiurobisgan gamomdinare, maT sakuTar Tavze aiRes ojaxebis ZiriTadi saarsebo minimumiT uzrvunvelyofa.

”mravali welia ojaxebs qalebi arCenen. qalebma ojaxebi SimSils gad-aarCines mamakacebma veraferi gaawyves da qalebma itvirTes yvelaferi. ax-lac ki, bevr ojaxSi qali muSaobs da ara kaci”. interviu mewarme marina aRuSaSvilTan. ”Cven vxedavT, rom qalebs muSaoba ar SeuwyvetiaT, zogi vaWrobiT aris dakavebuli, zogi ojaxebSi muSaobs. ganaTlebis da miuxedavad es qalebi arasdros amboben uars samuSaoze, ar uCivian dabal anazRaurebas” - in-terviu eqsperTTan, Tamar abramiSvilTan.

siRaribem aiZula mosaxleoba samuSaos ZiebaSi qveyana daetovebina. migraciis uaryofiTi zegavlena ojaxze xangrZlivi xasiaTisaa. mamis Tu dedis ojaxidan wasvla aiZulebs Sin darCenil mSobels aseve aiRos meore mSoblis roli.

gamokiTxuli ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobasiRaribe qveynis umwvaves problemad rCeba, rasac Cveni gamokiTxvac adas-turebs. ufuloba (72.0%), sakuTari umuSevroba (44.5%) daojaxis wevris umuSevroba (40.5%) respondetebis umravlesobisTvis, kacebisa da qalebisTvis erTnairad, ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis Semosavali dabalia. ojaxebis umravlesobis yov-elTviuri Semosavali 51-dan 500 laramdea.

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nax. 17ojaxebis yovelTviuri Semosavali

gasakviri araa, rom gamokiTxulTa mexuTedi (20.5%) acxadebs, rom maT uWirT sursaTis SeZena, 31,1 procenti ambobs, rom fuli marto sakvebze yofnis, mesa-meds (33.6%) fuli sakvebis da tansacmlis SesaZenad Zlivs yofnis, 13.8 pro-cents SeuZlia nivTebis SeZenac da dasasvenebladac wasvla, da mxolod 1.0 procenti miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia sazRvargareT gamgzavreba da manqanisa Tu saxlis SeZena. Cvens moTxovnaze SeefasebinaT TavianTi ojaxis keTildReoba, mxolod respodentebis mier miTiTebuli ojaxis Semosavlis fonze, mxolod Zalian mcire nawilma (23.9%) sakuTar ojaxs Raribi uwoda. amas SeiZleba ori axsna moeZebnos: siRaribis SedarebiTi xasiaTi - masobrivi siRaribis fonze adamianebi sakuTar mdgomareobas ver aRiqvamen, rogorc ”Zalian mZ-imes” da meore is, rom maT ar surT aRiaron siRaribe masTan asocirebuli sircxvilisa da damcirebis gamo.umuSevrobis an arasrulfasovani dasaqmebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi ojaxebis naxevars umsubuqdeba imis xarjze, rom Tavad awarmoebs sursaTs miwis na-kveTze. is faqti, rom mosaxleoba didwilad gaRatakda bolo xanebSi, gana-pirobebs siRaribis saerTo xasiaTs saqarTveloSi. es axlad gaRaribebuli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebul nawils Seadgens, vinc ganaTlebas da janmrTelobas did Rirebulebas aniWebs. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT qonebis didi nawilis gayidva mouxdaT, bevri kva-lac inarCunebs binas an saxls.

500 larze meti;

201-500 lari;

50 lari;

51-200 lari;

98

gamokiTxulTa didi umravlesoba (93.6%) flobs binas an saxls, sadac is mud-mivad cxovrobs. ojaxebis umravlesobas aqvs feradi televizori (81.9%) da macivari (74.1%). gamokiTxulTa 15.5 procents biznesis saSualeba gaaCnia.

nax.18sakuTreba

ojaxebis 74.7 procents aqvs raRac Semosavali samuSaodan, naxevarze meti (51.6%) damokidebulia saxelmwifo daxmarebasa an pensiaze, ojaxebis 14.3 pro-cents naTesavebi exmarebian, 10.5 procents aqvs bankis an kerZo piris sesxi, 9.8 procents aqvs Semosavali sasoflo sameurneo produqciis gayidvidan.ufulobis SemTxvevaSi ojaxebi upirveles yovlisa ekonomias akeTeben re-montze (67.1%), xangrZlivi moxmarebis nivTebze (mag. aveji 60.9%), da tansac-melze (36.5%); ukanaskneli, razec ekonomia SeiZleba gaswion, aris sakvebi (92.5%), jandacva (84.0%) da ganaTleba (36.5%). socialurma cvlilebebma gavlena moaxdina ara marto ekonomikur mdgomare-obaze, aramed aseve ojaxebis Semadgenlobasa da mis Zalauflebis struq-turaze.

saxli an bina

feradi televizori

macivari

miwis nakveTi

gamaTbobeli

wylis gamacxelebeli

video

manqana

agaraki

kompiuteri

99

ojaxis tipi da Semadgenlobabolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad iklo ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenobam. ekonomikur pirobebis zemoqmedeba mravalferovania da ZiriTadad swored isini SeiZleba CavTvaloT klebis ZiriTad mizezad. klebas pirvelyovlisa ganapirobebs bavSvis aRzrdisTvis aucilebeli resursebis uqonloba; is, rom migracias ZiriTadad reproduqciul asakis mosaxleoba ganicdis; da aseve daqorwinebis asakis gazrda. pirveli qorwinebis saSualo asaki 25.0-dan 2001 wels 25.6-mde gaizarda 2007 wels qalebSi da 28.8-dan 2001 wels 29.4-mde 2007 wels mamakacebSi (statistikis departamentis mier mowodebuli monacemebi, 2007 wels). qalis asakis mateba daqorwinebisas uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sobadobaze, radgan rogorc 2006 wlis statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, axalSobilTa naxevari (51.3%) modis 25 wlamde asakis dedebze. 2001 wlidan moyolebuli dabadebulTa ricxvi cvalebadobs, 2004 wels aRiniSneboda mateba, romel-sac kleba moyva.

nax. 19. cocxlad SobilTa raodenoba sqesis mixedviTwyaro: statistikis departamenti (2007)

gogoebi

biWebi

100

cvlilebebis miuxedavad, qarTuli ojaxebi kvlavac inarCuneben tradiciul niSnebsa da Tvisebebs.

Cveni gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia mravalTaobi-ani ojaxi. respondentTa naxevari (51.7%) cxovrobs sam Taobian, xolo 1.5 procenti ki oTx Taobian ojaxad. es gacilebiT ufro maRali maCvenebelia evrogaerTianebis qveynebis monacemebTan SedarebiT, sadac 1999 wels aseTi ojaxebi 10.0 procents Seadgendnen (Eurostat, 2001). Cveni gamokiTxvis mo-nacemebis mixedviT nuklearuli ojaxebi 39.4 procents Seadgenen da maTi matebis tendencia aSkaraa axalgazrda dasaqmebul qalaqelebs Soris. ZiZis daqiravebisTvis saWiro Tanxis simcirisa da ipoTekuri sesxis aRebis Sesa-Zleblobidan gamomdinare, axalgazrda wyvilebi saqarTveloSi sul ufro xSirad irCeven calke, mSoblebisgan damoukideblad cxovrebas.

nax. 20ojaxis Semadgenloba Taobebis mixedviT

gamokiTxulebi asaxeleben 1-dan 10 ojaxis wevrs. ufro xSirad ojaxebi oTxi wevrisgan Sedgeba (23.6%), maSin, roca respondentebis 1.5 procenti marto cxovrobs, es ZiriTadad xandazmuli qalebi arian. orwevriani ojaxebi 18.1 procents Seadgens, samwevriani - 19.7 procents, xuTwevriani - 19.2 procents, eqvswevriani - 10.8 procents, Svidi da meti wevriani ojaxi yavs 7.1 pro-cents.

marto

Taoba

Taoba

Taoba

Taoba

101

saerTo jamSi respondentebma daasaxeles 3,333 ojaxis wevri, maT Soris qalebi (52.6%) Warboben mamakacebs (47.3%). rac Seexeba ojaxis wevrebis urTierTobas respondentebTan, yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebul ojaxis wevrebs Soris iyvnen Svilebi (33.3%) da mSoblebi/dedamTil-mamamTili (19.0%).

nax. 21ojaxis wevrebis damokidebuleba respondentTan

Svilebi ara marto yvelaze mravaricxovan kategorias Seadgendnen, aramed gamokiTxul respondentTa umetesobam (58.4%) ganacxada, rom cxovrobs sul mcire, erT SvilTan erTad

nax. 22ojaxebis wili, romelTac yavT am nusxaSi Seyvanili kategoriidan erTi wevri mainc

sxva;da/Zma;

meuRle;

Svili;

siZe/rZali;

mSobeli/meuRlis mSobeli;

SviliSvili;

bebia/babua;

Svili

mSobeli/meuRlis mSobeli

rZali/siZe

SviliSvili

meuRle

da/Zma

babua/bebia

sxva naTesavi

sxva aranaTesavi

102

ojaxebis umravlesobis Tavs mamakacebi warmoadgenen, xolo is ojaxebi, sadac ojaxis Tavi qalia gamokiTxulTa ojaxebis erT mexuTeds Seadgens (21.8%).

respondetTa 55.7 procenti daojaxebulia, 25.0 procenti arasodes yofila daojaxebuli, 4.0 procenti gayrilia, 12.0 procenti qvrivia da 3.2 procenti Tanacxovrobs. daojaxebulTagan daqorwinebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli asaki 23 welia (igi meryeobs 14-dan 56-mde). qalebi ufro adreul asakSi Txovde-bian, umetesad 22 wlisebi (asaki 14-dan 56 wlamde meryeobs), kacebi 25 wlis asakSi ojaxdebian (asaki meryeobs 16-dan 50- wlamde). umravlesoba (67.9%) ambobs, rom siyvaruliT daqorwinda, 26.5 procenti ki miuTiTebs, rom garige-biT daojaxda, 5.6 procenti ar iZleva kiTxvaze pasuxs.

daojaxebulTa 5.0 procents ar yavs Svili, danarCenebi miuTiTeben, rom yavT 1-dan 8 Svilamde, ufro xSirad ori Svili, amaTgan mSoblebis 23 pro-centi miuTiTebs, rom yavs 6 welze naklebi asakis Svili. am asakis bavSvebis mSoblebis naxevarze mets Svilebi saxelmwifo (75.5%) an kerZo baRSi dayavs. 16 procents surs bavSvis sabavSvo baRebSi miyvana, magran ver axerxebs, xolo 32.7 procents ar surs, rom misma Svilma sabavSvo baRSi iaros. survilis ar qona SeiZleba mivaweroT imas, rom dedobriv zrunvas upiratesoba mieni-Weba, Tumca ki ar arsebobs imis sabuTi, rom dedis mzrunveloba ukeTesia profesionalur movlaze, an sxva saxis, ara ojaxis wevrebis mier gaweul mzrunvelobaze (Convay,AAhern & Steuernagal, 2005).

bavSvis sabavSvo baRSi wayvanis SeuZlebloba dedas xels uSlis dasaqmdes anazRaurebad samsaxurSi da aseve xSirad ubiZgebs axalgazrda wyvilebs mSoblebTan da bebia-babuasTan erTad cxovrebisaken, raTa maT daxmareba gauwion bavSvis movlaSi.

Zalauflebis struqtura.

mamakaci ojaxSi meti ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, vidre qali. mamakacis Zalauflebas xSirad aRweren, rogorc qmrebis/mamebis ”kanonier Zalaufle-bas” ganaxorcielon kontroli colebsa da Svilebze (Blood & Wolfe, 1960). uTanasworoba xSirad ekonomikur damokidebulebas efuZneba da vlindeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebaSi, Tavisuflebis xarisxSi, memkvidreobis gadacemis marTebulad miCneul qcevebsa da siwmindis normebSi.

103

qali da mamakaci xSirad Tanxmdebian, rom ojaxis Tavi mamakaci unda iyos da rom mis Zalauflebas mTeli ojaxi pativs unda scemdes.

”qveynis msgavsad, ojaxsac unda yavdes lideri da is mamakaci unda iyos” – SeniSna axalqalaqSi axalgazrda vaJma.

”me minaxavs qalebi, romlebic darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom qali qmarze win ar unda wasuliyo, ar unda SewinaaRmdegeboda Zmebs.” - interviu eqspert-Tan, Tamar JvaniasTan.

Zalaufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi vlindeba.

”ar arsebobs Tanasworoba saxlSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi. qals Seu-Zlia gadawyvetileba miiRos iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic did dafinansebas ar moiTxovs, magaliTad, tansacmlis SeZenaze, an SvilisTvis sabavSvo baRis SerCevaze da sxva, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu manqanaa SesaZeni, an bina, bolo sityva mamakacs ekuTvnis” - interviu eqsperTtan, Tamar sabedaSvilTan.

eqspertebis mier gamoTqmul azrs exmianeba Cveni gamokiTxvis monacemebi. re-spondentTa azriT, qalebs meti eTqmiT imis Taobaze, Tu sad daxarjon fuli yoveldRiuri saWiroebisaTvis da vize unda iqorwinon maTma Svilebma, maSin, roca mamakacebi gadawyvetilebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu sad unda wavides ojaxi an ra unda SeiZinos man.

ojaxSi qalebi, sul erTia, axalgazrdebi arian isini, Tu xanSi Sesulebi, bev-rad naklebi TavisuflebiT sargebloben, vidre Sesabamisi asakis mamakacebi. rogorc ganacxada axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis monawile qalma:

”Txovdebi da Tavisuflebac mTavrdeba”.

gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metma (52.6%) qalma da 27.0 procentma mamakacma respondentma gviTxra, rom maT ojaxis wevrebTan SeTanxmeba sWirdebaT dab-nelebis mere gareT gasvlisTvis. qalebi umetes SemTxvevaSi uTanxmdebodnen meuRleebs (47.0%) mSoblebs 26.5%) an Svilebs (11.8). mamakacebi ki ZiriTadad meuRleebs (53.1%) an mSoblebs (33.8%). komunikaciis SesaZleblobac Tavisu-flebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qalebze (50.2%) met mamakacs (59.1%) aRmoaCnda mobiluri telefoni (gamokiTxva).

104

gansxvavebulia aseve umwikvloebis sakiTxic. qalebs mamakacebze gacilebiT ufro metad akontroleben.

”gogonebi ikribebian, seirnoben da erTobian im quCaze, sadac cxovroben, ma-gram isini ar unda miefaron ojaxis Tvals.” - gviTxra axalqalaqSi fokus-jgufis monawile qalma.

mamakacebs meti seqsualuri Tavisufleba eZlevaT. gamokiTxvis monacemebma gamoavlina, rom mamakacebic da qalebic (89.9%) miiCneven, rom gaTxove-bamde qalma Tavi unda Seikavos seqsualuri kavSirisgan. magram qalebisa da kacebis pozicia gansxvavebulia motacebasTan mimarTebaSi. mamakacebTan SedarebiT (66.7%) met qals (74.8%) miaCnia, rom qali ar unda gayves co-lad gamtacebels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT Soris damyarda seqsualuri kavSiri (Chi-Square 8.4, df.2, p<.05).qmris Ralats meti SemwynareblobiT ekidebian, vidre colisas. qalebis 24.1 procenti da mamakacebis 35.5 procenti fiqrobs, rom qmris Ralatis SemTxvevaSi colma ganqorwineba unda moiTxovos (Chi square 35.0,df.2, p<.001), xolo colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi mamakacebis 87.4 procentis da qalebis 76.8 procentis azriT qmarma ganqorwineba unda moiTxovos (Chi square 35.0,df.2, p<.001). ganqorwinebul qals xelmeored daqorwinebis ufro naklebi Sansi aqvs, vidre ganqorwinebul mamakacs.

”iseTi qalis colad moyvana, romelic manamde viRacis coli iyo, raRacnairad akninebs kacis Rirsebas” - aRniSna axalcixis fokus-jgufis monawile qalma.

Zalaufleba ZiriTadad ekonomikur damoukideblobas efuZneba.

”saqarTveloSi qalebi iSviaTad floben raime iseTs, ramac SeiZleba gana-mtkicos maTi sulieri, an fizikur avtonomia. Sesabamisad, qalma unda gaiTvaliswinos sxvisi azri, vidre raime nabjs gadadgams. ekonomikuri damok-idebuleba safuZvlad udevs nebismieri saxis damokidebulebas”- interviu eqspertTan, lela gafrinaSvilTan.

”ojaxSi is flobs Zalauflebas, visac fuli Semoaqvs. Tu fuli qals Se-moaqvs, an mas misi ojaxi exmareba, maSin mamakacs naklebi Tavisufleba aqvs raime Tqvas. is ubralod Tavs ar aZlevs amis nebas”- ganacxada fokus-jgfis ganxilvis monawile vaJma. (f.j.7)

105

gamokiTxvis mixedviT, qalebTan SedarebiT (44.2%) met mamakacs (64.7 %) aqvs regularuli an araregularuli sakuTari Semosavali (Chi Square 36.6; df 2; p<.001). qalTan SedarebiT (9.2%) meti mamakacis Semosavali (31.0%) aRe-mateba meuRlis Semosavals (Chi Square 117.9; df 4; p<.001).

mamakacebi da qalebi gansxvavdebian im Tavisuflebis xarisxis mixedviT, romelic sakuTari Semosavlis xarjvas Seexeba. mamakacebze (33.2%) meti qali (45.9%) aRniSnavs rom SeeZlia sakuTari survilisamebr daxarjos fuli (Chi Square 9.3; df 1; p<.005). es SeiZleba imaze miuTiTebdes, rom qalebs nak-lebi Semosavali aqvT da igi ar aris mniSvnelovani, Tumca imis maCvenebelic SeiZleba iyos, rom kacis da ara qalis roli gulisxmobs ojaxis Senaxvas da amdenad kacis Semosavali ojaxis saWiroebebzea mimarTuli. CveulebiTi samarTalis mixedviT mSoblebis saxli vaJiSvils rCeba da ara qaliSvils. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom es Sexeduleba dResac ZalaSia da ufro metadaa fesvgadgmuli mamakacebSi. Tumca, gamokiTxulTa sagrZnobi nawili ufro Tanasworobis momxrea da fiqrobs (71.5% qali da 62.6% kaci), rom mSoblebis saxli Tanasworad unda gaiyos vaJsa da gauTxovar qaliSvils Soris (Chi-Square 15.5, df.4, p<.005). rac Seexeba miwas, qalebis 71.9 procenti da mamakacebis 65.1 procenti Tvlis, rom is Tanabrad unda gaiyos (Chi-Square 15.5, df.4, p<.005). sxva qonebasTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa samkaulebi, naRdi fuli, manqana da sxva, qalebis 80.4 procenti da mamakacebis 72.4 procenti Tanabrad gayofis momxrea (Chi-Square 10.6, df.4, p<.05).

rolebi da movaleobebi rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, mamakacis Tvisebebi ufro metad sazogadoebriv sferozea mimarTuli da mWidrod ukavSirdeba dasaqmebas, maSin, roca qalis mniSvneloba ufro ojaxs da bavSvebs ukavSirdeba. rolebis aseTi ganawileba Seesatyviseba globalurad gavrcelebul ZiriTad funqciebis miniWebas- ma-makacisTvis ojaxis marCenalisa da gadawyvetilebis mimRebis, xolo qal-isTvis ojaxze mzrunvelisa (Narayan, 2000). igi aseve Seesatyviseba parsonis (Parson, 1949, 1965) mier gamokveTil mamis gadarCenasTan dakavSirebul in-strumentalur rolsa da dedis eqspresiul rols.

xSirad imeoreben, rom qarTul kulturaSi qals did pativs scemen da afaseben. es ZiriTadad dedebs exeba, radgan qalis cneba xSirad gaigivebulia dedobasTan. qali, pirvelyovlisa, dedaa da misi funqcia reproduqcia da bavSvebis aRzrdaa (surmaniZe, 2002).

106

ojaxze msjelobisas me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi vaJa-fSavela werda: ”qali ojaxis baton-patronia. mas didi gavlena aqvs axalgazrdebze da moxucebze. bavSvis aRzrda, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mis xelSia, is gansazRvravs bavSvis beds. bavSvis momavalic imazea damokidebuli, rogor gamowrTvnis is Tavisi Svilebis sulsa da gonebas. amitomaa aucilebeli, deda ganaTle-buli iyos, sTesos sikeTe, icodes rogor aRzardos Svilebi, riT emsaxuros, amrigad mas SeuZlia gaanadguros an aaRorZinos Tavisi eri”. (obolaZe, 1990. gv.31-32,).

miuxedavad globaluri tendenciisa meti genderuli Tanasworobisaken ojax-ebSi, mamakacisa da qalis rolebi qarTul ojaxebSi Zalze diferencirebuli rCeba. qalebi bevrad ufro arian dakavebulni yoveldRiuri saojaxo saqmiT, vidre mamakacebi, maSinac ki, rodesac qalebs anazRaurebadi samuSao aqvT da mamakacebs ki ara. qalis Sroma ojaxSi umetesad SeumCnevali rCeba da is ar aris imdenad dafasebuli, ramdenadac mamakacis Sroma saxlis gareT. metic, bevr qals ormagi tvirTi awevs saojaxo saqmis gaZRola da ojaxis rCena maSin rodesac mamakacebi ar iReben tradiciulad qalis movaleobebad miCneul pasuxismgeblobebs.

”sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebulia Sexeduleba, rom qalis adgili Sinaa. miuxe-davad imisa, rom saojaxo saqme did dros moiTxovs, qalis Zalisxmeva araa aRiarebuli” - aRniSna axalqalaqis fokus-jgufis Sexvedraze axalgazrda qalma.

”qalebi mudam CrdilSi arian, mamakacebi ar afaseben qalis Sromas” - ganacx-ada axalqalaqSi axalgazrda vaJma.

bevr sazogadoebaSi, metwilad soflad da eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxle-bul raionebSi, kacisTvis sircxvilad iTvleba tradiciulad qalis saqmis keTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kacebi am saqmes xSirad akeTeben kidec, isini Cveulebriv eridebian amis gaxmaurebas.

saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebze siaruli da janmrTelobaze zrunva is saqmi-anobebia, romelsac ojaxis wevrebis umravlesoba eweva. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma aCvena, rom qalebi yoveldRiur saojaxo saqmeSi metad arian Cabmulni, vi-dre mamakacebi. mamakacTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti qali amzadebs saWmels, exmareba Svilebs saSinao davalebis momzadebaSi, zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobaze, Svilebisa da xandazmulebis CaTvliT, wyals ezideba da uvlis saqonels, maSin, roca mamakacebi zrunaven saxlis gasaTbobi sawvaviT momaragebaze, saxlis SekeTebasa da miwis nakveTis damuSavebaze.

107

nax. 23mamakacisa da qalis mier Sesrulebuli saSinao saqmeebi

socialuri aqtioba da emociuri mxardaWeris gamovlena qals mamakacze metad axasiaTebs, maSin rodesac mamakacebi qalebze metad monawileoben jgufur aq-tiobebSi da ufro xSirad dadian wveulebebze.

nax. 24

mamakacebisa da qalebis socialuri aqtioba

wylis motana

miwis damuSaveba

saqonlis movla

saxlis gaTboba

wylis mozidva

saxlis SekeTeba

sayidlebis gakeTeba

saWmlis momzadeba

moxucebze zrunva

janmrTvelobaze zrunvabavSvebisTvis daxmareba saSinaodavalebaSibavSvebze zrunva

qalebikacebi

emociuri mxardaWera

emociuri mxardaWeris micema

gaziareba

eklesiaSi siaruli

stumrad siaruli

wveulebebi

dasvenebis organizeba

monawileoba jgufur aqtiobebSi

saojaxo ritualebis mowyoba

qalikaci

108

ojaxis kavSiri saxelmwifo dawesebulebebTan arcTu xSiria da metwilad is skolebsa da sxva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. oficialur struqturebTan kavSiri mamakacis aqtivobebis sferoSi Sedis.

rogorc gamokiTxvis zemoTmoyvanili Sedegebidan Cans, mamebi ar arian mainc-damainc Cabmuli Svilebis aRzrdaSi, bevri maTgani arc maTi movliT aris dakavebuli da arc saSinao davalebebis momzadebaSi exmareba maT. kul-turaTaSorisma gamokvlevam gamoavlina ojaxSi emociuri siaxlovis saerTo da qarTvelebisaTvis specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi: axalgazrdebi emociur siaxloves yvelaze metad dedasTan, Semdeg da-ZmasTan, da yvelaze nakle-bad mamasTan grZnoben (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006).fokus-jgufis axalgazrda monawileebma Tbilissa da regionebSi xazi gausves mamis mniSvnelobas aRzrdis procesSi da amave dros sinanuli gamoxates mamebis mcire monawileobis gamo.

”mamis roli aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovania; deda ver SeZlebs Svilebis kargad aRzrdas, Tu mama sustia da aRzrdaSi ar ereva” - axalcixis fokus-jgufis monawile qali.

”mama bavSvis pirovnebas ayalibebs. mamebi qaliSvilis mimarT meti siyvaru-liT gamoirCevian, dedebi ki vaJis mimarT. aris sakiTxebi, romlebic dedas ukavSirdeba da sakiTxebi, romlebic ufro mamasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mama Svils aswavlis rogor moiqces, rogori pirovneba unda iyos, deda ki al-erss, siTbos da cxovrebas aswavlis.” - axalgazrda vaJi (f.j.7)

”mama sazogadoebasTan ufro axloa da is aswavlis bavSvs sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas” - axalcixeSi fokus-jgufis monawile vaJi.

axalgazrdebi miuTiTebdnen, rom bavSvis aRzrdaSi mamis CarTva iwyeba bavS-vis momwifebisas, 15 wlis asakSi. mama exmareba bavSvs Rirebelebebis Camoya-libebasa da sakuTar TavSi rwmenis gaRvivebaSi.

adamianisaTvis dro Zalze faseul resurss warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia drois saerTo maragis gazrda, misi Seqmna (Jacobs & Garson, 2004). amdenad is, Tu rogor anawilebs an xarjavs dros adamiani, bevrs mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu rogor cxovrebas eweva is. Cveni gamokiTxvis im nawilSi, romelic drois gamoyenebas exeboda, Cven vTxovdiT respondentebs aeRweraT Tu riT iyvnen dakavebulni ukanaskneli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, wina dRis dilis 6 saaTi-

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dan intervius micemis dRis dilis 6 saaTamde. miRebuli pasuxebi Seesa-tyviseba zemoTganxilul qalisa da mamakacis mier Sesrulebul saqmianobas. qalebTan SedarebiT kacebi metxans iyvnen dakavebuli samsaxurSi da metad iyvnen CarTuli Tavisufali drois aqtiobebSi, xolo qalebi saSinao saqmee-biT, bavSvebze zrunviTa da religiuri ritualebis aRsrulebiT iyvnen ufro metad dakavebuli.

nax. 25qalisa da mamakacis mier gaweul saqmianobebze daxarjuli dro

sxva

bavSvebis movla

nakveTze muSaoba

cxovelebis movla

gadasaxadebis gadaxda

religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebaproduqtebis yidva

recxvasamzareulos dasufTaveba

Wama da smamuSaoba damatebiT samuSaoze

muSaoba ZiriTad samuSaoze

televizoris yureba

tualeti

Zili

qalikaci

110

drois gamoyenebis Seswavla yvela qveyanaSi sirTules awydeba. nebismieri TviT-aRweraze dafuZnebuli instrumentis msgavsad isic garkveul miker-Zoebas eqvemdebareba da amdenad ar warmoadgens daxarjuli droisa Tu saqmianobis zust asaxvas. rogorc es naxaz 25-dan Cans, yvela respondenti ar aRwerda imas, rasac unda vivaraudoT, rom akeTbda, magaliTad, eZina, Wamda. respondentebisTvis siZneles warmoadgenda imis Tqma, Tu zustad ra dros xarjavdnen yovel calkeul saqmianobaze. am SezRudvebis miuxeda-vad, is dro, romelsac respondentebis TqmiT isini andomebdnen sxvadasxva saqmianobis Sesrulebas mainc iZleva faseul informacias mamakacebisa da qalebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. qalebsa da kacebs Soris statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRmoCnda im droSi, romelsac isini andomebdnen sxvadasxva saqmianobas: mamakacebi ufro met dros uTmobdnen samsaxurs da televizoris yurebas, xolo qalebi saWmlis momzadebas.

111

tabula 8mamakacisa da qalis mier sxvadasxva saqmianobaze daxarjuli dro

Asaqmianoba

mamakacis mier

daxarjuli dro

wuTebSi

qalis mierdaxarjuli

dro wuTebSi

gansxvavebisstatistikurimniSvneloba

p

df F

1 Zili 356.0 362.4 ar aris mniSvnelovani

2 Tavis movla 32.8 ar aris mniSvnelovani

3televizoris yureba

161.8 150.3 <.05 1 4.5

4 ZiriTadi samsaxuri 403.7 358.1 <.05 1 5.9

5 damatebiTi samuSao 304.4 176.8 <.05 1 8.1

6 saWmlis momzadeba 43.9 69.2 <.05 1 4.8

7 Wama-sma 41.9 44.0ar aris

mniSvnelovani

8samzarelos dasufTaveba

53.7 66.8ar aris

mniSvnelovani

9 recxva 114 97.5ar aris

mniSvnelovani.

10sayidlebze siaruli

84.4 83.0ar aris

mniSvnelovani

11religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba

25.7 73.8ar aris

mniSvnelovani

12gadasaxadebis gadaxda

57.3 48.8ar aris

mniSvnelovani

13 saqonlis movla 63.4 62.3ar aris

mniSvnelovani

14miwis nakveTze muSaoba

197.4 125.4 <.05 1 8.8

15 bavSvebis movla 100.2 109.9ar aris

mniSvnelovani

16 sxva 182.1 141.9 <.001 1 21.7

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garda saSinao saqmisa, qals xSirad samsaxuric aqvs da amdenad ormagi tvir-Ti awevs - rogorc ojaxis marCenalis, ise dedis da diasaxlisis, maSin, roca mamakacs mxolod da mxolod erTi - marCenalis roli akisria.

”qalebi TavianT Semosavals mamakacebs uziareben, magram mamakacebi ar iz-iareben qalis tvirTs” - SeniSna axalgazrda qalma (f.j.7).

saSinao saqme araprestiJulia, amdenad kacebs ar surT Tavis Tavze qalis saqmeebis aReba.

”qali kisrulobs mamakacis saqmes, romelic fulTan da prestiJTanaa dakav-Sirebuli, xolo mamakacebi uxalisod ekidebian saojaxo movalobebs, iseTs, rogoricaa mag. bavSvebis aRzrda, rac prestiJulad ar iTvleba da am TvalsazrisiT araferi icvleba” - interviu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.

is, rom mamakacs ar surs qalis roli ikisros, mxolod saqarTvelosTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc j. georgasi (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006. gv.49) aRniSnavs, ”dasavluri sazogadoebis modernizaciis miuxedavad, qmrebi uars amboben miexmaron qals saojaxo saqmeebSi”.

27 qveyanaSi Catarebulma ojaxebis kulturaT-Soriso gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom dedebi mamebze met saSinao samuaos asruleben. gamokvlevam isic uCvena, rom tradiciuli ojaxuri faseulobebi - ufrosebis pativiscema, naTesauri kavSirebis mniSvneloba da mamakacis Zalaufleba ojaxSi dakavSirebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeZlebulia sazogadoeba. Rarib sazogadoebaSi metia tradiciuli Rirebulebis pativiscema da mamakacebis Zalafuleba. amis gar-da, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSireuli religia-sTan. zogi religia meti Tanasworobas uSvebs, zogi ki naklebs. musulmanuri religia didadaa dakavSirebuli patriarqalur damokidebulebebTan ojaxSi (Georgas, Berry & Kagitsibasi, 2006).

saqorwilo ritualebi ojaxis stabilurobis, rZlis miRebis da misi mosal-odneli qcevis bevr simbolur gamoxatulebas areklaven. muslimani mesxebis saqorwino rituali, im xalxis, romelic saqarTvelos samxreT nawilidan iyo deportirebuli 1944 wels, da romelic dabrunda samSobloSi aTiode wlis win, cxadad miuTiTebs im morCilebaze, romelsac rZlisgan moelian.

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muslimani mesxebis saqorwino ceremonia saqarTveloSiqorwineba Zalian mniSvnelovan ritualad iTvleba da mas yvela didi yuradRebiT da sizustiT asrulebs. qorwili tardeba rogorc sasiZos, ise patarZlis ojaxebSi, Tumca pa-tarZals SeuZlia mxolod mcire zomis wveuleba moawyos.

qorwili Semdegi ritualebisagan Sedgeba: sasiZos misvla patarZlis saxlSi da misi miReba; dedamTilis misvla da misi miReba; saCuqrebis gad-acema patarZlisaTvis da maTi sajaro daTvaliereba; patarZlis wardgena sasiZosTvis; patarZlisa da sasiZos gamosvla stumrebTan; gamaspinZleba da cekva; patarZlis da sasiZos saxlSi Sesvla; saqorwilo tortis daWra da beWdebis gacvla.sufras sefaSi Slian - Ria cis qveS sagangebod gadaxurul adgilze, Cveulebrivad ezoSi. sagangebo taxti axal daqrowilebulTaTvis se-fis boloSi idgmeva. sefa morTulia feradi buStebiT da xelovnuri yvavilebiT. qalebs qorwilze feradi kabebi, umetesad wiTeli da Ria feris windebi acviaT. qorwili cocxali musikis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove simRerebisa garda, aseve sruldeba xalxuri musika zurna-dudukis TanxlebiT. musikosebs qiraoben, ufro xSirad azerbaijanSi. qorwilze mesxur da qarTul saWmels amzadeben. patarZlis saxlSi mis-vlisas siZe da misi mayari SeyavT oTaxSi, sadac tkbileuliT gawyobili sufraa. dedamTili da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi ezoSi Sedian, awyoben tk-bileuls miwaze da mis garSemo cekvaven. maT xelSi xiliT da tkbileu-liT savse wiTeli bafTebiT gakruli patara CanTebi da fuTebi uWiravT, xolo ufro mozrdil CanTebSi patarZlis saCuqrebi awyvia. mere qalebi oTaxSi Sedian da iatakze jdebian. isini erTmaneTs idayvze xelis gu-lebs adeben misalmebis niSnad. rodesac oTaxSi xandazmuli qali Semodis, yvela qali fexze dgeba da mas egebeba. bolos oTaxSi saxedafaruli, TeTrebSi gamowyobili patarZali Semodis gaTxovili naTesavis, ”ianga”-s TanxlebiT, romelic mas exmareba ceremoniis ganxorcielebaSi. saCuqre-bis gaxsnisas patarZali saxes aCens, saCuqrebis daTvalierebis mere ki isev malavs da gadis im oTaxSi, sadac mas sasiZo elodeba. mas oTaxidan zurna-dudukis TanxlebiT acileben. amis mere nefe-patarZali gamodian oTaxSi xelismomkideebTan da uaxloes naTesavebsa da megobrebTan erTad. qalebidan erT-erTs moaqvs torti da yvela sefasken miemarTeba. adre arsebobda axaldaqorwinebulebis dagrexili xis totebis (an xmlebis) TaRqveS gatarebis wesi. mesxebs ara aqvT Tamadis daniSvnis tradicia, ma-gram axla, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gavleniT, xandaxad sufras Tamada xelmZRvanelobs. Wama-smas cekva mosdevs. saqorwilo sufras axalgazrda

114

mamakacebi emsaxurebian. qorwilze Cveulebriv orasamde adamiania miwveuli, yvela asakis bavSvis CaTvliT. amis mere axaldaqorwinebulebi, uaxloesi megobrebisa da naTesavebis Tanx-lebiT gadian sefidan da saxlSi brundebian, sadac tkbileuliTa da sasmelebiT sagangebod gawyobili sufra elodebaT. SemoaqvT saqorwilo torti, romelic wiTeli bafTebiTaa galamazebuli. bafTebis boloebze saqorwilo beWdebia mimagrebuli. patarZali bafTebs makratliT Wris da amis mere nefe patarZali erTmaneTs TiTze beWeds Camoacmeven. Semdeg oriveni erTad Wrian torts da erTmaneTs tortis patara naWers awodeben. amas damswreni taSiTa da milocvebiT egebebian. daWril torts stumrebs urigeben. amis Semdeg axladdaqorwinebulebi aRar gadian gareT. isini Sin rCebian da isveneben.

axaldaqorwinebulebi patarZlis saxlSi ar aTeven Rames erTad, stumrebs SeuZliaT dilamde darCena. meore dRes siZe da misi mayari Sin brundeba da elodeba patarZals, romelic Sin siZis mamam an misma romelime mamakacma naTesavma unda miiyva-nos. siZis qali naTesavebi, romlebmac Rame patarZlis saxlSi gaaTies, Tan axlavan patarZals. patarZlis naTesavebs Tan miaqvT aseve saCuqrebi siZis ojaxis wevrebisTvis. patarZlis saxlSi sagangebod mzaddeba oTaxi siZis mamis misaRebad. swored aq xorcieldeba saCuqris gadacemis da sarZlos SeZenis rituali. patarZali saxes ifaravs da kvlav 'ianga'-s TanxlebiT Sedis oTaxSi. siZis naTesavebs ori xonCa uWiravT xaWapuriT, tkbileuliT, xiliTa da TavsafrebiT savse. xonCis kideebSi sami sanTeli anTia. ori patara gogona iRebs xonCebs da samjer TavszemoT atrialebs. amis Semdeg gogonebs TavSalebs aZleven da xonCidan saWmels stumrebs sTavazoben. erT-erTi gogona midis patarZalTan da Tmas varcxnis; amisTvis is saCuqars iRebs. me-ore gogona patarZals marjvena xelze iniT wertils axatavs da isic iRebs saCuqars. ianga, romelic mudam patarZlis gverdiTaa, am wertils mowmends patarZals. amis mere is siZis ojaxis wevrebisgan iRebs saCuqrebs. Semdeg iwyeba patarZlis yidvis rituali, romelic dolisa da zurnis TanxlebiT mimdinareobs. patarZali kvlav ifaravs saxes. is misma Zmam an sxva naTesavma vaJma unda gayidos. patarZali TavSals Zmas welze axvevs, romlis meSveo-biTac misi Zma asaxierebs qamris Sekvrasa da Sexsnas. am moZraobebs mosdevs TavSalSi fulis Cadeba, romelic gadaecema patarZlis qal naTesavebs. am-ieridan patarZali gayidulad iTvleba da mamamTils igi manqanisken miyavs. mas ianga da siZis qali naTesavebi miyvebian. kvlav meordeba yidvis rituali. mamakaci manqanis win dgeba da ar rTavs misi daZvris nebas. mas fuls aZleven da is iqamde ar uSvebs manqanas daiZras, sanam ar dakmayofildeba micemuli

115

TanxiT. adre arsebobda Widaobis tradicia. dedas ara aqvs ufleba qal-iSvls daemSvidobos da mamasac ekrZaleba qaliSvilTan miaxloeba. marto biZa emSvidobeba mas. Semdeg qalebi manqanaze ferad TavSlebs amagreben, patarZali saxes aCens da manqana midis. mogvianebiT tardeba religiuri rituali, romelsac patarZali mxolod mcire xniT eswreba imis saTqmelad, rom Tanaxmaa gaTxovdes. aranairi weri-lobiTi sabuTi ar formdeba. patarZali Sedis qmris saxlSi. mas nefe egebeba da tkbileuls ayris. aqvea dedamTilic. saxlSi Sesvlisas patarZali TavSalze dagebul TefSs fexiT amtvrevs. dedamTili agrovebs natexebs, TavSalSi axvevs da Sin Seaqvs. ma-mamTils patarZali saxlSi Seyavs. saxlis karTan patarZali, romelsac saxe kvlav dafaruli aqvs da Tavi TeTri da wiTeli TavsafrebiT aqvs Sem-kuli, iangas TanxlebiT xvdeba Tavis muls an qal xelismomkides. patarZals Taflian Tass sTavazoben, romelSic is TiTs awobs da samjer usvams saxlis kedels tkbili urTierTobis niSnad. saxlSi Sesvlisas mis Tavze danebs gad-aaWdoben da xmamaRla amboben, rom ena unda daimoklos, raTa dedamTils ar Seepasuxos. amis mere puris naWrebs welze gamoabamen ojaxuri simtkicis niSnad. mamamTili brinjs ayris mas keTildReobis niSnad da eubneba, rom yvelaferi, rac mas ekuTvnis, amieridan misicaa. dedamTili dalocavs rZals. mere is miyavT qmarTan da is saxes gamoaCens. qorwili iwyeba da mamakacebi da qalebi cal-calke magidebze sxdebian. ianga patarZalTan sami dRe rCeba.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebisocialur cvlilebebTan Sesagueblad ojaxi, rogorc instituti, cvlile-bebs ganicdis. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mravalmxrivi, xangrZlivi da mZime Sedegbi moyva. cvlilebebTan morgebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia ojaxis Se-madgenlobisa da struqturis gardaqmna, genderuli urTierTobebis Secvla. da mainc, miuxedvad imisa, rom qalma ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelyofis funqciac ikisra, rolebis ZiriTadi ganawileba, kacis, rogorc marCenalis da qalis, rogorc ojaxze mzrunvelis ucvleli darCa. problemas, genderuli Tanasworobis TvalTaxedvidan rolebis ganawileba ki ar warmoadgens, aramed is, rom qalis mier saxlSi Sesrulebuli samuSao ar aris dafasebuli.

116

Tavi 6

adamianuri da socialuri kapitaliadamianis keTildReoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra adamianur da socialur kapitalis mflobelia is. am kapitalis done da Semadgenloba gansxvavebulia mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. adamianuri kapitali, romelic adamianis janmrTelobas da ganaTlebas gu-lisxmobs gansazRvravs Sromis da sicocxliT tkbobis unars da amdenad uaRresad mniSvnelovania gadarCenisTvis. karg ganaTlebas da janmrTelobas SeuZlia ara mxolod pirdapiri gziT gauumjobesos adamians cxovrebis xarisxi, aramed aseve gazardos mis mier fulis Sovnis SesaZlebloba. meore gadar-CenisaTvis gadamwyvet faqtors socialuri kapitali warmoadgens, romelic ganisazRvreba adamianis sxvebTan urTierTobis unariTa da maTTan kavSiriT, da im mxardaWeriTa, romliTac is sargeblobs.

janmrTelobajanmrTeloba albaT SeiZleba adamianis yvelaze did simdidred CaiTva-los. respondetTa (gamokiTxva) udidesma umravlesobam (97.1%) is sakuTari cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiara. saSualod qalebs ukeTesi jan-mrTeloba aqvT da mamakacebze metxans cxovroben.saqarTveloSi 2001-2007 wlebSi sicocxlis mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam 4.4 wliT moimata. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrda aisaxa, rogorc qalebze aseve kacebze, Tumca qalebis SemTxvevaSi is ufro mniSvnelovania. amiT aixsneba gansxvaveba mamakacisa da qalis sicocxlis xangrZliobas Soris, romelic 6.6-dan 8.9 wlamde meryeobs.

117

tabula 9sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas

wyaro: statistikis departamentisikvdilianoba mamakacebSi ufro maRalia, vidre qalebSi.

tabula 10sikvdilianobis sixSire

wyaro: statistikis departamentisikvdilianoba orive sqesisTvis yvelaze maRalia 70-74 wlis asakSi. 2007 wels, sikvdilianobis SemTxvevaTa 18.5% am asakobriv jgufebSi dafiqsirda.

wlebi jami mamakacebi qalebi gansxvaveba

2001 71.5 68.0 74.8 6.82002 71.5 67.9 74.8 6.82003 72.1 68.7 75.3 6.62004 71.6 67.9 75.1 7.22005 73.8 69.9 77.4 7.52006 74.3 69.8 78.5 8.7

2007 75.1 70.5 79.4 8.9

Ywlebi mamakacebi qalebi jami

2004 24,642 24,151 48,793

2005 21,091 19,630 40,7212006 22,458 19,797 42,2552007 22,091 19,797 42,255

118

nax. 26sikvdilianoba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT

mamakacebis da qalebis sikvdilis mizezi ZiriTadad erTnairia, magram gan-sxvavebulia sxvadasxva daavadebebis wili qalebisa da kacebis sikvdilis mizezebSi. gulisa da sisxlZarRvovani sistemis daavadebebi, kibosTan erTad sikvdilis yvelaze xSir mizezs warmoadgenen. qalebSi ufro maRalia sisx-lZarRvovani sistemis daavadebebi. genderTan daakavSirebuli Tavisebureba isaa, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa davadebebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT, qalebTan ufro xandazmul asakSi vlindeba (Convay, Ahern & Steuenagel, 2005).kibo admianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mkvlelia da igi garkveulwilad gender-Tan aris dakavSirebuli. genderuli gansxvaveba SedarebiT mcirea, rodesac kibos monacemebs erTianad ganvixilavT. gansxvaveba ikveTeba, rodesac kibos misi gavrcelebis ares mixedviT ganvixilavT. qalebSi yvelaze gavrcele-bulia sasqeso organos daavadeba, mkerdisa da momnelebeli sistemis kibo, xolo mamakacebSi - momnelebeli sistemis, sasunTqi gzebisa da saSarde gzebis kiboa ufro gavcelebuli. meti mamakaci iRupeba tramvebis da sxva garegani mizezebiT.

kacebiqalebi

119

nax. 27gardacvalebis gamomwvevi sxvadasxva daavadebis wili mamakacebsa da qa-lebSi 2007 welswyaro: statistikis departamenti

mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauaresda sabWoTa kavSris daSlis Sem-dgom. jandacvis yvela obieqti gamovida saxelmwifos sakuTrebidan. jandac-va, romelic ufaso iyo sabWoTa periodSi, fasiani gaxda. janmrTelobisTvis gamoyofili sabiujeto saxsrebi Semcirda da Seadgina 7.3 aSS dolari kacze 2001 wels, maSin, rodesac msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier gansaz-Rvruli minimaluri xarjebi 60 aSS dolars Seadgens. jandacvis saerTo xarjebi TiTo kacze qveyanaSi aris 108 sd (saerTaSoriso dolari), aqedan saxelmwifo faravs 38 procents, anu 41 sd-s. latviaSi amis Sesatyvisi ricx-vebia 509sd da 52.0 procenti anu 267 sd; holandiaSi saerTo Tanxa Seadgens 2612 sd-s, saidanac saxelmwifo faravs 63 procents, anu 1654 sd-s. amgvarad, jandacvaze gamoyofili biujeti Seadgens saerTo erovnuli produqtis 6.4 procents latviaSi, 8.9 procents holandiaSi da mxolod 3.6 procents saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriisaTvis - Tbilisi, 2009).gaRatakebul mosaxleobas ar qonda eqimebisTvis Tanxis gadaxdis saSualeba. amis gamo xalxma mkurnalobis Taobaze rCevisTvis mimarTa da isev mimarTavs megobrebs da afTiaqarebs. nebismieri wamlis SeZena, fsiqonevrologiuris garda, receptis gareSe SeiZleba. amgvari mkurnaloba xSirad pacientis jan-mrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebas iwvevs. bevri, gansakuTrebiT Raribi da soflis macxovrebeli ar flobs informacias im saxelmwifo programebze, romelic ufaso samedicino momsaxurebas ganapirobebs da amdenad, ekonomi-kuri barierebi, informaciis simciresTan erTad, ganapirobebs imas, rom ada-

qalebi kacebi

sisxlZarRovani sistemis daavadeba

neoplazmi

daudgeneli

tramvebi

sasunTqi sistemisdaavadebaSimomnelebeli sistemis daavadebasxva mizezebi

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mianebi ar mimarTaven samedicino dawesebulebebs. isini iq Cveulebriv maSin midian, roca daavadeba garTulebulia da xSir SemTxvevaSi aRar eqvemde-bareba mkurnalobas.

ojaxis erTi wevris avadmyofobam SeiZleba Zalian xangrZilivi zemoqmede-ba iqonios ojaxis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, radgan ”usafrTxoebis bade” Zalze ”Txelia”, igi mosaxleobis mxolod Zalze mcire nawilze da mxolod momsaxurebis mcire raodenobazea gansazRvruli. saxelmwifo programebis SezRuduli raodenoba, rogoricaa wlamde asakis bavSvis janmrTeloba, imunizacia, antenataluri movla, garkveuli saxis invalidebi da zogierTi daavadebis mkurnaloba, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, kibo, fsiqozi, malaria, Sidsi da sxva, ufaso mkurnalobas ganapirobebs. magram am daavadebebis SemTxvevaSic ki pacientebs xSirad uwevT damatebiT fulis gadaxda. saxelm-wifos mier dafinansebuli janmrTelobis dazRveva qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawils faravs, magaliTad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs. zogierTi damqiravebeli aseve faravs dazRvevas. Zalian cota adamians aqvs kerZo dazRveva. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5.3 procenti sargeblobs janmrTe-lobis dazRveviT (gamokiTxva).

janmrTelobaze zrunva qalis sazrunav sferod aris miCneuli, raki Cveu-lebriv qali zrunavs ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobaze.

”roca kaci avad xdeba, Cveulebriv qali zrunvas mis janmrTelobaze. magram rodesac qali xdeba avad, kacebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxismgeblobas mis jan-mrTelobaze” - interiu eqspertTan, lela xomerikTan.

janmrTelobis mdgomareobis aRqma winaaRmdegobaSi modis qalis ukeTesi janmrTelobis zogad tendenciasTan. gamokiTxul mamakacTa (gamokiTxva) ufro didi nawili (45.9%), qalebTan SedarebiT (31.85%) (Chi-Square 23.7; df 2, p<.001) TavianT janmrTelobas afasebs, rogorc ”kargs”. amasTanave, qalebTan SedarebiT (50.1%) naklebma mamakacma (35.8%) aRniSna, rom gasuli wlis gan-mavlobaSi iavadmyofa, magram ar mimarTa eqims usaxsrobis gamo (Chi-Square 22.0; df 1, p<.001).

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im 464 respondentidan, vinc iavadmyofa da ar mimarTa eqims, 71.6 procentma miuTiTa, rom eqims ufulobis gamo ar mimarTa. statisitkuri monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia sasunTqi gzebisa da momnelebeli sistemis daavadebebi.

nax. 28sxvadasxva daavadebis wili 2007

wyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis saministro

sasunTqi gzebis sistema

monelebis sistema

sisxlZarRovani sistema

sxva

infeqcia

Sardis da sasqeso sistema

travma

kani

nerveuli sistema

Tvali

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janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul saWiroebebs Soris genderuli gansxvaveba ZiriTadad reproduqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qalebi reproduqciuli jan-dacvis momsaxurebas 15 - dan 44 wlamde saWiroeben. antenataluri samedi-cino momsaxureba albaT reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prevenciuli zome-bis yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia, radgan mas xangrZlivi Sedegebi aqvs rogorc dedis, ise bavSvis janmrTelobaze. orsulobas da bavSvis dabadebis xarjebs saxelmwifo programa faravs, Tumca antenataluri momsaxureba ar gulisxmobs ganmeorebiT eqoskopia garTulebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom, yvelaze meti riskis Semcveli SemTxvevebi uyuradRebod rCeba.2007 wels 639 bavSvi gardaicvala prenataluri periodis garTulebebis da Tandayolili anomaliebis gamo. viTareba sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT gamo-sworda 2005 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac 915 bavSvi gardaicvala.

winsvla ar SeiniSneba ojaxuri dagegmvis TvalsazrisiT. abortebis ricxvi maRalia da zogadad matebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba

nax. 29abortebis raodenoba 2000-2007 wlebSi (aTasebSi)wyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2008

abortebis (76.4%) umravlesoba 20-34 wlis asakis qalebze modis.

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nax. 30 abortebis wili asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT

bevri iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalis janmrTelobis problema uwinaresad reproduqcias ukavSirdeba.

”iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalebs bevri ginekologiuri problema Seeqm-naT im abortebis gamo, romelTa gakeTeba xSir SemTxvevaSi arasamedicino dawesebulebaSi mouxdaT. bavSvis aRzrdis saSulebis ar qonis gamo qalebs eSinodaT bavSvis gaCena.” - interviu saxelmwifo moxelesTan, dalila xo-ravasTan.

sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebi, maT Soris, aiv/Sidsi, genderTanaa dakavSirebuli. es daavadebebi ufro mamakacebTan aris gavrcelebuli. si-filisisa da gonoreas axali SemTxvevebis sixSiris dinamikas wlebis mixedviT araTanmimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs. yvelaze meti SemTxveva 2005 wels, xolo yvelaze cota 2007 wels dafiqsirda.

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nax. 31sifilisisa da gonoreis axali SemTxvevebiwyaro: Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministro

reproduqciuli janmrTelobis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, SidsiT in-ficirebulTa ricxvi saqarTveloSi 2005 wels 50-s Seadgenda erT milion mosaxleze, rac ufro maRali maCvenebelia regionis sxva qveynebTan Sedare-biT. is 20-is tolia azerbaijanSi, da odnav ufro maRali somxeTSi, sadac 30-is tolia.Sidsis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba

nax.32aiv-as da Sidsis axali SemTxvevebiwyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2008

aiv kacebSiaiv qalebSi

Sidsi kacebSiSidsi qalebSi

kacebi

qalebi

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2008 wlis agvistosaTvis, 1726 SemTxveva aRinusxa, aqedan inficirebulTa So-ris 75.6 procenti kacia, maTi asaki 29-dan 40 wlamdea.avadmyofobis gadamdebi mizezebi kacebSi ZiriTadad (50.8%) saziaro ineqcias ukavSirdeba da is upiratesad narkomanebSia gavrcelebuli, xolo qalebTan gavrcelebis upirates wyaros (31.6%) sqesobrivi urTierToba warmoadgens. daavadebulTa sikvdilianoba 371-s utoldeba.

mamakacebi tuberkuloziT qalebze ufro metad avaddebian. aRiniSneba tu-berkulozis SemTxvevabis mateba. 2006 weli gamonaklisi iyo, roca SemTxvevaTa ricxvma odnav iklo. 2007 wels, tuberkulozis 6,450 SemTxveva dafiqsirda. mamakacebTan infeqciis farTod gavrcelebis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom cixis, sadac tuberkulozi Zalze gavrcelebulia, ZiriTad binadrebs mamkacebi Seadgenen.

nax.33 tuberkulozis SemTxvevebiwyaro: statistikis departamenti

kacebi

qalebi

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fsiqikuri aSlilobebi msoflioSi avadmyofobis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgens. maTi uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis siZliere ganisazRvreba ara mx-olod im tanjviT, romelsac daavadebuli adamiani ganicdis, aramed aseve maTi zemoqmedebiT avadmyofis ojaxsa da mTlianad sazogadoebaze. stigmisa da ekonomikuri sirTuleebis gamo fsiqikuri aSlilobebis registrirebul SemTxvevaTa raodenoba bevrad Camouvardeba realurad arsebul SemTxevaTa raodenobas. 2007 wels fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone 106,921 adamiani iyo reg-istrirebuli saqarTveloSi (globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriaSi - Tbilisi, 2008). saqarTveloSi fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi erT avadmyofze gamoyo-fili Tanxis odenoba Zalze mcirea da is 0.9 saerTaSoriso dolars Sead-gens. SedarebisTvis, somxeTSi es cifri 5.5-ia, bulgareTSi 12, safrangeTSi ki 90. fsiqikuri daavadebis registrirebuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi matulobs. aRricxvaze ayvanilTa Soris Warboben mamakacebi. genderuli gansxvaveba SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom Sizofreniis SemTxvevaSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven samedicino dawesebulebas, vidre SedarebiT naklebad mZime aSlilobebis dros, Sizofrenia ki mamakacebSi ufroa gavrcelebuli.

nax. 34fsiqikuri aSlilobis axali SemTxvevebiwyaro: qali da kaci saqarTveloSi, 2006 da 2008

kacebi

qalebi

127

fsiqiatriuli problemebis bunebac gansxvavebulia mamakacisa da qalis SemTxvevaSi.

”maniakalur-depresiuli fsiqozebi, depresia da isteria ufro Warbobs qa-lebSi, xolo mamakacebSi - Sizofrenia”. - interviu fsiqiatr maia xundaZ-esTan.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis adamians imuSaos da datkbes cxovrebiT. is xSirad socialur izolacias da depresias iwvevs. 2004 wlis monacemebiT 213, 184 fizikuri, gonebrivi an qronikuli daavdebiT gamowveuli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piria registrirebuli saqarT-veloSi, saidanac 13.9 procenti invalidobis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba (”Zalian mZime”), 65.6 procenti meores (”mZime”) da 15.5 procenti ki mesames (”saSualo”). Tumca, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianTa realuri raodenoba bevrad aRemateba oficialur monacemebs da igi eqspertebis SefasebiT 400,000 unda iyos.SezRudul SesaZleblobebis mqoned pirvelad cnobil pirTa Soris qalebi mcire odenobiT (51.8% 2007 wels) Warboben kacebs.

nax. 35invalidoba mizezebis mixedviT

838,130 adamiani, anu qveynis mosaxlebis 19.2 procenti iRebs rva sxvadasxva saxis pensias saxelmwifosgan. qali pensionerebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer (64.6%) aRemateba mamakac pensionerTa raodenobas (35.4%).

omis veterani; samsaxureobri vi travma;

qronikuli daavadeba;

dabadebidan invalidi;

SezRuduli

SesaZlebloba;

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nax. 36 mamakaci da qali pensionerebis procentuli maCvenebeliwyaro: statistikis departamenti

pensionerebis umravlesoba (70.3%) iRebs xadnazmulobis pensias.

sqema 37 pensiebis struqtura

kaci

qali

bavSvobidaninvalidoba;

sxva;represirebuli;

xandazmuloba;avadmyofoba;

marCenaldakarguli; samxedro;

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mosaxleobis garkveul umweo nawils saxelmwifo aZlevs daxmarebas. 2007 wels 12,306,400 lari iqna gamoyofili da eqvs sxvadasxva tipis daxmarebaze iqna daniSnuli. maTgan yvelaze didi wili (52.3%) mar-toxela pansionerebze modis.

nax. 38saxelmwifo daxmarebis struqtura 2007 wels

qveyanaSi sul oTxi moxucTa da SezSezRudulTa TavSesafaria. 2007 wels iq 637 adamiani iyo ganTavsebuli. sul 1,182,200 lari, anu 1855 lari (daaxloebiT 1,300 aSS dolari) sulze weliwadSi iyo maTze gamoyofili.

janmrTelobis politika araproporciuladaa fokusirebuli mkurnaloba-ze, prevencia ki faqtiurad ugulvebelyofilia. Sedegad mosaxleobaSi ar arsebobs saTanado codna janmrTelobis sakiTxebsa da cxovrebis jansaR stilze.

mamakacebi qalebTan SedarebiT ufro arajansaR cxovrebas ewevian. mamakace-bis 79.7 procenti da qalebis 19.4 procenti Rebulobs sam Wiqa alkoholur sasmels regularulad (Chi-Square 2.8; ; df 3, p<.001) (gamokiTxva).

mowevas gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs mamakacsa da qalze. mowevis Sed-egad kibos gaCenis, gulisa da sasunTqi gzebis daavadebebis riski matu-lobs orive sqesis SemTxvevaSi, magram Tambaqos zemoqmedeba ufro bevrad uaryofiTia qalebisTvis. qal mwevelebs filtvis kibos gaCenis meti sa-frTxe emuqrebaT, vidre mwevel qalebs mamakacebs. metic, moweva moqmedebs

invalidibavSvebi;

7 an meti Sviliani ojaxebi;

martoxelapensionerebi;

ojaxebi ayvanili SvilebiT;

invalidebi;

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qalis reproduqciul sistemaze da mas SeuZlia orsulobasTan dakavSire-buli garTulebebis gamowveva, aseve nayofierebis Semcireba. (Convay, Ahern & Steuernagel, 2005).

amave dros, varjiSis an zogadad fizikur datvirTvis Zalze dabal fonze kacebi qalebTan SedarebiT mainc ufro metad varjiSoben (26.7% mamakacebi da 12.3% qalebi) (Chi-Square 38.7; df 3, p<.001), fexiT dadian (mamakacebis 90.0% da qalebis 87.4%) (Chi-Square 22.4; df 2, p<.001) da fizikurad Sromo-ben (72.1% mamakacebi da 58.4 qalebi) (Chi-Square 29.8; df 2, p<.001).ekonomikuri pirobebi xalxs saSualebas ar aZlevs wavidnen dasasveneblad. mamakacebTan (25.7%) SedarebiT metma qalma (31.3%) moaxerxa dasasveneblad wasvla bolo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (Chi-Square 29.8; df 2, p<.001), rac albaT bavSvebis dasasveneblad gayvanis aucileblobiT aixsneba (gamokiTxva).

avadmyofobasTan, SezRudul SesaZleblobebTan da asakTan erTad Zalado-bac amcirebs adamianur kapitals. Zaladoba mamakacebsa da qalebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas warmoadgens. mamakacebi qalebze ufro agresiulebi arian (Maccoby, 1963). isini ufro xSirad arian, rogorc moZaladeebi, aseve Zaladobis msxverpli. omebi, eTnikuri Tu saTemo konfliqtebi mamakacis si-cocxles da janmrTelobas damatebiT safrTxes uqnmian. mamakacebis SemTx-vevaSi, moZaladeebi ufro xSirad ucxo pirebi, xolo qalebis SemTxvevaSi ki axloblebi, xSirad meuRleebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladoba genderuli uTanasworobis ukidures SemTxvevad SeiZleba ganvixiloT.

”ojaxuri Zaladoba aris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolisa da genderuli uTa-nasworobis ilustracia. erTi adamiani Tavs uflebas aZlevs cemos, dasajos an aRzardos meore adamiani; es imas niSnavs, rom erTi meores Tavis Tanas-worad ar Tvlis” - interviu eqspertTan, Tamar sabedaSvilTan. garda adamianis uflebaTa problemisa, ojaxuri Zaladoba sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis problemasac warmoadgens. Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad hos-pitalizacias an eqimis meTvalyureobas saWiroeben. fizikur zianis garda, Zaladobas fsiqologiuri zianic moaqvs, rac depresias da sxva fsiqikur aSlilobas iwvevs. Zaladoba azianebs qalis reproduqciul unars, iwvevs orsulobis Sewyvetas, mkvdrad Sobas da mcirewoniani bavSvis dabadebas.

ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis aRricxva yvela qveyanaSi arasrulyofilia da arc saqarTveloa am mxriva gamonaklisi. ojaxur ZaladobasTan dakav-Sirebuli kanonis SemoRebis winaaRmdegni argumentad imas moixmobdnen, rom

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saqarTveloSi ojaxuri Zaladoba farTod araa gavrcelebuli da amdenad ver xedavdnen kanonis SemoRebis aucileblobas, magram iyo ufro ukiduresi mosazrebebic. rogorc erTma respondentma aRniSna:

”ar arsebobda ojaxur Zaladobaze kanonis miRebis saWiroeba. Tu mamakaci aRiarebulia ojaxis Tavad, xolo qali mas emorCileba, aranairi problema aRar warmoiSva. policieli ver uSvelis ojaxur Zaladobas” - interviu mamakac notariusTan.

informacia ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis zust raodenobaze ar arsebobs. 2007 wels, policiam aRnusxa ojaxuri Zaladobis 2388 SemTxveva, maTTan mi-marTebaSi, 493 aRmkveTi brZanebuleba gamovida (subari, 2008).

1999 da 2005 wlebSi Catarebulma saqarTvelos reproduqciuli janmrTelo-bis kvlevam gamoavlina, rom am saxis Zaladoba miCumaTebulia. aseve aRmoC-nda, rom aRnusxuli ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebis ricxvi bolo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi (2.0%) da mTeli siscocxlis ganmavlobaSi (5%) gacilebiT dabalia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. es dabali maCvenebeli nawilobriv Sei-Zleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi arsebuli ufro mkacri kulturuli SezRud-vebiT, romlebic xels uSlian qals Tavi aRiaros Zaladobis msxverplad. rac Seexeba Cveni gamokiTxvis respondentebs mamakacebze (24.4%) meti qali (31.5%) aRiarebs, rom icnobs ojaxebs, sadac qmari fizikur Seuracxyofas ayeneben cols (Chi-Square 6.9; df 2, p<.05). mamakacebisa da qalebis erTnairi raodenoba miuTiTebs, rom icnobs dedebs, romlebic Svilebs cemen (39.6%), mamebs, romlebic Svilebs cemen (27.3%) da sadac ojaxis xandazmul wevrebs ayeneben fizikur Seuracxyofas (15.7%). miuxedavad imisa, rom orivem - ma-makacebmac da qalebmac ician Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba, maTi damok-idebuleba Zaladobis mimarT gansxvavebulia. Tumca mamakacebi da qalebi erTnairad (90.0%) miiCneven, rom miuRebelia 10-15 wlis bavSvis cema aRmz-rdelobiTi mizniT, maTi damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia (Chi-Square 8.9; df 2, p<.05) mamakacis mier colis cemis mimarT Ralatis SemTxvevaSi - es mis-aRebad miaCnia mamakacebis 25.0 da qalebis 19.0 procents. ojaxuri Zaladoba miCneulia pirad da ojaxis saqmed. bevri Tvlis, rom Zaladobis SemTxevaSi qalma policias ar unda mimarTos. Tumca, ufro meti qali (72.0%), vi-dre mamakaci (51.0%) momxrea, rom qalma raime iRonos ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi. amgvar saSualebaTa Soris yvelaze xSirad asaxeleben gayras, daxmarebis Ziebas ojaxis wevrebsa da naTesavebTan.

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kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis aRmofxvris, mis msxverplTa dacvisa da mx-ardaWeris Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 2006 wlis maisSi. am kanonis miReba win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens ZaladobasTan brZolaSi, magram misi mx-ardamWeri sistemis amoqmedebis gareSe misi qmedunarianoba eWvs iwvevs. kanoni moiTxovs TavSesafrebisa da socialuri samsaxurebis Camoyalibebas. saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli TavSesafrebis gaxsna dagegmili iyo 2008 wlis ianvarSi, magram es ar ganxorcielda. dRemde orad-ori TavSesafari funqcionirebs dedaqalaqSi, romelTac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dafi-nansebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebi uZRvebian, am TavSesafrebis SesaZle-blobebi Zalze mwiria.

”am kanonis miRebis mere bevri sarCeli Sevida administraciul sasamarT-loSi damcveli da aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis moTxovniT. gacilebiT meti sarCe-lia Sesuli Tbilisis sasamarTloebSi raionulebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom raionebSi meti Zaladobrivi danaSauli xdeba” - interviu mosa-marTlesTan, rusudan WanturiZesTan.

qalis mimarT ganxorcielebul sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulebSi wamy-vani adgili gaupatiurebas da motacebas ukavia. 2007 wels 258 gaupati-urebis SemTxveva an mcdeloba iyo registrirebuli. es monacemi orjer aRemateba im 180 SemTxvevas, romelic wina wels dafiqsirda. 2006, 326, xolo 2007 wels 238 motacebis SemTxveva iqna aRnusxuli. zogadad SeiZleba iTq-vas, rom rogorc samarTaldamcavi sistema, aseve sazgadoeba SedarebiT Sem-wynareblur damokidebulebas avlens am tipis danaSaulis mimarT. xSirad mxareebi SeTanxmebas aRweven da Sedegad SemTxveva sasamarTlomde ar midis. 2007 wels 258 registrirebuli SemTxvevidan mxolod 89 iqna ganxiluli sasamarTloSi da aqedan 35 SemTxvevaSi iqna kanondamrRvevi damnaSaved cnobili.

kerZo sfero araa erTaderTi adgili, sadac aRiniSneba qalis winaaRmdeg danaSauli. mas xSirad vawydebiT samuSao adgilebSi. dasaqmebis arafor-maluri seqtori, sadac qalebi didi raodenobiT muSaoben, saxelmwifos mier arc regulirdeba da arc kontrolirdeba.

”qalis diskriminacia aSkaraa ZiZebis, damlageblebis, quCis gamyidvelebis da sezonuri muSakebis SemTxvevebSi. qalebs ara aqvT didi arCevani. isini iZule-bulni arian, imoqmedon viTarebis Sesatyvisad, romelime ”quCis avtorite-tis” an policielis CareviT; maT ician, rogor daicvan Tavi” - interviu eqspertTan Tamar sabedaSvilTan.

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trefikingi diskriminaciis kidev erT ukidures formas warmoadgens. ekono-mikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan erTad gaizarda trefikingisa da pros-tituciis SemTxvevebi. 2007 wels registrirebuli iyo 29 trefikingis SemTx-veva, aqedan 14 qalis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. prostitucia kanoniT akrZaluli araa, mxolod saroskipos mowyoba da bavSvTa prostituciaa dasjadi (sanikiZe, l. da sxvebi, 2006).

danaSauli iwvevs ara marto msxverplis, aramed aseve damnaSavis adamianuri kapitalis Semcirebas. danaSauli gacilebiT maRalia mamakacebSi, qalebTan SedarebiT da is dRiTidRe matulobs. 2006 wels dafiqsirda 228 qalis mier Cadenli danaSauli da 17,575 mamakacis mier Cadenili danaSauli, maSin, rodesac 2007 wlis pirveli rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa raodenobam ukve 254-s miaRwia, mamakacebisam ki - 15,422 ( Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier 02.10. 2007 da iusticiis saministros mier 17.10 2007 mowodebuli informacia).

patimarta ricxvi saqarTveloSi Zalze didia. 2007 wlis ivlisisTvis maTi raodenoba Seadgenda 401 adamians yovel 100,000 mosaxleze. sxva qveynebSi Sesabamisi ricxvebi aseTia: 760 aSS-Si, 528 ruseTSi, 202 azerbaijanSi, 104 somxeTSi, 112 TurqeTSi, 163 bulgareTSi da 92 saberZneTSi. 2003-dan 2006 wlamde dapatimrebul adamianTa ricxvma imata rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi, magram mateba ufro metad qalebSi moxda, ramac gazarda qalebis wili cixeSi. 2003 wels, 147 qali patimrobaSi myofTa (6137) 2.4 procents, xolo 2004 wels, 191 qali patimarTa (7750) 2,5 procents, 2006 wels ki, 323 qali patimarTa (9064) 3,6 procents Seadgenda. 2007 wlis oqtombrisaTvis 14,519 mamakaci da 577 qali iyo cixeSi; kidev 8562 mamakaci da 211 qali imyo-feboda winaswar patimrobaSi. amdenad, qalebi Seadgendnen msjavrdebulTa 3.8 procents, 2.5 procenti ki sasamarTlos ganCinebas eloda. SedarebisaTvis qali patimrebis wili a.S.S.-Si 2002 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, 6.8 procents Seadgenda.

578 patimar qze xelmisawvdomi informaciis safuZvelze, patimari qalebis yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli, 42.6 procenti modis ekonomikur danaSaulze, rogoricaa qurdoba, 41.0 procenti narkotikebTan dakavSirebul danaSaulze da 7.4 procenti ZaladobasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulze.

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nax. 39qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulis struqtura

ganaTlebaganaTleba adamianis mniSvnelovan resurs warmoadgens. es upirateso-ba, romelic SeiZleba miewerebodes konkretul adamianebsa Tu adamianTa jgufebs. ganaTleba sxvadasxva adamianma SeiZleba gansxvavebulad gamoiye-nos, gamomdinare misi socializaciisa da arsebuli mxardaWeridan airCios garkveuli kariera (Convey, Ahern, Steuernagel, 2005). meritokratiul sazoga-doebaSi, anu, iseTSi, sadac adamiani misi codnis, unarebis, SesaZleblobebis da ara eTnikuri warmomavlobis, gavleniani megobrebisa Tu sqesis mixedviT fasobs, da rogoriskenac saqarTvelo, miiswrafis rom iyos ganaTleba did Rirebulebas warmoadgens. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba cxovrebis xarisxis erTerTi Zireuli ganzomilebaa.

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba tradiciulad kargi iyo. is erT-erT ZiriTad Rirebulebad aris miCneuli. bavSvis janmrTeloba, ganviTareba da kargi ganaTleba ojaxis umniSvnelovanes mizans warmoadgens, romlis misaRwevadac ojaxi mzad aris bevr rameze uari Tqvas (Hentschel,U., Sumbadze, N. & Schoon, I. 2001).

qrTami; 1,90%

sxva;

narkotikebTandakavSirebulidanaSauli;

dasaqmebis uflebebisdarRveva; Zaladobrivi

danaSauli

TavisuflebisukanonoSezRudva;

ekonomikuridanaSauli;

135

saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT saqarTvelos ganaTlebis maRali maCve-neblebi aqvs. am mxeriv kargi mdgomareobaa genderul TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSic. ”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani 2” dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs, magram arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare - 2003 wels dawyebiT klasebSi Caricxuli iyo Sesabamisi asa-kis bavSvebis 97.3 procenti, mizani saqarTvelosTvis Secvlil iqna da aseTi formulireba SeiZina: ”saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemebis ganvi-Tarebuli qyeynebis sistemebTan daaxloeba xarisxis zrdisa da instituciuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT” (”aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi saqarTveloSi, 2004).

2007-2008 saswavlo wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 1462 skola, sadac 614,666 moswavle swavlobda. kerZo skolebi 10.0 procents Seadgenda, da iq moswavleTa 6.2 procenti swavlobda. qveyanaSi skolaTa 16.1 procents (396 skola) araqarTuli skolebi Seadgenen. iq qveynis moswavleTa 12.4 pro-centi (76,295 moswavle) swavlobs. qarTuli saskolo sistema samdoniania: dawyebiTi (pirveli-mexuTe klasi), sabazo (meeqvse-merve klasi) da saSualo (mecxre-meTormete klasi). dawyebiT klasebSi aris moswavleTa 41.4 pro-centi, sabazoSi 27.6 procenti, xolo saSualoSi 30.9 procenti. araqarTul skolebSi Tanafardoba cota gansxvavebulia, iq moswavleTa wili dawye-biT klasebSi ufro maRalia, xolo sabazo da saSualo klasebSi ki ufro dabali vidre mTlianad qveynaSi.

nax. 40 moswavleTa raodenoba doneebis mixedviT

dawyebiTi

sabazosaSualo

136

gamokiTxvis monacemebi asaxaven mosaxleobis ganaTlebis maRal dones. re-spondentebis daaxloebiT naxevars (mamakacebis 46.7% da qalebis 46.5%) umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mesamedi (30.1%) miuTiTebs, rom SeuZlia kompiuterTan muSaoba, maTgan 55.0 procenti internetis momxmarebelia.respondentebi, qalebi da kacebi erTnairad (70.8%) ganaTlebis micemis upi-ratesobas erTnairad niWieri qaliSvilisa da vaJiSvilis yolis SemTxvevaSi, vaJiSvils aniWeben. genderuli gansxvaveba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, roca Svilebs gansxvavebuli monacemebi aqvT. mamakacebTan SedarebiT (73.7%) ufro meti qalia (79.2%) imis momxre, rom qaliSvils misces ganaTleba, rodesac gogona Zmaze ufro niWieria (Chi-Square 7.6; df 2, p<.05).

saqarTveloSi 156 universitetia, aqedan 19 saxelmwifo da 138 kerZo. univer-sitetebi Zalian araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli qveynis teritoriaze maTi didi nawili (69.9%), anu 9 saxelmwifo da 100 kerZo, dedaqalaqSi mdebare-obs. raWa-leCxumis garda, yvela regionSi erTi umaRlesi saswavlebeli mainc funqcionirebs.

nax. 41universitetebis ganlageba regionebis mixedviTwyaro: mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministro

Sida qarTli;

qvemo qarTli;afxazeTi;

aWara;

Tbilisi;

guria;

imereTi;

samegrelo-zemo svaneTi;

kaxeTi;

mcxeTa-mTianeTi;

samcxe-javaxeTi;

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2007 wels universtitetebSi miRebuli studentebidan (37,455 adamiani gaer-Tianda sabakalavro da samagistro programebSi) 64.6 procenti Cairicxa saxelmwifo da 35.4 procenti ki kerZo universitetSi.ganaTlebis reformis mizani, rogorc es aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebSia asaxuli, aris evropul da amerikul saganmanaTleblo sistemebTan harmini-zacia. saqarTvelo gaxda boloniis procesis monawile, rac iTvaliswinebs arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Secvlas, ise rom miRweul iqnes xarisx-ebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, sabakalavro da samagistro kursebze dayrdno-biT samecniero xarisxebis erTiani sistemis danergva.

studentebis raodenoba TiTqmis orjer metia saxelmwifo universitetebSi, kerZo universitetebTan SedarebiT, rogorc bakalavriatis (63.9 % saxelm-wifo da 36.1% kerZo universitetebSi), aseve samagistro (64.4% saxelwifo da 35.6% kerZo universitetebSi) programebSi. samagistro programaSi miRe-buli studentebis raodenoba Seadgenda mTlianad miRebuli studentebis 10.2 procents.

universitetis kurs damTavrebuli da studenti qalebis ricxvi odnav War-bobs mamakacebisas. 2007-2008 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebSi CaricxulTagan qalebi Seadgenen 56.5 procents sa-bakalavro, 55. 3 procents samagistro, 42.2 procents profesiuli ganaTlebis programebSi da 67.5 procents doqtoranturaSi.genderi zegavlenas axdens profesiis SerCevaze. ufro meti qalia pedago-giur profesiebSi, enaTmecnierebaSi da JurnalistikaSi, Tumca dRiTidRe matulobs qalebis raodenoba iuridiul profesiaSi.

rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo universitetebSi bevrad ufro meti TanamSrome-lia dasaqmebuli. pedagogiuri Statis umravlesoba (71.1%) saxelmwifo uni-versitetebSi muSaobs. qalebi (54.9%) Warboben mamakac profesorebs. es Zalian maRali maCvenebelia aSS-s universitetebis profesorTa genderuli ganawilebasTan SedarebiTac ki. magram amerikis msgavsad, qalebis ufro didi nawilia koncentrirebulia SedarebiT dabal akademiur Tanamdebobebze. saqarTvelos univesitetebSi qalebi asistent-profesorebis 66.7 procents (45.0% aSS-Si), asocirebuli profesorebis 50.8 procents (35.3% aSS-Si) da sruli profesorebis mxolod 30.2 procents (20.8% aSS-Si) Seadgenen.qveyanaSi arsebuli ori samecniero xarisxi, mecnierebaTa kandidatis da doqtoris Secvala erTma, doqtoris xarisxma. adre miniWebuli kandidatis

138

xarisxi doqtorisas gautolda. 2007 wels doqturanturis studentTa So-ris qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen (59.9%). bevr disciplinaSi xarisxis dacvis procedurebi jer kidev Camoyalibebis safexurzea. amas miewereba 2007 wels sadoqtoro naSromis dacvis dabali maCvenebeli - 44. doqtoris xarisxis miniWebulTa Soris 59.1 procents qalebi Seadgenen.

saganmanaTleblo sistemis reformam mkvlevarTa ricxvis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvia. mkvlevarTa Taobaze arsebuli uaxlesi monacemebi 2005 wels miekuTvneba. amasTan, monacemebi, romelic ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis samin-istrom da statistikis departamentma mogvawoda, yvela SemTxvevaSi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. arsebobs 66 mkleviTi instituti, romelTa samecniero kvlviTi Stati 2005 wels TanamSromelTa 58.4 procents Seadgenda. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mecnier muSakebis ricxvi TiTqmis ganaxevrda, 6860 mecnier muSakidan 1994 wels, is davida 3976-mde 2005 wels (ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros monacemebi). mecnier muSaki qalebis ricxvma ma-makacebis ricxvze metad iklo. 2003 wels qalebi samecniero Statis 61.9 procents Seadgendnen, 2005 wels ki 50.5 procents (wyaro:qali da ma-makaci, 2006).garda imisa, rom nebismier samsaxureobriv garemoSi samsaxuridan daTxovna qalebs ufro metad emuqrebaT, qalebis samsaxureobriv winsvlas damatebiT dabrkolebas uqmnis ”minis Weri”. akademiur ierarqiaSi qalebs ufro dabali safexuri ukaviaT. 2005 wels qalebi samecniero kvleviTi Statis mecniere-baTa kandidatebis daaxloebiT naxevars, magram mecnierebaTa doqtorTa mxolod meoTxeds Seadgendnen.

mecnierebaTa akademiis 135 wevridan mxolod cxra aris qali (n. javaxiSvili - eqsperimentuli morfologia, a. kalandaZe - enaTmecniereba da literatura, q. lomTaTiZe, enaTmecniereba da literatura, T. yauxCiSvili - filologia, e. qe-merteliZe - farmakologia, m. lorTqifaniZe - istoria, m. andronikaSvili - enaT-mecniereba, T. dekanosiZe - fiziologia da eqsperimentuli medicina, da m. SaniZe - ena da literature. wyaro: www.acnet.ge.

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nax. 42 mecnier-muSakebis raodenoba kvleviT institutebSi

mamakaci mkvlevarebi yvela qveyanaSi qal mkvlevarebze ufro produqtuli arian. makobis mixedviT (Maccoby, 1963) amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos motivaciis an drois nakleboba, an raime saxis SezRudva. Tumca monacemebi uCvenebs, rom is qalebi, visac ojaxi ar yavs, ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc dao-jaxebulia, roca saqme produqtulobas exeba. amdenad, drois ukmarisoba ar unda iyos amis mizezi. mecnieruli produqtuloba ufro mkvlevaris analitikuri SesaZleblobebiT ganisazRvreba. mamakacisa da qalis inteleqt Soris mTlianobaSi gansxvaveba ar aris, magram arsebobs mkveTri gansxvaveba zogierTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. mamakacebi qalebze ukeTesi analitikuri unariT gamoirCevian, maT sivrculi azrovnebis ukeTesi unari aqvT, nakle-bad arian velze damokidebuli da nakleb rigidulebi arian (Witkin, 1954). mamakacebi bunebiT qalebze ufro agresiulebi arian, rac dominantobasa da iniciativaSi vlindeba. qalebi informacias gansxvavbulad arTmeven Tavs; maTi azrovneba naklebad analitikuria, is ufro globaluri da konser-

xarisxis gareSe

kandidati

doqtori

140

vatulia. qalebi aseve ufro metad inrteresdebian sxva adamianebis Sexed-ulebebiT, imiT, Tu ras fiqroben maTze sxvebi da metad eqcevian sxvaTa azris gavlenis qveS, ufro metad eqvemdebarebian viTarebis moTxovnebs.

socialuri kapitalisocialuri kapitali socialur qselSi wevrobiT miRebul sikeTes gulisx-mobs (Narayan, 2000). es metad mniSvnelovani resursia, romelic adamians dasaxuli miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. adamianebi erTiandebian socialur qselebSi raTa daikmayofilon Tavis moTxovnilebebi, aisrulon survilebi da sxvebis daxmarebiT TavisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxadon Sez-Ruduli resursebi. socialuri qseli ganisazRvreba im adamianebiT, visTanac pirovneba uSualod urTierTobs da am adamianebis urTierTkavSirebiT (Bois-sevain, 1974). qselis wesebi urTierTgacvlas gulisxmobs, ase rom, garda imisa, rom qselis wevroba resursia, is mis wevrebisgan aseve moiTxovs maT xelT arsebuli resursebis gaziarebas. adamianebi moelian sakuTari garemocvisgan daxmarebas, rogorc mwvave kriz-isis SemTxvevaSi, aseve yoveldRiuri problemebis gadaWraSi. imis aRqma, rom mxardaWera ar arsebobs, an am mxardaWeris realurad ganuxorcieleba uaryofiTad moqmedebs sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Lynch, 1979; Uchino, Cacioppo & Kiecolt-Glazer, 1996). amg-varad socialuri kapitali mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli meore resursTan - adamianur kapitalTan.

socialuri qselis wevrebs ramdenime gziT SeuZliaT stresis uaryofiTi ze-gavlenis Sesusteba: maT SeuZliaT uSualod imoqmedon stresorze an ada-mianze, romelic stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. maT SeuZliaT Secvalon pirovnebis mier safrTxis aRqma, SeuZliaT gaaZlieron adamianis unari mo-erios stress, SeuZliaT adamians yuradReba gadaataninon problemidan sxva rameze (Wallston, Alagna, & De Vellis, 1983). zogadod, qselis wevrebs SeuZliaT materialuri, sainformacio da emociuri daxmarebis gaweva (Walker, Wasser-man & Wellman, 1994). qselebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis da gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis mqone. ego-qselebi mxolod im adamianebs aerTianebs, romlebTanac adamians axlo, emociurad datvirTuli urTierTobebi aqvs. ego-qseli gansxvavdeba sxva, potenciurad ufro farTe qselebisgan urTierTobebis tipebis mixedviT, mag. megobruli an profesiuli qselebi. qseli SeiZleba ganvixiloT misi wevrebis raodenobis anu qselis zomis

141

mixedviT; urTierTobis tipis mixedviT-naTesauri/aranaTesauri, megobruli, kolegialuri, da a.S.; emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT - emociuri manZili, qselis wevris mimarT; qselis simWidrovis mixedviT - qselis wevrebis urT-ierkavSiris xarisxi; kontaqtis sixSiris mixedviT - pirispir da arapirispir kontaqtebis (telefoni, el.fosta da skaipi) raodenoba nebismier qveyanaSi, drois nebismier istoriul monakveTSi da nebismieri adamianisTvis, social-uri qseli Rirebul resurss warmoadgens, magram qselis Tvisebebi da funqciebi mravali faqtoris zegavlenas ganicdian, iqneba es sazogadoebrivi, rogoricaa kultura, socialuri samsaxurebi, socio-ekonomikuri, aseve de-mografiuli, Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTelebi, rogoricaa sqesi, asaki, adami-anuri kapitali.

kulturebi SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnen, rogorc gansxvavebuli maTi wevre-bis urTierTkavSiris odenobiT da wevrebis mier sakuTari jgufis mniS-vnelobis Sefasebis mixedviT (Triandis, 1987). socialuri qselebi ufro mniS-vnelovania koleqtiuri kulturebisTvis, romlis wevrebi ufro zrunaven urTierTobebze sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris da aseve jgufis SigniT arsebul urTierTobebze, vidre individualur kulturebisaTvis, sadac Rirebulebebi ufro metad piradi miznebis miRwevasTan aris dakavSirebuli. socialur qselebs meti funqciebi aqvT da amave dros, ufro mniSvnelovania adami-anis gadarCenisaTvis iseT qveynebSi, sadac ar aris kargad ganviTarebuli socialuri samsaxurebi, radgan iq qselis wevrebs uwevT mTeli rigi iseTi funqciebis, rogoricaa patara bavSvebis, avadmyofebisa da xandazmulTa movla sakuTar Tavze aReba socialurad ufro maRali usafrTxoebis mqone saxelmwifoSi am funqciebs Tavis Tavze sxvadasxva samsaxurebi iReben. isto-riuli xana socialuri qselis formirebis kidev erTi faqtoria. socialuri da ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis periodSi, romlis drosac izrdeba stresis zewola adamianze, rodesac Cndeba cvlilebebisadmi morgebis saWiroeba, izrdeba adamianis damokidebuleba socialur qselebze. demografiuli da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da ojaxuri mdgomareoba Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen socialur qselebze. adamianuri kapitali aseve axdens gavlenas socialur kavSirebze, radgan janmrTeloba da ganaTleba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebebs da mis SesaZleblobas wamoiwyos, an SeinarCunos urTierToba.

socialuri qseli adamianis sasicocxlo ciklTan erTad icvleba. asakTan erTad garkveukl periodamde matulobs urTierTobaTa ricxvi, romelic piks adreul mozrdilobaSi aRwevs. asakTan erTad aseve icvleba urTierTo-bebis moTxovnileba, emociuri, fizikuri da xSirad ekonomikuri resursebis

142

gamofitva, sicocxlis bolomde darCenili dro amcirebs ara Tu axali urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis survils, aramed arsebuli urTierTobebis Se-narCunebis survilsac ki. qalebis qselebi, mamakacebis socialur qselebTan SedarebiT ufro didi zomisaa, ufro Rrma da mravalferovania. amasTan mamakacebi naklebad elian socialuri qselis wevrebisgan daxmarebas da qalebze nakleb arian kmayofili megobrebisa da ojaxis mxardaWeriT (Shmitt & Kurdek, 1985).

qarTli kultura im kulturaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa wevrebi Zlier arian erTmaneTze damokidebuli (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi, 2006). amdenad, socialuri qselebi Zalze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben admianebis cxovrebaSi da garkveulwilad enacvlebian kidec qveyanaSi arsebul Zalze sust ”sociluri usafrTxoebis” sistemas. socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma, romelic qarTulma sazogadoebam bolo aTweliwadnaxevarSi gamocada, meti moTxovnebi wauyena socialur garemos.bevri ojaxis gadarCena moxerxda im mxardamWeri sistemis wyalobiT, romel-ic qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriul tradiciebSi Rrmadaa gamjdari. sa-zogadoebaSi arsebobs daxmarebis gawevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi, yvelaze ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jamsac ki. rodesac gamokiTxulebs vTxovdiT daesaxelebinaT yvelaze didi uxerxuloba, romelsac ganicdian ekonomi-kuri gaWirvebis Jams, yvelaze xSiri pasuxi exeboda socialuri mxardaW-eris gawevis SeuZleblobas, Tavyrilobaze daswrebis SeuZleblobas trans-portirebisa da finansuri daxmarebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis ar qonis gamo. ojaxebi Cveulebriv finansur daxmarebas uweven erTmaneTs ojaxis wevris gardacvalebisas an qorwilSi. soflad erTmaneTs aseve xSirad uweven dax-marebas saxlis aSenebaSi da saojaxo, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi, rac ”nadis” saxeliT aris cnobili. sanaTesaos gazrda naTlobis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba. naTlia bavSvisTvis mniSvnelovan adamianad iTvleba. is es-wreba bavSvis dabadebis dReebsa da mniSvnelovan ojaxur Sekrebebs. naTlia valdebulia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvs daxmareba gauwios da saCuqrebi aCuqos (Sumbadze, 2006).ojaxebis kulturaTSoriso gamokvleva cxadad adasturebs, Tu raoden afasebs sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi ojaxur da megobrul urTierTobebs. 27 qveynis respondentTa Soris saqarTvelos respondentebi meore adgilze aRmoCndnen axlo naTesavebTan urTierTobis sixSiris mixedviT da pirvelze ojaxis wevrebTan emociuri siaxlovis mixedviT (Georgas, Berry, & Kagitsibasi, 2006).

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sqesi da asaki did zegavlenas axdens socialur qselebis Camoyalibebaze. saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ego-qselebis kvlevisas (Sumbadze, 1999) gamovlinda sqesisa da asakis zegavlena qselis TiTqmis yvela maxasi-aTebelze.

yvela asakSi qalTa qselebi zomiT bevrad aRemateba Sesabamisi asakis mamakacebis socialur qselebs. naTesauri da aranaTesauri urTierTobebi TiTqmis Tanabradaa warmodgenili ego-qselebSi. aranaTesauri urTierTobebi klebulobs asakTan erTad, amasTan qalebi ufro meta naTesaur kavSirebs asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi. asakTan erTad qalebTan matulobs, xolo ma-makacebTan ki klebulobs naTesauri kavSirebis raodenoba. qalebi agreTve met megobars asaxeleben, vidre mamakacebi, Tumca orives, mamakacisa da qa-lis SemTxvevaSi, megobrebis raodenoba asakTan erTad klebulobs.mamakacebisaTvis socialur qselTan dakavSirebiT saukeTeso periodi Cans 18-dan 25 wlis asakia. am dros maT yvelaze damakmayofilebeli da axlo urTierTobebi aqvT. qalebisTvis ki es ufro rTuli xanaa, rodesac isini naklebad arian kmayofili TavianTi urTierTobebiT da meti siRrmisaken miiltvian urTierTobebSi. 26 - 45 wlebs Soris xdeba ufro xSirad ojaxis Seqmna da profesiuli ganviTareba, swored am asakobrivi jgufis socialur qselebSi aris warmodgenili yvelaze meti raodenobiT ojaxis wevrebi da TanamSromlebi. adreul mozrdilobasTan SedarebiT, cxovrebis am periodSi qalebi ufro kmayofilebi arian Tavisi Rrma urTierTobebiT. saSualo moz-rdiloba Cans, qalebisTvis yvelaze damakmayofilebel periods warmoadgens. gviani mozrdiloba, 45-dan 65 wlis asaki, xasiaTdeba fizikuri resursebis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT. gare samyarosgan gamocalkeveba, rac am asaks axasiaTebs, Tavs iCens socialuri garemos Semcirebasa da ego-qselis wevre-bisgan distancirebaSi. qalebi ufro momaval Taobaze axdenen koncentrire-bas, met mzrunvelobas iCenen SviliSvilebis mimarT. isini ufro kmayofile-bi arian naTesauri kavSirebiT. igive periodi mamakacebisTvis gamoirCeva uaryofiTi urTierTobebis simravliT da urTierTobebis zedapirulobiT.

dro qalisa da mamakacis resursebze gansxvavebul zemoqmedebas axdens. kacebis tradiciuli resursebi, rogoricaa profesiuli ganviTareba da finansuri mdgradoba izrdeba gviani mozrdilobis pirvel nax-evramde mainc, xolo qalebis resursebi, rogoricaa fizikuri momxi-blveloba da profesiuli ganviTareba asakTan erTad klebulobs, an ufro neli tempiT viTardeba, imis gamo, rom isini met dros uTmobd-nen ojaxs cxovrebis ufro adreul periodSi. amiT aixsneba is, Tu ra-tomaa Zneli qalisTvis maRali Tanmdebobis dakaveba an ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gaTxoveba.

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ZiriTadi sakiTxebSiadamianuri da socialuri kapitali didad gansazRvravs adamianis keTil-dReobas, mis sesaZleblobas imuSaos da datkbes cxovrebiT. qalebi da ma-makacebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian im Tvisebebisa da saWiroebebis mixedviT, rac adamianur da socialuri kapitalTan aris dakavSirebuli. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mosaxleobis janmrTeloba Zlier gauares-da. saxelmwifo programebisa da janmrTlobis dazRvevis mcire moculobis gamo adamianebi jandacvis dawesebulebebs xSirad mxolod maSin mimarTaven, rodesac gankurneba ukve SeuZlebelia. janmrTelobis dacvaze biujetSi Zalze mcire Tanxaa gamoyofili da isic TiTqmis mTlianad mkurnalobazea mimarTuli, xolo prevenciuli medicina saxsrebis gareSea darCenili. qalebis ganaTlebis done qveyanaSi aRemateba mamakacebisas. ganaTlebis nebis-mier doneze qali studentebi raodenobrivad Warboben mamakac studentebs. qalebis wili aseve metia umaRles saswavleblebis pedagogiur Stats Soris, Tumca met mamakacs ukavia ufro maRali akademiuri Tanamdeboba. mamakacisa da qalis socialuri kapitali gansxvavebulia mozrdilobis sx-vadasxva safexurze, urTierTobebiT mamakacebi yvelaze metad kmayofilni arian adreuli, xolo qalebi ki saSualo mozrdilobis periodSi.

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Tavi 7 win gadasadgmeli nabijebi

genderuli uTanasworoba qveyanaSi aRiarebulia, rogorc arsebuli real-oba, magram ara rogorc problema. mas miiCneven ufro kulturuli memkvi-dreobis nawilad da amdenad, misi Semcirebis nebismieri mcdeloba aRiqmeba, rogorc tradiciuli RirebulebebisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli. genderuli uTanasworoba Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli, Tumca yovelTvis ar aris cxadia da advilad amosacnobi.

qveynis adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis pativiscemisa da evropasTan inte-graciisken miswrafebis demonstrirebas warmoadgens is, rom saqarTvelo aris genderul Tanasworobaze mimarTuli TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani saerTa-Soriso dokumentis xelmomwerTa Soris. qveynis kanonmdebloba genderis TvalsazrisiT neitraluria da ar iZleva sqesis niadagze diskriminaciis saSualebas, magram saerTaSoiso dokumentebis Tu kanonebis ganxorcieleba umetesad formalur xasiaTis atarebs, xolo diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mi-marTuli saqmianobebi ar aris gamagrebuli arc samoqmedo gegmebiT da arc biujetiT. qveynis mTavari politikuri dokumentebi, rogoricaa ”saqarT-velo siRaribis gareSe” da ”evropuli samezoblo politika” ar arian foku-sirebuli genderul sakiTxebze. aseve ar arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo uwyeba, romlis misiac genderuli Tanasworobis mxardaWeriTa da monitor-ingiT ganisazRvreba. parlamentSi parlamentis Tavmjdomaris xelmZRvanelo-bis qveS genderuli Tanasworobis sakonsultacio sabWos Camoyalibeba da saqarTvelos parlamentis mier genderuli Tanasworobis koncefciis miReba wingadadgmul nabijebad aris miRebuli, magram aRmasrulebel doneze, gen-deruli sakiTxebis komisiis umoqmedebobis gamo genderuli Tanasworobis koncefciis ganxorcieleba naklebadaa mosalodneli.

viTarebis gasaumjobeseblad uaRresad mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis cno-bierebis Secvla, qalis Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebisa da SesaZle-blobebisTvis saTanado mniSvnelobis miniWeba.

Camoyalibebul da ganxorcielebul unda iqnes ufro efeqturi saxelmwifo politika, romelic gamiznuli iqneba genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevaze. genderuli Tanasworoba ar unda iqnes ganxiluli izolirebulad, radgan is faseulobebis ufro farTe speqtris nawilia. magram, sanam irRveva adamianis uflebebi, sanam adamiani, misi keTildReoba da uflebebi ar gaxdeba qveynis ganviTarebis politikis wamyvani principi, Cven ar unda velodeT radikalur

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cvlilebebs arc genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis da arc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevis gzaze.

genderuli uTanasworoba Tavs iCens rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise kerZo sar-bielze. es ori sfero ar aris erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli, da cvlileba erTSi sabolo jamSi iwvevs clilebas meoreSi. sazogadoebrivi sarbieli mamakacis prioritetadaa miCneuli, qalisad ki - kerZo. magram uTanas-woroba xSirad swored kerZo sferoSi ufro vlindeba. problemas Tavad uTanasworobaze metad warmoadgens is Rirebuleba, romelic am or sferos miewereba. samuSao saxlis gareT, romelsac tradiciulad mamakaci asrulebs, ufro metadaa dafasebuli, vidre qalis saxlSi Sroma.

bolo TxuTmeti weli aRiniSna dadebiTi cvlilebebiT genderuli Tanas-worobasTan mimarTebaSi. es cvlilebebi gapirobebul iyo ara saxelmwifo politikiT, aramed socialuri cvlilebebiT da mZime ekonomikuri mdgo-mareobasTan morgebis aucileblobiT. am mdgomareobam aiZula qalebi aq-tiurad Cabmuliyvnen Semosavlis momtan SromiT saqmianobaSi. ekonomikurma damoukideblobam, rac Zalauflebis myar safuZvels warmoadgens, gazarda qalis resursebi da is sazogadoebriv sferoSi ufro maRal safexurze aiyvana. cvlilebis kidev erT Zlier faqtors modernizacia da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens, rac televiziis, internetis da skaipis meS-veobiT xorcieldeba. maT mniSvnelonad Secvales Sexedulebebi, mraval sakiTxTan, maT Soris genderTan mimarTebaSi.

jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli gendruli samarTlianobis misaRwevad. qve-moT CamoTvililia zogierTi is nabiji, romelic am mimarTulebiT unda iqnes gadadgmuli. aq ar iqneba saubari iseT aSkara da farTo masStabis RonisZiebebze, rogoricaa siRaribis daZleva an usafrTxoebis qselis Se-qmna, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ufro specifiur RonisZiebebze, romelTac SeuZliaT wvlilis Setana genderuli Tanasworobis saqmeSi, Tanasworobis mimarT damokidebulebis SecvlaSi, qalTa monawileobisa da adamianur kapi-talis gazrdaSi, sxvadasxva jgufebis saWiroebis dakmayofilebaSi.

qvemoT warmogidgenil mosazrebaTa nawili imeorebs rekomendaciebs war-modgenils dokumentSi ”qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis daskvniTi SeniSvnebi: saqarTvelo (2006).” Cven gadavwyviteT aq maTi moyvana, radgan isini mxolod nawilobriv aris gaTvaliswinebuli da amdenad problemebi ar moxsnila.

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Tanasworobis miRwevaze gaTvlili RonisZiebebi mraval moqmed pirs gu-lisxmobs - saxelmwifo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, eklesias, zoga-dad mosaxleobas, donor organizaciebs. isini unda vrceldebodnen, rogorc qalebze, aseve kacebze. maT gansaxorcieleblad gamoyenebuli unda iyos sxvadasxva saSualeba, rogoricaa beWdvTi da eleqtronuli media, sazoga-doebrivi Sekrebebi, saganmanaTleblo masalebi, da sxva.

zogadi xasiaTis zomebi

• Seicvalos damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarTalbaT yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba, rac unda moxdes, aris mosaxleo-bis damokidebulebis Secvla Tanasworobis mimarT. damokidebulebis Secvla rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia, romelic moiTxovs mravalmxriv da SeTanx-mebul RonisZiebebs, romlebSic Sedis saxelmwifo politika, kanonmdebloba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba da ganaTleba, saxelmwifo da aras-axelmwifo institutebis mizandasaxuli qmedebebi. • termini ”genderuli Tanasworoba” Seicvalos terminiT ”gen-deruli samarTlianoba”genderuli Tanasworobis cnebis mimarT arsebuli uaryofiTi damokideb-ulebis gamo da Tanasworobis ideisadmi winaaRmdegobis Semcirebis mizniT, SesaZloa ufro Sedegiani aRmoCndes terminis ”genderuli Tanasworoba”, rac faqtiurad niSnavs genderul Tanasworobas socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis, Secvla terminiT ”genderuli samarTlianoba”.

• Camoyalibebul iqnes saxelmwifo politika ufro meti genderuli samarTlianobis misaRwevad, rogorc ojaxze mimarTul politikis nawiliarsebuli demografiuli problemis pirobebSi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnis qveynis ganviTarebas, unda Camoyalibdes da prioritetulad gamocxaddes ojaxebis mxardamWeri sagangebo politika. genderuli samarTlianoba ojaxis funqcionirebis fundaments warmoadgens. politikam unda uzrunvelyos de-disa da bavSvis janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi ”megobruli” samuSao garemo, bavS-vis movlis SesaZleblobebi. xazi unda gaesvas mamis rolis mniSvnelobas da unda moxdes misi popularizacia. eklesia da media unda CaerTon ojaxze mimarTuli politikis ganxorcielebaSi. Secvlil unda iqnes Sromis kodeqsi ise, rom man ki ar SezRudos, rogorc amas momqmedi kodeqsi akeTebs, aramed stimuli misces mosamsaxure qalis reproduqciul aqtiobas.

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• Seiqmnas instituciuuri meqanizmebi meti genderuli Tanasworo-bis misaRwevadgenderTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikisa da programebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis mizniT mTavrobaSi Seqmnil iqnas mudmivmoqmedi organo. aseve saxelmwifo politikisa da misi ganxorcielebis monitoringis mizniT Camoyalibebul iqnes arCeviTi organo, romelSic sxvebTan erTad Sevlen aRmasrulebebli xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi, arasamTavrobo seqtoris da eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. • uzrunvelyofil iqnes gendruli samarTlianoba ganaTlebis sistemaSiimis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom genderuli Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba adreul asakSi xdeba ojaxsa da skolaSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces genderuli samarTlanobis uzrunvelyofas skolaSi. amisaTvis skolis mas-wavlebleblebma unda gaiaron momzadeba genderul mgrZnobiarobis gaz-rdisTvis, saxelmZRvaneloebi unda iqnes gadasinjuli, raTa maTSi gaparuli ar iyos genderul uTanasworobaze mimaniSnebeli masala. danergil unda iqnes specialuri programebi, romlebic gamiznuli iqneba konfliqtebis, maT Soris ojaxuris, araZaladobriv gadawyvetis swavlebaze, aseve ojaxur Ri-rebulebebsa da aRzrdaze. swavlebisas xazi unda gaesvas mSoblis rolis mniSvnelobas, gansxvavebuli azris Rirebulebas da mis pativiscemas, gen-derul gansxvavebebs.

• uzrunvelyofil iqnes sqesis mixedviT gancalkevebuli infor-maciis xelmisawvdomobaregularulad unda Segrovdes, sqesis mixedviT unda iqnes warmodgenili da sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebuli informacia qveynis mTavar indikatorebze, maT Soris adamianis ganviTarebaze (ixile CEDAW, 2006. muxli.10). miRebul unda iqnes kanoni statistikis Sesaxeb, romelSic xazgasmuli iqneba sqesis mixedviT gancalkevebuli informaciis warmodgenis aucilebloba. yovelw-liurad unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli angariSi genderul sakiTxebze. mxardaW-eril unda iqnes kvlevebi genderul sakiTxebze, genderuli diskriminaciis gamovlenaze, maskulinobasa da mamakacTa problemebze -sferoze, romlic naklebad aris nakvlevi.

• xeli Seewyos genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas (meinstrimings)genderuli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba miznad unda iqnes dasaxuli da ganx-orcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovan programebsa da did organizaciebSi (ix-ile CEDAW, 2006. muxli 12). genderuli cnebebi unda iqnen Semotanili da

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gendruli cnobiereba unda gaZlierdes erTnairad, rogorc kacebSi, aseve qalebSi.

qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv sarbielze viTarebis analizi aSkarad miuTiTebs gendrul uTanasworobaze saqarT-velos moqalaqeTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT. arCeviT da aRmasrulebel struqturebSi qalebis ufro didi warmomad-genlobis saWiroeba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aucilebelia qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani gadaw-yvetilebebis miRebisas genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis. maSin, rodesac kacebi da qalebi Tanabar interess iCenen sazogadoebriv movlen-ebisa da politikis mimarT, maTi gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze Zlier gansxvavebulia - mamakcebi qalebTan SedarebiT Seudareblad ufro didi Zalauflebas floben. kulturuli stereotipebi, arasaTanado genderuli ganaTleba da mcire genderuli mgrZnobiaroba, saWiroebis arasaTanado aRqma da genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevi Tanmimdevruli saxelmwifo politikis ararseboba erTis mxriv, da meores mxriv drois ukmarisoba, qalebis arasakmarisi moti-vacia da SesaZleblobebi, qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSo monawileobis dabali donis mizezebad aris aRiarebuli. monawileobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria SesaZleblobebi. SesaZle-blobebis mniSvnelobaze calsaxa miniSnebas iZleva dakvirveba qalTa moR-vaweobaze post-sabWoTa periodSi. sistemis rRvevis Sedegad, rogorc ki gaixsna ”SesaZleblobebis fanjara”, qalebi maSinve gamoCndnen sazogadoebriv sarbielze. mas mere, qalebis aqtioba da miRwevebi gamoikveTa religiur sferoSi, qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi, arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da araformaluri ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobis gasaZliereblad mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro.• Secvlil unda iqnes arsebuli Sexeduleba, romelic qalis adg-ils xedavs kerZo, xolo kacis adgils sajaro sferoSicvlilebis mZlavr iaraRad unda iqces qalis maRal Tanamdebobebze daniSv-na, misi metad warmoCena sazogadoebriv sferoSi media kampaniebis meSveobiT, gendruli Tanasworobis ideis propagandiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela doneze da formaluri ganaTlebis sruli ciklis ganmavlobaSi, dawyebuli skolamdeli da damTavrebuli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT.

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• Seqmnil unda iqnes SesaZleblobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalis monawileobisaTvisunda Seiqmnas pirobebi, romlebic qals saSualebas miscems gamonaxos dro sazogadoebrivi aqtiobebisaTvis. es unda moxdes ekonomikuri pirobebis gaum-jobesebiT, rac qals miscems damxmares daqiravebis an momsaxurebis SeZenis saSualebas. Secvlili unda iqnes Sromis kodeqsi da igi SesabamisobaSi unda movides saerTaSoriso standartebTan, raTa gaizrdos Sromis usafrTxoeba da dasaqmebulTa uflebebi. Seqmnil unda iqnes ”ojaxisadmi megobruli” samuSao garemo, rac gulisxmobs samuSao saaTebis SerCevis SesasZleblobas, iseTis rogoricaa naxevar Statze muSaoba, mokle samuSao dRe, mSoblebis Svebuleba da Sinidan muSaobis SesaZlebloba. gadadgmul unda iqnes nabije-bi dasaqmebis araformaluri seqtoris regulirebisaTvis da imis uzrunvel-sayofad, rom iq daculi iqnes adamianis uflebebi da Sromis usafrTxeba.

• xeli Seewyos qalTa SesaZleblobebis gazrdas, raTa uzrunve-lyofil iqnes maTi CarTva sajaro cxovrebaSiqalTa SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba unda moxdes sxvadasxva tipis klubebisa da sxva nebayoflobiTi organizaciebis Seqmnisa da maT saqmianobaSi qalTa Cabmis meSveobiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xeli Seewyos qalTa orga-nizaciebs soflad da eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, sadac meti SezRudvebi arsebobs qalis mamakacis gverdigverd muSaobaze. uwyveti ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba da sxvadasxva unarebis Ses-aZenad kursebis organizeba qalebs daexmarebaT upasuxon uaxles gamowvevebs. qali unda iqnes mxardaWerili da man unda SeiZinos liderobis unarebi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi politikaSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba. qalebs unda mieceT maRal profesiuli standartebis miRwevis SesaZle-bloba, risi gakeTebac maT ver moaxerxes ufro adre ojaxuri movaleobebis, muSaobis wyvetisa, Tu ufros asakSi muSaobis dawyebis gamo. • arCeviT da aRmasrulebel organoebSi qalTa monawileobis aq-tiuri mxardaWeraqalebis politikaSi CarTvis dinamika saswrafo sakanonmdeblo zomebis ga-tarebisaken gvibiZgebs. unda daiwyos msjeloba qvotirebis sistemis SemoRe-bis Taobaze. aucilebelia qvotebi,s rogorc droebiTi saSualebis SemoReba. ganxorcielebul unda iqnes im partiebis mxardaWera, romlebic qalebs saarCevno siis zeda nawilSi warmoadgenen.

• zewolis jgufebis Seqmna qalTa monawileobis gazrdis, gender-uli perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebis da Sromis usafrTxoebis miRwevis mizniT. arsebobs bevri qalTa arasamTavrobo organizacia, magram isini ufro qalebis

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organizaciebs warmoadgenen da ara organizaciebs qalebisaTvis. maTi Zal-isxmeva da resursebi gafantulia. qalTa mZlavri moZraobis Camoyalibebam SeiZleba sakmao zewola ganaxorcielos da radikalur cvlilebs miaRwios. aseTi moZraobis Seqmna SeiZleba erTi, an ori konkretuli miznis miRwevas emsaxurebodes. profesiuli kavSirebi ufro metad unda gaaqtiurdnen, raTa koleqtiuri molaparakebebis gziT SeZlon Sromis usafrTxoebis arsebuli donis amaRleba.

• gazrdil iqnes qalis ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da ojaxebs mieceT TviTdasaqmebis SesaZleblobaekonomikuri damoukidebloba Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sagange-bo Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa gaizardos qalis mier Semosavlis mopovebis unari. qalebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes iafi kreditebi da sabanko sesxebi (ixile CEDAW, 2006 muxli 28). aseve mxardaWeras saWiroebs mcire da ojaxuri bizensi. gapirobebul unda iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gayidvis SesaZleblobebi. • unda gakeTdes mcdeloba, raTa miRweul iqnes genderuli wo-nasworoba im profesiebSi, romlebSic tradiciulad darRveulia bal-ansiekonomikuri saSualebebiT da propagandis meSveobiT gamagrebulma saxelm-wifo politikam xeli unda Seuwyos mamakacebis Cabmas tradiciulad qalis profesiebSi da qalebisa - mamakacis profesiebSi. (ixile CEDAW, 2006. mux-li.18).

adamianuri kapitaliadamianuri kapitali mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pirovnebis keTildReobasTan, mamakacisa Tu qalis SesaZleblobasTan qondes normaluri cxovrebis pirobe-bi, samuSao da kmayofilebis grZnoba. janmrTelobis sakiTxebi da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mamakacisa da qalis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia: qali ukeTesi janmrTelobiTa da meti sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT gamoirCeva. mamakacisa da qalis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saWiroebebi mniSvnelovnad gansx-vavebulia. ganaTleba aris sfero, sadac genderuli Tanasworoba miRweu-lia.

viTarebis gasaumjobeleblad Semdegi nabijebi unda iqnes gadadgmuli.

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• meti yuradReba mieqces janmrTelobis prevencias da moxdes cx-ovrebis jansaRi wesis propagandajanmrTelobaze mimarTuli biujetis simwiris pirobebSi prevencia gansa-kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. janmrTelobis politika metad unda iyos mi-marTuli prevenciaze. media kampaniebis meSveobiT mosaxleobas unda miewodos informacia fizikur varjiSis sargebelze, janmrTeli cxovrebis wesze da janmrTeli kvebis principebze. xeli unda Seewyos mosaxleobis sportSi Cab-mas. yvela donis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs unda qondeT sportuli darbazebi, yvela moswavle da studenti saswavlebelSi unda eswrebodes sportis gakveTilebs. sportuli darbazebiT sargebloba mTeli ojaxis mier ekonomikurad unda iyos waxalisebuli.

• daxmareba gaewios kacebs umuSevrobasa da omTan dakavSirebuli stresis zemoqmedebis daZlevaSimamakacebi qalebze ufro mgrZnobiareni arian ekonomikuri krizisis mimarT, radgan maT fsiqologiurad ufro metad awevT ojaxis Senaxvis tvirTi. amas-Tan samuSao mamakacis me-koncefciis ufro centralur nawils warmoadgens. amdenad umuSevroba, an arasrulfasovani dasaqmeba Zalze uaryofiTad moq-medebs mamakacis TviT-Sefasebaze, fsiqologiur keTildReobasa da janmrTe-lobaze, xSirad xels uwyobs mis narkotikze damokidebulebas, alkoholizms, Tambaqos didi raodenobiT moxmarebasa da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaule-bebsac ki. Sesaswavlia umuSevrobis zemoqmedeba mamakacze. programebi unda iqnes ganxorcielebuli, raTa Semcirdes umuSverobis mavne zemoqmedeba. aseve SesamuSavebelia politika, romelic xels Seuwyobs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebas, sabanko kreditebis gacemas da profesiul gadamzadebas. 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis samxedro Tavdasxmam mamakacebSi sircxvilis grZnoba warmoSva, raki maT ver SeZles ojaxebisa da qveynis dacva. im mosaxleo-bisaTvis, vinc samxedro moqmedebebis msxverpli gaxda, dauyovnelbliv unda ganxorcieldes programebi SemuSavebuli calke mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.

• xeli Seewyos imis gacnobierebas, rom ojaxuri Zaladoba mie-kuTneba ara kerZo, aramed sazogadoebriv sferos ojaxuri Zaladobis mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebuleba, rogorc Sida ojaxuri problemis, unda Seicvalos mis danaSaulad aRqmiT. unda ganxor-cieldes kanonis moTxovnebi da gaixsnas TavSesafarebi Zaladobis msxverplTa da maTi SvilebisaTvis. mkurnaloba da fsiqologiuri konsultaciebi unda CautardeT moZaladeebs Zaladobis msxverplT unda CaurtardeT Treiningi mzadyofnaze da Zaladobis aridebis xerxebze.

153

• Seiqmnas pirobebi kanondamrRvevis qalebis maTi ojaxebisagan izolaciis efeqtis Sesamcireblad. gatardes sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi romelic qal patimrebs ojaxis wevrebTan meti kontaqtis saSualebas micems.

gansxvavebuli jgufebigenderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavebulia kompaq-turad dasaxlebul eTnikur, javaxeTis somex da qvemo qarTlis azebaijanul umciresobebTan. qarTuli enis arcodna, eTnikur qarTvelebTan yoveldRiuri kontaqtis simciris fonze ganapirobebs informaciis xelmisawvdomobis sim-cires da moiTxovs met Zalisxmevas genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis.

genderTan dakavSirebiT specifiuri problemebis mqone kidev erT jgufs, romelic gaizarda 2008 wlis ruseTis agresiis Sedegad, iZulebiT gadaadg-ilebuli pirebi warmoadgenen.

xeli Seewyos qalebis genderul Tanasworobasa da integracias eTni-kuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSisagangebo zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli genderuli Tanasworobis gasazrdelad da eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciisaTvis. enis codna integraciis mniS-vnelovan faqtors warmoadgens. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mamakacebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro naklebi qali flobs mSobliuris garda raime sxva enas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces qalebisTvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebas. eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebi metad unda iqnen CarTuli qalTa organizaciebis mier ganxorcilebul swavlebaSi. xeli unda Seewyos iseT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis organizacias, rogoricaa qalTa klubebi, an kafeebi.

• genderuli sakiTxebi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes iZulebiT gad-aadgilebuli pirebis mimarT politikis gansazRvrisasiZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebis Cabma iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mimarT politikis Camoyalibebis procesSi da konfliqtis gadaWraSi xels Seuwyobs genderuli perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebas maT problemebis mogva-rebis strategiisa da taqtikis gansazRvrisa.

154

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160

danarTi I.eTnikur umciresobaTa damokidebuleba Tanasworobis mimarT qvemoT warmodgeenilia kompaqturad dasaxlebul erovnebiT azerbaijanel da somex respondentTa damokidebulebebi im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac aRmoCnda statistikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba yvela sxva respondent-

Tan.

mtkiceba respondentebierovnuli

umciresobiTdasaxlebulregionebidan

yvelasxva

mniSnelobisdone, hikvaRratikvadrati, Tavisu-flebios xarisxi

% %

saqarTveloSi qalebi da kacebi Tanasworni arian

31.1 46.6* <0,5; 11,5; 3

qalebis politikasa da sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi ufro matad CarTviT qveyana mxolod moigebs

31.0 47.8* <0.05; 12.7; 2

mamakacebs, rogorc wesi, yve-laferi qalebze ukeTesad gamos-diT

44.4 35.6* <0.005; 12.8; 2

Tu ojaxs erTi Svili unda yavdes, jobia is kaci iyos

53.9 58.6 <0.01; 29.3; 2

qmarma unda gadawyvitos is, Tu ramdeni Svili unda yavdes ojaxs

20.7 3.7* <0.01; 51.5; 4

qals ojaxTan SeTanxmebis gareSe unda SeeZlos sakuTari Semosav-lis ZiriTadi nawili

35.6 64.2* <0.01; 31.0; 2

Tu cols samsaxuri aqvs, qmars ki ara, qmarma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos saojaxo saqmeebis ZiriTadi nawilis gakeTeba

48.3 71.1* <0.01; 21.1; 2

Tu qmari msaxurobs da Zalian dakavebulia, coli ki ara, colma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos im sao-jaxo saqmeebis keTeba, rolebsac Cveulebriv kaci akeTebs

55.1 71.7* <0.05; 11.0; 2

161

qali ufro bavSvis gazrdisa da saxlis movliT unda iyos dakavebuli da ara profe-siuli winsvliT

73.3 54.5* <0.01; 27.7; 2

areTanxmeba, rom kaci imiT fasobs, Tu ra warmateba aqvs samsaxurSi da ara imiT, Tu rogori ojaxi aqvs

61.1* 70.0 <0.5; 8.5; 2

qali imiT fasobs, Tu rogo-ri ojaxi aqvs da ara imiT, ra warmateba aqvs samsaxurSi

51.1* 63.9 <0.01; 19,6; 2

gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad qalic damnaSavea, radgan Tavis saqcieliT iwvevs mamakacs

30,0* 48.3 <0.01; 14.7; 2

gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi qalma unda mimarTos poli-cias

81.1 67.7 <05; 7.7; 2

motacebis SemTxvevaSi qali colad unda gayves momta-cebels

26.7 9.1* <0.01; 43,6; 2

Tu mamakacma ver iSovna sam-saxuri is 2-3 wliT samuSaod unda wavides qveynidan

71.1 61.4 <0,5; 10; 1,2

Tu qalma ver iSovna samsax-uri is 2-3 wliT samuSaod unda wavides qveynidan

11.1 24.4* <0,5; 8,2; 2

colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia qmris mier colis fizikuri Seuracyofa

34.1 20.9* <0.01; 48,9; 2

162

danarTi II.qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia 1975-1987 wlebis gamocema

N saxeli tomi gv. periodisaukune saukune

aqtivobis sfero

1 abakelia Tamar 1 12 1905-1953 20 saxviTi xelovneba2 abaSiZe Tamar 1 20 1892-1960 20 Teatris moRvawe3 abaSiZe leila 1 20 1929- 20 Teatris moRvawe4 abaSiZe taso 1 21 1881-1958 20 Teatris moRvawe

5abaSiZe wereTeliqeTevan

1 21 1810- 19 revolucioneri

6avaliSvili- xerxeuliZe qeTevan

1 115 1851-1900 19 Teatris moRvawe

7 aleqsandria nana 1 296 1949- 20sportsmeni, moWadrake

8aleqsi-mesxiSvilibarbare

1 302 1898- 20 Teatris moRvawe

9aleqsi-mesxiSvilinino


10aleqsi-mesxiSvilinino

1 302 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe

11 aleqsiZe irine 1 303 1914- 20 Teatris moRvawe12 aleqsiZe neli 1 303 1921- 20 saxviTi xelovneba13 amiranaSvili medea 1 396 1930- 20 musikosi14 amirajibi sofio 1 397 1847-1906 19 mTargmneli

15andronikaSvili elo(elene)


16 andronikaSvili ira 1 450 1908-1960 20 Teatris moRvawe

17andronikaSvili qeTevan


18andronikaSviliqeTevan

1 451 1754-1782 18 didgvarovani

19 anjafariZe veriko 1 504 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe20 arjevaniSvili mariam 1 619 1918-1958 20 musikosi21 asaTiani TinaTin 1 621 1918- 20 mecnieri22 axvlediani elene 2 102 1901-1975 20 saxviTi xelovneba23 banovani despine 2 194 1880-1934 20 mwerali, poeti24 baraTaSvili marika 2 199 1908- 20 mwerali, poeti25 barbale 2 203 - - RvTaeba26 bardaveliZe vera 2 206 1899-1970 20 mecnieri27 baqraZe Tamar 2 241 1907- 20 Teatros moRvawe

28 baqraZe-dedabriSvili mariam

2 241 1969-1942 20 eqimi

29 baRdavaZe ekaterine 2 247 1916-1975 20 saxviTi xelovneba30 baxtaZe qsenia 2 256 1899- 20 agraruli muSaki

31baxutaSvili-Sulgina olRa

2 256 1879-1950 20 musikosi

32 bereJiani daria 2 317 1897- 20 eqimi33 bokeria mariam 2 447 1900-1975 20 eqimi34 bolqvaZe Tamar 2 457 1904-1972 20 Teatris moRvawe35 bolqvaZe TinaTin 2 457 1918- 20 Teatris moRvawe36 boWoriSvili luba 2 495 1914-1952 20 mecnieri37 boWoriZe babe 2 495 1861-1946 20 revoliucioneri38 boWoriZe mariam 2 195 1885-1930 20 revoliucioneri39 bregvaZe nani 2 512 1936- 20 musikosi40 buaCiZe sofio 2 547 1912- 20 eqimi

163

41 burbuTaSvili TinaTin 2 574 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe42 gabaraSvili Tamar 2 602 1937- 20 musikosi43 gabaSvili ekaterine 2 603 1851-1938 20 mwerali, poeti44 gabaSvili ciala 2 605 1908- 20 arqiteqtori45 gabunia nato 2 609 1859-1910 19 Teatris moRvawe46 gabunia olia 2 609 1885-1919 20 revolucioneri47 gamrekel-Toreli nino 2 666 1882-1935 20 Teatris moRvawe48 gamyreliZe aleqsandra 2 668 1940- 20 mrewvelobios muSaki

49gandegili (domenika erisTavi)

2 677 1864-1929 20 mwerali, poeti

50gariyuli (TaTeiSvili-ratianisa mariami)

3 6 1883-1960 20 mwerali, poeti

51 gafrindaSvili nona 3 20 1941- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake52 gelovani evgenia 3 39 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe53 gvaramaZe elene 3 132 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe54 gverwiTeli rusudan 3 141 1909- 20 saxviTi xelovneba55 gogitiZe qeTevan 3 199 1946- 20 agraruli muSaki56 gokieli elene 3 206 1918- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake57 gociriZe leila 3 239 1924- 20 musikosi

58 guguSvili eTer 3 289 1925- 20 mecnieri

59gulbaTi-gruzinskaia olRa

3 298 1846-1913 19sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli

60guramiSvili-WavWavaZe olRa

3 311 1842-1927 20sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli

61 guranduxti 3 311 922-957 10 politikosi62 guranduxti 3 312 1014-1027 11 politikosi63 guranduxti 3 312 11 12 politikosi64 daviTaSvili mariam 3 337 1907-1975 20 Teatris moRvawe65 daviTaSvili meri 3 337 1924- 20 musikosi66 daviTaSvili nino 3 338 1882-1958 20 Teatris moRvawe67 dali 3 350 - - RvTaeba

68dgebuaZe-fularia mariam

3 416 1887-1969 20 mwerali, poeti

69 dekanosiZe Tamar 3 444 1922- 20 mecnieri

70 demuria mariam 3 468 1860-1910 19sazogado moRvawe, ganmanaTlebeli

71 dolaberiZe iamze 3 607 1939- 20 Teatris moRvawe72 doliZe olRa 3 610 1904- 20 Teatris moRvawe73 donauri elene 3 618 1890-1955 20 Teatris moRvawe74 donJaSvili Tina 3 623 1916- 20 mwerali, poeti75 dumbaZe nino 3 651 1919- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake76 ekaterine dadiani 4 62 1816-1882 19 didgvarovani77 eliava lia 4 125 1934- 20 Teatris moRvawe78 erisTavi Tamar 4 194 1932- 20 werali, poeti

79erisTavi-xoStaria anastasia

4 195 1868-1951 20 mwerali, poeti

80 vaCnaZe natalia 4 332 1904-1953 20 Teatris moRvawe

164

81 vaxvaxiSvili Tamar 4 335 1893-1977 20 musikosi

82 virsalaZe anastasia 4 418 1883-1968 20 musikosi83 virsalaZe elene 4 418 1911-1977 20 mecnieri84 virsalaZe eliso 4 419 1942- 20 musikosi85 virsalaZe TinaTin 4 419 1907- 20 mecnieri86 vouba aleqsandra 4 459 1931- 20 agraruli muSaki87 zaaliSvili irine 4 468 1909-1976 20 mecnieri88 TavaZe iulia 4 562 1916- 20 agraruli muSaki89 TaTriSvili nino 4 574 1908- 20 mecnieri90 Tamar batoniSvili 4 579 1791-1857 19 revolucioneri91 Tamari 4 579 1160-1213 13 didgvarovani92 Tamar gurji-xaTuni 4 579 1236- 46 13 didgvarovani93 Tamari 4 580 1746- 18 politikosi94 TarxniSvili Tamar 4 590 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe95 TarxniSvili Tamar 4 590 1891-1969 20 musikosi

96 TaqTaqiSvili Tamar 4 591 1928- 20 musikosi

97 TayaiSvili sesilia 4 594 1906- 20 Teatris moRvawe98 Tbileli marine 4 595 1920- 20 Teatris moRvawe99 TeTraZe Tamar 4 638 1922- 20 Teatris moRvawe100 TeTraZe nunu 4 638 1911- 20 Teatris moRvawe

101 Tekle batoniSvili 4 644 1776-1846 19 werali, poeti102 TvaliaSvili ekaterine 4 672 1924- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki

103 TvaliaSvili Tamar 4 672 1905- 20 Teatris moRvawe104 ToiZe aleqsandra 4 690 1907- 20 Teatris moRvawe105 TulaSvili ana 5 8 1874-1956 20 musikosi106 TumaniSvili TinaTin 5 9 1892-1967 20 pedagogi107 TumaniSvil-wereTeli

anastasia5 10 1849-1932 19 mwerali, poeti

108 TurmaniZe lamara 5 11 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe109 ianvaraSvili barbale 5 48 1908- 20 Teatris moRvawe110 ianqoSvili naTela 5 50 1918- 20 saxviTi xelovneba111 iaSvili lili 5 65 1920- 20 musikosi112 iaSvili marine 5 65 1932- 20 musikosi113 ioseliani elene 5 204 1923- 20 Teatris moRvawe114 ioseliani nana 5 204 1962- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake115 iremaZe qeTevan 5 218 1912-1945 20 mwerali, poeti116 isakaZe liana 5 227 1946- 20 musikosi117 iSxnelebi debi 5 288 1904-1973 20 musikosi118 kakabaZe alde 5 322 1932- 20 saxviTi xelovneba119 kakabaZe eTeri 5 322 1926- 20 saxviTi xelovneba120 kakabaZe-RuduSauri

margalita5 323 1916- 20 eqimi

121 kalandaZe ana 5 327 1924- 20 mwerali, poeti122 kandelaki qeTevan 5 365 1911- 20 eqimi123 kaxiZe medea 5 452 1930- 20 mwerali, poeti124 kezeli Tamar 5 458 1909- 20 mecnieri125 kemularia-naTaZe luba 5 466 1891- 20 mecnieri126 kverenCxilaZe zinaida 5 494 1932- 20 Teatris moRvawe127 kiknaZe Tamar 5 513 1906- 20 Teatris moRvawe

165

178 nestan-darejani dedofali

7 396 1554- 16 didgvarovani

179 nefariZe venera 7 397 1923- 20 Teatris moRvawe180 nikolaZe rusudan 7 432 1884-1981 20 mecnieri181 nino wm. 7 438 - 4 RvTaeba182 ninoni (mataraZe nino) 7 439 1900- 20 Teatris moRvawe183 niJaraZe luba 7 442 1927- 20 eqimi184 nodia dinara 7 457 1931- 20 saxviTi xelovneba185 oraxelaSvili mariam 7 553 1887-1937 20 revolucioneri186 orbeliani elisabed 7 557 1871-1942 20 mwerali, poeti187 orbeliani manana 7 558 1808-1870 19 didgverovani188 orbeliani nino 7 558 1835-1919 19 mwerali, poeti189 orjonikiZe iza 7 590 1938- 20 mwerali, poeti190 Jvania Tamar 8 249 1909- 20 mecnieri191 JRenti ana 8 263 1895-1976 20 eqimi192 ramiSvili nino 8 299 1910- 20 Teatris moRvawe193 rusudani 8 515 1194-1245 13 didgvarovani194 rusudani 8 515 - 12 politikosi195 ruxaZe zoia 8 519 1923-1944 20 revolucioneri196 salia nino 8 691 1898- 20 mecnieri197 samukaSvili nino 9 37 1914- 20 mTargmneli198 sarsania qsenia 9 109 1903-1971 20 agraruli muSaki199 safarova-abaSiZe mako 9 150 1860-1940 20 Teatris moRvawe200 svaneli valentine 9 311 1905-1971 20 Teatris moRvawe201 sixaruliZe mariam 9 414 1907- 20 agraruli muSaki202 sixaruliZe qsenia 9 414 1909-1976 20 musikosi203 solomonia eTer 9 457 1931- 20 saxalxo gmiri204 soselia olRa 9 476 1905- 20 mecnieri205 sofio 9 478 (1826-28) 19 politikosi206 soxaZe ekaterine 9 501 1907-1984 20 musikosi207 sturua lia 9 587 1939- 20 mwerali, poeti208 sxuluxia vinari 9 632 1942- 20 agraruli muSaki209 takiZe darejan 9 643 1920- 20 agraruli muSaki210 tatiSvili cisana 9 664 1937- 20 musikosi211 tuRuSi naTele 10 81 1931- 20 musikosi212 ugreliZe mariam 10 100 1885-1960 20 eqimi213 uznaZe medea 10 115 1913- 20 mecnieri214 uznaZe nino 10 115 1837-1878 19 Teatris moRvawe215 uruSaZe venera 10 182 1909- 20 mTargmneli216 uruSaZe naTela 10 182 1923- 20 mecnieri217 faCuaSvili nana 10 243 1943 20 Teatris moRvawe218 foCiani latavra 10 386 1939- 20 Teatris moRvawe219 foCxiZe JuJuna 10 386 1925- 20 saxviTi xelovneba220 focxveraSvili aleqsandra 10 387 1900- 20 musikosi

221 focxveraSvili naTela 10 387 1920-1963 20 musikosi222 qadeiSvili guguli 10 441 1925- 20 agraruli muSaki223 qavTaraZe gulnara 10 442 1921- 20 musikosi224 qaTamaZe nino 10 443 1956 20 musikosi225 qasraSvili mayvala 10 492 1941- 20 musikosi

226 qeTevan batoniSvili 10 498 1764-1840 19 mwerali, poeti227 qeTevan dedofali 10 498 -1624 17 sxva

166

228 qemaSvili vera 10 499 1929- 20 saxalxo gmiri229 faCuaSvili nana 10 243 1943 20 Teatris moRvawe230 foCiani latavra 10 386 1939- 20 Teatris moRvawe231 qemerteliZe eTer 10 499 1926- 20 mecnieri232 qveliZe lamara 10 512 1937- 20 saxviTi xelovneba233 qiqoZe natalia 10 538 1869-1952 20 revolucioneri234 qiqoZe-miqelaZe TinaTin 10 538 1916- 20 mTargmneli

235 quTaTelaZe TinaTin 10 568 1910- 20 arqiteqtori236 quCukaSvili qeTevan 10 578 1915- 20 mwerali, poeti237 RviniaSvili ana 10 588 1904-1981 20 mecnieri238 Rlonti Tamar 10 595 1904-1985 20 eqimi239 RoRoberiZe lana 10 598 1928- 20 Teatris moRvawe240 RoRoberiZe-lundbergi

elene10 598 1897-1978 20 mTargmneli

241 yanCeli salome 10 622 1921-1985 20 Teatris moRvawe

242 yauxCiSvili TinaTin 10 631 1919- 20 mecnieri243 yifiani barbare 10 654 1879-1967 20 mecnieri244 yifiani nino 10 655 1867-1937 20 mwerali, poeti245 yifiani nora 10 655 1917- 20 Teatris moRvawe

246 yifSiZe elene 10 656 1925- 20 Teatris moRvawe247 yufunia Tamar 10 665 1901-1985 20 agraruli muSaki248 SeverzaSvili Tamar 10 670 1901-1955 20 musikisi249 Sakirbaia ekaterine 10 677 1907-1979 20 Teatris moRvawe250 SalikaSvili ana 10 678 1919- 20 saxviTi xelovneba251 SalutaSvili nadeJda 10 679 1918- 20 mecnieri252 SanSiaSvili cisia 10 684 1921- 20 saxviTi xelovneba253 SaraSeniZe TinaTin 10 686 1919-1983 20 mecnieri254 SaSikaSvili nevrestan 10 695 1901-1979 20 eqimi255 Sac-mSveliZe mina 10 696 1897- 20 eqimi256 Sengelaia ariadna 10 715 1937- 20 Teatris moRvawe257 Sengelaia-abaSiZe

loreta10 716 1942- 20 saxviTi xelovneba

258 Sewiruli luba 10 727 1917- 20 eqimi259 Sildeli meri 10 745 1915-1982 20 musikosi260 SiukaSvili vanda 11 9 1905- 20 musikosi261 Smerlingi rene 11 14 1901-1967 20 mecnieri262 SoTaZe leila 11 16 1930- 20 Teatris moRvawe263 SuSaniki 11 60 - - RvTaeba264 Caxava medea 11 91 1921- 20 Teatris moRvawe265 CerqeziSvili elisabed 11 103 1940- 20 saxalxo gmiri266 CerqeziSvili nanuli 11 103 1921- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki267 CiburdaniZe maia 11 117 1961- 20 sportsmeni, moWadrake268 CikvaiZe elene 11 118 1910- 20 Teatris moRvawe269 CitiSvili manana 11 141 1954- 20 mwerali, poeti270 CixlaZe mariam 11 144 1911- 20 mrewvelobis muSaki271 CixlaZe medea 11 144 1928- 20 saxviTi xelovneba272 CijavaZe elene 11 145 1883-1969 20 mecnieri

167

273 Coxeli elene 11 152 1914- 20 Teatris moRvawe274 CxaiZe lamara 11 172 1941- 20 agraruli muSaki275 CxaiZe tatiana 11 172 1920- 20 agraruli muSaki276 CxaiZe Sura 11 172 1923-1978 20 agraruli muSaki277 CxeiZe nino 11 174 1881-1963 20 Teatris moRvawe278 cecxlaZe Tea 11 205 1919- 20 mecnieri279 ciskariZe violeta 11 225 1921- 20 mecnieri280 ciciSvili Tamar 11 236 1908- 20 Teatris moRvawe281 ciciSvili nino 11 236 1888-1970 20 mecnieri282 comaia nadeJda 11 241 1904-1973 20 musikosi283 cqitiSvili eTer 11 246 1913- 20 Teatris moRvawe284 cxakaia qsenia 11 247 1900-1982 20 mecnieri285 ZigraSvili leila 11 273 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe286 waqaZe TinaTin 11 301 1912- 20 mecnieri287 wereTeli Tamar 11 307 1900-1968 20 musikosi288 wereTeli TinaTin 11 307 1933-1980 20 mecnieri289 wereTeli nino 11 308 1902-1939 20 saxviTi xelovneba290 weroZe duduxana 11 310 1918- 20 Teatris moRvawe291 wverava elene 11 311 1909-1985 20 eqimi292 wignaZe vera 11 314 1924- 20 Teatris moRvawe293 wivwivaZe dali 11 316 1942 20 agraruli muSaki294 wuwunava cecilia 11 352 1892-1956 20 Teatris moRvawe295 Wabukiani Tamar 11 375 1907-1978 20 Teatris moRvawe296 WavWavaZe Tamar 11 377 1896-1968 20 Teatris moRvawe297 WeliZe meri 11 390 1923- 20 mecnieri298 Wiaureli sofiko 11 397 1937- 20 Teatris moRvawe299 WiraqaZe nino 11 401 1951- 20 musikosi300 WiWinaZe dodo (Tamar) 11 403 1926- 20 Teatris moRvawe301 Wyonia lamara 11 410 1930- 20 musikosi302 xaraZe ana 11 435 1905-1977 20 mecnieri303 xaraZe nadeJda 11 436 1913- 20 musikosi304 xaraZe rusudan 11 436 1909-1965 20 mecnieri205 xvitia marine 11 477 1947- 20 musikosi306 xideSeli anastasia 11 479 1916- 20 mecnieri307 xabulava nino 11 512 1917-1935 20 mfrinavi308 xunwaria rusudan 11 517 1949- 20 musikosi309 javaxiSvili natalia 11 528 1882-1950 20 Teatris moRvawe310 javaxiSvili nino 11 528 1914- 20 mecnieri311 javriSvili rususdan 11 530 1918- 20 saxviTi xelovneba312 Jandieri irine 11 538 1940- 20 Teatris moRvawe313 jafariZe aleqsandra 11 543 1895-1974 20 sportsmeni,

moWadrake314 jafariZe barbare 11 543 1886-1959 20 revolucioneri315 jafariZe medea 11 544 1923- 20 Teatris moRvawe316 jafariZe qeTevan 11 546 1901-1968 20 musikosi317 jiqiZe eTer 11 568 1926- 20 mecnieri318 jorjaZe barbare 11 573 1811-1895 19 mwerali, poeti319 joxaZe maka 11 577 1948- 20 mecnieri320 juReli medea 11 580 1925- 20 sportsmeni321 hajibeili (valeria) 11 610 1914- 20 arqiteqtori

168

danarTi III.genderul sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciaTa nusxa:

organozaciis dasaxeleba

daarsebis TariRi

direqtori sakontaqto informacia

1 avangardi 2002anJele torua

saqarTvelo,gali,6800; janaSias q.2mob.:(995 99) 322887, (995 99) 556110e-mail: [email protected]@yandex.ru; [email protected]

2

ak. werwTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo geografiis institutTan arsebuli kvleviTi centri genderul sakiTxebSi

1999 ia iaSvili

saqarTvelo, quTaisi, 4600,ak. werwTlis saxelobis quTaisissaxelmwifo universiteti, geografiis kaTedra,Tamar mefis quCa #59tel.:(995 231) 41629; 40280;e-mail: [email protected]@mail.ru

3 amagdari 1996nino SioSvili

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0190leoniZis q.2tel.; (995 32) 921773faqsi:(995 32) 921773mob.: (995 99) 945498e-mai: [email protected]

4 asociacia aTinTi 2005 maia julakiZe

saqarTvelo, gori, 1400WavWavaZis, 60/5tel.; (995 270) 75735mob.: (995 99) 732351e-mail:[email protected]@mail.ru

5asociacia genderi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis

2001 Carita jaSi

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179kekeliZis q. #19tel.:(995 32) 233638mob: (995 77) 419032e-mail: [email protected]

6 asociacia _ feniqsi 2000iunonamargalitaZe

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi,0171bendelianis q.4 bina,4tel.:(995 32) 335017mob.: (995 99) 105217e-mail: [email protected]

7asociaciafiqris gora

2002dalikorkomaSvili

saqarTvelo, kaspi, 2600kostavas q.37mob.:(995 99) 221952faqsi:(8 271) 22435

8asociaciaqarTulifundamenti

1992nelijavaxiSvili

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0186qavTaraZis q.16tel:(995 32) 393967faqsi:(995 32) 306252 mob.: (995 99) 510909e-mail: [email protected]

9afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis qalTa sabWo

1994roza kuxalaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179pekinis q.4tel.:(995 32) 722438mob.: (995 99) 291279email: [email protected]

10 aWara 2005 zoia doliZe

saqarTvelo, baTumi, 6000WavWavaZis q.19tel.:(995 88222) 32044mob.: (995 99) 701141e-mail: [email protected]

169

11

axalgazrdadedaTa xel-Sewyobis asociacia

1994maiasarTania

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0162wavwavaZis q.41tel.: (995 32) 221020mon.: (995 93) 397882e-mail: [email protected]

12 banovani 2001 rusudan dvali

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0194gamrekelis q.6tel.:(995 32) 380061; 388507faqsi:(995 32) 388507mob.: (995 99) 653496e-mail: [email protected]

13 biliki 1997marikamRebriSvili

saqarTvelo,gori,1400rusTavelis. 19atel.:(995 270) 75410faqsi:(995 270) 77291mob.:(995 99) 534035, 226910e-mail: contact.biliki.geweb-site: www.biliki.ge

14galis raionis qalTa sabWo

1999 Tina qecbaia

saqarTvelo, gali, 6800vaCaxias q.22tel.:(995 215) 31089(995 32) 594566 (Tbilisi)faqsi: (995 215) 30118mob.: (995 99) 147489

15 ganaTleba mSvidobisaTvis 2003 eka fircxalava

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105iaSvilis q.# 22tel.:(995 32) 934033; 252095faqsi:(995 32) 934033mob.: (995 77) 496646e-mail: [email protected]

16genderuli ganviTarebis asociacia 1997

naniWaniSvili

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi0179atenis q.20tel.:(995 32) 222066faqsi:(995 32) 998769mob.: (995 99)258175e-mail: [email protected]

17 dvrita_qalTa kavSiri 2004 nana CikvaiZe

saqarTvelo, duSeTi, 1800, 26 maisis q.17tel.:(995 246) 22579mob.: (995 99) 260959

18 domusi 1997-2007qeTi dadunaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0160gamsaxurdias q.37tel.:(995 32) 372819mob.: (995 99) 943070e-mail: [email protected]: www.wocg.org.ge

19ebrael qalTa gaerTianeba lea

1998

marina solomoniSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105lermontovis q.12tel.:(995 32) 990827faqsi:(995 32) 990827; 720017mob.: (995 93) 500775e-mail: [email protected]@usa.net; [email protected]: www.itic.org.ge/lea

20 vejini 1999-2000lauraxaritonaSvili

saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1507sofeli vejinimob.:(995 99)157025e-mail: [email protected]

170

21 Tanaziari 2000 xaTuna beWvaia

saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100kostavas q.58tel.:(995 815) 52365e-mail: [email protected]: www.tanaziari.ge

22Tanamedrove qali da ojaxi

1995 irma xabazi

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,Ciqovanis q.29tel.:(995 32) 530033mob.: (995 99) 222400e-mail: [email protected]

23 iberiana 2003darejanbregvaZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi erisTavis Cixi,1tel.:(995 32) 395770, 670556e-mail:[email protected]@posta.geweb-site: iberiana.itp.ge

24 imedi 1999qristina kilanova

saqarTvelo, zugdidi, 2100, rusTavelis gamz. 89, sarT. 3,mob.:(995 99) 919322e-mail: [email protected][email protected]

25invalid meomarTa da daRupul mebrZolTa meuRleTa kavSiri

1997 manana mebuke

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154qedias q.7tel.:(995 32) 356609; 340283faqsi:(995 32) 340283mob.: (995 77) 440022; 783840e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

26

invalid qalTa da invalidbavSvTa mSobelTa asociacia

1998 madona xarebava

saqarTvelo zugdidi 2100rusTavelis q.51tel.: (995 215) 50139faqsi: (995 215) 50139mob.: (995 77) 454588e-mail: [email protected]

27iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qalTa asociacia Tanxmoba

1996iuliaxaraSvili

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0102marjaniSvilis q.21tel.:(995 32) 964458faqsi:(995 32) 964458mob.: (995 99) 900444; 570798e-mail: [email protected]@unv.org.ge web-site: www.idpwa.org.ge

28kavSiri qalebis iniciativa TanasworobisaTvis

1997lela gafrindaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0193merab aleqsiZis, #1tel.:(995 32) 375238faqsi:(995 32) 334163mob.: (995 99) 243416e-mail: lelag@@[email protected]: www.osgf.ge/wie

29 kavkasiis qalTa qseli 1997 nino cixisTavi

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105,maCablis q. #5tel.:(995 32) 999987; 939178faqsi:(995 32) 939178mob.:(995 99) 202889e-mail: [email protected]

30keTili nebis organizacia xidi 21-e

2000marina axvlediani

saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700me-20 mikr.,korp. 1, bina 123tel.:(995 24)177430mob.:(995 93) 370445e-mail: [email protected]

31

mandilosani 1993 lia oqropiriZesaqarTvelo, gori, 1400samefos q.42tel.:(995 270) 72429

171

32martoxela mSobelTaasociacia

1995maiakuprava-SarvaSiZe

faqtiurad ar arsebobensaq. Tbilisi 0102winamZRvriSvilis q.40mob.: (995 99) 572507e-mail: [email protected]

33 mTiani regionis qalebi 2000 rusudan nakani

saqarTvelo, zemosvaneTi, 3200, mestia stalinis Cixi,1mob.:(995 99) 549142e-mail: [email protected]

34 miteveba 2000 leila Toria

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0154wereTlis pros., korp.6, bina13tel.:(995 32) 350216; 347427;mob.: (995 99) 987077e-mail: [email protected]

35momavlis imediT

2003 qeTi axobaZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179WavWavaZe 27/29, bina 25tel.:(995 32) 343393; 355781mob.: (995 77) 741564e-mail: [email protected]@mail.ru

36mravalerovani saqarTvelos qalebi

2002ala beJenceva; leila suleimanova

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,winamZRvriSvilis # 30 tel.:(995 32) 910760faqsi:(995 32) 910760mob.: (995 93) 205065; 304434e-mail: [email protected]@yahoo.com

37 peoni 1998 nato SavlayaZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177 antonovskaias q.#9tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934faqsi:(995 32) 506064

38 ruduneba 2001 sofio SarabiZe

saqarTvelo, ambrolauri, 0400 javaxiZis q.5 tel.:(995 239)21504 faqsi: (995 239) 01504mob.: (995 99) 505560

39samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centri _ qalTa jgufi

2002 lela xomeriki

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0112baqos q.20atel.:(995 32) 940296faqsi:(995 32) 953873e-mail: [email protected]

40saqarTvelos azerbaijanel qalTa kavSiri

2000leila suleimanova

saqarTvelo, marneuli, 3000gorgaslis q.#3, b.3tel.:(995 257) 24733; 24540faqsi:(995 257) 24733mob.: (995 93) 205065e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

41saqarTvelos eqim qalTa asociacia

1999 nino Jvania

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179abaSiZis 14tel.:(995 32) 252724faqsi:(995 32) 227403mob.: (995 99) 574968e-mail: [email protected]

42saqarTvelos qal invalidTa asociacia

1998manana galuaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108Zmebi zubalaSvilebis q. 34tel.:(995 32) 920911faqsi:(995 32) 920911mob.: (995 99) 973006e-mail: [email protected]@gol.geweb-site: www.gdwia.gol.ge; www.itic.org.ge

172

43saqarTvelosqal-mecnierTa asociacia

2000avelina daviTuliani

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0108rusTavelis gamz.52mecnierTa akademiis Senoba tel.:(995 32) 234270, 982976mob.: (995 77) 722744e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

44 saxli 2000 marti rusudan fxakaZe

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi, 0801ingoroyvas q.26tel.:(995 32) 989080faqsi:(995 32) 932635mob.; (995 99) 452554e-mail: [email protected]@gol.geweb-site: www.saxli.gol.ge

45 siksa 2002 maka kobrava

saqarTvelo, rusTavi 3700me-15 mikr., saxli 10tel.:(995 24) 153500mob.: (995 93) 281676e-mail: [email protected]

46 sociumi 1999maia gogolaZe da manana jinWaraZe

saqarTvelo. Coxatauri,4800bendelianis q.10mob.:(995 99) 297461(995 99) 262727e-mail: [email protected][email protected]

47 fondi taso 2007marina TabukaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0108r.TabukaSvilis q.15tel.:(995 32) 920595faqsi:(995 32) 920595mob.: (995 95) 424279e-mail: [email protected]: www.taso.org.ge

48 qali da axali saukune 2000izolda baRaTuria

saqarTvelo,Tbilisi 0171doliZis q,korp. 26,bina 20 tel.:(995 32) 364671; 333215faqsi:(995 32) 333215mob.: (995 99) 335040e-mail : [email protected]

49qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri

1993Tamar abrmiSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105baraTaSvilis q.6/10tel.: (995 32) 999253; 989217faqsi: (995 32) 935902mob.: (995 99) 337508e-mail: [email protected]: www.civil.ge

50 qali _ demokratebi 2001 marina modebaZe

saqarTvelo,axalcixe,0800Tbilisis q.9mob.:(995 99) 548344e-mail: [email protected]

173

51qalTa iniciativebis mxardamWeri jgufi

2000irma inariZeeka aRdgomelaSvili

saqrTvelo,Tbilisi,0194fanaskertelis q.19/98tel.:(995 32) 361968faqsi:(995 32) 331917mob.: (995 99) 915000e-mail:[email protected]: www.women.ge

52 qalebi momavlisTvis 1998 xaTuna sanikiZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179barnovis q.#44tel.:(995 32) 221752faqsi:(995 32) 221750mob.: (995 99) 561183e-mail: [email protected]@hotmail.com

53qalTa organizacia - parozi

2000 narine ginosiani

saqarTvelo, q. nino wminda, samcxe-javaxeTiTavisuflebis #37tel.:(995 262) 22656;faqsi:(995 262) 22656mob.: (995 99) 54911e-mail: [email protected]

54qalTa politikuri resurs centri

1998-2000 nana mJavanaZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 0179TayaiSvilis q.3mob.:(995 99) 901240e-mail: [email protected]: www.wprc.org.ge

55qalTa sabWo_raionuli organizacia kaspi

2002 dali korkomaSvili

saqarTvelo, kaspi 2600kostavas q.37tel.:(995 271) 22448faqsi:(995 271) 22435mob.: (995 99) 221952e-mail: [email protected]

56qalTa saerTaSoriso resurs centri

1998 lika nadaraia

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179TayaiSvilis q.3tel.:(995 32) 224018faqsi:(995 32) 250836mob.: (995 99) 512514e-mail:[email protected]: wprc.org.ge

57qalTa sainformacio centri

2000-2003 elene ruseckaia

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0102winamZRvriSvilis q.40tel.:(995 32) 952934faqsi:(995 32) 942699mob.: (995 93) 724313e-mail: [email protected]@caucasus.netweb-site: www.wicge.orgwww.nasilie.net, www.ginsc.netwww.youthkot.net, www.antitraf.net

58qalTa saqvelmoqmedo fondi _ favoriti

2000 xaTuna qaTamaZe

saqarTvelo, baTumi,6000ximSiaSvilis q.13tel.:(995 222) 22603; 73142faqsi:(995 222) 73142; 72217mob.: (995 77) 440646 (995 99) 558852e-mail:[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

59 qalTa centri 1996 ia verulaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0179WavWavaZis 15tel.:(995 32) 233299faqsi:(995 32) 233299mob.: (995 99) 565506e-mail:[email protected]: www.womancenter.org.ge

174

60qalTa xelovnebis saerTaSoriso kavSiri

1998 qeTevan mirianaSvili

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0105,WavWavaZis q. 68,sanapiros 2ae-mail: [email protected]@yahoo.comweb-site: -

61qalTa xma

2003jilda niblaZe-xaritonaSvili

saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500ninoSvilis q.13tel.:(995 253) 22947faqsi:(995 253) 22947mob.: (995 99) 512025e-mail:[email protected]@ramble.ru

62 qali da janmrTeloba 2000 ZiZia RuduSauri

saqarTvelo, rusTavi, 3700megobrobis 1, 47tel.:(995 24) 175862; 574681faqsi:(995 24) 175862mob.: (995 99) 543238e-mail:[email protected][email protected]

63qarTvel qalTa asociacia

2004evalomTaZe

saqarTvelo,lagodexi 270026 maisis q.23faqsi:(995 254) 50181mob.: (995 93)952004e-mail: [email protected]

64 qarTlis deda 1997prez: asmaT beJaniSvili

saqarTvelo, gori, 1400aRmaSeneblis, 127tel.:(995 270) 75884mob.: (995 93) 768902, 946281e-mail: [email protected]

65 SuSaniki 1996 susana xaCaturiani

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0168qeTevan wamebulis pr.8tel.:(995 32) 968933faqsi:(995 32) 331705mob.: (995 93) 397170e-mail:[email protected]@rambler.ru

66centri_qalebi da ganviTareba

2002 Sorena doliZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0106gamsaxurdias q, kvat.1(iuridiuli misamarTia)mob.:(995 99) 234348e-mail: cwd.et.cavcasus.net

67Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli

2003 nato SavlayaZe

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0177 antonovskaias q.#9tel.:(995 32) 506064, 398934faqsi:(995 32) 506064e-mail: [email protected]

68

Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qselis kaxeTis regionaluri komiteti

2005jilda niblaZe-xaritonaSvili

saqarTvelo,gurjaani,1500ninoSvilis q.13mob.:(995 99) 512025e-mail: [email protected]@rabmle.ru

175

danarTi IV.

respodentTa nusxa:

No saxeli da gvari organizacia da Tanamdeboba TariRi

1 abramiSvili Tamareqsperti; qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri

12.10.07

2 aRoSaSvili marineaxalcixis No1sajaro skolis buRalteri, kerZo mesakuTre

30.11.07

3 axvlediani mamuka Tbilisis meria; vice meri 26.11.07

4 barkauli lia patruli 26.11.07

5 gafrindaSvili lela eqsperti; kavSiri qalebis iniciativa TanasworobisaTvis

17.10.07

6 devaZe nana leiboristuli partia, wevri 5.11.07

7 elisaSvili alekoradio Tavisufleba, Jurnalisti

23.04.08

8 notariusi 20.09.07

9 zRulaZe eka Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile

30.11.07

10 TabukaSvili marine eqsperti; fondi taso 15.10.07

11 TevdoraZe elene saqarTvelos parlamenti. komitetis Tavmjdomare

13.10.07

12 Turnava naTia kerZo ekonomikuri kompaniis menejeri

27.11.07

13 kemularia nana 52-e sajaro skola, pedagogi 29.11.07

14 kikaCeiSvili lana mari broses sax. skola, pedagogi 29.11.07

15 kukava kaxa saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 9.10.07

176

16 mama adamisamebis sakaTedro taZari, moZRvari

02.05.08

17 maRraZe guguli saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 13.10.07

18 maxaraSvili qeTevan saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 27.10.07

19 mdivani maka saxelmwifo ministris mrCeveli 5.11.07

20 menTeSaSvili eliko taqsis mZRoli 3.12.07

21 mesxi mari eqsperti trefikingis sferoSi 23.10.07

22 musxeliSvili marina partia win saqarTvelo, wevri 14.11.07

23 nadaraia lika qalTa saerTaSoriso resurs centri, eqsperti,

16.10.07

24 naWyebia manana saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 19.10.07

25 petriaSvili irakli saqarTvelos profkavSirebis gaerTianeba, prezidenti

27.11.07

26 Jvania Tamar samarTliani arCevnebi. direqtori

31.10.07

27 romelaSvili baia qalTa sabWo, wevri 30.10.07

28 rurua nika

saqarTvelos parlamenti, Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgile

12.11.07

29 sabedaSvili Tamar eqsperti 25.04.08

30 sanikiZe xaTuna qalebi momavlisTvis eqsperti; 23.10.07

31 sajaia ruslan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri 28.01.08

32 tyemalaZe zurab saqarTvelos parlamenti, wevri 24.10.07

33 faCulia irakli profesiuli swavlebis xelmZRvaneli

13.11.07

34 qavTaraZe irakli nacionaluri moZraoba, saerTaSoriso mdivani

25.10.07

177

35 qaTamaZe Tamazi turizmis prof. saswavleblis centri ikarosi, pedagogi

20.11.07

36 qarqusovi uruzmaki ekonomikis saministro, ministries moadgile regionaluri ganviTarebis dargSi

28.11.07

37 RurWumeliZe mananasaqarTvelos pedagogTa da mecnierTa Tavisufali profkavSiri, Tavmjdomare

1.03.08

38 SavlayaZe nato Zaladobisagan dacvis erovnuli qseli; qalTa klubi _ peoni, eqsperti;

17.10.07

39 ciramua zaza prof.swavlebis centri, direqtori

13.11.07

40 cixisTavi nino kavkasiis qalTa qseli, eqsperti 18.10.07

41 WanturiZe rusudanisaapelacio sasamarTlo, mosamarTle

25.10.07

42 xidaSeli Tina respublikuri partia, wevri 19.10.07

43 xelaia vardo iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri 28.01.08

44 xomeriki lela samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centri, eqsperti

28.11.07

45 xorava dalila janmrTelobis, socialuri da Sromis saminitro, afxazeTis ganyofilebis ufrosi

26.11.07

46 xundaZe maia globaluri iniciativa fsiqiatriaSi, fsiqiatri

19.11.07

47 jaSi Carita asociacia genderi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis, eqsperti

12.11.07

178

danarTi V.fokus jgufebis nusxa:

No jgufebi SemoklebaCatarebis adgili

TariRi

1TanianTkaris TviTdasaqmebuli qalebis jgufi

fj1sofeli TanianTkari

8.08.07

2adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qalTa forumi

fj2qorTiard merioti

15.10.07

3iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa jgufi. fotoxma.

fj3 zugdidi 20.10.07

4 marneulis axalgazdoba fj4 marneuli 26.11.07

5axalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi

fj5axalcixis saxelmwifo universiteti

30.11.07

6axalqalaqis axalgazrdoba

fj6 axalqalaqi 01.12.07

7Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universitetis studentebi

fj7

Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universiteti

27.12.07

8Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universitetis studentebi

fj8

Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmmwifo universiteti

09.01.08

9iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa jgufi; fotoxma

fj9 zugdidi 28.01.08

genderi da sazogadoeba: saqarTvelo · 5 Sesavali genderi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli terminia, romelsac...

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